Der Heutige Sufismus. Mystische Dimension Des Islam Oder Eine

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Der Heutige Sufismus. Mystische Dimension Des Islam Oder Eine DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit „Der heutige Sufismus. Mystische Dimension des Islam oder eine neue New Age Bewegung?“ Verfasserin Agnieszka Lampe angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Philosophie (Mag.phil.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 386 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Turkologie Betreuerin: ao. Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gisela Procházka-Eisl 1 Mojej Mamie 2 Danksagung Ich danke herzlich meiner Betreuerin Univ.-Prof. Dr. Gisela Procházka-Eisl für wertvolle Hilfe und Betreuung der vorliegenden Arbeit. Bedanken möchte ich mich weiters bei Univ.- Prof. Dr. Claudia Römer und Univ.-Prof. Dr. Markus Köhbach, die mich während meines Studiums begleitet und ünterstützt haben und deren Lehrveranstaltungen meine Studienzeit bereichert haben. 3 Einführung ................................................................................................................................ 6 1 Was ist Sufismus? Kurze theoretische Einführung ....................................................... 8 1.1 Mystik und Sufismus ................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Die Entwicklung des Sufismus .................................................................................. 10 1.3 Der Weg ..................................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Sufi-Praktiken ............................................................................................................ 15 1.5 Die Sufiorden und Bruderschaften ............................................................................ 18 2 Sufismus in der heutigen Türkei ................................................................................... 20 2.1 Der Naqšbandῑ-Orden in der Türkei .......................................................................... 24 2.2 Der Mevlevῑ Orden .................................................................................................... 29 3 Sufismus in den USA ...................................................................................................... 33 3.1 Geschichte des Sufismus in Amerika ........................................................................ 33 3.2 Die Rolle der Religion in der amerikanischen Kultur ............................................... 37 3.3 Muslime in den USA ................................................................................................. 39 4 Die wichtigsten Sufi-Gemeinschaften in den USA ....................................................... 40 4.1 Islamische Sufiorden ................................................................................................. 41 Naqšbandῑya ........................................................................................................................... 41 Die Šāḏilῑya ............................................................................................................................. 42 Die Čištῑya ............................................................................................................................... 44 Die Rifāʽῑya ............................................................................................................................. 44 Die Qādirῑya ............................................................................................................................ 45 Die Tiǧānῑya ............................................................................................................................ 46 Die Ḫalvatῑya .......................................................................................................................... 46 Die Niʻmatullāhῑya ................................................................................................................. 48 4.2 Nicht-islamische Sufibewegungen im Westen .......................................................... 49 4.3 Der Naqšbandῑ-Ḥaqqānῑ Orden in den USA ............................................................. 52 4.3.1 Öffentliche Aktivitäten .............................................................................................. 53 4.4 Der Internationale Sufiorden ..................................................................................... 56 4.4.1 Aktivitäten des Ordens .............................................................................................. 57 5 Sufiorden und Tradition ................................................................................................. 61 5.1 Derwischkloster, Moschee und Heiligengräber in den USA ..................................... 61 6 Sufismus und Modernität ............................................................................................... 64 6.1 Sufis im Internet ........................................................................................................ 64 6.1.1 Der Scheich ................................................................................................................ 67 4 6.1.2 Multimedia ................................................................................................................. 69 6.2 Sufi-Reisen ................................................................................................................ 70 6.3 Sufismus in der Literatur ........................................................................................... 71 6.3.1 Vorträge ..................................................................................................................... 72 6.3.2 Hagiographien ........................................................................................................... 72 6.3.3 Poesie ......................................................................................................................... 73 6.3.4 Allegorische Novellen über die Suche ...................................................................... 74 6.3.5 Biographien und Autobiographien ............................................................................ 74 6.3.6 Der Neo-Sufismus in der wissenschaftlichen Literatur ............................................. 75 6.4 Psychologie ................................................................................................................ 75 6.4.1 Tanz und Meditation .................................................................................................. 77 6.4.2 Enneagramm .............................................................................................................. 78 6.4.3 Nafs-Modell ............................................................................................................... 78 6.5 Die Rolle der Frau im Sufismus ................................................................................ 79 6.6 New Age Lehrer und sufische Einflüsse ................................................................... 80 7 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................... 83 8 Bibliographie ................................................................................................................... 87 9 Anhang ............................................................................................................................. 93 9.1 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 93 9.2 Lebenslauf ................................................................................................................. 94 5 EINFÜHRUNG In der heutigen, modernen und leistungsorientierten Welt, die scheinbar keinen Platz für Geistigkeit einräumt, gibt es zunehmend mehr Erkenntnissuchende, die sich nach dem wahren Lebenssinn sehnen. Auf der Suche nach Antworten wenden sie sich an die spirituellen Traditionen aus dem Osten. Der Sufismus im Westen gehört zu wichtigen Erzeugnissen dieser neu entdeckten Spiritualität. Das Jahr 2007 wurde von der UNESCO als Internationale Jahr von Rūmῑ ausgerufen. Die „Tanzenden Derwische“ erfreuen sich einer großen Popularität und zählen zu beliebten, touristischen Attraktionen. Die neuen Übersetzungen Rūmῑs Werke stürmten die Bestsellerlisten. Die darin zum Ausdruck kommende dekonfessionalisierte, universelle und geheimnisvolle Spiritualität wirkt faszinierend und zieht viele an, die eine Zuflucht aus der materiellen Welt suchen und nach körperlichen Erfahrungen seiner Gegenwart streben. Sufismus ist aber keine neue Erscheinung, die aus dem Vakuum entstanden ist. Die islamische Mystik hat eine lange Tradition, sie hat auch eine wichtige Rolle bei der Verbreitung des Islam gespielt. Allerdings wird Sufismus in der westlichen Kultur oft getrennt vom Islam betrachtet und wurde öfters als Gegenpol zum orthodoxen Islam angesehen. Die Sufis genossen in ihren Heimatländern nicht nur hohes Ansehen, die Mystiker wurden sehr oft verfolgt und verurteilt. In Saudi Arabien, im Iran und in der Türkei haben sich die Sufibewegungen oft gegen Regimegegner aufgelehnt bzw. wurden ganz verboten. Daher wurden sie dazu gezwungen, sich im Geheimen zu entwickeln. Durch MigrantInnen gelangten der Sufismus und seine religiösen Traditionen auch in den Westen und die USA und entwickelten sich in einer fremden Umgebung weiter. So wurden dem Sufismus neue Wege geöffnet, da dieser als ein spirituelles Phänomen im Westen auf fruchtbaren Boden traf. Vor allem die jüngeren Generationen interessierten sich schon länger für die spirituellen Traditionen aus dem Osten. Manche sahen
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