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Assessment of Soil Erosion Status in District, State

PUNJAB

नोएडा कᴂ द्र/Noida Centre

ाी द ा एव ं - उपोग वक्षे Soil and Land Use Survey of कषि, कारा एवं ककान क쥍ा षवाग Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare

कषि एवं ककान क쥍ा ंत्राल ा का Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare Government of India PROJECT PERSONNEL

Chief Coordinator :- Dr. V. S. Arya Chief Soil Survey Officer

Coordinators :- Sh. R. L. Meena Sr. Soil Survey Officer Sh. N. S. Gahlod Asstt. Soil Survey Officer (HQ.)

Co-Coordinators :- Dr. Munish Kumar Soil Survey Officer (HQ.) Sh. S. D. Dhargawe Asstt. Soil Survey Officer Sh. Satyendra Kumar Asstt. Field Officer Sh. C.L. Meena Asstt. Field Officer Sh. Ravi Gautam Asstt. Field Officer Dr. Ravi Ex. Field Officer

Team Members :- Dr. Sonam Binjola Chamoli Asstt. Field Officer Sh. Manoj Kumar Singh Asstt. Field Officer Dr. Subodh Panwar Asstt. Field Officer Sh. A. K. Sharma Asstt. Technical officer Sh. Raghvendra Singh Junior Cartographic Asstt. Mrs. Sujata Soren Bhagat Junior Cartographic Asstt.

CONTENT

S. No. Particulars Page No. ABSTRACT i-iv HOW TO USE SOIL SURVEY REPORT v 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3 1.1 Review of the Survey Area 1 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY AREA 4-7 2.1 Location and Extent 4 2.2 Geology 4 2.3 River and Drainage system 4 2.4 Physiography and Relief 5 2.5 Climate 6 2.6 Flora and Fauna 6 2.7 Land Use and Agriculture 7 3 METHODOLOGY 9-13 3.1 Use of High Resolution Satellite Image 9 3.2 Onscreen Pre-Field Image Interpretation at Cadastral Scale & 10 preparation of Image Analysis Map (IAM) 3.3 Ground Truth Verification and Quality Assessment (QA)/Quality 10 Check (QC) 3.4 Correlation of Image Analysis Map with Integrated Soil Legend, 11 Onscreen Transformation 3.5 Delineation and Codification of Micro watersheds 12 3.6 Lab Data Analysis 12 3.7 Digital Maps Generation and Reports Preparation 13 3.8 Report Submission to User Department 13 4 DEVELOPMENT OF RUNOFF POTENTIAL MAPPING 15 UNIT (RPMU) LEGEND 5 SOILS OF THE AREA 28-30 5.1 Morphology 28 6 ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING OF THE SURVEYED 31-45 AREA 6.1 Physiography Classes 31 6.2 Slope Classes 32 6.3 Surface Texture 34 6.4 Depth Classes 34 6.5 Land Capability Classification 38 6.6 Analysis of Soil Erosion Status 45 7 RISK CHARACTERIZATION AND PRIORITY 47-51 CATEGORIZATION 7.1 Soil Erosion Risk Categories in Pathankot 50 7.2 Priority Categorization of Villages in Pathankot 51 8 SALIENT FEATURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS 57-59 Tables 1 Legend Description Punjab Shivalik Hills, 15 2 Areal Extent of Different Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMUs) 26 3 (a) Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Physiography 31 Class in Pathankot District

S. No. Particulars Page No. 3 (b) Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Slope Class in 32 Pathankot District 3 (c) Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Surface Textural 34 Class in Pathankot District 3 (d) Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Depth Class in 35 Pathankot District 3 (e) Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Erosion Class in 45 Pathankot District 4 (a) Weightage Runoff Potential values for Slope Factor 47 4 (b) Weightage Runoff Potential values for Land Cover Factor 48 4 (c) Weightage Runoff Potential values for Soil Depth Factor 49 4 (d) Weightage Runoff Potential values for Soil Texture Factor 49 4 (e) Weightage Runoff Potential value for Erosion Factor 49 4 (f) Weightage, Delivery Ratio and RP values for Erosion Factor 50 4 (g) Weightage RP values for Management 50 5 Areal extent of area under different Soil Erosion Risk categories 51 6 Village Wise Priority Categorization 51 7 54 Figures 1 Flow Chart of Remote Sensing based Methodology for Erosion 14 Assessment in Shivalik Hills of Punjab State Thematic Maps Location Map of Pathankot, Punjab 8 Spatial Distribution of Area under Slope Classes in Pathankot, Punjab 33 Spatial Distribution of Area under Soil Textural Classes in Pathankot, Punjab 36 Spatial Distribution of Area under Soil Depth Classes in Pathankot, Punjab 37 Spatial Distribution of Area under Land Capability Classes (LCC) in Pathankot, 44 Punjab Spatial Distribution of Area under Soil Erosion Classes in Pathankot, Punjab 46 Spatial Distribution of Area under Soil Erosion-Risk Category in Pathankot, 52 Punjab Priority Categorization of Villages in Pathankot, Punjab 53 Annexure I Village-wise Distribution of Runoff Potential Mapping Units 60-108 (RPMU), Risk Category, Runoff Potential Index (RPI) and Erosion class in Pathankot district VILLAGE WISE MAPS

ABSTRACT 1. Surveyed Area : Soil Erosion Mapping in Sub-mountain of Shivalik Hills in Pathankot district of Punjab State for identification and mapping of area under different erosion risk categories and prioritization of villages based on Runoff Potential Index.

2. Location : 32o23'31'' to 32o23'52'' North Latitudes 75o39'55'' to 75o56'12'' East Longitudes

3. Total Area Surveyed : 27,123 ha

4. Kind of Survey : Detailed Survey for Soil Erosion Mapping

5. Period of Survey : April, 2017 to September, 2017

6. Agro climatic zone : 6- Trans Gangetic Plain

7. Base Maps : High Resolution IKONOS Satellite data at 1:5 K scale and Land use /Land Cover data from Forest Dept. Punjab State Cartosat-DEM from BHUVAN portal

8. Soil Erosion Status:

S. No. EROSION CLASS / DESCRIPTION Area (ha) Area (%) 1. Slight erosion (e1) 1755 6.47 2. Slight to moderate erosion (e1-e2) 107 0.39 3. Moderate erosion (e2) 15147 55.85 4. Moderate to severe erosion (e2-e3) 630 2.32 5. Severe erosion (e3) 5351 19.73 6. Very severe erosion (e4) 414 1.53 7. Brick Kiln 6 0.02 8. Factory 9 0.03 9. Habitation 739 2.72 10. River 679 2.50 11. Rock Quarry 10 0.04 12. Water bodies 2276 8.39 GRAND TOTAL 27,123 100.00

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9. Priority Categorization

S. No. Priority Category No. of Villages Area (ha) Area (%)

1. Very High (above 70) 28 9479 34.95 2. High (66-70) 50 12538 46.23 3. Medium (61-65) 18 2282 8.41 4. Low (56-60) 9 2629 9.69 5. Very Low (55 & below) 2 195 0.72 GRAND TOTAL 107 27,123 100.00

10. Areal Extent of Different Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMUs)

Runoff Potential S. RPMU Mapping Unit Risk category Area (ha) Area (%) No. Weightage Alluvio-Colluvium Landscape 1 AC08 67 High 2 0.01 2 AC02 63 Medium 89 0.33 3 AC04 63 Medium 73 0.27 4 AC05 62 Medium 50 0.18 5 AC01 57 Low 1028 3.79 6 AC06 57 Low 97 0.36 7 AC07 57 Low 239 0.88 8 AC03 55 Very Low 623 2.30 Alluvium Landscape 9 AL01 56 Low 70 0.26 10 AL06 56 Low 107 0.39 11 AL08 59 Low 191 0.70 12 AL02 55 Very Low 22 0.08 13 AL04 53 Very Low 42 0.15 Conglomerate Landscape 14 CM12 71 Very High 696 2.57 15 CM13 74 Very High 17 0.06 16 CM15 77 Very High 599 2.21 17 CM17 71 Very High 1224 4.51 18 CM19 78 Very High 521 1.92 19 CM21 83 Very High 2149 7.92 20 CM23 92 Very High 245 0.90 21 CM25 72 Very High 220 0.81 22 CM35 87 Very High 64 0.24 23 CM06 67 High 66 0.24 24 CM18 67 High 1075 3.96 25 CM20 69 High 3044 11.22 26 CM24 68 High 237 0.87 27 CM31 70 High 624 2.30 28 CM32 70 High 90 0.33 29 CM33 66 High 112 0.41

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30 CM05 62 Medium 68 0.25 31 CM09 61 Medium 31 0.11 32 CM10 62 Medium 287 1.06 33 CM11 63 Medium 1422 5.24 34 CM14 65 Medium 1217 4.49 35 CM16 65 Medium 907 3.34 36 CM26 62 Medium 128 0.47 37 CM27 61 Medium 83 0.31 38 CM28 61 Medium 38 0.14 39 CM29 61 Medium 20 0.07 40 CM36 62 Medium 4 0.01 41 CM01 58 Low 338 1.25 42 CM02 60 Low 942 3.47 43 CM03 60 Low 22 0.08 44 CM04 57 Low 119 0.44 45 CM07 60 Low 157 0.58 46 CM08 59 Low 301 1.11 47 CM22 58 Low 634 2.34 48 CM34 58 Low 6 0.02 Sandstone Landscape 49 SD03 84 Very High 2 0.01 50 SD14 74 Very High 6 0.02 51 SD15 71 Very High 7 0.03 52 SD20 83 Very High 1 0.00 53 SD21 79 Very High 13 0.05 54 SD24 74 Very High 80 0.29 55 SD25 87 Very High 3 0.01 56 SD26 72 Very High 45 0.17 57 SD27 83 Very High 25 0.09 58 SD28 88 Very High 196 0.72 59 SD29 87 Very High 1125 4.15 60 SD30 72 Very High 872 3.21 61 SD31 92 Very High 101 0.37 62 SD40 75 Very High 21 0.08 63 SD16 66 High 24 0.09 64 SD19 70 High 9 0.03 65 SD22 69 High 10 0.04 66 SD23 70 High 20 0.07 67 SD35 66 High 51 0.19 68 SD38 66 High 17 0.06 69 SD39 70 High 64 0.24 70 SD01 62 Medium 17 0.06 71 SD11 61 Medium 42 0.15 72 SD12 65 Medium 16 0.06 73 SD17 64 Medium 6 0.02 74 SD36 61 Medium 62 0.23 75 SD37 63 Medium 132 0.49 76 SD41 65 Medium 37 0.14

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77 SD06 56 Low 4 0.01 78 SD10 58 Low 27 0.10 79 SD33 59 Low 15 0.06 80 SD34 58 Low 2 0.01 81 SD32 55 Very Low 12 0.04 82 Brick Kiln - - 6 0.02 83 Factory - - 9 0.03 84 Habitation - - 739 2.72 85 River - - 679 2.50 86 Rock Quarry - - 10 0.04 87 Water bodies - - 2276 8.39 GRAND TOTAL 27,123 100.00

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HOW TO USE SOIL SURVEY REPORT

This report embodies the findings of Detailed Soil erosion mapping in the area of Pathankot district, Punjab covering an area of 27,123 ha. The study includes critical examination of various physical features of soil such as depth, texture, structure, colour, organic matter and geomorphic features such as physiography, slope, lithology, floral composition and erosion etc. for identification and mapping of area under different erosion classes, assessment of risk areas prone to erosion and priority categorization of villages falling in district. The study has been carried out at 1:5 K scale for the entire area. The soil erosion risk categories were fixed on the basis of Runoff Potential Weightage Value (RPWV). Higher the values of Runoff Potential weightage suggest higher the erosion risk and vice versa. It also furnishes information on general characteristics of the area such as, location and extent, physiography, relief, drainage, geology, climate, present land use, natural vegetation, water supply and soils of the area.

In the map, the Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMUs) are demarcated according and symbolized by capital English alphabets, based on geological origin of the land ‘AL’ stands for Alluvium and their further subdivisions are made on the basis of land and soil characteristics. Each unit connotes a set of physiography, slope, land-use, soil characteristics such as soil depth, colour, texture, severity of erosion and management practices. The runoff potential weightage assigned to Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMUs) with their respective area has been used for determination Runoff Potential Index (RPI) for categorization of villages in to different priority category.

The RPMU legends furnished in the Table-1 and areal extent of each RPMU units represented in Table-2. The details of computation made for determining village wise runoff potential index of Pathankot district of Punjab State are furnished in Annexure-I and the information of relative priority of village wise in descending order of grading are furnished inTable-7.

Village wise categorized under very high, high and medium soil erosion risk categories have to be selected for treatment of degraded lands for risk areas identified in the district. Both treatable and non-treatable lands are occupied by each soil erosion risk categories (very high, high and medium category) in the district. The ratio of treatable and non-treatable lands in soil erosion risk categories in the district varies with the kind, degree and extent of the degraded lands.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Review of the Survey Area

The Shivalik landscape (29°57' to 31°20'N Lat. and 77°35' to 79°20' E), which is also called the Sub-Himalaya, is the youngest of all mountains in India, and aligned more or less parallel to Lesser Himalaya. It extends from the Indus basin to the Brahmaputra with one gap of over 300 km from the Sapta Kosi to the Manas River.

In the Shivalik Region is a belt align more or less parallel to lesser Himalaya; with an average width of about 52 km and length of about 650 km administratively spans across of Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, , and Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh.

Shivalik Hills are one of the youngest mountain ranges running parallel to the Himalayan ranges. These are spelled differently as choes, Sivalik, Sewalik, Shivalik and Shivalik but term Shivalik has been preferred owing to its derivation from the tresses of lord Shiva (Mittal et al. 2000). Term Shivalik has also been used synonymously to outer or lower , though others consider it as part of outer or lower Himalayas. Shivalik region is commonly referred askandi region has bouldery soil frequently dissected by overland flow from hills through networks of small streams, choe, gullies etc. North-Western Shivalik Region (Lower Himalayas) is generally up to 1000 m elevation.

The Shivalik landscape classified under Indo-Gangetic plains and has special significance in India’s biogeography. This area is marked by fragile land formation, subtropical climate and varied complex topography requires special attention for conservation as because this ecosystem has been referred as 8th most degraded agro-ecosystem in the country (Agrawal et al., 2002; Rawat and Mukhergee, 2005). The entire belt all along covers an area of 40,000 sq. km out of which only <3000 sq. km area falls under wild life protected area and the wild life Protected Areas (PAs) formed in the region, not only serve as repository of unique biological diversity but also supports basic life support system i.e. soil, air and water. The landscapes in is typically low rolling hills bisected by innumerable gullies, seasonal streams (locally known as choes) which drain this region (Rawat and Mukhergee, 2005; Jerath et al., 2006).

1.1.1 Soil Erosion in Shivalik Hills:

The Shivalik Hills are formed of easily erodible and unconsolidated sand stones and inter-bedded clay and silt strata. Even with good vegetative cover, the heavy storms of the monsoon season cause significant erosion in unconsolidated sand particle and exposing the less erodible part in the form of eroded spikes/ pillars commonly noticed in the surveyed area (Jerath and Puja, 2006).

Soil erosion begins with the removal of the vegetative cover. There are two types of soil erosion, both of which are in evidence in the surveyed area but according to the nature of the soil, one or the other is generally predominant. 'Gully' erosion originates, as its name implies, from the formation of small rills by water action; the gullies deepen and cut back into the hill-

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side producing the well- known 'ravine' lands which are as common in bare undulating country as in more mountainous regions. 'Gully' erosion is most active in heavy, coherent soils, such as clay, less so on sandy and friable soils, and least of all on stony ground derived from conglomerates.

The second type of erosion, 'sheet' erosion, implies the removal of soil particles by the flow of water over open surfaces rather than in channels. This form of erosion acts on all surfaces which are not protected by close-growing vegetation or a humus layer. Loose and friable soils, such as sandy soils and sand-rock, are the most liable to 'sheet' erosion. These coarse-textured soils maintain a smooth or rounded configuration under the action of water.

When slopes are steep and the soil and underlying rock of a friable nature, when the forest covering is scanty or absent and rainfall heavy, erosion and the degradation of the hills is accelerated by the occurrence of landslips.

1.1.2 Erosion may be harmful in the following ways: -

 The soil and gravels detached in erosion are carried down by floods and sediments deposited over low lying area. Thus making the eroded surface unproductive and not support vegetative growth.  Irrigation works and canals may be silted up and the fields, which were formerly enriched by annual deposits of fertile soil derived from the protected slopes, now receive only a coarse, sandy deposit.  Erosion increases flood height; for the debris carried down by the water swells the stream volume to such an extent that the height of the water is raised far above what it would be if it were free from sediment.  Silt deposition may entirely fill up a river-bed and responsible for constant flooding; or at least the bed may be so raised that overtopping of the banks.

Holland, 1928 reported that closure of the area against grazing is the only possible option to increase the forest cover otherwise in dry climate like Punjab forest conservancy was unlikely. Grover, 1944 reported that by 1900 the hills of District had been stripped almost bare by unrestricted browsing and grazing. To bring back this area under forest cover, protection of the area was the suitable choice. This was executed through Punjab Land Preservation Act (PLPA) in 1900.

PLPA of 1900 is regulatory in nature for “Conservation of sub-soil water or prevention of erosion in any area subject to erosion or likely to become liable to erosion” as provided in section 3 of the Act. At present there are 502 villages under PLPA in Punjab. The villages under PLPA are delineated through notifications from time to time. In past sustained efforts have been done by Department of Forest and Wildlife to rehabilitate the degraded lands falling under PLPA areas by implementing special projects like “Kandi Watershed Development Project”, “Integrated Watershed Development Project (Hills) - I and II” Punjab Afforestation Project- I and II”.

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The present study commissioned to identify and demarcate the spatial extent areas exposed to different types of erosion, also elaborate the various parameters contributing soil erosion in the area and to plan measures for conservation of soil resource. The study area comprises of 2, 27,551 ha spreads in 497 villages in Punjab State.

The study involve the carrying of detailed soil survey using latest high resolution IKONOS satellite data and includes to demarcate the soils of study areas under different erosion and sample collection using GPS based in field work to enhance the accuracy in soil database generation.

This report embodies the findings of Detailed Soil Survey in one hundred and seven villages of Pathankot district covering an area of 27,123 ha. The description of soils such as depth, texture, structure, colour, organic matter, contributes erosion, etc. It also includes geomorphic features such as physiography, slope, lithology, floral composition and erosion, etc. are also contained in the report.

The water erosion perdition model was developed by Soil and Land Use Survey of India in 1991 used to simulate the soil erosion and sediment delivery from smaller geographic unites such as villages / hydrologic units based on the terrain data that has the potential to be used as soil erosion model input. It has replaced the USLE which cannot predict additional soil loss that might occur from gully wind or tillage erosion.

The scientific database generated out of the ground truthing/field work provides real time information on the soil and land characteristics also includes extent and distribution of area under different “Runoff Potential Mapping Unit” (RPMU) erosion risk categories based on assigned runoff weightage value using RDBMS model and priority categorization of villages adjudged to be contribute more runoff in Pathankot district. This data base can be utilized to frame up the site specific plan for soil conservation measures and appropriate land use management aimed at enhancing the productivity of these lands for optimum use of natural resource by restoring natural ecosystem.

Detailed Survey for Soil erosion mapping in Pathankot at 1:5000 scale using high Resolution Satellite data with followings objectives,

 To carryout field survey and mapping for identification, characterization and delineation of area under Runoff Potential Mapping Units, subject to various degree of soil erosion in Sub Mountain of Shivalik Hills of Punjab.  Mapping of extent of soil erosion under different erosion intensity classes.  To demarcate the area under different erosion risk category based on estimated runoff potential weightage values and priority categorization of villages on Runoff Potential Index.  To generate thematic maps on various soil and land parameters out of this survey. This information is helpful for village level development planning.

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2. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SURVEY AREA

2.1 Location and Extent

Pathankot is a city in the Punjab state of India. Pathankot was officially declared as District of Punjab state on 27 July 2011 (Previously it was a Tehsil of district, Punjab). Pathankot district is the northern most district of Punjab state. It is a meeting point of the three northern states Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. Due to its ideal location, Pathankot serves as a travel hub for the three northerly states. It is the last city in Punjab on the national highway that connects Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India. Pathankot also serves as education hub for the nearby areas of Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal. It falls in the division and is sandwitched between river Ravi and Beas.

Geographically, Pathankot district occupies an area of 27,123 ha lies between 32o23'31'' to 32o23'52'' North Latitudes and 75o39'55'' to 75o56'12'' East Longitudes. The area is covered by the Survey of India on 1:50K scale 43 P/11, 43 P/14 and 43 P/15 Toposheets.

2.2 Geology

Pathankot has an average elevation of 332 metres (1,089 ft). It is a green town surrounded by the Ravi and Chakki rivers. It is located in the foothills of the Shivalik Hills. The district rocks, ranging in age from Tertiary to Quaternary. The older sedimentary rocks comprising of sandstone, are exposed in the upper part of the district. Thus, geology plays a major role. They coupled with mineral composition. The sandstones are generally coarser grained and more micaceous. Deposition of multi-storeyed sandstones is associated to rapid change of slope, deepening of base level and cutting into older formations. In NE part of district the boulder Conglomerate formation of upper shivalik containing boulders, pebbles and cobbles of granites, quartzites, slates and limestone and aggregates and in SW part the alluvial plain is sand intercalated with clay and silt. The lower Himalaya and shivalik terrains produce bulk quantity of sand/gravel and associated aggregates.

2.3 River and Drainage System

The Beas and the Ravi are the two rivers of the district and Upper Bari Doab Canal system which irrigates the most parts of the district.

The Chakki Khad is the chief tributary of the Beas in Pathankot district. This stream rise in the hills surrounding Dalhousie and for some distance forms the boundary of the district with Kangra. After collecting the drainage of the Chamba Hills, it joins the Beas near Mirthal.

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Ravi River after traversing the mountainous areas of Himachal Pradesh, it enters the district. With its general south-western course, it forms the boundary between the Punjab and the Jammu and Kashmir State for about 40 km. Further, it traverse well within the territory of the district for about 26 km till reaches Mirzapur, from where it again marks roughly the western boundary of the district and the international boundary between India and for a distance of about 58 km. A number of tributaries join it from both sides.

Like other rivers of the Punjab, the discharge of the Beas and the Ravi fluctuates from season to season and year to year.

Apart from these natural drainage lines, the district possesses a fairly dense network of canals of the Upper Bari Doab Canal System which irrigates most of the upland plain of the Pathankot District. Its main branches traversing through the upland plain of the district are the Lahore branch, the Kasur branch and the Sabhraon branch. Some drains have also been constructed to drain flood water.

2.4 Physiography and Relief

The study area in Pathankot district is physiographically divided into seven main physiographic units namely:

 Alluvial plains  Foot hill slopes  Hill side slopes  Hill tops  Narrow hill valleys  Piedmont plain  Undifferentiated hill side slopes

The land scape of the Pathankot district has varied topography comprising the hilly tract, undulating plan, the flood plains of the Ravi and the Beas and the up land plain. The hilly tract covering the north-eastern parts of Pathankot and Dhar tehsils have typical land topography, ranging in elevation from about 381 to 930 metre above sea level. From north to south the tract consists of three small ranges running in North West to south east direction-The Siali Dhar- Dangahri Dhar range the Dhaula Dhar-Nag Dhar range and the Rata Dhar range. Siali Dhar is about 931 metres above sea level at its highest point and in the eastern part about 959 metres. South of this is situated the Dhaul Dhar-Nag Dhar which is about 13 km long and at places about 2.5 km. wide and has an elevation varying from about 610 to 844 metres above sea level. The Rata Dhar is marking the boundary between the hilly tract at the dissected undulating plain having and elevation of about 665 metres above sea level. To its south lies an area of about 128 sq.kms which is highly dissected and is an undulating plain. Its elevation ranges from about 305

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to 381 meters above sea level. It is traversed by a number of choes and has an undulating topography. The areas of the Ravi and the Beas are separated from the up land plain by sharp river cut bluffs. They are low lying, with slightly uneven topography. Sand dominates in the soil structure of the flood plains, but it diminishes in both quantity and coarseness in the upland plain.

2.5 Climate

The climate of the district remains the most enjoyable during the spring season (from mid-February to mid-April). During this season, temperatures vary between (max) 16 °C to 25 °C and (min) 9 °C to 18 °C. The temperature may rise to a maximum of 30 °C from Mid- September to mid-November. During summer, the temperature may rise to a maximum of 46 °C from in summer from Mid-May to Mid-June (rarely). Temperatures generally remain between 34 °C to 46 °C. During winters (November to Mid-March) it is mild but can sometimes get quite chilled. Average temperatures in the winter remain at (max) 7 °C to 15 °C and (min) 0 °C to 8 °C.

During monsoon (from mid-June to mid-September), Pathankot receives moderate to heavy rainfall and sometimes heavy to very heavy rainfall (generally during the month of August or September). Usually, the rain bearing monsoon winds blow from south-west/ south- east. Mostly, the city receives heavy rain from south (which is mainly a persistent rain) but it generally receives most of its rain during monsoon either from North-west or North-east. Maximum amount of rain received by the city of Pathankot during monsoon season is 195.5 mm in a single day.

2.6 Flora and Fauna

The major vegetation types from west to east along the increasing rainfall gradient area (Champion and Seth, 1968) Dodonea scrub, Subtropical Dry Evergreen Forest of oleo Cuspidate, Sub–tropical pine forest Northern dry Mixed Deciduous Forest Dry Shivalik Sal forest and Moist Mixed deciduous type The growing stock in Shivalik belt consists of scattered Khair (Acacia catechu), Chhal (Anogeisus latifolia), Jhingan (Lannea coromandelica), Kikar (Acacia nilotica), Phalahi (Acacia modesta), Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana), Shisham (Dalbergia sisoos), Neem (Azadirachta indica), Amb (Mangifera indica), Dhak (Butea monosperma) etc., trees in the upper canopy with thin or thick undergrowth of shrubs such as Garna (Carissa spinarum), Mehnder (Dodona viscasa), Mallah (Zizyphus nummularia), Basuti (Adathoda vasica), Jhav (Artemesia spp), Hins (Capparis decidua), Panwar (Cassia tara), Phulbuti (Lantana camara), etc. and grasses such as (Saccharum bengalenese). Bhabbar grass is most important and is used for rope making and paper pulp. Kana and kahi are used for thatch roof making and for pulp making. The rest of the species are mostly fed to the cattle. There are

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neither grass prevention plots nor any area set apart for grass cultivation. However, they grow in mixture with trees and shrubs naturally. Bhabbar grass is mostly confined to Shivalik and kana and kahi are found near choe beds. The most common weed found is sage (Lantana camara).

The main species of grass found in the district are Bhabbar (Eulkaliopsis binata), Dhaulu (Chrysopagon fulvus), Palwan (Dicenthrum annulatus), Sariala (Heteropogan contortus), Khabbal (Cynondon dactylon), Khai (Saccharum spontaneum).

Strip forest in the plain have mostly artificially raised plantations where the upper canopy has Kikar (Acacia nilotica), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus spp), Siris (Albizzia lebbek), Amb (Mangifera indica), Jamun (Syzygium cumini), Tun (Cedrela toona), Neem (Azadirachta indica) in pure or mixed plantations and Amaltas (Cassia fistula), Jacranda (Jacaranda ovalifolia), Kachnar (Bauhinca variegata), Bottle brush (Callistemon vimnalis), Gulmohar (Delonix regia), Amla (Emblica officivalis) etc. in avenue lines along canals and roads.

The eastern part of northern Shivalik inhabited by Asian elephant, tiger and associated prey species. Since Shivalik act as transient zone between Himalaya and tarai plains, several Himalayan elements present in this landscape which includes The Himalayan Yellow Throated Marten, goral, black bear and several species of migrating birds in winter, freshwater catfish (T. tandanus), striped dwarf catfish (Mystus vittatus), spotted snakehead (Channa punctate).

2.7 Land Use and Agriculture

The hills in studied area are under dry deciduous vegetative cover mainly Khair, Kikar, Teak at places. This part of area is also suited for plantation of Shisham, Beri, Palash and Neem. The major crops cultivated are Wheat, Maize and Bajra etc. The area in alluvial plain area is covered for cultivation for vegetable crops, orchards and pulses. Due to very few employment opportunities available, seasonal migration to nearby towns for livelihood takes place.

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3. METHODOLOGY

The procedure outlined in the Soil & Land Use Survey of India (Formerly All India Soil & Land Use Survey) Technical Bulletin No.9 entitled “Methodology of Priority Delineation Survey” issued by the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare) in 1991 has been adopted for conducting soil erosion mapping for demarcation of priority villages and their categorization into various priority categories. Survey of India topographical maps on 1:50,000 scales were used as base maps for delineation of runoff potential mapping units.

The methodology adopted in the study consisted of various steps as described below. The key elements distinguishing the study is the use of High Resolution IKONOS (a commercial Earth observation satellite) satellite data, landuse/ land cover data sourced from Forest Department, Punjab State and DEM (3D representation of a terrain's surface) data downloaded from BHUVAN (Indian Geo-Platform of ISRO) that are used to prepare base maps for delineation of Runoff Potential Mapping Units.

The steps involved in soil erosion mapping using remote sensing technique including generation of digital database are described below:

3.1 Use of High Resolution Satellite Image

Soil information is abstracted indirectly from imagery by studying reflectance pattern of a surface feature portrayed on the image. Image elements, e.g. tone / colour, texture, size, shape, pattern, location and association are made use of to discern variations. These discernable variations are correlated with geology, physiography, land use / land cover condition and slope classes to interpret possible mapping units / association of soil classes.

Using high resolution IKONOS satellite images of 1 mt spatial resolution allow assessing the spatial distribution of area under different erosion classes such as sheet, rill, gully and ravine erosion at 1:5 K scale in the forest areas of Shivalik hills. This 1 mt resolution satellite data provides information of field parcel and precise information of vegetative cover (type and canopy). This further aids in accurate separation of physiographic unit and segregation of area under very severe gully and ravine. Similarly, the data also found useful in updating the road, rail, open well, canal network.

Thus, 1:5K scale erosion study maps can precisely and accurately be overlaid to the most widely available cadastral /micro level map (available in 1:4K to 1:8K scale) which depicts the field survey boundary and survey number and other cultural feature in great details like the drainage network, irrigation structures, choes, rivulets etc. The cartosat-DEM data available on BHUVAN aids in assessing physical layout of land such as hill slopes, undulations, drainage flow and pattern The reliability and cost effectiveness of high resolution images from Indian

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satellites provide scope for the generation of information for tank system studies as well as for micro level natural resource management.

‐ 3.2 Onscreen Pre-Field Image Interpretation at Cadastral Scale & preparation of Image Analysis Map (IAM):

Further, detailed and careful study of subtle differences within discernible classes is carried out to segregate individual Runoff Potential mapping unit (homogenous in it within permissible limits of soil characteristics). An interpretation key is developed to segregate discernible image units and defined in terms of image elements. Thus, a valid correlation between image characters, soil and landscape characters is established to carry out the interpretation accordingly.

Sample areas are selected for ground truthing by representing well distributed sample strips so as to represent all landscapes/geology, physiography, slopes and soils to establish correlation between spectral signature of the image, soil and its associated land features.

3.3 Ground Truth Verification and Quality Assessment (QA)/Quality Check (QC):

A rapid traversing of the district is undertaken to study the broad landscape soil relationship and to locate sample strip area. Profiles are dug at different slope range to examine all types of soils. Soil samples are collected during profile study and brought to the soil laboratory to carryout physical, chemical and physico-chemical analysis.

For each and every soil mapping unit, a large number of observations are collected through auger bore / mini pit observations and profile examination and correlated with its satellite image signature. Well distributed observations are taken to cover all quadrants of a toposheet. Around 15-20% of the total area is studied on the ground covering all the tentatively identified run-off potential mapping units. Finally, run-off potential mapping unit is described by a set of soil and land characteristics, like depth, colour, texture, land use, physiography etc. along with its image characteristics. This information is used as a ground truth data for final interpretation of satellite data.

To conduct Detailed Soil Survey, the procedure outlined in the Soil Survey Manual, 1970 published by Soil & Land Use Survey of India (Formerly All India Soil & Land Use Survey) has been adopted. This manual covered types of soil surveys, field work, study of soil profile, classification, correlation and interpretation of soils, etc. Further, it helps correlating with soil’s characteristics of known behavior and predicting their adaptability to various uses under defined sets of management practices. Broadly, it provides the fundamental concepts of soil map preparation using remote sensing, GIS and other spatial techniques.

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3.4 Correlation of Image Analysis Map with Integrated Soil Legend, Onscreen Transformation:

Mapping legend is finalized according to ground truth data by merging mapping units / developing new mapping units. Maps are corrected accordingly.

The scientific database generated based on ground truthing/field work provides real time information on the soil and land characteristics, extent and distribution of area under different “Runoff Potential Mapping Unit” (RPMU) erosion risk categories based on assigned runoff weightage value using RDBMS model and priority categorization of areas contributing more runoff in Pathankot district. This data base can be utilized to formulate policy for re-notifying the areas prone to soil erosion and frame up the site specific plan for soil conservation measures and devise appropriate land use techniques aimed at enhancing the productivity of these lands for optimum use of natural resource.

The assessment of Potential Soil Erosion Risk based on Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMU) weightage and Priority Categorization of villages of district based on Runoff Potential Index (RPI) values estimated from RPMU mapping units parameters collected during ground truthing from Technical Bulletin No.9 entitled “Methodology of Priority Delineation Survey” published by Soil & Land Use Survey of India (Formerly All India Soil & Land Use Survey), Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare (Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare) in 1991.

The runoff potential mapping units imply a set of relevant parameters that exert combined and reciprocal influence on the runoff potential. The factors considered include physiography and slope, which control amount and velocity of runoff, soil characteristics that decide potential for erosion, vegetation and cover condition that offer protection to the soil and land use indicating human interference. The description of runoff potential mapping units is given under chapter “Legend Description”. Physiographically, the survey area has been divided into different major landforms namely, alluvial plain, foot hill slopes, hill tops, hills side slopes, narrow hill valleys, piedmont plains and undifferentiated hill side slopes.

Further, landforms have been subdivided into different runoff potential units depending on the variables such as geology, physiography, slope, vegetation, land-use, management, soil characteristics and erosion hazards. The legend progressively built up traversing followed by ground observations and finally well-defined mapping legend developed for mapping program. The RPMU generated out of rapid reconnaissance survey was transferred subsequently on the codified map to have a composite map for computation of Runoff Potential Index.

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3.5 Soil Erosion Assessment includes:

 Estimation of Runoff potential map unit weightage using RDBMS (Relational Data Base Management System) model for identification and demarcation of location wise extent of risk areas in various studied area.

 Generation of Runoff Potential Index (RPI) for assessment of relative priority of studied area contributing higher Runoff in Pathankot District.

The assignment of weightage value to the RPMU for prioritization of studied area is based on the relative assessment of runoff generation from the area enclosed by the unit. The inertia factor “K” is taken as 50 signify equilibrium between run-off and run-in. Any addition to the factor K i.e. (50+X) is the suggestive of run-off in the ascending order, whereas subtraction from K i.e. (50-X) indicates deposition possibilities.

The categorization for soil erosion risk categories have been made as per the value of weightage assigned to RPMU in following five classes:

 Very High Risk weightage value of > 70  High Risk weightage value of 66 to 70  Medium Risk weightage value of 61 to 65  Low weightage value of 56 to 60  Very Low Risk weightage value of 55 & below

The RPI is calculated using the empirical formula given below-

i = n (Ai x Wi) RPI =  X 100 (Aw) i = 1

where,

RPI = Runoff Potential Index Ai = Area of the ith RPMU unit Wi = Runoff Weightage value of the ith RPMU unit Aw = Total of studied area n = No. of mapping unit

3.6 Lab Data Analysis:

Soil samples collected in the field during ground truthing are analyzed in the soil laboratory.

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3.7 Digital Maps Generation and Reports Preparation:

The field sheets further processed using ArcGIS software and different maps prepared on 1:5000 Scales. The scale provides the finest details of the area including the field parcels /khasra boundary in the present study and also the scale has enabled the separation of area under various using highest ground resolution. Flowchart showing the methodology adopted in carrying out soil survey work is described in Fig. 1.

3.8 Report Submission to User Department:

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Figure 1: Flow Chart of Remote Sensing based Methodology for Erosion Assessment in Shivalik Hills of Punjab State

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4. DEVELOPMENT OF RUNOFF POTENTIAL MAPPING UNIT (RPMU) LEGEND

Based on rapid traversing of the area and study of the topographic features using High Resolution Satellite Data, four landscapes namely Alluvio-colluvial, Alluvium, Conglomerate and Sandstone were identified and separated on the map. The landscapes were further subdivided into different physiographic units which in turn were subdivided based on slope, landuse, vegetation, soil erosion hazard to formulate the Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMU). These units have been represented by English Alphabets. Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMU) can be useful in selecting more responsive areas for watershed management for flood control. The data can be used for determining land development potential for different land use. The legend description is furnished in Table-1. The aerial extent of Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMU) of the district is given in Table- 2.

Table 1: Legend Description Punjab Shivalik Hills, Pathankot District

Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category Alluvio-Colluvium Landscape AC08 Piedmont plain; moderate (5-10%) slope; open scrub 67 lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); very deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface High colour; coarse loamy surface and subsurface texture; well drained; severe erosion; unmanaged AC02 Piedmont plain; gentle (3-5%) slope; 50% area is under 63 open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %) and 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover); moderately deep; yellowish brown to dark Medium yellowish brown surface colour; fine loamy surface texture; calcareous, moderately well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed AC04 Piedmont plain; gentle (3-5%) slope; open scrub lands 63 (when canopy cover is <10 %); very deep; dark yellowish brown surface colour; fine loamy surface Medium texture; calcareous, well drained; moderate to severe erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed AC05 Piedmont plain; moderate (5-10%) slope; deciduous 62 forest (single story veg) F2(10-20% canopy cover); deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown Medium surface colour; fine to fine loamy surface texture; calcareous, moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; poorly to moderately well managed AC01 Piedmont plain; gentle (3-5%) slope; multiple crop 57 cultivation (ir/multi crop); very deep; dark yellowish brown surface colour; fine loamy surface texture; Low calcareous, moderately well to well drained; slight erosion; well managed AC06 Piedmont plain; gentle (3-5%) slope; open scrub lands 57 Low (when canopy cover is <10 %); very deep; brown to

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category strong brown surface colour; coarse loamy to sandy surface texture; calcareous, well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed Piedmont plain; gentle (3-5%) slope; Plantation; very 57 AC07 deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; fine loamy to coarse loamy surface texture; Low calcareous, moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed AC03 Piedmont plain; very gentle (1-3%) slope; multiple crop 55 cultivation (ir/multi crop); very deep; yellowish brown Very to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy Low to fine loamy surface texture; calcareous, well drained; slight erosion; well managed Alluvium Landscape AL01 Alluvial plains; very gentle (1-3%) slope; multiple crop 56 cultivation (ir/multi crop); very deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to Low fine surface texture; moderately well drained; slight erosion; well managed. AL06 Alluvial plains; gentle (3-5%) slope; multiple crop 56 cultivation(ir/multi crop); very deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy Low surface texture; well drained; slight to moderate erosion; well managed AL08 Alluvial plains; gentle (3-5%) slope; open scrub lands 59 (when canopy cover is <10 %); very deep; dark yellowish brown surface colour; fine loamy to coarse Low loamy surface texture; poorly to imperfectly drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed AL02 Alluvial plains; very gentle (1-3%) slope; multiple crop 55 cultivation (ir/multi crop); very deep; yellowish brown Very to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse Low loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well drained; slight erosion; well managed AL04 Alluvial plains; very gentle (1-3%) slope; Plantation; 53 very deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown Very surface colour; coarse loamy surface texture; well Low drained; moderate erosion; well managed. Conglomerate Landscape CM12 Hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); very deep; dark yellowish brown to brown Very 71 surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface High texture; well to somewhat excessively drained; severe erosion; unmanaged.

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category CM13 Foot hill slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface Very 74 colour; gravelly fine loamy surface texture; well to High excessively drained; severe erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. CM15 Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1(<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when Very 77 canopy cover is <10 %); moderately deep; yellowish High brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well to excessively drained; severe erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. CM17 Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); Very 71 deep; brown surface colour; fine loamy to fine surface High texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; poorly to moderately well managed. CM19 Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is Very 78 <10 %); deep; brown surface colour; coarse loamy High surface texture; well to excessively drained; severe erosion; unmanaged. CM21 Hills side slopes; very steep (33-50%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1(<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover Very 83 is <10 %); moderately deep; dark yellowish brown to High brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well to excessively drained; severe erosion; poorly to moderately well managed. CM23 Hills side slopes; very steep (33-50%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover Very 92 is <10 %); moderately deep; brown surface colour; High coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; excessively drained; very severe erosion; unmanaged. CM25 Hills side slopes; very steep (33-50%) slope terraced upto 3-5 %; terraced cultivation (rf/single crop); deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface Very 72 colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well High to somewhat excessively drained; moderate erosion; moderately well to well managed CM35 Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope; open scrub Very 87 lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); moderately deep; High yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; excessively drained; very severe erosion; unmanaged. CM20 Hills side slopes; very steep (33-50%) slope; deciduous forest (Single Story) F2-F3 (10-40% canopy cover); deep; brown surface colour; coarse loamy surface 69 High texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; moderately well to well managed. CM06 Piedmont plain; moderate (5-10%) slope; open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); moderately deep; brown surface colour; coarse loamy surface texture; 67 High moderately well to well drained; moderate to severe erosion; unmanaged. CM18 Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope terraced upto 3-5 %; terraced cultivation (rf/single crop); very deep; brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy 67 High surface texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; moderately well to well managed. CM24 Hill tops; moderate (5-10%) slope; 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %) and 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover); moderately deep; brown surface colour; coarse 68 High loamy to fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate to severe erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. CM31 Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); deep; yellowish brown to brown surface colour; coarse loamy 70 High to fine loamy surface texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; poorly managed. CM32 Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover); moderately deep; brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy 70 High surface texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. CM33 Hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover); moderately deep; brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy 66 High surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Piedmont plain; gentle (3-5%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1(<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 CM05 %); very deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish 62 Medium brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; moderately well drained; moderate to severe erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. CM07 Piedmont plain; moderate (5-10%) slope; Plantation; 61 Medium

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category moderately deep; yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed. Foot hill slopes; moderate (5-10%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is CM09 <10 %); very deep; yellowish brown surface colour; 61 Medium coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. CM10 Hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); very deep; brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine 62 Medium loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; poorly to moderately well managed. CM11 Hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; terraced cultivation (rf/single crop); deep; dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface 63 Medium texture; well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed. CM14 Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; terraced cultivation (rf/single crop); very deep; brown surface colour; fine loamy surface texture; moderately 65 Medium well to well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well to well managed. CM16 Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); very deep; brown surface colour; coarse loamy 65 Medium to fine loamy surface texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; poorly to moderately well managed. CM26 Narrow hill valleys; gentle (3-5%) slope; open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); very deep; brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to 62 Medium fine loamy surface texture; well to excessively drained; moderate to severe erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. CM27 Hill tops; moderate (5-10%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface 61 Medium colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; poorly managed. CM28 Narrow hill valleys; gentle (3-5%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2(10-20% canopy cover); deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface 61 Medium colour; fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category managed. CM29 Narrow hill valleys; gentle (3-5%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown 61 Medium surface colour; fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. CM36 Hill tops; gentle (3-5%) slope; Plantation; moderately deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface 62 Medium colour; fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; poorly managed. CM01 Hill tops; gentle (3-5%) slope; single crop cultivation (rainfed /single crop); very deep; strong brown to brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface 58 Low texture; moderately well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed. CM02 Hill tops; moderate (5-10%) slope terraced upto 1-3 %; single crop cultivation (rainfed/single crop); very deep; strong brown to brown surface colour; coarse loamy to 60 Low fine loamy surface texture; moderately well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed. CM03 Piedmont plain; gentle (3-5%) slope; deciduous forest (Single Story) F2-F3 (10-40% canopy cover); moderately deep; brown to dark yellowish brown 60 Low surface colour; coarse loamy surface texture; poorly drained; moderate erosion; poorly to moderately well managed. Piedmont plain; gentle (3-5%) slope; multiple crop cultivation (ir/multi crop); very deep; yellowish brown CM04 to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to 57 Low fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; well managed. CM08 Piedmont plain; moderate (5-10%) slope terraced upto 1-3 %; multiple crop cultivation (ir/multi crop); very deep; brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy 59 Low surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well to well managed. CM22 Narrow hill valleys; gentle (3-5%) slope; multiple crop cultivation (ir/multi crop); very deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to 58 Low fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well to well managed. CM34 Narrow hill valleys; gentle (3-5%) slope; Plantation; very deep; brown to dark yellowish brown surface 58 Low colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category drained; moderate erosion; poorly managed. Sandstone Landscape Undifferentiated hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); Very SD03 84 moderately deep; dark yellowish brown surface colour; High coarse loamy surface texture; well to excessively drained; severe erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); shallow followed by weathered parent material; yellowish brown to dark Very SD14 74 yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy surface High texture; well drained; severe erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is Very SD15 <10 %); moderately deep; yellowish brown to dark 71 High yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate to severe erosion; unmanaged. Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); shallow followed by weathered parent material; brown Very SD20 83 to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy High surface texture; excessively drained; very severe erosion; unmanaged. Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); shallow followed by weathered parent Very SD21 79 material; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown High surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; excessively drained; severe erosion; unmanaged. Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope; degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover); shallow followed by weathered parent material; light yellowish brown to Very SD24 74 yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy surface High texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope; open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); shallow followed by weathered parent material; yellowish brown to dark Very SD25 87 yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy surface High texture; excessively drained; very severe erosion; unmanaged. Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% Very SD26 72 area is under deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10- High 20% canopy cover); moderately deep; light yellowish

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category brown to yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy surface texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; poorly managed. Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); shallow depth followed by weathered parent Very SD27 83 material; light yellowish brown to yellowish brown High surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; excessively drained; severe erosion; unmanaged. Hills side slopes; very steep (33-50%) slope; degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover); shallow depth followed by weathered parent material; yellowish brown to dark Very SD28 88 yellowish brown surface colour; fine loamy to coarse High loamy surface texture; excessively drained; severe erosion; unmanaged. Hills side slopes; very steep (33-50%) slope, degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover); shallow depth followed by weathered parent material; yellowish brown to dark Very SD29 87 yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to loamy High skeletal surface texture; excessively drained; severe erosion; unmanaged. Hills side slopes; very steep (33-50%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); Very SD30 deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface 72 High colour; coarse loamy to sandy surface texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; poorly managed. Hills side slopes; very steep (33-50%) slope; open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); shallow depth followed by weathered parent material; yellowish brown Very SD31 92 to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to High loamy skeletal surface texture; excessively drained; very severe erosion; unmanaged. Hills side slopes; very steep (33-50% ) slope terraced upto 3-5 %; terraced cultivation (rf/single crop); deep; Very SD40 75 dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to High fine loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; poorly managed. Hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover); moderately deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface SD16 66 High colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover); moderately SD19 deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface 70 High colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well excessively drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged.

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); moderately deep; light yellowish brown to SD22 69 High yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25% ) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1(<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); shallow depth followed by SD23 70 High weathered parent material; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy surface texture; excessively drained; moderate erosion, unmanaged to poorly managed. Hill tops; moderate (5-10%) slope; open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); deep; yellowish brown SD35 to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to 66 High fine loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate to severe erosion; unmanaged Hills side slopes; moderately steep (15-25%) slope; terraced (1-3 %) cultivation (rf/multiple crop); deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface SD38 66 High colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed. Hills side slopes; steep (25-33%) slope; terraced (3-5 %) cultivation (rf/multiple crop); deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to SD39 70 High fine loamy surface texture; well to somewhat excessively drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed. Hill tops; gentle (3-5%) slope; multiple crop cultivation (ir/multi crop); moderately deep; yellowish brown to SD01 dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to 62 Medium fine loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; poorly to moderately well managed. Hill tops; moderate (5-10%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); moderately deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish SD11 61 Medium brown surface colour; fine loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Hill tops; strong (10-15%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F3 (20-40% canopy cover); shallow followed by weathered parent material; yellowish brown SD12 64 Medium to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well to excessively drained; moderate erosion; poorly to moderately well managed. Hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; deciduous SD17 forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); 64 Medium deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category colour; fine loamy to coarse loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Hill tops; moderate (5-10%) slope; terraced cultivation (1-3 %) (rf/multiple crop); very deep; yellowish brown SD36 to dark yellowish brown surface colour; fine loamy 61 Medium surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; poorly to moderately well managed. Hills side slopes; strong (10-15%) slope; terraced cultivation (1-3 %) (rf/multiple crop); deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse SD37 63 Medium loamy to fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed. Hill tops; moderate (5-10%) slope; 50% area is under degraded forest F1 (<10% canopy cover) and 50% area is under open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 SD41 %); shallow followed by weathered parent material; 65 Medium yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; poorly managed. Narrow hill valleys; very gentle (1-3%) slope; multiple crop cultivation (ir/multi crop); very deep; yellowish SD06 brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse 56 Low loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed. Hill tops; very gentle (1-3%) slope; multiple crop cultivation (ir/multi crop); deep; yellowish brown to SD10 dark yellowish brown surface colour; fine loamy to 58 Low coarse loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; moderately well managed. Narrow hill valleys; gentle (3-5%) slope; open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %); very deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface SD33 59 Low colour; coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Narrow hill valleys; gentle (3-5%) slope; deciduous forest (single story veg) F2 (10-20% canopy cover); SD34 deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface 58 Low colour; coarse loamy surface texture; well drained; moderate erosion; unmanaged to poorly managed. Narrow hill valleys; very gentle (1-3%) slope; multiple crop cultivation (ir/multi crop); very deep; yellowish brown to dark yellowish brown surface colour; coarse Very SD32 55 loamy to fine loamy surface texture; moderately well to Low well drained; slight erosion; moderately well to well managed. Misc. Brick Kiln - - Area Factory - -

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Soil Runoff Erosion RPMU Description Potential Risk Weightage Category Habitation - - River - - Rock Quarry - - Water bodies - -

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Table- 2: Areal Extent of Different Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMUs) Runoff Potential S. RPMU Mapping Unit Risk category Area (ha) Area (%) No. Weightage Alluvio-Colluvium Landscape 1 AC08 67 High 2 0.01 2 AC02 63 Medium 89 0.33 3 AC04 63 Medium 73 0.27 4 AC05 62 Medium 50 0.18 5 AC01 57 Low 1028 3.79 6 AC06 57 Low 97 0.36 7 AC07 57 Low 239 0.88 8 AC03 55 Very Low 623 2.30 Alluvium Landscape 9 AL01 56 Low 70 0.26 10 AL06 56 Low 107 0.39 11 AL08 59 Low 191 0.70 12 AL02 55 Very Low 22 0.08 13 AL04 53 Very Low 42 0.15 Conglomerate Landscape 14 CM12 71 Very High 696 2.57 15 CM13 74 Very High 17 0.06 16 CM15 77 Very High 599 2.21 17 CM17 71 Very High 1224 4.51 18 CM19 78 Very High 521 1.92 19 CM21 83 Very High 2149 7.92 20 CM23 92 Very High 245 0.90 21 CM25 72 Very High 220 0.81 22 CM35 87 Very High 64 0.24 23 CM06 67 High 66 0.24 24 CM18 67 High 1075 3.96 25 CM20 69 High 3044 11.22 26 CM24 68 High 237 0.87 27 CM31 70 High 624 2.30 28 CM32 70 High 90 0.33 29 CM33 66 High 112 0.41 30 CM05 62 Medium 68 0.25 31 CM09 61 Medium 31 0.11 32 CM10 62 Medium 287 1.06 33 CM11 63 Medium 1422 5.24 34 CM14 65 Medium 1217 4.49 35 CM16 65 Medium 907 3.34 36 CM26 62 Medium 128 0.47 37 CM27 61 Medium 83 0.31 38 CM28 61 Medium 38 0.14 39 CM29 61 Medium 20 0.07 40 CM36 62 Medium 4 0.01 41 CM01 58 Low 338 1.25

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42 CM02 60 Low 942 3.47 43 CM03 60 Low 22 0.08 44 CM04 57 Low 119 0.44 45 CM07 60 Low 157 0.58 46 CM08 59 Low 301 1.11 47 CM22 58 Low 634 2.34 48 CM34 58 Low 6 0.02 Sandstone Landscape 49 SD03 84 Very High 2 0.01 50 SD14 74 Very High 6 0.02 51 SD15 71 Very High 7 0.03 52 SD20 83 Very High 1 0.00 53 SD21 79 Very High 13 0.05 54 SD24 74 Very High 80 0.29 55 SD25 87 Very High 3 0.01 56 SD26 72 Very High 45 0.17 57 SD27 83 Very High 25 0.09 58 SD28 88 Very High 196 0.72 59 SD29 87 Very High 1125 4.15 60 SD30 72 Very High 872 3.21 61 SD31 92 Very High 101 0.37 62 SD40 75 Very High 21 0.08 63 SD16 66 High 24 0.09 64 SD19 70 High 9 0.03 65 SD22 69 High 10 0.04 66 SD23 70 High 20 0.07 67 SD35 66 High 51 0.19 68 SD38 66 High 17 0.06 69 SD39 70 High 64 0.24 70 SD01 62 Medium 17 0.06 71 SD11 61 Medium 42 0.15 72 SD12 65 Medium 16 0.06 73 SD17 64 Medium 6 0.02 74 SD36 61 Medium 62 0.23 75 SD37 63 Medium 132 0.49 76 SD41 65 Medium 37 0.14 77 SD06 56 Low 4 0.01 78 SD10 58 Low 27 0.10 79 SD33 59 Low 15 0.06 80 SD34 58 Low 2 0.01 81 SD32 55 Very Low 12 0.04 82 Brick Kiln - - 6 0.02 83 Factory - - 9 0.03 84 Habitation - - 739 2.72 85 River - - 679 2.50 86 Rock Quarry - - 10 0.04 87 Water bodies - - 2276 8.39 GRAND TOTAL 27,123 100.00

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5. SOILS OF THE AREA

Soil formation is influenced largely by different soil forming factors like climate, vegetation, parent material, geomorphic setting, relief/micro relief and anthropogenic factors have contributed in the development of soils of the area. Climate of the area is the most significant and major factor controlling the type and rate of soil formation. Corresponding to different hydro geomorphic units, different pedogenic processes such as gains, losses, transformation & translocations are operational in the survey area.

Remotely sensed high resolution satellite data (IKONOS) and Cartosat-DEM of BHUVAN have been analysed to delineate five different physiographic units in the Shivalik Hills in a semiarid tract of the Punjab State. Soils from unstable geomorphic surfaces (undifferentiated hill slopes, river bank and rivulet) showed A C profiles, while soils developed on relatively stable geomorphic surfaces (backslope and foot hills slope) had a well-developed ‐ “cambic” subsurface horizon and showed A Bw C profile development.

‐ ‐ The soils in this region are mainly developed on conglomerate parent material and sandstone along with alluvium and alluvio-colluvium parent material which were influenced by climate followed by topography and time.

Topography, along with the nature of parent material and time, was found to be responsible for the pedogenic differences in the soils developed on different landscapes. The soil forming process e.g. eluviations and illuviation of clay, leaching of bases resulting in the development of argillic and “cambic”. The steep to very steep slope with poor vegetative cover leads to high run off, moderate to severe accelerated erosion resulting in the formation of weakly developed profile.

This study established a well defined relationship between physiographic surfaces and development of soils. ‐

5.1 Morphology

The soils of the project area show variation in depth, colour and texture based on its occurrence on physiography, slope, land use and parent material. Major part of the district falls under hill side slopes showing varied slope ranging from strong to very very steep (10->50 %). Amongst these, under open scrub land use is having soils of shallow to moderately deep soil depth with severe to very severe erosion. Strong to severe gully erosion is responsible for shallow soil depth of soil mainly attributed to the absence of no or very thin vegetative cover. These soils are gravely fine loamy to fine loamy texture having low water holding capacity.

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Maximum area reported in hill side slopes having slope ranging from 10-15 % to 33->50 %. In land slopes having 10-15 % to 33-50 % under terraced cultivation, soils of deep to very deep depth with moderate erosion are observed which may be due to cultivation and management practices followed in those areas.

Land slopes having 10-15 percent slopes soils of moderately deep to very deep soil depth with moderate to severe erosion are observed under thin forest vegetation cover whereas in 15- 25 are having moderately deep to shallow soil depth with moderate to severe erosion. Slopes from 25-33 % and 33-50 % in sandstone landscape under thin forest vegetation cover are having moderately deep to shallow soil depth whereas in conglomerate landscape are having moderately deep to deep soil depth. The resistivity of sandstone formations to erosion that results in varied soil depth depends largely on the type and amount of cementing material present and its environment. Poorly cemented sandstones readily disintegrate, whereas well- cemented sandstones are very resistant. Higher slopes with 33->50 % observed with shallow soil depth and severe erosion under thin forest vegetation cover.

Next is piedmont plain area that forms a transitional zone between the Shivalik hills and alluvial plains showing slope ranging from very gentle to moderate (1-10 %). Amongst these slope ranges, very gentle sloping (1-3 %) in agricultural land use are having very deep soil depth and slight erosion. Part of gentle slope (3-5 %) which is in agricultural land use are having very deep soil depth and slight to moderate erosion whereas remaining area in thin forest vegetation cover, open scrub and plantation are having very deep to moderately deep soil depth with moderate to severe erosion. Likewise, moderate slope having 5-10 % shows the same trend as that of gentle slope except thin forest vegetation cover which is not mapped under this slope range.

Apart from hill side slopes and piedmont plain, soils formed on hill tops showing four slope ranges, i.e. from very gentle slope (1-3 %) to strong slope (10-15 %) in agriculture, open scrub, plantation and forest land cover. Slope ranging from 1-5 % in agricultural land use and plantation are having moderately deep to very deep soil depth and moderate erosion with coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture and at parts sandy surface texture. Slope ranging from 5-15 % in open scrub and forest cover are having deep to shallow soil depth with moderate to severe erosion whereas, same slope range in cultivable lands are having very deep soil depth with moderate erosion.

Soils of narrow hill valley areas showing very gentle slope (1-3 %) in agriculture land use are having very deep soil depth, mostly coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture with slight to moderate erosion whereas gentle slope (3-5 %) in moderately dense forest are having deep soil depth with moderate erosion and in cultivable lands, open scrub, plantation and thin forest vegetation land cover are having very deep soil depth, coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture and moderate erosion.

Under alluvial plains that are the old flood plains of the rivers showing two slope ranges, i.e. gentle slope (3-5 %) and very gentle slope (1-3 %) in agriculture are having very deep soil depth with slight to moderate erosion whereas, in open scrub and plantation land cover are having very deep soil depth but with moderate erosion. Soils of alluvial plains are of vital

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economic value as it supports the dense population having moderate to high water and nutrient holding capacity.

On foot hill slopes that increase gradually in elevation at the base of a mountain range, showing moderate slope (5-10 %) in thin forest vegetative cover soils of very deep depth, coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture and moderate erosion are noticed whereas moderately steep slope (15-25 %) in open scrub lands, soils of deep depth and severe erosion are noticed.

Lowest area of 2 ha marked undifferentiated hill side slopes. Landscape showing undifferentiated hill side slopes and strong slope in thin forest vegetation land cover, soils of moderately deep depth, coarse loamy surface texture with severe erosion are noticed.

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6. ASSESSMENT AND REPORTING OF THE SURVEYED AREA

The study of the individual erosion intensity mapping units provides information on geology/landscape, physiography, slope, land use/ land cover, soil depth, soil colour, texture, erosion and management status. The watershed characteristics in the form of legend can be used for broad level planning purpose.

This is to mention here that this study only took in to consideration the all the area excepts for those classified under miscellaneous category such as Habitation, Rivers / streams, Water bodies, rock quarry, etc. for categorization of erosion class in district and also for estimation of RPMU weightage estimation and identification of risk areas prone to erosion as the constitute non soil part in the study.

6.1 Physiography Classes

The areal extension of the different classes of physiography, slope, texture class, depth and erosion are provided in the following Tables-3 (a, b, c, d and e) and Figures.

Table 3(a): Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Physiography Class in Pathankot District S. No. PHYSIOGRAPHY AREA (ha) AREA (%) 1. Alluvial plains 432 1.59 2. Foot hill slopes 48 0.18 3. Hill side slopes 17273 63.68 4. Hill tops 1856 6.84 5. Narrow hill valleys 859 3.17 6. Piedmont plain 2934 10.82 7. Undifferentiated hill side slopes 2 0.01 8. Brick Kiln 6 0.02 9. Factory 9 0.03 10. Habitation 739 2.72 11. River 679 2.50 12. Rock quarry 10 0.04 13. Water bodies 2276 8.39 GRAND TOTAL 27,123 100.00

Areal distribution of the surveyed area under different physiography showed that major part of the area is under Hill side slope (63.68 %) class, followed by Piedmont plain (10.82 %), Hill tops (6.84 %), Narrow hill valleys (3.17 %) and Alluvial plains (1.33 %). 0.18 % area under Foot hill slopes. Minimum area of 0.01 % mapped as undifferentiated hill side slopes.

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6.2 Slope Classes

The hilly areas of the district found to occur on >10 % sloping lands. The distribution of area under these hill slope classes show that major part of the area in studied district covered under very steep sloping accounting to 7732 ha (28.51 %) followed by moderately steep sloping 2883 ha (10.63 %), steep sloping 2586 ha (9.53 %) and strong sloping 2578 ha (9.50 %). Management on these sloping lands done by terracing upto 1-3 % and 3-5 % as shown in the table below. For the lands with <10 % slopes, maximum area covered under gentle sloping with about 3235 ha (11.93 %) and area of about 4.81 %, 2.95 % and 2.79 % mapped as moderate sloping terraced upto 1-3 %, very gentle sloping and moderate sloping, respectively.

Table 3(b): Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Slope Class in Pathankot District

S. No. DESCRIPTION (PERCENT SLOPE) AREA (ha) AREA (%) 1. Very gentle slope (1-3%) 800 2.95 2. Gentle slope (3-5%) 3235 11.93 3. Moderate slope (5-10%) 756 2.79 4. Moderate slope (5-10%) terraced upto 1-3 % 1305 4.81 5. Strong slope (10-15%) 2578 9.50 6. Strong slope (10-15%) terraced upto 1-3 % 132 0.49 7. Moderately steep slope (15-25%) 2883 10.63 8. Moderately steep slope (15-25%) terraced upto 1-3 % 17 0.06 9. Steep slope (25-33%) 2586 9.53 10. Steep slope (25-33%) terraced upto 3-5 % 1139 4.20 11. Very steep slope (33-50%) 7732 28.51 12. Very steep slope (33-50%) terraced upto 3-5 % 241 0.89 13. Brick Kiln 6 0.02 14. Factory 9 0.03 15. Habitation 739 2.72 16. River 679 2.50 17. Rock quarry 10 0.04 18. Water bodies 2276 8.39 GRAND TOTAL 27,123 100.00

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6.3 Surface Texture

Areal distribution of the surveyed area under different surface textural class showed that major part of the area is under coarse loamy to fine loamy textural class with 12471 ha (45.98 %) area. Second highest area is under coarse loamy textural class covering about 4145 ha (15.28 %), followed by fine loamy textural class (9.49 %), fine loamy to fine (4.70 %), coarse loamy to loamy skeletal (4.52 %), coarse loamy to sandy (3.57 %), fine loamy to coarse loamy (2.43 %). Lowest area of less than 1 % of area covered under gravelly fine loamy and coarse loamy to fine textural class.

Table 3(c): Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Surface Textural Class in Pathankot District

S. No. SURFACE TEXTURAL CLASS AREA (ha) AREA (%) 1. Coarse loamy 4145 15.28 2. Coarse loamy to Fine 70 0.26 3. Coarse loamy to Fine loamy 12471 45.98 4. Coarse loamy to Loamy skeletal 1226 4.52 5. Coarse loamy to Sandy 969 3.57 6. Fine loamy 2573 9.49 7. Fine loamy to Coarse loamy 659 2.43 8. Fine loamy to Fine 1274 4.70 9. Gravelly fine loamy 17 0.06 10. Brick Kiln 6 0.02 11. Factory 9 0.03 12. Habitation 739 2.72 13. River 679 2.50 14. Rock quarry 10 0.04 15. Water bodies 2276 8.39 GRAND TOTAL 27,123 100.00

6.4 Depth Classes

Depth wise distribution of the surveyed area shows that very deep and deep depth covered more than 50 % of the area accounting to 34.42 % as very deep and 31.17 % as deep depth. Moderately deep depth class covered an area of about 14.71 % and shallow depth class covered least area of about 5.98 %.

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Table 3(d): Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Depth Class in Pathankot District

S. No. DEPTH AREA (ha) AREA (%) 1. Very deep 9336 34.42 2. Deep 8455 31.17 3. Moderately deep 3990 14.71 4. Shallow 1623 5.98 5. Brick Kiln 6 0.02 6. Factory 9 0.03 7. Habitation 739 2.72 8. River 679 2.50 9. Rock quarry 10 0.04 10. Water bodies 2276 8.39 GRAND TOTAL 27,123 100

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6.5 Land Capability Classification

Land capability classification aims at classifying each kind of soil shown on the map by taking into consideration its potentialities as well as limitations for sustainable agriculture production. Land capability classification is a system of grouping soil based on their inherent soil characteristics, external landscape feature and other climatic conditions. In this system, soils are grouped at three level viz. land capability class, land capability subclass and land capability unit as described below: 6.5.1 Land Capability Class: The land capability classes are designated by Roman number I to VIII which indicates intensities of limitation in increasing order. The soils in class I to IV are suitable for agriculture with progressive increasing limitations that affect their use under agriculture. 6.5.2 Land Capability Subclass: The subclass is subdivision of land capability classes indicating various kinds of limitations, such as erosion and run-off (e), unfavorable texture affecting vegetation and root zone limitation (s), drainage, wetness, over flow hazard (w) and the climate limitations (c). These are indicated in the maps by adding lower case alphabets such as e, w, s and c to Land Capability Class, e.g. IIe IIes, IIIes. 6.5.3 Land Capability Units: The sub classes are further subdivided into the land capability units based on the degree of limitations where group of soils that are alike in their management requirements and suitable for similar crops having similar response to treatment and have same kind of productivity they are indicated on the maps as I-1, II-1, IIe-1, IIes-1, IIIes-1, IIs-1, IIs-2. Mapping unit wise distribution of area under different land capability subclass is summarized in the table given below. 6.5.4 Land Capability Class/Subclass: Mapping unit wise distribution of area under different land capability class and subclass is summarized as given below: 6.5.4.1 Land capability class II: This unit consists of very deep, coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture, well drained soils occurring on very gentle sloping. They are susceptible to slight erosion and are mostly under multiple crop cultivation. The following mapping unit is placed in this class:

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S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. AC03 623 TOTAL 623

6.5.4.2 Land capability sub class IIs: This unit consists of very deep, coarse loamy to fine loamy and coarse loamy to fine surface texture, poorly to well drained soils occurring on very gentle sloping. They are susceptible to slight erosion and are mostly under multiple crop cultivation. The following mapping unit is placed in this class: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. AL01 70 2. SD32 12 TOTAL 82

6.5.4.3 Land capability sub class IIe: This unit consists of very deep, coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture, occurring on very gentle to gentle sloping. They are susceptible to slight to moderate erosion and are mostly under multiple crop cultivation. The following mapping unit is placed in this class: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. AC01 1028 2. AL02 22 3. CM01 338 4. SD06 4 TOTAL 1392

6.5.4.4 Land capability sub class IIes: This unit consists of very deep soils, coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture, occurring on very gentle to gentle sloping. They are susceptible to slight to moderate erosion hazards and are mostly under multiple crop cultivation and plantation. The following mapping units are placed under this capability unit: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. AL04 42 2. AL06 107 3. CM04 119 4. CM22 634 5. CM34 6 TOTAL 908

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6.5.4.5 Land capability sub class IIIe: This unit consists of very deep; fine loamy to coarse loamy surface texture, occurring on gentle to moderate sloping. They are susceptible to moderate erosion hazards and are under multiple crop cultivation, terraced cultivation and plantation. The following mapping units are placed in this class: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. AC07 239 2. CM08 301 3. SD36 62 TOTAL 602

6.5.4.6 Land capability sub class IIIes: This unit consists of very deep to moderately deep; fine loamy to coarse loamy surface texture and at places sandy, occurring on very gentle to strong sloping. They are susceptible to moderate erosion and are mostly under cultivation and plantation. The following mapping units are placed in this class: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. CM02 942 2. CM07 157 3. CM11 1422 4. CM36 4 5. SD01 17 6. SD10 27 7. SD37 132 TOTAL 2701

6.5.4.9 Land capability sub class IVe: This unit consists of very deep to moderately deep; fine loamy to coarse loamy surface texture along with few gravels at some places, occurring on gentle to moderately steep sloping. They are susceptible to moderate to severe erosion hazards and are mostly under open scrubs. The following mapping units are placed in this class: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. AC04 73 2. AL08 191 3. CM06 66 4. CM13 17 TOTAL 347

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6.5.4.10 Land capability sub class IVes: This unit consists of very deep to shallow; mostly coarse loamy to fine loamy surface texture with gravelly texture at some places, occurring on gentle to very steep sloping. They are susceptible moderate to very severe erosion hazards and are mostly under cultivation and open scrubs. The following mapping units are placed in this class: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. AC06 97 2. AC08 2 3. CM14 1217 4. CM18 1075 5. CM25 220 6. CM26 128 7. SD31 101 8. SD38 17 9. SD39 64 10. SD40 21 TOTAL 2942

6.5.4.11 Land capability sub class VIes: This unit consists of very deep to deep; fine loamy to coarse loamy surface texture, occurring on gentle sloping. They are susceptible to moderate erosion hazards and are mostly under open scrubs. The following mapping units are placed in this class: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. SD33 15 TOTAL 15

6.5.4.12 Land capability sub class VIIes: This unit consists of deep to shallow; coarse loamy to fine loamy, occurring on moderate to steep sloping. They are susceptible to moderate to very severe erosion hazards and are under open scrubs. The following mapping units are placed in this class: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. CM35 64 2. SD14 6 3. SD20 1 4. SD25 3

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5. SD35 51 TOTAL 125

6.5.4.13 Forest: This unit consists of the mapping units covered under degraded and deciduous forests under different physiography. They are susceptible to moderate to very severe erosion hazards. The following mapping units are placed in this class: S. No. MAPPING UNIT AREA (ha) 1. AC02 89 2. AC05 50 3. CM03 22 4. CM05 68 5. CM09 31 6. CM10 287 7. CM12 696 8. CM15 599 9. CM16 907 10. CM17 1224 11. CM19 521 12. CM20 3044 13. CM21 2149 14. CM23 245 15. CM24 237 16. CM27 83 17. CM28 38 18. CM29 20 19. CM31 624 20. CM32 90 21. CM33 112 22. SD03 2 23. SD11 42 24. SD12 16 25. SD15 7 26. SD16 24 27. SD17 6 28. SD19 9 29. SD21 13 30. SD22 10 31. SD23 20 32. SD24 80 33. SD26 45 34. SD27 25 35. SD28 196

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36. SD29 1125 37. SD30 872 38. SD34 2 39. SD41 37 TOTAL 13667

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6.5 Analysis of Soil Erosion Status

In all of the studied area under project area, it was observed that due to rains, extensive loss of soil occurs. This results in degradation of lands under Shivalik and poor regeneration. The erosion material brought by the streams from sloping hills is deposited in the gently sloping piedmont around the rivulets. The repeated deposition of coarse sediments render land waste with comparatively lower agriculture production in valley areas which are adjoin to the high eroded areas.

The rain water is the main cause of erosion in the area falling under district. However upper catchment areas found to be affected from severe to very severe erosion been studied at 1:5K scale. The table showing distribution of area under various erosion classes depicts the extent of the area under various Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMU) suffered in past due to rain water erosion and it is mainly observed in the field as sheet, rills and gully erosion and during ground truthing.

The areas suffer from all four type of erosions have been correlated with image signatures for accurately mapping remotely located in-accessible eroded areas of the district. Soil erosion in respect of sheet mapped as slight erosion covered about 6.47 % of area in district, similarly area which gives rise to rills and mapped as moderate soil erosion covered maximum area of 55.85 % in district. Area of about 19.73 % is covered under the land that suffers from gully erosion and mapped as severe erosion. Similarly, area under medium deep ravines mapped as very severe erosion covered 1.53 % area.

Table: 3(e) Distribution of the Surveyed Area under different Erosion Class in Pathankot District

S. No. EROSION CLASS / DESCRIPTION Area (ha) Area (%) 1. Slight erosion (e1) 1755 6.47 2. Slight to moderate erosion (e1-e2) 107 0.39 3. Moderate erosion (e2) 15147 55.85 4. Moderate to severe erosion (e2-e3) 630 2.32 5. Severe erosion (e3) 5351 19.73 6. Very severe erosion (e4) 414 1.53 7. Brick Kiln 6 0.02 8. Factory 9 0.03 9. Habitation 739 2.72 10. River 679 2.50 11. Rock Quarry 10 0.04 12. Water bodies 2276 8.39 GRAND TOTAL 27,123 100.00

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7. RISK CHARACTERIZATION AND PRIORITY CATEGORIZATION

The prime objective of Soil Erosion mapping survey in the Shivalik Hills of Punjab State is to determine soil erodibility index for demarcation of potential risk areas for soil erosion in studied areas at 1:5K scale. The classes of risk categorization were simulated from weightage values assigned to the mapping units (RPMU). It is measures the relative potential for soils to erode. Similarly, the values of weightage were for determination of Runoff Potential Index (RPI).

The Runoff Potential Index (RPI) combines the inherent erodibility of a soil type (known as K-factor); with the position of the soil on the landscape and land parameters such as physiography, slope and vegetation to rank each Runoff Potential Mapping Unit (RPMU) by its erosion potential. Soil types vary in their erodibility depending on their depth, texture, structure and other physical properties. Additionally, erosion potential increases with slope. Every soil and attribute of RPMU assigned weightage value which has been derived parametrically in RDBMS to evaluate soil erodibility (K-factor) from the most detailed available soil data and it is based on class of soil attribute which influences soil detachment process. The combined RPMU weightage derived by incorporating relative values of slope and Land use factors. The weightage value of 50 were taken as the state of equilibrium where in there is no runoff or erosion and run on or deposition. The percent slope was calculated from the 20 meter national grid DEM dataset available on BHUVAN portal. The percent slope was then used to create slope classes for use as a multiplier for the K-factor. Many studies demonstrate a linear or greater increase in soil erosion as slope increases (Fox and Bryan, 2000). Thus RPMU weightage for every RPMU estimated for accurate assessment of erosion and also for identifying location-wise risk areas for erosion in studied area.

The values of weightage for each attribute of RPMU were assigned by entering the data in Relational Database Management System software (RDBMS).

Table 4(a): Weightage Runoff Potential values for Slope Factor S. No. SLOPECLASS SLOPEPERCENT & DESCRIPTION RP Value 1 A 0-1( Nearly Level slope ) 0.25 2 A-B 0-3 (Nearly Level to Very Gently 0.75 Sloping) 3 B 1-3 1.00 4 B-C 1-5 1.50 5 C 3-5 2.00 6 C-D 3-10 3.25 7 D 5-10 3.75 8 D-E 5-15 4.95 9 E 10-15 6.20 10 E-F 10-25 8.55 11 F 15-25 9.75 12 F-G 15-33 11.50

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13 G 25-33 13.90 14 G-H 25-50 17.25 15 H 33-50 19.00 16 H-I 33->50 22.00 17 I >50 25.00

Table 4(b): Weightage Runoff Potential values for Land Cover Factor S. No. Description RP Value 1 Single crop cultivation (RF/Single Crop) 1 2 Multiple crop cultivation(IR/Multi Crop) 1 3 Terraced cultivation (RF/Single Crop) 1 4 Terraced cultivation (RF/Multiple Crop) 1 5 Jhum/shifting cultivation 1 6 Deciduous forest (Single Story Veg) F2 (10-20%) 0.89 7 Deciduous forest (Single Story Veg) F3 (20-40%) 0.78 8 Deciduous forest (Single Story Veg) F4 (40-60%) 0.63 9 Deciduous forest (Single Story Veg) F5 (>60%) 0.48 10 Deciduous forest (Double Story Veg) F2 (10-20%) 0.87 11 Deciduous forest (Double Story Veg) F3 (20-40%) 0.73 12 Deciduous forest (Double Story Veg) F4 (40-60%) 0.55 13 Deciduous forest (Double Story Veg) F5 (>60%) 0.36 14 Evergreen forest (Single Story Veg) F2 (10-20%) 0.91 15 Evergreen forest (Single Story Veg) F3 (20-40%) 0.8 16 Evergreen forest (Single Story Veg) F4 (40-60%) 0.65 17 Evergreen forest (Single Story Veg) F5 (>60%) 0.5 18 Evergreen forest (Double Story Veg) F2 (10-20%) 0.89 19 Evergreen forest (Double Story Veg) F3 (20-40%) 0.78 20 Evergreen forest (Double Story Veg) F4 (40-60%) 0.63 21 Evergreen forest (Double Story Veg) F5 (>60%) 0.48 22 Thin forest Vegetation (F1, when canopy cover is <10 0.96 23 %)Grasslands/Pasture (>10% canopy) 0.9 24 Grasslands/Pasture (<10% canopy) 0.96 25 Open scrub lands (when canopy cover is >10 %) 0.9 26 Open scrub lands (when canopy cover is <10 %) 0.96 27 Orchards(Coconut, Citrus, Mango, Arecanut) with 0.87 28 Orchards(Coconut,>10% canopy Citrus, Mango, Arecanut) with 0.96 29 Estates(Tea,<10% canopy Coffe e, Rubber, Cashew) 0.7 30 Built-up lands 0 31 River/Stream 0 32 Lakes/Tanks/Ponds 0 33 Reservoirs 0

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34 Bays/Estuaries/Lagoons 0 35 River/Stream courses 0

Table4(c): Weightage Runoff Potential values for Soil Depth Factor S. No. Depth Class Description RP Value 1 d0 Zero depth 10.00 2 d1 Very shallow 6.25 3 d1-d2 Very shallow to shallow 5.94 4 d2 Shallow 5.63 5 d2-d3 Shallow to Moderately deep 5.00 6 d3 Moderately deep 4.38 7 d3-d4 Moderately deep to deep 3.13 8 d4 Deep 1.88 9 d4-d5 Deep to very deep 1.25 10 d5 Very deep 0.63

Table 4(d): Weightage Runoff Potential values for Soil Texture Factor S. No. Description RP Value 1 Very fine 10.60 2 Fine 7.60 3 Fine silty 7.25 4 Coarse silty 6.25 5 Fine loamy 5.25 6 Coarse loamy 3.00 7 Sandy 1.00 8 Gravelly very fine 8.00 9 Gravelly fine 5.75 10 Gravelly fine silly 5.50 11 Gravelly coarse silly 4.75 12 Gravelly fine loamy 4.00 13 Gravelly coarse loamy 2.25 14 Gravelly sandy 0.75 15 Clayey skeletal 4.50 16 Loamy skeletal 2.75 17 Sandy skeletal 0.50 18 Fragmental 0.25 Table4 (e): Weightage Runoff Potential value for Erosion Factor S. No. Erosion Description RP Value 1 e0 None 0.00 2 e0-e1 None to slight erosion 0.63 3 e1 slight erosion 1.25 4 e1-e2 Slight to Moderate erosion 1.88 5 e2 Moderate erosion 2.50 6 e2-e3 Moderate to Severe erosion 6.25 7 e3 Severe erosion 10.00 8 e3-e4 Severe to Very severe erosion 12.50 9 e4 Very severe erosion 15.00

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Table 4 (f): Weightage RP values for Surface condition

S. No. Description RP Value ** 1 Rockiness 15% of average percent of ROC coverage of area 2 Boulderiness 15 % of average percent of boulders coverage of area 3 Stoniness 10 % of average percent of stones coverage of area 4 Gravelliness 5 % of average percent of gravels coverage of area

Table 4 (g): Weightage RP values for Management

Sl. Management Description RP Value No. 1 M0 Unmanaged 1 2 M0-M1 Unmanaged to Poorly Managed 0.95 3 M1 Poorly Managed 0.9 4 M1- M2 Poorly Managed to Moderately Managed 0.825 5 M2 Moderately Managed 0.75 6 M2- M3 Moderately Managed to Well Managed 0.625 7 M3 Well Managed 0.5 8 M3- M4 Well Managed to Very Well Managed 0.375 9 M4 Very Well Managed 0.25

Calculation for Soil Erosion Risk Categorization:

RPMU weightage = 50 + (Slope+ Soil Texture+ Soil Depth+ Erosion+ Surface Condition) x Land Cover x Management)

The categorization for soil erosion risk classes have been made as per the value of weightage assigned to RPMU in following five categories:

 Very High Risk weightage value of > 70  High Risk weightage value of 66 to 70  Medium Risk weightage value of 61 to 65  Low weightage value of 56 to 60  Very Low Risk weightage value of 55 & below 7.1 Soil Erosion Risk Categories in Pathankot District, Punjab Soil erosion risk is categorized into 5 classes viz. very high, high, medium, low and very low. The distribution of area under different soil erosion risk categories shows that maximum area of about 41.57 % covered under very high risk of soil erosion. This mainly attributed to the loss of vegetative cover, steep slopes and lack of proper conservation measures to arrest soil erosion. Area under high risk of soil erosion is only about 8.85 %. Area covered under medium risk is about 17.44 % and under low risk about 15.89 %. Both the categorized areas are mainly plain agricultural lands, well bunded and conserved. Minimum area of about 2.53 % covered under very low risk having well to moderately conserve and less conserved lands on plain and hills having different conservation needs.

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The risk characterization of area was carried on the values of weightages assign to RPMU this does not includes the area under river, roads, stream/ choe, habitation, waterbodies, rock quarry/mines, brick kiln as it constitutes the non-soil part of surveyed area under model.

Table 5: Areal Extent of Area under different Soil Erosion Risk categories

Risk categories Area (ha) Area (%) Very High 11276 41.57 High 2401 8.85 Medium 4729 17.44 Low 4311 15.89 Very Low 687 2.53 Misc. Land 3719 13.71 GRAND TOTAL 27,123 100.00

7.2 Priority Categorization of Villages in Pathankot District, Punjab

The priority categorization of studied area was carried out to identify very high and high priority areas under 107 villages so as to plan the action on priority basis selectively in phased manner. The numbers of villages along with the area distribution under different priority category have been summarized in Table-6. Out of the total 107 villages, about 28 covered in very high priority, 50 in high priority, 18 in medium priority, 9 in low priority and 2 in very low priority. Out of the total surveyed area, i.e 27,123 ha covered under 107 villages, highest area of 42.23 % falls under high priority category followed by very high priority category with 34.95 % area. Medium priority category covered about 8.41 % area. Remaining per cent area of about 9.69 % falls under low priority category and about 0.72 % under very low priority category.

Table 6: Village Wise Priority Categorization

S. No. Priority Category No. of Villages Area (ha) Area (%)

1. Very High (above 70) 28 9479 34.95 2. High (66-70) 50 12538 46.23 3. Medium (61-65) 18 2282 8.41 4. Low (56-60) 9 2629 9.69 5. Very Low (55 & below) 2 195 0.72 GRAND TOTAL 107 27,123 100.00

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Table: 7 Distribution of Villages of Pathankot District under different Priority Categories S. No. Village Name Area (ha) Runoff Potential Relative Index Priority 1 Very High (above 70) 1 THARAJHINKALI 39 78 1 2 TIKA BHUNU 273 78 2 3 TIKA MORAN 187 77 3 4 TIKA MAGNET 280 77 4 5 TIKA BHARAL 294 76 5 6 TIKA MAROH 133 74 6 7 399-THARA 3696 74 7 8 TIKA THALALAHRI 178 74 8 9 TIKA PHALIAL 191 74 9 10 DARBAN 206 73 10 11 TIKA RAHOG 83 73 11 12 TIKA TAPPAR 176 73 12 13 TIKA BHIARHA 89 73 13 14 TIKA LADETI 447 72 14 15 TIKA SAROH 205 72 15 16 TIKA KUII 171 72 16 17 TIKA BAR 91 72 17 18 TIKA BARI 52 72 18 19 TIKA GUNERA 159 72 19 20 TIKA MOTHWAN 164 71 20 21 SHAHPURKANDIU 88 71 21 22 DUNERA KHAS 591 71 22 23 TIKA KAWAL 275 71 23 24 TIKA CHAKKAR 197 71 24 25 LANJERA KHAS 360 71 25 26 TIKA PALAH 79 71 26 27 TIKA KAKRHUI 501 71 27 28 SURAL 274 71 28 Total 9479 34.95% 2 High (66-70) 1 LADETI BASA 195 70 29 2 TIKA DHARWARA 201 70 30 3 SIALI DHARPF 111 70 31 4 TIKA BAROH 322 70 32 5 TIKA KAMIYAL 167 70 33 6 TIKA SAMAT 61 70 34 7 419-LAHROON 934 70 35 8 BHANGURIKHAR 147 70 36 9 138 70 37 10 SARTI KHAS 315 69 38 11 HARA KHASH 166 69 39 12 TIKA SUDAL 159 69 40 13 ARELI 408 69 41 14 TIKA KAINTAI 71 69 42 15 TIKA JATAULIU 44 68 43 16 TIKA GHURIAH 118 68 44

54 S. No. Village Name Area (ha) Runoff Potential Relative Index Priority 17 DHAR KHURD 155 68 45 18 TIKA CHAHIA 25 68 46 19 TIRHARI 2937 68 47 20 TIKA BARUNPUR 156 68 48 21 402-TIKA 136 68 49 22 420- BAKHATPUR 57 68 50 23 TIKA PATTA 88 68 51 24 TIKA KHUKHIAL 443 68 52 25 TIKA MAGNI 144 68 53 26 TIKA MAREL 219 68 54 27 BAN KHAR 134 68 55 28 DUKHNIALI 197 67 56 29 TIKA KARUN 142 67 57 30 NALOH KHAS 184 67 58 31 TIKA CHANOLA 296 67 59 32 TIKA BHUNGRATG 38 67 60 33 TIKA BHATOLI 80 67 61 34 TIKA BAGROLI 115 67 62 35 395-NARAINPURH 727 67 63 36 TIKA PANJALA 128 67 64 37 TIKA MARWAN-1 179 67 65 38 TIKA BHATAULI 72 66 66 39 TIKA NALOH 51 66 67 40 HARDOSARAN 179 66 68 41 TIKA KALARAI 83 66 69 42 TIKA BHAMROTA 231 66 70 43 TIKA LANJOG 20 66 71 44 PHAGLI 82 66 72 45 TIKA PALANGI 266 66 73 46 TIKA SARO ABARI 91 66 74 47 414-JALAHR 168 66 75 48 TIKA NIARI 486 66 76 49 TIKA MAWAA 462 66 77 50 TIKA MARWAN 210 66 78 Total 12538 46.23% 3 Medium (61-65) 1 BHANGLA HKHAS 90 65 79 2 TIKA BARNOHO 67 65 80 3 TIKA JALAHAI 190 65 81 4 TIKA RALLA 145 65 82 5 TIKA ATHARWAN 89 65 83 6 TIKA SADRER 180 65 84 7 BHUNGRIALS 18 64 85 8 TIKA BHUNGRIALI 25 64 86 9 TIKA CHALATA 113 64 87 10 BHAMLADAKHAS 158 64 88 11 TIKA BHATWAN 33 64 89 12 TIKA KAGWAN 61 64 90 13 TIKA DALAURI 53 64 91 14 TIKA TURCTWAN 101 64 92 15 396-TARETI KODA 430 62 93 16 TIKA SUKHNIAL 108 62 94 55 S. No. Village Name Area (ha) Runoff Potential Relative Index Priority 17 TIKA CHIBBAR 204 61 95 18 TIKA PARTALWAN 217 61 96 Total 2282 8.41% 4 Low (56-60) 1 390-BUNGAL 709 60 97 2 KOTL 401 60 98 3 TIKA MAIRA 182 59 99 4 372 NAGROTAI 361 58 100 5 TIKA PHANGOTA 308 58 101 6 TIKA GODWANN 274 58 102 7 TIKA DIRKUA 62 58 103 8 TIKA GULIAL 220 57 104 9 TIKA HAR 112 56 105 Total 2629 9.69% 5 Very Low (55 & below) 1 TIKA SATIN 45 55 106 2 TIKA KATAL 150 0 107 Total 195 0.72%

Grand Total 27123 100.00%

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8. SALIENT FEATURES AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1. The area surveyed categorized into different priority and erosion risk categories. It is seen that the forest areas posing more severity and thus these areas categorized as Very High and High priority category. Similarly, as forest areas are more prone to erosion thus categorized as Very High and High risk category. The lands under non-forest areas are less prone to severity and erosion thus more area categorized as Medium, low and Very Low.

In the present study, run off potential was estimated for every village that forms part of Shivalik hills in the district. The priority categorization of each village has been computed. Fixation of priority was done village wise on the basis of Runoff Potential Index (RPI) value. Out of the total area of 27,123 ha, 9479 ha area covering 28 number of villages having RPI >70 was assigned very High Priority Category, 12538 ha area in 50 villages having RPI between 66 to 70 was accorded High Priority Category and about 2282 ha area under 18 villages having RPI between 61 to 65 was categorized as Medium Priority Category whereas about 2824 ha area in 11 villages have been categorized under low to very low priority.

The study recommends that the areas of very high, high and medium priority which also include the area under miscellaneous use such as habitation, stream/choe and other uses need to be protected and conserved as they form part of highly fragile ecosystem and are prone to higher intensities of soil erosion and consequently require more substantive measures to prevent and control soil erosion and enhance vegetative cover.

It is recommended that the area which falls under very high and high priority category, marked with different shades of red colour in the maps, should be protected from further degradation. Various activities leading to soil erosion such as clearing or breaking of land, mining, quarrying, grazing or collection and removal of grasses etc should be restricted or regulated. Removal of trees on steep slopes should also be restricted. Trees whose removal can accelerate erosion should not be allowed for felling.

2. The analysis of spatial distribution of RPMU shows that shallow depth soils were as a result of severe to very severe gully erosion. Similarly, moderate soil depth owing to moderate soil erosion. The study confirms that shallow depth of soil at higher slope mainly due to removal or absence of vegetation.

The study recommends that all the area having more than 10 % slope and all adjoining areas in the foot hills and in the narrow valleys including the miscellaneous area under choes in the hills need to be protected through closure under PLPA as any

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diversion of such area from or exposure to commercial use shall further degrade these fragile land forms and may threaten the stability of the watersheds in the region.

3. The study confirms that water erosion is the major cause of soil degradation. It is observed that out of total surveyed area, about 1755 ha found under slight erosion class and about 15254 ha found under slight to moderate erosion. The areas, i.e. 6395 ha mapped as moderate to severe, severe and very severe erosion hazards require immediate soil conservation measures of various types based on the intensity and nature of soil erosion. Whereas, 3719 ha area are mapped under miscellaneous uses. The very severely eroded areas (escarpment and ravines) may be taken up for growing local and indigenous species of grasses, whereas the plantation of tree, shrubs, herbs and bushes of dry deciduous species needs to be carried out particularly in areas which are devoid of vegetation or under scrub forest affected by severe and severe to very severe erosion (medium deep gully erosion).

Study recommends that in above mentioned areas, efforts must be made for undertaking appropriate soil and water conservation measures like gully plugging, silt trap, and protection of gully heads through construction of peripheral bund etc. These areas are also to be protected through closure to ensure natural regeneration of vegetation which in turn gives rise to development of soils and provide much needed stability to the areas.

4. The location specific categorization of the area was carried out under different soil erosion risk categories estimated as summation of weightage value assigned to the different attributes of the soil and land parameters governing the soil detachment. The relationship of these factors with soil detachment is quite complex and thus the absolute values of the quantum of detached soil could not be determined. Soil erosion from one point has been simulated with combined and reciprocal effect of soil and land attributes mapped in the form of Runoff Potential Map Unit (RPMU). The tabular distribution of the surveyed area shows that around 11276 ha, 2401 ha and 4729 ha area of the district found under very high, high and medium risk of soil erosion respectively and constitute about 67.86 % of area. This mainly attributed to the loss of vegetative cover, steep sloping landforms, and lack of soil conservation measures to arrest soil erosion. About 4998 ha area was found prone to low and very low risk of runoff. Whereas, 3719 ha were mapped under miscellaneous uses.

5. The lands under capability classification of the non-forest area shows that about 15 ha falls under land capability class VI, 125 ha placed under land capability class VII having major soil and land limitation suitable only for forestry purpose as these areas are on very steep sloping land, highly unstable because of relative high runoff potential of soils. This study also confirms that the higher values of Runoff potential index in forest lands as these Lands are

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prone to severe gully erosion thus posing higher limitation for any other alternate use of forest lands and the study recommends the closure of area under forest lands under PLPA needs to be continued.

About 6592 ha land placed in land capability class III and IV and 3005 ha area placed under land capability class II which also needs to be taken up for agroforestry and agri-horti- silviculture for building up of green cover. Land capability class II to IV is suitable for cultivation indicating increasing risk with higher number of class from II to IV. Land capability class II, are fairly good lands for cultivation requiring improved cultural practices to ensure optimal use resource while land capability class III are the good lands with major one or more soil and land limitation that requires major conservation measures for sustainable agriculture management. Land capability class IV is marginally suitable for cultivation because of soil erosion, slope, depth of soil etc. which requires comprehensive land based planning for sustainable land management. About 13667 ha land mapped as forest.

6. The villages under PLPA settlement and another miscellaneous areas have been delisted in past could be brought under plantation to increase greenery and also the efforts should be initiated for installation of rain water harvesting structure at every house in village. Similarly, the efforts should have initiated to train every villager for skill development activity for cultivation and processing of medicinal and aromatic plant with buy back guarantee for livelihood generation of stakeholder residing in these areas.

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ANNEXURE- I

Village Wise Distribution of Runoff Potential Mapping Units (RPMU), their Erosion Class, Risk Category and Runoff Potential Mapping Unit Weightage

Runoff Potential S. Area Relative Risk Relative Priority Village Name RPMU Mapping unit Erosion Class RPI No. (ha) RPI Category Priority Class Weightage 1 372 NAGROTAI AC02 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC03 116 55 6380 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC06 33 57 1881 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AC07 37 57 2109 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 3 57 171 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 5 62 310 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM06 7 67 469 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM07 73 60 4380 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM22 2 58 116 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 15 62 930 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM33 9 66 594 High Moderate erosion (e2) Factory 7 0 0 Factory Factory Habitation 3 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 38 0 0 River River Rock 9 0 0 Rock Rock Quarry Quarry Quarry Total 361 17588 58 100 L 2 390-BUNGAL AC01 244 57 13908 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC02 43 63 2709 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC04 18 63 1134 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) AC05 11 62 682 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

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AC06 12 57 684 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AC07 21 57 1197 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 16 57 912 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 4 62 248 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM06 13 67 871 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM07 7 60 420 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 5 59 295 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 29 71 2059 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 38 65 2470 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 8 69 552 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 8 83 664 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 41 58 2378 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 15 62 930 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM29 8 61 488 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 2 66 132 High Moderate erosion (e2) Factory 2 0 0 Factory Factory Habitation 147 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 15 0 0 River River Rock 1 0 0 Rock Rock Quarry Quarry Quarry Total 709 32796 60 97 L 3 395-NARAINPURH AC01 29 57 1653 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AL01 58 56 3248 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AL02 9 55 495 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) CM02 35 60 2100 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM07 16 60 960 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 15 59 885 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 14 63 882 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

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CM12 7 71 497 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 9 77 693 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM17 28 71 1988 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 11 67 737 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 4 78 312 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 303 69 20907 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 81 83 6723 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 13 58 754 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 22 68 1496 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM26 2 62 124 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM27 3 61 183 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM28 11 61 671 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM34 2 58 116 Low Moderate erosion (e2) SD12 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD32 1 56 56 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) SD33 6 59 354 Low Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 8 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 32 0 0 River River Water 2 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 727 46218 67 63 H 4 396-TARETI KODA AC01 53 57 3021 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC02 22 63 1386 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC04 33 63 2079 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) AC05 6 62 372 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC06 1 57 57 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AC07 1 57 57 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AC08 2 67 134 High Severe erosion (e3) AL08 57 59 3363 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM01 68 58 3944 Low Moderate erosion (e2)

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CM02 3 60 180 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM06 5 67 335 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM10 3 62 186 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 6 63 378 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 4 71 284 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 14 65 910 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 22 71 1562 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 1 67 67 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 15 69 1035 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM22 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) SD14 3 74 222 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 8 87 696 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Habitation 98 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 430 20586 62 93 M 5 399-THARA AC01 213 57 12141 Low None to Slight JHILKA-399-THARA erosion (e1) UPPRALA AC02 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC06 10 57 570 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 3 60 180 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 7 57 399 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 4 62 248 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM06 4 67 268 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM08 5 59 295 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 3 61 183 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 48 63 3024 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 79 71 5609 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 131 65 8515 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 36 77 2772 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 6 65 390 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 115 71 8165 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 90 67 6030 High Moderate erosion (e2)

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CM19 37 78 2886 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 196 69 13524 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 215 83 17845 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 68 58 3944 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM23 66 92 6072 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM24 37 68 2516 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 42 72 3024 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM29 8 61 488 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM31 10 70 700 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM32 15 70 1050 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM35 11 87 957 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) SD01 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD03 2 84 168 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD06 4 56 224 Low Moderate erosion (e2) SD10 26 58 1508 Low Moderate erosion (e2) SD11 15 61 915 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD12 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD14 2 74 148 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD15 5 71 355 Very High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) SD16 7 66 462 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD17 5 64 320 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD19 4 70 280 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD21 8 79 632 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD23 18 70 1260 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD24 32 74 2368 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD26 24 72 1728 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD27 6 83 498 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD28 114 88 10032 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 560 87 48720 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 450 72 32400 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD31 81 92 7452 Very High Very severe erosion (e4)

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SD35 2 66 132 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) SD36 37 61 2257 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD37 49 63 3087 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD38 6 66 396 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD39 17 70 1190 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD40 17 75 1275 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD41 15 65 975 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 102 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 94 0 0 River River Water 528 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 3696 221017 74 7 VH 6 402-TIKA CM08 3 59 177 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CHAMROR CM10 4 62 248 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 11 63 693 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 34 71 2414 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 33 65 2145 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 3 77 231 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 7 65 455 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 19 71 1349 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 4 69 276 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD29 1 87 87 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 10 72 720 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD41 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 5 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 136 8860 68 49 H 7 414-JALAHR CM01 6 58 348 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 9 60 540 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 12 71 852 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 58 65 3770 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 39 65 2535 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 2 71 142 Very High Moderate erosion (e2)

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CM20 5 69 345 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM32 16 70 1120 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD30 3 72 216 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD37 11 63 693 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 4 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 168 10750 66 75 H 8 419-LAHROON CM01 13 58 754 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 268 60 16080 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM03 6 60 360 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 4 62 248 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 15 63 945 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 26 71 1846 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM13 2 74 148 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 16 65 1040 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 40 77 3080 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM17 8 71 568 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 2 78 156 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 219 69 15111 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 235 83 19505 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 9 92 828 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM24 17 68 1156 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 1 72 72 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 3 61 183 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM32 4 70 280 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 3 66 198 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM36 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 8 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 33 0 0 River River Total 934 62682 70 35 H 9 420- BAKHATPUR CM06 20 67 1340 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM20 13 69 897 High Moderate erosion (e2) River 24 0 0 River River Total 57 2237 68 50 H

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10 ARELI AC01 7 57 399 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC03 73 55 4015 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AL08 67 59 3953 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM01 3 58 174 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 14 60 840 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM06 1 67 67 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM11 27 63 1701 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 7 65 455 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 6 77 462 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM17 5 71 355 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 24 67 1608 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 5 83 415 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM25 13 72 936 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 12 66 792 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD11 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD14 1 74 74 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD15 1 71 71 Very High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) SD17 1 64 64 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD19 2 70 140 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD28 18 88 1584 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 91 87 7917 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 7 72 504 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD31 6 92 552 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) SD39 2 70 140 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD40 3 75 225 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 9 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 408 27636 69 41 H 11 BAN KHAR CM02 2 60 120 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 2 59 118 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

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CM11 20 63 1260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 14 71 994 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 87 69 6003 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM23 1 92 92 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 134 8985 68 55 H 12 BHAMLADAKHAS CM02 73 60 4380 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 2 59 118 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 6 63 378 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 3 71 213 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 13 65 845 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 17 65 1105 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 23 71 1633 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 3 78 234 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 1 69 69 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 3 68 204 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 9 72 648 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 1 66 66 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 4 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 158 9893 64 88 M 13 BHANGLA HKHAS CM02 8 60 480 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 2 67 134 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 10 69 690 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 67 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 90 1369 65 79 M 14 BHANGURIKHAR CM02 10 60 600 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 3 59 177 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 3 62 186 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

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CM11 5 63 315 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 7 77 539 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM18 25 67 1675 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 1 78 78 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 44 69 3036 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 27 83 2241 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 10 68 680 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 1 72 72 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 4 0 0 River River Total 147 9936 70 36 H 15 BHUNGRIALS CM11 13 63 819 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM32 2 70 140 High Moderate erosion (e2) Total 18 1154 64 85 M 16 DARBAN CM01 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 2 60 120 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM03 4 60 240 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 6 62 372 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM15 3 77 231 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 1 78 78 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 33 69 2277 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 21 83 1743 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 6 92 552 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) Water 126 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 206 5872 73 10 VH 17 DHAR KALAN CM02 38 60 2280 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 7 63 441 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 9 65 585 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

69

CM16 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 2 69 138 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD19 3 70 210 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD29 25 87 2175 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 42 72 3024 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD35 6 66 396 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) Habitation 5 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 138 9314 70 37 H 18 DHAR KHURD CM08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 17 71 1207 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 57 65 3705 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 9 69 621 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 6 61 366 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD23 2 70 140 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD28 2 88 176 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 5 87 435 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 21 72 1512 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD31 1 92 92 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) SD35 3 66 198 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) SD37 8 63 504 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD39 12 70 840 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 7 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 155 10109 68 45 H 19 DUKHNIALI CM03 3 60 180 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 4 62 248 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM08 52 59 3068 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 4 63 252 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 11 71 781 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM15 5 77 385 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

70

CM20 101 69 6969 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 3 83 249 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 6 92 552 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM24 6 68 408 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 197 13157 67 56 H 20 DUNERA KHAS CM01 12 58 696 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 32 57 1824 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 18 62 1116 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM08 31 59 1829 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 4 61 244 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 34 63 2142 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 23 71 1633 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 23 65 1495 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 55 77 4235 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM17 19 71 1349 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 41 67 2747 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 38 78 2964 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 115 69 7935 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 116 83 9628 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 6 92 552 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM24 3 68 204 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) Habitation 19 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 2 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 591 40593 71 22 VH 21 HARA KHASH AL06 9 56 504 Low None-slight to Moderate erosion (e1- e2) CM11 4 63 252 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 7 65 455 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 11 71 781 Very High Moderate erosion (e2)

71

CM21 1 83 83 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 13 68 884 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 117 70 8190 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 3 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 1 0 0 River River Total 166 11149 69 39 H 22 HARDOSARAN CM03 1 60 60 Low Moderate erosion (e2) KHASR CM04 2 57 114 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 4 62 248 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM08 4 59 236 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 10 62 620 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 11 71 781 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 57 65 3705 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 3 77 231 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 36 65 2340 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 20 71 1420 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 4 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 27 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 179 9755 66 68 H 23 KOTL AC01 68 57 3876 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC02 2 63 126 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC03 165 55 9075 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC04 4 63 252 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) AC05 25 62 1550 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC06 7 57 399 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AC07 3 57 171 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AL08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM06 1 67 67 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM11 12 63 756 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

72

CM14 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 11 71 781 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 1 67 67 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 6 69 414 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 16 83 1328 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 2 92 184 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM33 5 66 330 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD29 5 87 435 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD37 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD38 6 66 396 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 25 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 30 0 0 River River Total 401 20650 60 98 L 24 LADETI BASA CM02 4 60 240 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 1 62 62 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM09 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 7 63 441 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM17 15 71 1065 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 1 67 67 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 4 69 276 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM22 2 58 116 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM31 17 70 1190 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 1 66 66 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD12 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD16 6 66 396 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD27 2 83 166 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 23 87 2001 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 45 72 3240 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD32 10 56 560 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) SD33 8 59 472 Low Moderate erosion (e2) SD34 2 58 116 Low Moderate erosion (e2) SD35 20 66 1320 High Moderate to Severe

73

erosion (e2-e3) SD36 9 61 549 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD38 2 66 132 High Moderate erosion (e2) River 11 0 0 River River Total 195 12802 70 29 H 25 LANJERA KHAS CM01 16 58 928 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 32 60 1920 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 1 62 62 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM06 2 67 134 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 26 63 1638 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 3 71 213 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM13 2 74 148 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 25 65 1625 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 3 77 231 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM19 6 78 468 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 113 69 7797 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 104 83 8632 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 7 68 476 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM27 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 6 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 10 0 0 River River Total 360 24515 71 25 VH 26 NALOH KHAS CM02 7 60 420 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 3 62 186 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 28 63 1764 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 6 71 426 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 8 77 616 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 29 65 1885 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 2 71 142 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 19 67 1273 High Moderate erosion (e2)

74

CM19 3 78 234 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 64 69 4416 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 4 68 272 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM32 1 70 70 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 5 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 1 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 184 11964 67 58 H 27 PHAGLI CM02 19 60 1140 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 2 59 118 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 20 62 1240 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 4 63 252 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 17 77 1309 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 5 69 345 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM32 11 70 770 High Moderate erosion (e2) Total 82 5442 67 72 H 28 SARTI KHAS AC01 5 57 285 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC03 2 55 110 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) CM02 30 60 1800 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM03 2 60 120 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 11 59 649 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 48 63 3024 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 31 71 2201 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM13 5 74 370 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 5 65 325 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 5 65 325 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 9 67 603 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 25 78 1950 Very High Severe erosion (e3)

75

CM20 78 69 5382 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 30 83 2490 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM25 2 72 144 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 5 66 330 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 15 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 5 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 315 20247 69 38 H 29 SHAHPURKANDIU AC01 2 57 114 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC02 9 63 567 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC03 3 55 165 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) CM02 2 60 120 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 11 63 693 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 5 65 325 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 2 71 142 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 5 67 335 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD21 1 79 79 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD28 1 88 88 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 19 87 1653 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 7 72 504 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD39 2 70 140 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 19 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 88 4925 71 21 VH 30 SIALI DHARPF CM08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 2 77 154 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM19 3 78 234 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 94 69 6486 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 3 83 249 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 3 92 276 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM25 1 72 72 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Total 111 7784 70 31 H

76

31 SURAL CM01 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 8 65 520 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 7 71 497 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 58 67 3886 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 37 78 2886 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 46 69 3174 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 47 83 3901 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 32 58 1856 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM25 13 72 936 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 11 62 682 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 3 70 210 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM35 1 87 87 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) Habitation 4 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 5 0 0 River River Total 274 18756 71 28 VH 32 THARAJHINKALI CM14 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 1 67 67 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 10 69 690 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 18 83 1494 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 3 92 276 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM25 2 72 144 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM31 3 70 210 High Moderate erosion (e2) River 1 0 0 River River Total 39 2946 78 1 VH 33 TIKA BARI CM06 1 67 67 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM08 3 59 177 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 21 63 1323 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 3 71 213 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 23 83 1909 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Total 52 3754 72 18 VH

77

34 TIKA BARNOHO CM08 21 59 1239 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 12 63 756 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 10 71 710 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 18 69 1242 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM23 1 92 92 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM25 1 72 72 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 3 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 67 4188 65 80 M 35 TIKA BHARAL CM08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 11 63 693 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM13 1 74 74 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 41 65 2665 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 5 65 325 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 8 71 568 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 3 67 201 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 4 78 312 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 47 69 3243 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 102 83 8466 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 5 58 290 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM23 16 92 1472 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM24 9 68 612 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 7 72 504 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM28 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM35 1 87 87 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) SD29 17 87 1479 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 1 72 72 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD38 2 66 132 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 6 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 4 0 0 River River

78

Total 294 21453 76 5 VH 36 TIKA BHATOLI CM02 1 60 60 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 5 62 310 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 9 63 567 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 15 65 975 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 18 71 1278 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 2 67 134 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 11 69 759 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM22 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM25 3 72 216 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 6 66 396 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 6 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 80 4895 67 61 H 37 TIKA BHUNGRIALI CM02 17 60 1020 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 2 67 134 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 2 83 166 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM25 4 72 288 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Total 25 1608 64 86 M 38 TIKA CHALATA CM01 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 2 63 126 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 6 71 426 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 42 69 2898 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM22 40 58 2320 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 4 68 272 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM26 5 62 310 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM28 3 61 183 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) River 7 0 0 River River Total 113 6782 64 87 M

79

39 TIKA KAMIYAL AC01 5 57 285 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) CM01 17 58 986 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 3 57 171 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 6 59 354 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 12 63 756 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 18 65 1170 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 7 77 539 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 2 71 142 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 12 67 804 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 12 69 828 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 42 83 3486 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM25 3 72 216 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 4 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 21 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 167 9932 70 33 H 40 TIKA KUII CM10 4 62 248 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 8 63 504 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 61 65 3965 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 5 65 325 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 18 71 1278 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 11 69 759 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 57 83 4731 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Habitation 6 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 171 11881 72 16 VH 41 TIKA LANJOG CM08 7 59 413 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 10 71 710 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Total 20 1312 66 71 H 42 TIKA NALOH CM11 2 63 126 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM13 1 74 74 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 7 65 455 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

80

CM15 3 77 231 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 19 65 1235 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Water 19 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 51 2121 66 67 H 43 TIKA PALAH CM02 1 60 60 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 15 63 945 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 15 65 975 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 2 77 154 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM17 1 71 71 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 6 67 402 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 15 69 1035 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 22 83 1826 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Y-Brick 1 0 0 Y-Brick Y-Brick Kiln Kiln Kiln Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 79 5468 71 26 VH 44 TIKA SAMAT CM08 10 59 590 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 6 63 378 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 11 71 781 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 7 78 546 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 5 69 345 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 8 83 664 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM25 7 72 504 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM31 3 70 210 High Moderate erosion (e2) Water 1 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 61 4225 70 34 H 45 TIKA SATIN AC01 8 57 456 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC03 37 55 2035 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) Total 45 2491 55 106 VL 46 TIKA TURCTWAN AC01 19 57 1083 Low None to Slight

81

erosion (e1) AC03 19 55 1045 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) CM01 7 58 406 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 6 60 360 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 2 57 114 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 2 77 154 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 8 71 568 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 5 67 335 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 6 83 498 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM25 20 72 1440 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 101 6393 64 92 M 47 TIKA ATHARWAN CM11 48 63 3024 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM21 6 83 498 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 32 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 89 3593 65 83 M 48 TIKA BAGROLI CM01 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM06 1 67 67 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM08 6 59 354 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 40 63 2520 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 8 71 568 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 12 65 780 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 18 77 1386 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM18 2 67 134 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 1 69 69 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 4 68 272 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 18 70 1260 High Moderate erosion (e2)

82

Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 1 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 115 7590 67 62 H 49 TIKA BAR CM02 1 60 60 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 31 63 1953 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 6 77 462 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 10 65 650 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 5 69 345 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 33 83 2739 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Water 1 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 91 6469 72 17 VH 50 TIKA BAROH CM02 25 60 1500 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 3 62 186 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 11 63 693 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 11 65 715 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 16 77 1232 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 46 71 3266 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 18 78 1404 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 90 69 6210 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 1 83 83 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 5 68 340 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM27 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD12 9 65 585 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD26 1 72 72 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD27 5 83 415 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 11 87 957 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 54 72 3888 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD35 6 66 396 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) SD36 4 61 244 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

83

SD40 1 75 75 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Total 322 22584 70 32 H 51 TIKA BARUNPUR CM05 1 62 62 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM08 2 59 118 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 4 62 248 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 4 63 252 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 3 71 213 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 33 65 2145 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 20 77 1540 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM17 12 71 852 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 37 67 2479 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 30 69 2070 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM25 1 72 72 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Y-Brick 4 0 0 Y-Brick Y-Brick Kiln Kiln Kiln Habitation 4 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 1 0 0 River River Total 156 10051 68 48 H 52 TIKA BHAMROTA AC01 23 57 1311 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC02 4 63 252 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC04 3 63 189 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM02 2 60 120 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 20 57 1140 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM06 7 67 469 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM07 1 60 60 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 16 63 1008 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 3 71 213 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 38 65 2470 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 10 77 770 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 41 71 2911 Very High Moderate erosion (e2)

84

CM19 15 78 1170 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 1 69 69 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 2 83 166 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 2 68 136 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM27 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 19 66 1254 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM35 1 87 87 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) Habitation 9 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 8 0 0 River River Total 231 14178 66 70 H 53 TIKA BHATAULI CM02 4 60 240 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 2 78 156 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 44 69 3036 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM22 4 58 232 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 1 62 62 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM27 6 61 366 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM28 8 61 488 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) River 2 0 0 River River Total 72 4643 66 66 H 54 TIKA BHATWAN CM02 19 60 1140 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 6 69 414 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 2 83 166 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM33 4 66 264 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 33 2047 64 89 M 55 TIKA BHIARHA CM02 4 60 240 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 5 63 315 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 17 65 1105 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 17 77 1309 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM18 7 67 469 High Moderate erosion (e2)

85

CM20 2 69 138 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 25 83 2075 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 7 68 476 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 5 70 350 High Moderate erosion (e2) Total 89 6477 73 13 VH 56 TIKA BHUNGRATG CM08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 14 63 882 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 9 65 585 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 12 71 852 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 1 83 83 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Total 38 2532 67 60 H 57 TIKA BHUNU CM09 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD11 18 61 1098 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD28 8 88 704 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 142 87 12354 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 30 72 2160 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD35 4 66 264 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) SD36 8 61 488 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD37 12 63 756 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD39 29 70 2030 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD41 12 65 780 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 3 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 4 0 0 River River Total 273 20819 78 2 VH 58 TIKA CHAHIA CM08 2 59 118 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 3 71 213 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 13 71 923 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 25 1638 68 46 H

86

59 TIKA CHAKKAR CM01 9 58 522 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 2 57 114 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM07 18 60 1080 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 31 65 2015 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 3 77 231 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM18 5 67 335 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 8 78 624 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 3 69 207 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 70 83 5810 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 17 58 986 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 10 62 620 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) Habitation 14 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 6 0 0 River River Total 197 12606 71 24 VH 60 TIKA CHANOLA CM01 13 58 754 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 35 60 2100 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 3 62 186 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM18 6 67 402 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 1 78 78 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 130 69 8970 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 11 83 913 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 15 58 870 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM23 7 92 644 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM24 5 68 340 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM27 4 61 244 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 7 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 57 0 0 River River Total 296 15635 67 59 H 61 TIKA CHIBBAR AC01 8 57 456 Low None to Slight erosion (e1)

87

AC03 30 55 1650 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC06 21 57 1197 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AC07 11 57 627 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AL06 3 56 168 Low None-slight to Moderate erosion (e1- e2) CM10 17 62 1054 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 17 63 1071 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 6 71 426 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 14 65 910 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM18 15 67 1005 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 3 83 249 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Habitation 3 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 55 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 204 8890 61 95 M 62 TIKA DALAURI CM10 3 62 186 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 22 63 1386 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 27 65 1755 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 53 3327 64 91 M 63 TIKA DHARWARA AC07 9 57 513 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AL06 15 56 840 Low None-slight to Moderate erosion (e1- e2) CM01 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 3 57 171 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM07 2 60 120 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 18 65 1170 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 4 67 268 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 2 78 156 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 8 69 552 High Moderate erosion (e2)

88

CM21 68 83 5644 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 29 58 1682 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 5 62 310 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM34 3 58 174 Low Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 30 0 0 River River Total 201 11859 70 30 H 64 TIKA DIRKUA AC03 9 55 495 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC04 1 63 63 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) AC07 2 57 114 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 1 57 57 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 45 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 62 924 58 103 L 65 TIKA GHURIAH CM01 14 58 812 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 11 60 660 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 5 63 315 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 8 67 536 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 41 69 2829 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 17 83 1411 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 2 58 116 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM25 2 72 144 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM28 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) River 16 0 0 River River Total 118 6945 68 44 H 66 TIKA GODWANN AC03 1 55 55 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC04 9 63 567 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) AC07 33 57 1881 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AL04 1 53 53 Very Low Moderate erosion (e2)

89

Water 230 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 274 2556 58 102 L 67 TIKA GULIAL AC03 4 55 220 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC04 1 63 63 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) AC07 19 57 1083 Low Moderate erosion (e2) Water 196 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 220 1366 57 104 L 68 TIKA GUNERA CM02 6 60 360 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 5 59 295 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 21 63 1323 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 27 65 1755 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 8 77 616 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 6 65 390 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 7 78 546 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 18 69 1242 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 52 83 4316 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 6 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 159 10985 72 19 VH 69 TIKA HAR AC01 32 57 1824 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC03 65 55 3575 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC07 1 57 57 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 2 69 138 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 8 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 2 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 112 5722 56 105 L

90

70 TIKA JALAHAI CM01 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 22 60 1320 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 16 63 1008 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 5 65 325 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 21 77 1617 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 48 65 3120 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 32 69 2208 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM22 26 58 1508 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 13 61 793 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM32 4 70 280 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 190 12237 65 81 M 71 TIKA JATAULIU CM02 5 60 300 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 6 63 378 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 15 71 1065 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM17 3 71 213 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 5 69 345 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD30 4 72 288 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 44 2926 68 43 H 72 TIKA KAGWAN CM02 10 60 600 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 4 62 248 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 31 65 2015 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 3 71 213 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 8 61 488 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM32 2 70 140 High Moderate erosion (e2) Total 61 3905 64 90 M 73 TIKA KAINTAI CM01 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 12 63 756 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 14 71 994 Very High Severe erosion (e3)

91

CM14 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 11 77 847 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 4 68 272 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 23 70 1610 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 71 4789 69 42 H 74 TIKA KAKRHUI AL06 3 56 168 Low None-slight to Moderate erosion (e1- e2) AL08 5 59 295 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 27 63 1701 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 3 77 231 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 33 71 2343 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 71 67 4757 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 12 78 936 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 40 69 2760 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 74 83 6142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 11 58 638 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 5 68 340 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 2 72 144 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 35 62 2170 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 136 70 9520 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM34 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM35 8 87 696 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) Habitation 8 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 20 0 0 River River Total 501 33357 71 27 VH 75 TIKA KALARAI CM11 2 63 126 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

92

CM12 4 71 284 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM27 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Water 75 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 83 532 66 69 H 76 TIKA KARUN CM02 24 60 1440 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 2 63 126 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 17 77 1309 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 36 65 2340 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 4 71 284 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 6 67 402 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 16 83 1328 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 20 58 1160 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 1 62 62 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM28 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 8 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 142 8833 67 57 H 77 TIKA KATAL Water 150 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 150 0 0 107 VL 78 TIKA KAWAL CM04 9 57 513 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM07 6 60 360 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 21 63 1323 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM13 2 74 148 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 16 65 1040 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 9 77 693 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 7 65 455 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 12 71 852 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 56 67 3752 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 11 78 858 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 19 69 1311 High Moderate erosion (e2)

93

CM21 67 83 5561 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 14 58 812 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 2 68 136 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 5 72 360 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 6 62 372 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 4 70 280 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 5 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 3 0 0 River River Total 275 18885 71 23 VH 79 TIKA KHUKHIAL AC01 13 57 741 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AL01 12 56 672 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AL02 13 55 715 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AL06 23 56 1288 Low None-slight to Moderate erosion (e1- e2) CM01 3 58 174 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 2 60 120 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM07 2 60 120 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 8 63 504 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 3 71 213 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 8 65 520 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM17 109 71 7739 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 26 67 1742 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 26 78 2028 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 8 69 552 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 15 83 1245 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 9 58 522 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 9 68 612 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM27 2 61 122 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

94

CM31 107 70 7490 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM35 7 87 609 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) Habitation 4 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 31 0 0 River River Total 443 27929 68 52 H 80 TIKA LADETI CM02 1 60 60 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 2 59 118 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 3 61 183 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 6 63 378 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 1 71 71 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 77 71 5467 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 5 67 335 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 51 69 3519 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 23 83 1909 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 13 58 754 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 2 62 124 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 72 70 5040 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM32 10 70 700 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 2 66 132 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD11 4 61 244 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD16 8 66 528 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD24 3 74 222 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD29 54 87 4698 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 63 72 4536 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD32 1 56 56 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) SD33 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) SD35 4 66 264 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) SD37 11 63 693 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

95

SD41 5 65 325 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 18 0 0 River River Total 447 30811 72 14 VH 81 TIKA MAGNET CM31 1 70 70 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD01 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD12 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD15 1 71 71 Very High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) SD16 3 66 198 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD21 4 79 316 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD22 10 69 690 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD24 43 74 3182 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD26 16 72 1152 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD27 12 83 996 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD28 15 88 1320 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 65 87 5655 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 56 72 4032 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD31 12 92 1104 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) SD35 6 66 396 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) SD36 3 61 183 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD37 25 63 1575 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD39 2 70 140 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 3 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 280 21272 77 4 VH 82 TIKA MAGNI CM11 9 63 567 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 7 71 497 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 21 65 1365 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 4 71 284 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 89 69 6141 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM22 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 6 61 366 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) River 3 0 0 River River

96

Total 144 9538 68 53 H 83 TIKA MAIRA AC01 39 57 2223 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC03 56 55 3080 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AL08 61 59 3599 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 24 71 1704 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 182 10606 59 99 L 84 TIKA MAREL CM11 37 63 2331 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 12 71 852 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 9 65 585 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 21 71 1491 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 122 69 8418 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 14 68 952 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) River 4 0 0 River River Total 219 14629 68 54 H 85 TIKA MAROH CM08 13 59 767 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM15 2 77 154 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 60 69 4140 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 43 83 3569 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 10 92 920 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) Total 133 9881 74 6 VH 86 TIKA MARWAN AC01 26 57 1482 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC03 5 55 275 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) CM01 25 58 1450 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 25 63 1575 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 12 65 780 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

97

CM17 32 71 2272 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 24 67 1608 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 8 78 624 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM21 6 83 498 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 1 68 68 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 30 72 2160 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 5 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 6 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 210 13129 66 78 H 87 TIKA MARWAN-1 CM02 1 60 60 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 1 62 62 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM11 11 63 693 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 14 65 910 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 2 77 154 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 7 65 455 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 14 71 994 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 12 67 804 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 2 78 156 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 13 69 897 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 3 66 198 High Moderate erosion (e2) Water 99 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 179 5383 67 65 H 88 TIKA MAWAA CM01 28 58 1624 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 48 60 2880 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 4 59 236 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 18 62 1116 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 43 63 2709 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM13 3 74 222 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 8 65 520 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 19 77 1463 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 169 65 10985 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

98

CM17 13 71 923 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 11 67 737 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 4 78 312 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 46 69 3174 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 13 83 1079 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 3 68 204 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 6 72 432 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 4 66 264 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 18 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 3 0 0 River River Total 462 28941 66 77 H 89 TIKA MORAN CM11 24 63 1512 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 1 65 65 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 5 77 385 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 7 69 483 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM31 16 70 1120 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD01 6 62 372 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD20 1 83 83 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) SD24 2 74 148 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD25 3 87 261 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) SD26 4 72 288 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD28 31 88 2728 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 50 87 4350 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 22 72 1584 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD31 1 92 92 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) SD36 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD37 12 63 756 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 187 14288 77 3 VH 90 TIKA MOTHWAN CM01 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 7 60 420 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 4 59 236 Low Moderate erosion (e2)

99

CM11 24 63 1512 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 7 71 497 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM15 70 77 5390 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 9 65 585 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Water 42 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 164 8698 71 20 VH 91 TIKA NIARI CM01 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 21 60 1260 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 80 62 4960 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 78 63 4914 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 21 71 1491 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 41 65 2665 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 26 77 2002 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 40 65 2600 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 67 69 4623 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 6 61 366 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM32 25 70 1750 High Moderate erosion (e2) Y-Brick 1 0 0 Y-Brick Y-Brick Kiln Kiln Kiln Habitation 6 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 73 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 486 26689 66 76 H 92 TIKA PALANGI AC01 1 57 57 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) CM08 3 59 177 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 39 63 2457 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 14 71 994 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 22 65 1430 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 3 77 231 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 12 65 780 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 7 71 497 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 9 67 603 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 3 78 234 Very High Severe erosion (e3)

100

CM25 1 72 72 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 6 61 366 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 1 66 66 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 142 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 266 8026 66 73 H 93 TIKA PANJALA CM08 4 59 236 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 6 62 372 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 28 63 1764 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM14 13 65 845 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 16 71 1136 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 28 69 1932 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 11 83 913 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 10 58 580 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 7 62 434 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 4 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 128 8212 67 64 H 94 TIKA PARTALWAN AC01 14 57 798 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC03 33 55 1815 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC07 21 57 1197 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AL04 25 53 1325 Very Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM01 10 58 580 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 14 60 840 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM03 1 60 60 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 1 57 57 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 18 63 1134 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 5 71 355 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 9 71 639 Very High Moderate erosion (e2)

101

CM18 19 67 1273 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 3 78 234 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM25 26 72 1872 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 10 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 2 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 217 12563 61 96 M 95 TIKA PATTA CM02 17 60 1020 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 8 62 496 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 4 63 252 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 15 71 1065 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 5 65 325 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 6 65 390 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 15 78 1170 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 10 69 690 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 7 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 88 5408 68 51 H 96 TIKA PHALIAL CM02 5 60 300 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 9 62 558 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 4 71 284 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 11 65 715 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM16 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 1 67 67 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 23 69 1587 High Moderate erosion (e2) SD01 9 62 558 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD10 1 58 58 Low Moderate erosion (e2) SD11 3 61 183 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD28 7 88 616 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD29 49 87 4263 Very High Severe erosion (e3) SD30 53 72 3816 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) SD37 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD38 1 66 66 High Moderate erosion (e2)

102

SD41 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 4 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 191 13778 74 9 VH 97 TIKA PHANGOTA AC01 1 57 57 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC03 5 55 275 Very Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC04 4 63 252 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) AC06 11 57 627 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AC07 40 57 2280 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AL04 13 53 689 Very Low Moderate erosion (e2) AL06 21 56 1176 Low None-slight to Moderate erosion (e1- e2) CM11 2 63 126 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 4 83 332 Very High Severe erosion (e3) Water 207 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 308 5814 58 101 L 98 TIKA RAHOG CM10 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 5 63 315 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM15 4 77 308 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 16 69 1104 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 30 83 2490 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 4 58 232 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM24 13 68 884 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM26 3 62 186 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 3 0 0 River River Total 83 5785 73 11 VH 99 TIKA RALLA CM11 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 5 71 355 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 22 65 1430 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

103

CM16 32 65 2080 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Water 83 0 0 Water Water bodies bodies bodies Total 145 3989 65 82 M 100 TIKA SADRER CM01 18 58 1044 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 18 60 1080 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 13 59 767 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 3 61 183 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 11 63 693 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 7 71 497 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 9 77 693 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 21 65 1365 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 24 67 1608 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 3 78 234 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 38 69 2622 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 10 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 2 0 0 River River Total 180 10978 65 84 M 101 TIKA SARO ABARI CM03 2 60 120 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 2 62 124 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM08 20 59 1180 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 12 63 756 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 7 71 497 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 7 69 483 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 1 83 83 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 4 68 272 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 27 70 1890 High Moderate erosion (e2)

104

Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 91 5872 66 74 H 102 TIKA SAROH CM11 1 63 63 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 2 71 142 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 3 77 231 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 21 71 1491 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 69 67 4623 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 3 78 234 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 59 69 4071 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 13 83 1079 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 17 92 1564 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM24 2 68 136 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM35 5 87 435 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) SD30 3 72 216 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 2 0 0 River River Total 205 14545 72 15 VH 103 TIKA SUDAL CM02 14 60 840 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 50 63 3150 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 3 71 213 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 2 65 130 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 41 77 3157 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 14 65 910 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 11 67 737 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 1 69 69 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 15 83 1245 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM24 1 68 68 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM31 6 70 420 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation Total 159 10939 69 40 H

105

104 TIKA SUKHNIAL AL04 3 53 159 Very Low Moderate erosion (e2) AL06 33 56 1848 Low None-slight to Moderate erosion (e1- e2) CM01 2 58 116 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 1 57 57 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM07 5 60 300 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM27 4 61 244 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM31 28 70 1960 High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 31 0 0 River River Total 108 4684 62 94 M 105 TIKA TAPPAR CM01 5 58 290 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 6 60 360 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 1 59 59 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 1 61 61 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 1 62 62 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 14 63 882 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 21 71 1491 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 4 65 260 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM15 1 77 77 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM18 5 67 335 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 14 78 1092 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 41 69 2829 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 54 83 4482 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 1 92 92 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM24 1 68 68 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 2 72 144 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 1 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 3 0 0 River River Total 176 12584 73 12 VH 106 TIKA THALALAHRI CM01 4 58 232 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 1 57 57 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 2 62 124 Medium Moderate to Severe

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erosion (e2-e3) CM08 2 59 118 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 3 61 183 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 14 63 882 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM13 1 74 74 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 3 65 195 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 11 71 781 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 12 67 804 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM20 38 69 2622 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 79 83 6557 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM23 2 92 184 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) Habitation 2 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 4 0 0 River River Total 178 12813 74 8 VH 107 TIRHARI AC01 218 57 12426 Low None to Slight erosion (e1) AC02 3 63 189 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC05 8 62 496 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) AC06 2 57 114 Low Moderate erosion (e2) AC07 41 57 2337 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM01 56 58 3248 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM02 36 60 2160 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM03 3 60 180 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM04 16 57 912 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM05 21 62 1302 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM06 4 67 268 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM07 27 60 1620 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM08 30 59 1770 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM09 5 61 305 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM10 46 62 2852 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM11 165 63 10395 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM12 145 71 10295 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM14 137 65 8905 Medium Moderate erosion (e2)

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CM15 35 77 2695 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM16 145 65 9425 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM17 306 71 21726 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM18 312 67 20904 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM19 193 78 15054 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM20 97 69 6693 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM21 202 83 16766 Very High Severe erosion (e3) CM22 254 58 14732 Low Moderate erosion (e2) CM23 89 92 8188 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM24 20 68 1360 High Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM25 16 72 1152 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) CM26 10 62 620 Medium Moderate to Severe erosion (e2-e3) CM27 6 61 366 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM28 11 61 671 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM29 4 61 244 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) CM31 28 70 1960 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM33 35 66 2310 High Moderate erosion (e2) CM35 30 87 2610 Very High Very severe erosion (e4) CM36 2 62 124 Medium Moderate erosion (e2) SD30 1 72 72 Very High Moderate erosion (e2) Habitation 59 0 0 Habitation Habitation River 119 0 0 River River Total 2937 187446 68 47 H GRAND TOTAL 27123

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奍 ा र्वेक्ष अधिका, Chief Soil Survey Officer, ा ा एर्वं -पोग र्वेक्ष Soil and Land Use Survey of India कधि, कारा एर्वं ककान क쥍ा धर्वाग, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare ा कधि अनंिान ंान पर (पा), न क쥍ल - IARI Campus (PUSA), New - 110012 -ेल पा : [email protected], Phone : 011-25841263, Fax: 25843811 (E-Mail ): [email protected], Phone : 011-25841263, Fax: 25843811