Geoinformation.” —Dr

v Konecny GIS AND REMOTE SENSING “… a thorough, comprehensive, and attractive overview of geoinformation that exceeds pure mapping, shedding light into drivers and causes … Well-written and worthwhile reading, this book is an asset for one’s library.” —Ioannis Manakos, Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas “… gives the big picture of how remote sensing, photogrammetry, and geographic information systems work together in an interdisci- plinary manner to serve the widespread needs of society. … a ‘must’ for all students and professionals in the field of geoinformation.” —Dr. Rainer Sandau, International Academy of Astronautics New and Updated in the Second Edition: • Web-based image viewing with Google Earth • Aerial platforms • Existing digital photogrammetric software systems, including Intergraph image station, Autodesk, and Oracle Spatial • Land management and cadaster • Imaging sensors such as laser scanning, image spectrometry, radar imaging, and radar interferometry GEOINFORMATION Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and Written by a renowned expert, Geoinformation: Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and Geographic Information Systems, Second Geographic Information Systems Edition gives you an an overview of how these three technologies are closely related but also quite different. It details the principal SECOND E DITION components of remote sensing, from theoretical principles to advanced image analysis and interpretation techniques, sensor components, and operating platforms. About the Author: Gottfried Konecny is emeritus professor at the Leibniz University of Hannover in Germany and former president of the International Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. He holds honorary doctor of science degrees from the University of Tucuman, Argentina, the University of New Bruswick Canada, Anna University in Chennai, India, and MIIGAiK, Moscow, Russian Federation. He is Honorary Professor of Wuhan University, China, and of the Siberian State Academy of Geodesy in Novosibirsk, Russian Federation. He is a member of the International Academy of Astronautics, the Braunschweigische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft, the Sudeto-German Academy in Munich, Germany, and the European Academy of Science. He SECOND received the German Bundesverdienstkreuz, first class. EDITION 68563 ISBN-13: 978-1-4200-6856-6 Gottfried 9 0 0 0 0 Konecny 9 781420 068566 68563_Cover_mech.indd All Pages 2/12/14 1:11 PM GEOINFORMATION Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and Geographic Information Systems SECOND E DITION GEOINFORMATION Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, and Geographic Information Systems SECOND E DITION Gottfried Konecny Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20140127 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4822-3213-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Preface xi Acknowledgments xiii Author xv List of Figures xvii 1 Introduction 1 Surveying and Mapping in Transition to Geoinformation 2 Geodesy 2 Surveying 6 Remote Sensing 7 Photogrammetry 9 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 10 Current Status of Mapping in the World 12 Integration of Geoinformation Technologies 13 United Nations Initiative on Global Geospatial Information Management 13 2 Remote Sensing 19 Electromagnetic Radiation 19 Basic Laws 19 Radiometric Quantities 21 Electromagnetic Spectrum 21 Energy–Matter Interaction 21 Atmospheric Transmission 21 Energy Interaction at the Object 24 Interaction of Energy in Plants 26 Energy Arriving at the Sensor 26 Sensor Components 28 Optical Imaging 28 Photographic Process 30 Color and Color Photography 32 Digital Imaging 35 Imaging Sensors 36 Aerial Survey Cameras 36 v vi Contents Image Quality of Aerial Survey Cameras 47 Optomechanical Scanners 59 Laser Scanners 61 Optoelectronic Scanners 63 Image Spectrometers 65 Oblique Imaging 66 Radar Imaging 67 Polarization of a Radar Beam 72 Radar Interferometry 73 Radar Imaging Modes 76 Platforms 79 Aircraft 79 Satellites 82 Ground Resolution versus Repeatability 83 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) 89 Image Interpretation 89 The Human Eye 89 Stereovision 90 Visual Interpretation of Images 96 Image Processing 96 Raster Scanning of Photographic Images 96 Gray Level Changes 97 Filtering 100 Geometric Resampling 104 Multispectral Classification 106 Classification Accuracy 111 Image Fusion 112 Remote Sensing Applications 113 Meteorology and Climatology 121 Ozone 121 Cloud Mapping 121 Rainfall 123 Wind 125 Weather Prediction 125 Climate Studies 125 Oceanography 125 Ocean Productivity 126 Ocean Currents 127 Sea Ice 127 Bathymetry 129 Contents vii Environment 129 Hazardous Waste 129 Plumes 131 Oil Spills 131 Nonrenewable Resources 132 Mineral Exploration 133 Oil Exploration 133 Renewable Resources 134 Land Cover and Land Use 134 Vegetation 135 Natural Hazards 138 Earthquakes 138 Landslides 138 Land Subsidence 138 Volcanoes 138 Floods 139 Forest and Grass Fires 139 3 Photogrammetry 143 Evolution of Photogrammetry 143 Single-Image Photogrammetry 143 Analogue Stereo Photogrammetry 150 Measuring Marks 157 Analytical Photogrammetry 174 Digital Photogrammetry 181 Principles of Analytical and Digital Photogrammetry 183 Coordinate Transformations between Image and Terrain 183 Image Coordinates and Local Cartesian Object Coordinates 184 Transverse Mercator and Geographic Coordinates 188 Geographic Coordinates and Geocentric Cartesian Coordinates 190 Transformation between Geocentric and Local Cartesian Coordinates 191 Space Intersection 193 Space Resection 195 Aerial Triangulation 200 Relative Orientation 208 Absolute Orientation 210 Digital Photogrammetric Operations 213 SIDIP 213 DPLX 213 DPCOR 217 viii Contents BLUH 217 LISA-FOTO 221 Image Matching 222 Semiglobal Matching 228 Digital Elevation Models 230 Orthoimage Generation 233 LISA-Basic 238 Racurs PHOTOMOD 241 Airborne Laser Scanning 256 4 Geographic Information Systems 261 Introduction 261 Hardware Components 264 Input Devices 265 Processing and Storage Devices 267 Output Devices 269 Software Components 269 Operating Systems 269 Programming Languages 270 Networking Software 270 Graphic Standards 271 GIS Application Software 271 Vector Systems 272 Object Representation 272 Vector Geometry 277 Raster Systems 282 Databases 283 GIS Systems 285 GIS and the Internet 286 Esri’s ArcGIS 287 GIS Applications 339 Global Applications 339 National Applications and Spatial Data Infrastructure 340 Local Applications 342 Cadastral Applications 342 Facility Management 349 City Models 351 Spatial Analysis Applications 360 Emergency GIS over Crisis Areas 362 General Spatial Information Systems 365 Contents ix 5 Positioning Systems 381 The Global Positioning System (GPS) 381 GPS Signals 381 Differential GPS 384 GPS Satellite Geometry and GPS Software 388 Accuracy Augmentation Systems 389 GSM Mobile Phone Location 389 6 Cost Considerations 393 Costs of Aerial Photography, Orthophotography, and Topographic Line Mapping 394 GPS-Supported Ground Surveys 397 Digital Elevation Models 398 Aerial Triangulation versus Direct Sensor Orientation 398 Mapping from Space 399 Automated Feature Extraction 404 7 Technological Changes 407 Bibliography 409 Preface In the 1990s, surveying and mapping underwent a transition from discipline- oriented technologies, such as geodesy, surveying, photogrammetry, and car- tography, to the methodology-oriented integrated discipline of geoinformatics. This is based on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), or GPS, positioning, remote sensing, digital photography for data acquisition,

Load more