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Illuminated Arrival in the Ḥikam Al-ʿaṭāʾ Iyyah and Three Major Commentaries

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Illuminated Arrival in the Ḥikam Al-ʿaṭāʾ Iyyah and Three Major Commentaries ILLUMINATED ARRIVAL IN THE ḤIKAM AL-ʿAṬĀʾ IYYAH AND THREE MAJOR COMMENTARIES by YUNUS WESLEY SCHWEIN (Under the Direction of Alan Godlas) ABSTRACT The Kitāb al-ḥikam of Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh (d. 720/1309) presents a spirituality whose goal is wuṣūl ilá Allāh, “arrival unto God.” As a collection of aphorisms, the Kitāb al-ḥikam has little internal structure: the attentive reader himself provides the structure from his religious background, mystical experience, and repeated re-readings. The commentators Ibn ʿAbbād (d. 792/1390), Zarrūq (d. 899/1494), and Ibn ʿAjībah (d. 1224/1809) reconstruct the author’s unique expression of core sources from its constituent threads, making the commented-upon work a microcosm of Islam wherein the whole is visible through each portion. Observations on the aphorisms and commentary dealing with wuṣūl, translated herein, will illustrate these hypotheses. INDEX WORDS: Aphorisms, Commentary, Exegesis, Gnomologia, Hermeneutics, Kitāb al- ḥikam, Intertextuality, Ibn ʿAbbād, Ibn ʿAjībah, Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh, Moroccan literature, Mysticism, Non-narrative literature, Shurūḥ, Shādhiliyyah, Sufism, Wisdom literature, Zarrūq ILLUMINATED ARRIVAL IN THE ḤIKAM AL-ʿAṬĀʾ IYYAH AND THREE MAJOR COMMENTARIES by YUNUS WESLEY SCHWEIN B.A., Montclair State University, 1998 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS ATHENS, GEORGIA 2007 © 2007 Yunus Wesley Schwein All Rights Reserved ILLUMINATED ARRIVAL IN THE ḤIKAM AL-ʿAṬĀʾ IYYAH AND THREE MAJOR COMMENTARIES by YUNUS WESLEY SCHWEIN Major Professor: Alan Godlas Committee: Kenneth Honerkamp Carolyn Medine Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia May 2007 iv DEDICATION In the name of Allāh, the all-compassionate, all-merciful, who put you in the intermediate world between His earthly and angelic realms to teach you the greatness of your destiny among His creatures and that you are a jewel enfolding within yourself the shells of His creations; and blessings and peace be upon the first and last of His messengers, the manifest and hidden mercy to the worlds, our beloved prophet and guide Muḥammad. So hallowed is the one who made no sign unto His friends except as a sign unto Him, and who made none to join them except one He wishes to join Him! Amin. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am profoundly grateful and indebted to the following lights of my life for all they have done in ways too numerous and unique to detail: to my wife Shams T. Deckter; to my major professors Alan Godlas and Kenneth Honerkamp, for support, guidance, connections and insight; to my teachers Carolyn Medine and Glenn Wallis of the University of Georgia, Philip Miller of Hebrew Union College, Jean Alvares of Montclair State University, and Christopher Gwin of Haddonfield Memorial High School; to my parents Richard and Constance Schwein; to my colleagues Bryan Gallant, Mohammad Hanafi, Matt Long, and Akram White; to the inspiration of Claude Addas, Arthur J. Arberry, Aisha Bewley, William Chittick, Michel Chodkiewicz, Victor Danner, Nooruddeen Durkee, Stephen Hirtenstein, Muhtar Holland, and Harald Motzki; to the brilliant Arabists Wheeler M. Thackston, Michael Carter, Hans Wehr, and J. Milton Cowan, without whom none of my work would be possible; and to my guide Shaykh Muḥammad Saʿīd al-Jamal al-Rifāʿī al-Shādhilī. This thesis is typeset in the Gentium font, available at http://scripts.sil.org/Gentium . vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................................ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 1 The Kitāb al- ḥikam al-ʿaṭāʾiyyah........................................................................................ 2 Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh (d. 720/1309)............................................................................................. 3 Ibn ʿAbbād al-Rundi (733/1333-792/1390)..................................................................... 4 Aḥmad Zarrūq (846/1442-899/1494) .............................................................................. 6 Ibn ʿAjībah (1160/1747-1224/1809)................................................................................. 7 Qur’an and Kitāb al-ḥikam citations................................................................................. 9 2 THE GENRES OF ḤIKAM AND SHARḤ: WISDOM AND AMPLIFICATION ........................ 10 Models of Aphoristic Literature: Qur’an, Hadith, Ṭabaqāt......................................... 10 Commentary and the Scholar as Microcosm .............................................................. 12 Intertextuality and its Paucity as an Hermeneutic Tool ........................................... 14 3 READING AS LITERARY STRUCTURE: WUṢŪL IN THE KITĀB AL-ḤIKAM ....................... 20 Circular Reading as the Hermeneutic Key to the Kitāb al-ḥikam .............................. 22 Ḥikmah 130/122: Inadequacy of Actions....................................................................... 27 Ḥikmah 95/88: When You Slip and Fall......................................................................... 29 vii Ḥikmah 213/196: The Knowledge of Allāh, the All-Manifest..................................... 30 Kitāb al-ḥikam 16/15B: A Song of Apparency ............................................................... 33 Kitāb al-ḥikam 29-31/27-28: Arrivers and Travelers ................................................... 34 Ḥikmah 249/229: Ontological Degrees and the Two Classes...................................... 37 Ḥikmah 156/148: God-friends and Spiritual Authority .............................................. 39 4 ARRIVAL UNTO ALLĀH AND THE TWO CLASSES OF MYSTIC........................................ 42 Ḥikmah 29/27: Inference by and unto Him .................................................................. 42 Commentary: Ibn ʿAbbād ......................................................................................... 46 Commentary: Zarrūq................................................................................................ 48 Commentary: Ibn ʿAjībah......................................................................................... 51 Ḥikmah 30/28a: The Man of Plenty; He whose Provision is Stinted......................... 55 Commentary: Ibn ʿAbbād ......................................................................................... 56 Commentary: Zarrūq................................................................................................ 57 Commentary: Ibn ʿAjībah......................................................................................... 58 Ḥikmah 31/28b: Lights of Orientation; Lights of Audience........................................ 60 Commentary: Ibn ʿAbbād ......................................................................................... 63 Commentary: Zarrūq................................................................................................ 64 Commentary: Ibn ʿAjībah......................................................................................... 66 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 69 5 ARRIVAL UNTO ALLĀH, MERCY, AND MYSTERY ............................................................ 71 Ḥikmah 95/88: Sin may be a Means of the Arrival ..................................................... 72 Commentary: Ibn ʿAbbād ......................................................................................... 74 Commentary: Zarrūq................................................................................................ 75 viii Commentary: Ibn ʿAjībah......................................................................................... 77 Ḥikmah 130/122: He Covers Your Quality with His to Cause Your Arrival.............. 79 Commentary: Ibn ʿAbbād ......................................................................................... 80 Commentary: Zarrūq................................................................................................ 81 Commentary: Ibn ʿAjībah......................................................................................... 82 Ḥikmah 213/196: The Arrival is by Knowledge of Him............................................... 86 Commentary: Ibn ʿAbbād ......................................................................................... 87 Commentary: Zarrūq................................................................................................ 89 Commentary: Ibn ʿAjībah......................................................................................... 90 Conclusions....................................................................................................................... 93 6 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................... 94 REFERENCES.............................................................................................................................................
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