GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF PUNJAB STATE (As on 31st March, 2017) CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD WATER RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT NORTH WESTERN REGION DIRECTORATE, PUNJAB CHANDIGARH WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT MOHALI OCTOBER, 2018 i GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF PUNJAB STATE (As on 31st March, 2017) Prepared by WATER RESOURCES & ENVIRONMENT DIRECTORATE, WATER RESOURCES DEPARTMENT, PUNJAB, MOHALI and CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD NORTH WESTERN REGION CHANDIGARH OCTOBER, 2018 ii FOREWORD One of the prime requisites for self-reliance and development of any state is the optimal development of its Water Resources. Ground Water being easily accessible, less expensive, more dependable and comparatively low in pollution has its merits. In order to develop this precious natural resource in a judicious and equitable manner, it is essential to have knowledge of its availability, present withdrawal and future scope of its development. The present ground water assessment report has been computed by the officers & officials of the Water Resources & Environment Directorate, Water Resources Department Punjab, along with Department of Agriculture & Farmer’s Welfare and Punjab Water Resources Management and Development Corporation Limited on the basis of latest guidelines by the Ground Water Resource Estimation Committee (GEC 2015), Government of India,. The report gives details on total annual recharge to ground water, its present draft and scope for future block-wise development. The present ground water development in the state is 165% as on March 2017. Out of 138 blocks of the state taken for study, 109 blocks are “Over-exploited”, 2 blocks are “Critical”, 5 blocks are “Semi-critical” and 22 blocks are in “Safe” category. There is an urgent need to recharge ground water in the over-exploited blocks and develop available shallow ground water in the safe blocks to avoid water logging in the foreseeable future. The irrigation policy also needs review vis-a-vis prevailing hydrogeological scenario. I would like to appreciate the efforts regarding excellent data collection by the officers/officials of Water Resources and Environment Directorate, Mohali through their superb network and skilled manpower, which is the main support for this whole exercise especially Shri Atul Kumar Sood, Senior Geophysicist, Sh. Suresh Narang, Senior Hydrologist, Sh. Vasu Sachdeva, Junior Hydrologist, Sh. Ashish Swaroop, Junior Geologist, Sh. Sanjeev Bansal, STA and Sh. Karamjeet Singh, Draftsman under the able guidance of Sh. Narinder Kumar Jain, Director, to complete the task in the most comprehensive and logical manner in a very short span of time. I would like to place on record the commendable efforts of Shri S.K. Mohiddin, Senior Hydrogeologist and Sh. M.L. Angurala, Senior Hydrogeologist of the Central Ground Water Board for their contribution in preparation of this report. I personally feel that this report will be of immense use to the planners, administrators and agencies engaged in the development and regulation of ground water resources of the state. Chandigarh (Er. H.S.Arora) September, 2018 Chief Engineer/WR, Water Resources Department, Government of Punjab. iii iv CONTENTS S.No. Description Page No. 1. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-3 1.1 Background 1 2. CHAPTER 2 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS OF PUNJAB 4-9 2.1 General Features 4 2.2 Geology 4 2.3 Hydrometeorology 2.3.1 Climate 4 2.3.2 Rainfall Distribution 5 2.4 Hydrogeology 6 2.5 Ground Water Level Fluctuations/ Trends 2.5.1 Depth to Water Level – June 2016 6 2.5.2 Depth to Water Level – October 2016 7 2.5.3 Long-Term Fluctuation – June 1984 to June 2016 7 2.6 Ground Water Quality 8 3. CHAPTER 3 GROUND WATER RESOURCES ESTIMATION METHODOLOGY 10-33 3.1 Periodicity of Assessment 10 3.2 Ground Water Assessment Unit 10 3.3 Ground Water Assessment of Unconfined Aquifer 11 3.3.1 Dynamic Ground Water Resources 11 3.3.2 Rainfall Recharge 12 3.3.3 Ground water level fluctuation method 13 3.3.4 Rainfall Infiltration Factor method 16 3.3.5 Percent Deviation 17 3.3.6 Recharge from other Sources 18 3.3.7 Recharge from Canals 18 3.3.8 Recharge from Surface Water Irrigation 18 3.3.9 Recharge from Ground Water Irrigation 18 3.3.10 Recharge due to Tanks & Ponds 19 3.3.11 Recharge due to Water Conservation Structures 19 3.4 Lateral flow along the aquifer system (Through flow) 19 3.5 Base flow and Stream Recharge 19 3.6 Vertical Flow from Hydraulically Connected Aquifers 20 3.7 Evaporation and Transpiration 20 3.8 Recharge during Monsoon Season 21 3.9 Recharge during Non-Monsoon Season 21 3.10 Total Annual Ground Water Recharge 21 3.11 Annual Extractable Ground Water Recharge (EGR) 21 v 3.12 Estimation of Ground Water Extraction 22 3.12.1 Ground Water Extraction for Irrigation 22 3.12.2 Ground Water Extraction for Domestic Use 23 3.12.3 Ground water Extraction for Industrial use 23 3.13 Stage of Ground Water Extraction 24 3.14 Validation of Stage of Ground Water Extraction 24 3.15 Categorisation of Assessment Units 25 3.15.1 Categorization of Assessment Units Based on Quantity 25 3.15.2 Categorization of Assessment Units Based on Quality 25 3.16 Allocation of Ground Water Resource for Utilization 26 3.17 Net Annual Ground Water Availability for Future Use 26 3.18 Additional Potential Resources under Specific Conditions 3.18.1 Potential Resource Due to Spring Discharge 27 3.18.2 Potential Resource in Waterlogged and Shallow Water Table Areas 27 3.18.3 Potential Resource in Flood Prone Areas 28 3.19 Apportioning of Ground Water Assessment from Watershed to Development Unit 29 3.20 Assessment of Static Ground Water Resources 29 3.21 Assessment of Total Ground Water Availability in Unconfined Aquifer 30 3.22 Ground Water Assessment of Confined Aquifer System 30 3.22.1 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Confined Aquifer 31 3.22.2 In storage Ground Water Resources of Confined Aquifer 31 3.22.3 Assessment of Total Ground Water Availability of Confined Aquifer 32 3.23 Ground Water Assessment of Semi-Confined Aquifer System 32 3.24 Total Ground Water Availability of an Area 33 4. CHAPTER 4 PROCEDURE FOLLOWED IN THE PRESENT ASSESSMENT 34-36 INCLUDING ASSUMPTIONS 4.1 Dynamic Ground Water Resources Estimation 34 5. CHAPTER 5 COMPUTATION OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES 37-41 ESTIMATION IN PUNJAB 5.1 Salient Features of Dynamic Ground Water Resources Assessment 37 5.2 Method Adopted for Computing Rain Fall Recharge During Monsoon Season 37 5.3 Ground Water Resource Assessment 37 5.4 Ground Water Assessment Comparison of Various Studies 39 5.5 Spatial Variation of Ground Water Recharge and Development Scenario 39 5.6 Comparison with Earlier Ground Water Resource Estimate 40 5.7 Instorage Ground Water Resources 40 5.8 Saline Ground Water Resources 40 vi 5.9 Total Ground Water Availability 40 5.10 Characterization of Blocks Based on Potentiality 40 6. CHAPTER 6 WATER QUALITY TAG 42-52 6.1 Distribution of Electrical Conductance (E.C) 42 6.2 Distribution of Fluoride (F) 43 6.3 Distribution of Arsenic (As) 44 6.4 Distribution of Arsenic and Iron 45 7. CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSIONS 53 8. CHAPTER 8 GROUNDWATER RESOURCES vs. DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND 54-69 AND SUPPLY FOR SELECTED CITIES IN PUNJAB 9. SUMMARY OF THE REPORT 70-74 10. LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 104 vii LIST OF APPENDICES DESCRIPTION PAGE No. Appendix 1. 1 Copy of Government of Punjab, Department of Irrigation 75 (Project Branch) Notification No. 1 / 5 / 2003 / IPJ (3) 24378-89, Dated 11th Dec. 2004. Appendix 1. 2 Copy of Government of Punjab, Department of Irrigation 77 (Project Branch) Notification No. 1 / 5 / 2003 / IPJ (3) 3419, Dated 9th October, 2009. Appendix 2.1 Minutes of 1st Meeting of Sub-Committee for Ground Water 78 Balance of the State Level Committee on Ground Water Resource Estimation held on 05.06.2018 Appendix 2.2 Minutes of 2nd Meeting of Sub-Committee for Ground Water 80 Balance of the State Level Committee on Ground Water Resource Estimation held on 26.06.2018 Appendix 2.3 Minutes of 3rd Meeting of Sub-Committee for Ground Water 82 Balance of the State Level Committee on Ground Water Resource Estimation held on 27.08.2018 Appendix 2.4 Minutes of Meeting of State Level Committee for approval of 85 Dynamic Ground Water Resource Estimation Report-2017 held under the Chairmanship of Principal Secretary, Water Resources, Government of Punjab on 13.3.2019 at Punjab Civil Secretariat II, Sector-9, Chandigarh LIST OF PLATES P. No. DESCRIPTION PAGE No. 1. Hydrogeology 89 2. Administrative Base Map 90 3. Categorization of Ground water Assessment Units 91 viii LIST OF FIGURES Fig. No. DESCRIPTION PAGE No. 1. Isohyets for the year 2016 92 2. Depth to Water Level, June-2016 93 3. Water Table Contours, June-2016 94 4. Depth to Water Level, October-2016 95 5. Water Table Contours, October -2016 96 6. Rise & fall of Water Table, June 1984- June 2016 97 7. Percentage of Blocks under different Categories 98 8. District-wise Recharge from Rainfall and other Sources, Punjab 99 9. District-wise Ground Water Draft, Punjab 100 10. District-wise Ground Water Availability, Ground Water Draft, 101 Net Ground Water Availability for future Irrigation 11. District-wise Stage of Ground Water Development, Punjab 102 12. Total Available Ground Water Resources in Punjab (Up To 300m Depth) 103 LIST OF TABLES I. Ground Water Resource Potential of the Punjab State. II. Assessment of Dynamic Ground Water Resources of the Punjab State. III. Additional Potential Recharge under Specific Conditions of the Punjab State. IV Assessment of Dynamic Ground Water Resources of the Punjab State {Method adopted for computing Monsoon Recharge for 2011 and 2013 Study} V Comparison of Stage of Development & Categorization for previous and present study.