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International Space Station Lessons Learned for Space Exploration

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International Space Station Lessons Learned for Space Exploration International Space Station Lessons Learned for Space Exploration September 2014 Human Exploration & Operations Mission Directorate (HEOMD) Editors David M. Lengyel, NASA HEOMD (Retired) Dr. J Steven Newman, ARES Corporation Executive Summary On January 9, 2014, the director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), announced President Obama's decision to extend International Space Station (ISS) operations until at least 2024 during a speech at the International Space Exploration Forum (ISEF) in Washington D.C. NASA Administrator Bolden added, "NASA is committed to the space station as a long-term platform to enable the utilization of space for global research and development. We’re committed to implementing a unified strategy of deep space exploration, with robotic and human missions to destinations that include near-Earth asteroids, the moon and Mars.” This compendium and the associated web-based resources are intended to assist in the early discussions for future space exploration missions, to stimulate thinking and raise questions that need to be addressed and in concept development, formulation, and planning phases. Each lesson learned is accompanied by a corresponding application to future exploration programs. Lessons were acquired through audio and video interviews with current and former ISS managers, designers, operators, flight controllers, astronauts, and various technical functional discipline leads. The compendium also incorporates selected lessons learned from the 2009 ISS Multilateral Coordination Board (MCB) report. Results are organized in the following categories: Policy and Partnerships Design, Development, Test & Evaluation - Policy (DDT&E) - International Partners - Mission Architecture - Commercial Partners - Engineering Design - Technology, Materials, Commercial Off- Engineering and Management the Shelf (COTS) - Systems Engineering - Interfaces, Integration & Test - Budget / Schedule - Risk Management Operations - Internal Communication - Logistics, Maintenance, Operations & - External Communications Utilization - Crew Operations - Crew Medical - Science Utilization ii Contents Foreword / Approval....................................................................................................................... i Executive Summary ....................................................................................................................... ii Part I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Objective / NASA Looking Ahead: ........................................................................................................... 1 Themes and Framework: ........................................................................................................................... 1 Additional Resources:................................................................................................................................. 2 Part II. Lessons Learned .............................................................................................................. 3 Policy & Partnerships ................................................................................................................................. 3 Policy ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 International Partners ............................................................................................................................... 6 Commercial Partners .............................................................................................................................. 11 Engineering Management ........................................................................................................................ 14 Systems Engineering .............................................................................................................................. 14 Budget / Schedule ................................................................................................................................... 16 Risk Management ................................................................................................................................... 18 Internal Communication ......................................................................................................................... 20 External Communications ...................................................................................................................... 22 DDT&E ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 Mission Architecture .............................................................................................................................. 25 Engineering Design ................................................................................................................................ 28 Technology and Materials ...................................................................................................................... 37 Interfaces, Integration, Test & Verification............................................................................................ 39 Operations ................................................................................................................................................. 42 Logistics, Maintenance, Operations & Utilization ................................................................................. 42 Crew Capabilities & Training ................................................................................................................ 44 Crew Operations ..................................................................................................................................... 49 ii Crew Medical ......................................................................................................................................... 55 Science Utilization ................................................................................................................................. 61 Appendix A: Interviews ................................................................................................................. 1 Appendix B: Knowledge Based Risks (KBRs) ............................................................................ 1 iii Part I. Introduction Objective / NASA Looking Ahead: The objective of this document is to provide insights from the International Space Station design, development, assembly, and operations relevant for ongoing and future NASA deep space and commercial space exploration activities. Primary references provide a longitudinal perspective (2005, 2009, and 2013) on key experiences, issues, approaches, strategies, do’s, don’ts, and cautionary tales that will be relevant to the formulation and implementation of future space exploration initiatives. 2013 Sources - Appendix A provides a list of audio and video interview participants. 2009 Sources - International Space Station Lessons Learned As Applied to Exploration, Kennedy Space Center, July 22, 2009, “International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board, Benoit Marcotte, CSA, Yoshiyuki Hasegawa, JAXA, William Gerstenmeier, NASA, Simonetta Di Pipp, ESA, Alexey Krasnov, Roscsomos. *Note: Selected Lessons Learned from this report are incorporated with an asterisk and number format (e.g. *24 – Lesson). 2005 Sources - From ISS to the Moon, Mars, and Beyond – Applying Lessons Learned, MJ. Sanchez, JS Voss, 43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, January 10-13, 2005, Reno Nevada. Themes and Framework: Interview Themes: Telephone interviews were tailored for each individual interviewee and conducted using a flexible format that included an interviewee-appropriate subset, or all, of the following: - Management and Communications - Planning and Preparation for ISS DDT&E and Real-Time Operations - Benchmarking / Lessons Learned by ISS from Other Programs (e.g. Phase 1, Shuttle) - Startup Transients from ISS (Things That Didn’t Work at First) - Things We Didn’t Know But Discovered Along the Way - Impact of Budget Limitations / Restrictions on ISS - Impact of Human Capital / Critical Skills (NASA Civil Service and Contractors) - Benefits from International Partner Participation - Top Risks Encountered (Strategic, Operational, Tactical) - Critical Processes Utilized (Documented?) – Were They Effective - Impact of Major Program Changes (e.g. Redesign, Directed Re-baseline, Columbia Mishap) 1 - Top Three Takeaways Useful for Deep Space Exploration Framework for Analysis: Lessons are organized using the following categories: Policy and Partnerships - Policy - International Partners - Commercial Partners Engineering and Management - Systems Engineering - Budget / Schedule - Risk Management - Internal Communication - External Communications DDT&E - Mission Architecture - Engineering Design - Technology, Materials, COTS - Interfaces, Integration & Test Operations - Logistics, Maintenance, Operations & Utilization - Crew Capability & Training - Crew Operations - Crew Medical - Science Utilization Additional Resources: ISS Lessons Learned Module: This report has a companion website implemented on multiple NASA public access servers that contains supporting videos and public domain documentation. The module includes
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