A History of Modern Oman Jeremy Jones and Nicholas Ridout Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00940-0 - A History of Modern Oman Jeremy Jones and Nicholas Ridout Index More information

Index

abayas , 196n1 in Oman, 72 – 74 , 92 – 93 , 131 Abd al-Aziz (Saudi Amir), 45 on Zanzibar, 71 , 74 Abd al-Aziz bin Said, 87 anti-Muslim/Islam perceptions in Abdallah ibn Faisal, 77 West, 237 Abduh, Mohammed, 73 Appadurai, Arjun, 69 Abdullah, Salem, 219n16 Arab League, 123 – 124 , 153 – 154 abolitionism, 50 , 58 Arab nationalism Omani cooperation with, 58 – 59 , 86 – 87 Dhofari participation in, 137 – 138 Abu Dhabi, 107n4 , 181 – 182 and Imamate, 106 , 117 – 118 , 123 – 124 Afghanistan, Omani support for US Arab rulers, legitimacy of, 251 – 252 intervention in, 234 – 235 Arab Spring, 248 – 250 afl aj (irrigation channels), 8 – 9 in Oman, 250 – 259 Africa, see East Africa Arab-Israeli confl ict, peace process, Africans, see East Africans 215 – 218 agriculture, 8 – 9 Arabian Nights , 13 – 14 Agriculture, Fisheries and Industries Arabian Peninsula Council, 203 oil exploration in, 95 – 96 , 100 – 102 Ahmad bin Hilal (ruler of Oman), 13 British concessions/interests, 101 – 102 , Ahmad bin Said (Imam/Sultan of Oman, 104 , 110 1749–1783), 17 – 18 , 23 and Buraimi dispute, 109 , 110 Muscat captured by, 32 – 34 Arabs rise to power, 27 – 32 in Oman, 6 – 8 , 27 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 243 , 245 trade with China, 12 – 13 Al Bu Said dynasty, 2 , 87 Aramco Oil Company, 107 and constitutional monarchy, 227 – 228 Azd Arabs, 6 – 7 , 27 founding of, 17 – 18 , 23 Azzan bin Qays (Imam of Oman, and Ibadism, 10 1868–1871), 72 , 75 , 77 , 78 – 81 internal confl icts, 32 – 34 , 76 – 77 opposition against, 18 – 19 , 77 – 78 Badger, George Percy, 86 Al-Qaida, 234 , 235 – 236 Badr bin Sayf, 46 , 47 – 48 Algiers Agreement (1975), 184 al-Bahlani, Nasir bin Salim, 83 – 84 al-Amri, Mohammed, 258 Bahrain anti-colonialism, 105 , 123 – 124 Arab Spring in, 250 Dhofari, 137 – 138 and Iran, 246

281

282 Index

Baluchis, in Oman, 16 – 17 in India, 41 – 42 , 67 – 68 , 69 , 73 Barghash bin Said (Sultan of Zanzibar), 65 , and Oman, 44 – 45 , 64 – 65 , 88 , 89 66 , 81 – 84 opposition to, 90 – 94 , 131 Barka, 29 – 30 opposition to, 123 – 124 , 137 – 138 al-Barwani, Abdallah bin Salim, 66 on Zanzibar, 62 , 64 , 66 – 70 Basra, 9 , 42 – 43 opposition to, 71 , 74 Batinah region, 3 , 5 end of, 105 , 179 – 180 Beblawi, Hazem, 165n7 French, 41 – 42 Bedouin, 115 consensus, in shura politics, 198 – 199 Beilin, Yossi, 216 – 217 constitution (Basic Statute of the State), Bierschenk, Thomas, 100 227 – 231 Bilurub bin Himyar (rival Imam of Oman), constitutional monarchy, 227 – 228 , 261 16 – 17 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 31 Cooper, Frederick, 57 Bin Laden, Osama, 235 – 236 Cordesman, Anthony, 238 British Iraq Petroleum Company, 102 corruption Al-Bu Saidi, Badr bin Hamad, 266 – 267 convictions, 257 – 258 Al-Bu Saidi, Hamad bin Hamood, 149 , protests against, 254 169 , 203 cosmopolitanism, 14 – 17 Buraimi, struggles over control of, 78 – 79 , Council of Ministers, 201 – 202 106 – 113 counter-insurgency strategies, 150 – 152 Burzurg ibn Shahriyar of Crawford, David, 146 Ramhormuz, 13 – 14 creolisation, of symbols, 84 – 85 Bush, George H.W., 154n19 culture Bush, George W., 233 , 242 , 243 intellectual, on Zanzibar, 82 – 85 businessmen, in Omani government, 172 – 175 Omani, 6 – 11 , 197

Campbell, Gwyn, 56 Dakhliya region, 3 , 5 Canning Award (1861), 67 al-Da’wah wa al-Tabligh, 208 – 209 capitalism, 44 , 162 , 263 , 269 – 270 democratisation, 206 – 207 , 210 Chatterjee, Partha, 121n27 Dennison, Malcolm, 167 Chatty, Dawn, 201n6 desalination research centre (Muscat), Chaudhuri, K.N., 36 – 37 217 – 218 China development, see economic development Arab/Persian trade with, 12 – 13 DeVore, M., 146n12 Dhofar rebellion supported by, 142 Dhofar region, 3 – 4 , 133 – 134 economic interests of, 270 – 271 development of, 157 – 158 Chubin, Sharam, 182 rebellion, 18 – 19 , 132 , 136 – 141 , 166 Clinton, Bill, 241 – 242 internationalisation of, 141 – 144 clove plantations, on Zanzibar, 60 – 61 Iran’s involvement in, 182 – 183 coast-interior distinction, 5 , 11 resolution of, 150 – 159 and oil exploration/production, 102 , 104 struggles for control of, 134 – 136 struggles for control of interior, 113 – 131 diaspora, Omani, 169 – 170 Cold War diplomatic relations, 153 – 157 , 160 , and Dhofar rebellion, 141 – 144 177 – 194 , 211 – 218 , 241 – 248 , end of, and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 267 – 268 212 – 215 DLF (Dhofar Liberation Front), 138 – 140 and Oman-US relations, 191 – 192 internal divisions, 142 – 143 colonialism leadership of, 143 British, 68 , 69 see also PFLOAG (Popular Front for in East Africa, 69 – 70 the Liberation of the Occupied in Gulf region, 37 , 44 , 50 – 51 , 87 – 88 Arabian Gulf) end of, 179 – 180 domino theory, 142

Index 283

dress codes, 195 – 196 Foley, Sean, 260n35 Duqm, new port facilities at, 270 foreign policy Duru tribe, 118 – 119 of Iran, 188 – 189 of Oman, 153 – 157 , 160 , 177 – 194 , East Africa 211 – 218 , 241 – 248 , 265 , 266 – 268 British colonialism in, 69 – 70 France Omani presence in, 26 , 33 , 52 – 53 colonialism of, 41 – 42 Portuguese presence in, 24 – 25 treaties and alliances with Oman, 49 , 89 East Africans, in Oman, 16 Frere, Bartle, 86 East India companies, 36 East India Company (Great Britain) Gadaffi , Muammar, 252 activities in Oman, 38 Gama, Vasco da, 24 in Basra, 42 – 43 gas, Oman-Iran deal on, 245 – 246 economic development GCC (Gulf Cooperation Council), 265 of Oman, 161 – 162 , 164 – 166 , 195 – 196 , formation of, 186– 188 , 190 – 191 264 – 265 , 269 – 271 and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 213 – 215 declines, 18 , 70 – 71 political union sought by, 246 – 248 see also oil production Saudi perceptions of, 236 , 246 – 247 on Zanzibar, 85 General Treaty of Peace (1820, Great economic policies Britain – Gulf Region), 50 – 51 and Arab Spring, 250 – 251 geography, 3 – 5 future challenges, 261 – 262 , 268 al-Ghafi ri, Buraik bin Hamood, 146 – 148 of Imamate, 79 – 80 Ghalib bin Ali (Imam of Oman), 116 , of Qaboos bin Said, 174 – 175 , 222 – 227 , 120 , 170 229 – 230 al-Ghammari, Shukoor, 210 – 211 of Said bin Taimur, 103 – 104 Ghazal, Amal, 74 – 76 education, 263 – 264 global trade networks, Omani participation religious, 176 – 177 in, 2 , 3 , 35 – 36 , 44 – 45 , 52 Egypt marginalisation of Oman in, 64 – 65 , 70 Arab nationalism in, 105 government, 87 , 102 – 103 , 122 , 149 military campaign against criticised on social media, 252 – 253 Wahhabis, 49 – 50 end of tribal powers, 161 – 162 , 166 Muslim Brotherhood in, 207 – 209 , 250 Imamate, 114 – 115 nahda movement in, 73 modernisation/restructuring of, Eickelman, Dale, 115 , 122 , 204 – 205 161 – 162 , 167 , 168 – 171 , elections 172 – 175 , 202 – 206 , 209 – 211 for Majlis ash-Shura, 209 – 210 , 257 Graham, John, 146 for provincial councils, 258 Great Britain elites, Omani/Arab in East Africa abolitionism in, 58 (Mazrui), 52 – 53 Omani cooperation sought for, Englehardt, Joseph P., 213n13 58 – 59 , 86 – 87 Europe, colonial expansion in Gulf colonialism of, 68 , 69 region, 36 – 39 in East Africa, 69 – 70 expatriate workforce, 225 in Gulf region, 37 , 44 , 50 – 51 , 87 – 88 see also migrant labour end of, 179 – 180 in India, 41 – 42 , 67 – 68 , 69 , 73 Fadhl bin Alawi, 135 opposition to, 123 – 124 , 137 – 138 Fahud, oil exploration in, 118 – 119 , 122 Zanzibar controlled by, 62 , 64 , 66 – 70 Faisal bin Turki (Sultan of Oman, opposition to, 71 , 74 1888–1913), 88 – 90 and Oman, 37 – 39 , 42 – 43 , 64 – 65 , 70 opposition against, 90 – 94 in East Africa, 53 fi nancial policies, 103 – 104 Imamate movement, 92 – 93 , 131

284 Index

Great Britain (cont.) Haworth, L.B.H., 94 interference/indirect rule, 77 – 78 , 88 , health care, 175 89 , 111 – 112 Hijaz, Egyptian invasion of, 49 – 50 coup to install Sultan Qaboos, Hinawi-Ghafi ri tribal divisions, 6n3 , 26 – 27 145 – 150 history, 6 – 11 opposition to/end of, 51 , 72 – 74 , Hormuz (Island), 24 90 – 94 , 131 , 179 – 180 Hormuz (Strait of), 4 – 5 , 178 – 179 military assistance, 125 , 127 – 130 , Hourani, Albert, 73 – 74 135 , 152 – 153 Hourani, George, 12 – 13 oil interests/concessions, 101 – 102 , 104 , 110 Ibadism, 9 – 11 , 57 treaties and alliances, 44 – 45 , and leadership election, 198 49 , 58 – 59 renewal/revivalism of, 75 – 76 , 82 and United States, competition over Salafi st, 74 – 75 oil production in Middle East, on Sunni-Shia divide, 266 – 267 100 – 102 Ibn Majid, Ahmad, 24 and Wahhabis, 49 Ibn Ruzayq, 27 – 32 and Yemen, 140 – 141 Ibn Saud, Mohammed, 39 Gubash, Hussein, 197n4 Ibrahim bin Isha, 124 – 125 Gulf region Ibrahim Pasha, 49 – 50 collective security in, 184 – 188 , 189 – 191 , identities, Omani national, 198 213 – 215 Imamate, 72 , 75 – 76 , 78 – 81 , 88 – 89 , 114 and Iranian Revolution, 188 – 189 anti-colonialism of, 92 – 93 , 131 Saudi views of, 185 , 190 , 246 – 247 government, 114 – 115 see also GCC (Gulf Cooperation and nationalism/nation-state formation, Council) 106 , 117 – 118 , 123 –124 European/British colonial expansion in, revival of, 90 – 96 36 – 39 , 44 , 50 – 51 , 87 – 88 Saudi Arabian support for, 108 , 115 – 116 Iran’s territorial claims in, 183 , 187 and Sultanate/Omani state, 25 , 104 – 105 , piracy in, 43 – 44 112 – 113 , 115 , 119 – 120 Portuguese presence in, 25 rebellion/violent clashes, 116 – 117 , US interests in, 192 – 193 120 , 122 – 123 , 124 – 125 , 127 – 129 Gulf States Zanzibari support for, 82 British colonial rule of, 37 , 44 , independence, 51 , 269 50 – 51 , 87 – 88 India end of, 179 – 180 British colonialism in, 41 – 42 , and Iranian Revolution, 188 – 189 67 – 68 , 69 , 73 majlis practice in, 200 Omani trade with, 54 – 55 oil exports of, 4 – 5 Zanzibari trade with, 85 Omani labour migration to, 137 , Indian Ocean 171 – 172 navigation of, 24 Gwadar province slavery in region of, 55 – 56 , 57 – 58 Chinese interests in, 270 – 271 trade on, 14 , 37 , 270 – 271 Omani possession of, 5 British dominance over, 38 Pakistani possession of, 127 Omani network of, 35 – 36 , 38 – 39 Indian Ocean Rim Association for Habash, George, 137 – 138 Regional Cooperation Hajar mountain range, 3 (IOR-ARC), 225 Hamad bin Said, 34 , 40 – 41 Indians Hamerton, Atkins, 59 in Oman, 15 – 16 , 70 – 71 al-Hariq, Salim, 45 on Zanzibar, 60 – 61 Hawley, Donald, 107n4 , 108 – 109 intellectual culture, on Zanzibar, 82 – 85

Index 285

interior of Oman, see coast-interior Kane, Ray, 147n15 distinction in Oman Katzman, Kenneth, 238n5 international law, and claims to Kelly, J.B., 77 Buraimi, 108 Khalid bin Barghash, 89 international relations Khalid bin Said, 65 of Iran, 188 – 189 al-Khalili, Ahmad bin Mohammed, 175 of Oman, 153 – 157 , 160 , 177 – 194 , al-Khalili, Majid, 107n4 211 – 218 , 241 – 248 , 265 , 266 – 268 al-Khalili, Mohammed (Imam of Oman), invented traditions, 201n6 94 , 104 – 105 , 113 – 114 Iran and Buraimi dispute, 111 Gulf Region territorial claims of, al-Khalili, Said bin Khalfan, 78 , 79 – 81 183 , 187 Khamis bin Salim, 30 and Iraq, 184 , 185 – 186 , 189 – 190 , 267 Khatami, Mohammed, 241 – 242 Islamic Revolution in (1978–79), Kitab Ajaib al-Hind (The Book of the 188 – 189 Wonders of India, Buzurg ibn and Oman, 155 – 156 , 179 , 180 , Shahriyar), 13 – 14 182 – 184 , 188 – 189 al-Kusaibi, Mohammed bin Nasir, 258 mediation in nuclear crisis, 241 – 248 Kuwait and Strait of Hormuz, 4 , 5 Iraqi claims on, 187 and US, 237 Iraqi invasion of (1990), 212 – 215 Iran-Iraq war (1980), 189 – 190 Iraq Landon, Tim, 147n15 , 169 and Iran, 184 , 185 – 186 , 189 – 190 , 267 Lawati, 16 and Kuwait Lawson, Fred, 238 invasion of 1990, 212 – 215 leadership, election/appointment of, 198 , Iraqi territorial claims on Kuwait, 187 228 , 232 – 233 post-Saddam, 265 – 266 legal system, Omani, 176 US intervention in, 234 – 235 legislation, sources of, 230 irrigation channels, 8 – 9 liberalisation policies, 222n18 IS (Islamic State), 249 , 265 – 266 Limbert, Mandana, 176 , 177 Isa bin Salih, 92 , 94 Ishaq bin Yahuda story, 13 – 14 al-Maamari, Talib, 257 Islam al-Maawali, Taiba, 210 – 211 , 240 in Oman, 9 – 10 Macki, Ahmad bin Abdul Nabi, see also Ibadism 169 – 170 , 226 on slavery, 56 – 57 Majid bin Said (ruler of Zanzibar), Islamic revivalism, 207 – 209 65 – 67 , 79 , 80 Islamists/Islamism Majlis al-Dawla, 228 – 229 and Arab Spring, 250 Majlis Oman, 228 – 229 in Oman, 11 , 176 – 177 , majlis practice, 200 208 – 209 , 219n16 Majlis ash-Shura, 199 , 202 , 205 – 206 , suppression of, 219 – 222 209 – 211 Israel elections for, 209 – 210 , 257 Omani dialogue with, 216 – 218 powers of, 230n26 domestic opposition against, 218 – 219 Makran (Baluchistan), 16 – 17 , 32 – 33 see also Arab-Israeli confl ict Malik bin Fahm narrative, 7 – 8 Ivory trade, 61 MAN (Movement of Arab Nationalists), Dhofari participation in, 137 – 138 Jebel Akhdar, 3 al-Mantheri, Yahya bin Mahfoudh, struggles for control of, 125 – 127 , 263 – 264 129 – 130 marginalisation of Oman, in global/ Jews, portrayal of, 14 maritime trade, 64 – 65 , 70

286 Index

maritime trade Arab, 251 – 252 on Indian Ocean, 14 , 37 , 270 – 271 constitutional, 227 – 228 , 261 British dominance of, 38 Moresby, Fairfax, 58 – 59 Omani network of, 35 – 36 , 38 – 39 Moresby Treaty (1822, Great of Oman, 11 – 14 , 26 Britain–Oman), 58 – 59 decline in, 64 – 65 , 70 Moza bint Ahmad, 47 and global networks, 2 , 3 , 35 – 36 , Musallim bin Nufl , 138 44 – 45 , 52 Muscat, 47 , 172 of Portugal, 15 struggles for control of, 32 – 34 , 40 – 41 , Masirah air base, US use of, 191 – 192 , 46 , 47 – 48 , 85 – 86 234 – 235 Wahhabism in, 48 Mauritius, French colonial rule of, 41 – 42 Muscat-Oman distinction, 11 Maurizi, Vincenzo, 59 Muslim Brotherhood, 207 – 209 , 250 Mazrui ruling elite, 52 – 53 Omani associations with, 219n16 merchants Muslims, Shia, 16 , 266 – 267 Indian, on Zanzibar, 60 – 61 mutawiah movement (Ibadi revivalism), 82 Omani Muttrah, 16 in government, 172 – 175 on Zanzibar, 54 – 55 al-Nabhani, Himyar bin Nasir, 90 Middle East Peace Process, 215 – 218 nahda movement (awakening) migrant labour, 14 – 15 , 17 , 171 – 172 , in Oman, 72 – 74 , 75 – 76 , 88 – 89 , 90 269 – 270 on Zanzibar, 85 migrants Na’im shaikhs (Buraimi), 108 – 109 Omani narratives in Gulf States, 137 , 171 – 172 of maritime trade, 13 – 14 on Zanzibar, 54 , 70 – 71 of origin, 7 – 8 Zanzibari, in Oman, 16 , 170 Nasir bin Murshid (Imam of Oman, military assistance to Oman 1624–1649), 25 , 38 British, 125 , 127 – 130 , 135 , 152– 153 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 105 Iranian, 156 Nasserism, Iran’s opposition to, 182 of United States, 191 , 193 nation states military expenditures, 237 – 238 , 268 formation of military forces Oman, 99 , 106 – 107 , 121 – 122 Omani, 193 Saudi Arabia, 49 – 50 , 99 of US and Imamate, 117 – 118 in Oman, 234 – 235 and sovereignty, 105 in Saudi Arabia, 213 national identities, 198 ministers, 201 – 202 nationalisation policies, 166 corruption accusations against, 254 government/politics, 167 , 168 – 171 , modernity/modernisation, 121n27 172 – 175 in Oman, 1 – 3 , 17 – 18 , 85 – 89 , 269 religion, 166 , 175 – 177 governmental/political, 161 – 162 , 167 , nationalism/nationalist movements, 168 – 171 , 172 – 175 , 202– 206 , 105 , 121n27 209 – 211 Arab nationalism and tradition, 195 – 197 Dhofari participation in, 137 – 138 and religion, 81 – 82 and Imamate, 117 – 118 , 123 – 124 on Zanzibar, 81 – 85 and oil production, 106 Mohammed Ali (Viceroy of Egypt), 49 – 50 NDFLOAG (National Democratic Front Mohammed bin Aqil, 134 – 135 for the Liberation of Oman and Mombasa, 52 – 53 the Arabian Gulf), 143 monarchy/monarchs, 2 Nizwa, 114

Index 287

struggles for control of, 120 PFLO (Popular Front for the Liberation of NLF (National Liberation Front, Yemen), Oman ), 158 – 160 138 , 140 – 142 PFLOAG (Popular Front for the Liberation non-Arab tribes, 6 – 7 of the Occupied Arabian Gulf), non-modern elements, persistence of, 2 – 3 143 – 144 , 158 nuclear crisis (Iran), Oman’s role in, defections from, 152 – 153 241 – 248 see also DLF (Dhofar Liberation Front) piracy OIC (Organisation of the Islamic British use of term, 134 – 135 Conference), 185 in Gulf region, 43 – 44 oil exploration PLA, see PFLOAG (Popular Front for on Arabian Peninsula, 95 – 96 , 100 – 102 the Liberation of the Occupied British concessions/interests, 101 – 102 , Arabian Gulf) 104 , 110 plantation economies, 41 – 42 and Buraimi dispute, 109 , 110 Omani involvement in, 52 in Oman, 109 , 118 – 119 , 122 and slave trade, 57 – 58 oil exports, of Gulf States, 4 – 5 on Zanzibar, 59 – 61 oil production/revenues, 19 , 157 , 163 – 164 political participation, 202 – 206 , depletion of, 223 – 224 , 268n45 209 – 211 , 227 and nationalism, 106 excluded groups, 220 – 221 Oldman, Hugh, 146 by women, 210 – 211 , 229 Onley, James, 50 – 51 see also opposition movements opposition/opposition movements, 205 political parties against Al Bu Said dynasty, legitimisation of, 230 , 256 18 – 19 , 77 – 78 and shura politics, 200 and Arab Spring, 250 – 259 politics against British colonialism, 123 – 124 , future challenges, 260 – 261 , 268 137 – 138 of oil, 106 in Oman, 90 – 94 , 131 and opposition movements, 205 on Zanzibar, 71 , 74 religious, 72 , 75 – 76 , 78 – 81 demands of, 230n26 and representation, 204 against dialogues with Israel, 218 – 219 of shura , 197 – 202 , 220 – 221 suppression of, 219 –222 , Portugal 239 – 240 , 257 maritime trade by, 15 see also rebellions/insurgencies presence in East Africa, 24 – 25 origin, narratives of, 7 – 8 presence in Oman, 23 – 25 Oslo Accords (1993), 216 resistance against, 25 , 38 postcolonialism, 105 Pakistan, Omani possessions in coastal Pouwels, Randall, 69 – 70 region of, 32 – 33 , 127 presidents-for-life, 251 – 252 PDO (Petroleum Development Oman), Prestholdt, Jeremy, 84 – 85 102 , 110 protest, political, see opposition/ oil exploration activities in Buraimi, 109 opposition movements oil exploration activities in Fahud, public opinion, on dialogue with Israel, 118 – 119 , 122 218 – 219 Persians maritime trade of, 12 – 13 Qaboos bin Said (Sultan of Oman, in Oman, 7 – 9 , 27 , 28 – 32 1970–present), 19 , 106 , 218f. 17 Peterson, John E., 107n4 , 147n15 , 164 coup by, 145 – 150 Petroleum Development (Oman and reign of, 147n16 , 149 , 196 , 201 – 202 Dhofar), 102 and Arab Spring, 251 – 252 , 255 – 256

288 Index

Qaboos bin Said (Sultan of Oman, al-Riyami, Abu Zayd Abdallah bin 1970–present) (cont.) Mohammed, 91 Basic Statute of State by, 227 – 231 Roberts, Edmund, 60 , 61 – 62 and Dhofar rebellion, 150 – 159 Ross, Dennis, 192n29 economic policies, 174 – 175 , 222 – 227 , Rouhani, Hossein, 245 – 246 229 – 230 Rumsfeld, Donald, 234 – 235 governmental restructuring, 167 , 168 – 170 , 172 – 175 , 202 – 206 , Said bin Ahmad (ruler of Oman, 209 – 211 1783–1792), 32 , 33 – 34 , 40 Meet the People Tour, 200 – 201 Said bin Sultan (ruler of Oman, visit to Iran, 245 1804–1828/1856), 16 , 18 , succession of, 228 , 232 – 233 40 , 134 Qawasim tribe death of, 63 alliance with Wahhabism, 39 – 40 , 45 – 46 Muscat ruled by, 46 – 47 British military campaign against, 50 – 51 Zanzibar ruled by, 51 – 63 piracy by, 43 Said bin Taimur (Sultan of Oman, rivalry with Oman, 39 , 48 , 180 1932–1970), 18 – 19 , 32 – 33 , Qays bin Ahmad, 32 , 33 , 34 , 47 – 48 99 , 121n26 coup to depose of, 145 – 150 Rabi, Uzi, 100 , 107n4 , 108n6 reign of, 100 – 107 , 109 , 111 – 113 , Rabin, Yitzhak, 216 – 217 , 218f. 17 135 – 136 , 161 – 162 , 164n5 Ras al-Khaimah, Iranian claims on, 183 opposition to, 131 al-Rashdi, Hamad bin Mohammed, 239 Dhofar rebellion, 132 , 136 – 141 , rebellions/insurgencies 144 – 145 Dhofar region, 18 – 19 , 132 , Imamate rebellion, 115 , 121 – 122 , 136 – 141 , 166 124 – 125 , 127– 129 internationalisation of, 141 – 144 Salafi sm Iran’s involvement in, 182 – 183 Ibadi, 74 – 75 resolution of, 150 – 159 threats of, 267 Imamate rebellion, 116 – 117 , 120 , Salih bin Ali, 88 – 89 122 – 123 , 124 – 125 Salim bin Rashid (al-Kharusi) (Imam of and British military assistance, Oman), 90 – 94 127 – 128 Salim bin Thuwaini (ruler of Oman, resolution of, 128 – 129 1866–1868), 77 – 78 Ya’ariba civil war, 16 – 17 , 28 – 32 al-Salimi, Abdallah bin Humayd, 90 see also opposition/opposition al-Salimi, Abdulrahman, 177 movements al-Salimi, Mohammed bin Abdallah, religion 72n13 , 81 and modernisation, 81 – 82 SAS (British Special Air Service), Omani nationalisation of, 166 , 175 – 177 deployment in Oman, 129 – 130 religious education, 176 – 177 Saudi Arabia religious politics, 72 , 75 – 76 , 78 – 81 Al-Qaida orginating from, 235 – 236 rentier states, 165 – 166 , 264 – 265 and collective security of Gulf Region, representation, political, 204 185 , 190 , 246 – 247 Réunion, French colonial rule of, 41 – 42 and Iran, 246 – 247 revolutions and Oman, 78 – 79 , 154 – 155 , 160 , 236 Islamic in Iran (1978–79), 188 – 189 Buraimi dispute, 106 – 113 in Yemen, 138 , 140 – 142 Imamate, 108 , 115 – 116 Rida, Rashid, 73 Shiite crescent worries of, 265 – 266 Rigby, Christopher, 68 – 69 state/unifi cation of, 49 – 50 , 99 Risso, Patricia, 27 , 30 , 31 US military presence in, 213

Index 289

Wahhabism in, 39 Sulayman bin Daoud (Persian ruler of Sayf bin Ahmad, 32 – 34 , 40 Oman), 8 – 9 Sayf bin Sultan (Imam of Oman, Sulayman bin Himyar, 116 – 117 1728–1741), 27 – 28 , 29 Sultan bin Ahmad (ruler of Oman, security 1792–1804) in Gulf region, 184 – 188 , 189 – 191 , death of, 46 – 47 213 – 215 Muscat controlled by, 34 and Iranian Revolution, 188 – 189 reign of, 40 , 44 , 46 Saudi views of, 185 , 190 , 246 – 247 rise to power of, 18 , 32 – 34 , 41 see also GCC (Gulf Cooperation Sultan bin Mohammed al-Qasimi (ruler of Council) Sharjah), 43 Omani policies, 238 – 239 , 265 , 266 – 268 Sultan bin Murshid (Imam of Oman, of Strait of Hormuz, 178 – 179 1741–1749), 28 – 29 Seeb Agreement (1920), 95 , 105 – 106 , 117 Sultan bin Saif (Imam of Oman, and British oil interests, 101 – 102 1649–1688), 25 renewal sought of, 128 – 129 Sultan bin Saif (Imam of Oman, al-Shanfari, Said bin Ahmad, 174 1711–1719), 26 Sharqiyah region, 5 Sultan Qaboos University, 264 Shatt al-Arab, Iranian-Iraqi agreement Sultan title, 67 over, 184 sultanate, transformation into, 25 Shia Muslims, 16 , 266 – 267 symbols, creolisation of, 84 – 85 Shiite crescent worries, 265 – 266 Syria, armed confl ict against shura politics, 197 – 202 , 220 – 221 Assad-regime, 249 Sindbad, 13 – 14 Sirhan Bin Said bin Sirhan bin Taimur bin Faisal (Sultan of Oman, Mohammed, 7 – 8 1913–1932), 94 – 96 slave trade Talib bin Ali, 116 – 117 , 120 , 123 , abolition of, 50 , 58 124 – 125 Omani cooperation with, Tariq bin Taimur, 144 – 145 , 150 , 153 – 154 , 58 – 59 , 86 – 87 167 , 168 – 170 Omani involvement in, 52 taxation, in Dhofar region, 136 – 137 and plantation economies, 57 – 58 terrorism slavery internal Omani, 239 – 240 in Indian Ocean region, 55 – 56 , 57 – 58 see also war on terror in Oman, 56 – 57 thalassocracy, Oman as, 35 – 36 , 40 on Zanzibar, 55 , 59 – 61 Thuwaini bin Said (ruler of Muscat), Smiley, David, 129n33 65 – 66 , 76 – 77 social media, criticism of Omani Tipu Sultan (ruler of Mysore), 38 – 39 government on, 252 – 253 Topan, Shivji, 54 Sohar, 13 – 14 , 29 , 254 – 255 Townsend, John, 164n5 , 171 South Yemen trade alliance with Soviet Union, 141 – 142 in ivory, 61 diplomatic relations with Oman, 160 maritime establishment of, 138 , 140 – 141 on Indian Ocean, 14 , 37 , 270 – 271 sovereignty, and nation states, 105 British dominance of, 38 Soviet Union Omani network of, 35 – 36 , 38 – 39 alliance with South Yemen, 141 – 142 narratives of, 13 – 14 and Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, 212 – 215 of Oman, 11 – 14 , 26 Standard Oil Company, 100 – 101 decline in, 64 – 65 , 70 State Consultative Council (SCC), 203 – 206 and global networks, 2 , 3 , 35 – 36 , Sulaiman, Sadek, 210 44 – 45 , 52

290 Index

trade (cont.) Valeri, Marc, 162 – 163 , 162n2 , 164n5 , of Persians, 12 – 13 201n6 , 226n24 of Zanzibar with India, 85 Vision 2020 Conference, 222 – 227 policies, of Omani Imamate, 79 – 80 in slaves al-Wahhab, Mohammed ibn Abd, 39 abolition of, 50 , 58 Wahhabism/Wahhabis Omani cooperation with, 58 – 59 agreements with British, 49 Omani involvement in, 52 alliance with Qawasim, 39 – 40 , 45 – 46 and plantation economies, 57 – 58 Egyptian military campaign tradition against, 49 – 50 invented, 201n6 in Muscat, 48 and modernity, 195 – 197 Oman threatened by, 39 , 45 – 46 , 48 , 49 tribes/tribal government, 6 – 7 , 118 – 119 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 36 abolishment of, 161 – 162 , 166 war on terror see also Qawasim tribe Omani participation in, 233 – 241 Turki (Saudi prince), 247 and United States, 233 Turki bin Said (Sultan of Oman/Muscat), Water Resources Working Group (Middle 76 , 77 – 78 , 80 , 85 – 88 East Peace Process), Omani Turki ibn Ataishan, 111 participation in, 216 – 218 Waters, Richard, 62 UAE (United Arab Emirates), 178 West, anti-Muslim/anti-Islam perceptions and Iran, 246 in, 237 Muslim Brotherhood in, 208 Wilkinson, John C., 75 , 108n6 , 109 , oil exports of, 4 110n10 , 112 , 121n26 , 180 – 181 and Oman, 180 – 182 women Qawasim rulers of, 39 dress codes for, 195 – 196 ulama , 177 political participation by, 210 – 211 , 229 Ulrichsen, Kristian Coates, 268n45 university graduates, 264 unemployment, youth, 172 , 250 – 251 workforce, 263 , 264 unifi cation migrant labour, 14 – 15 , 17 , 171 – 172 , of Oman, 119 – 120 269 – 270 of Saudi Arabia, 99 Omanisation of, 225 United Arab Emirates, see UAE World Bank, on Omani economy, 223 – 224 United Association for Studies and Worrall, James, 251 , 256 Research (UASR), 219n16 al-Wuhaybi, Said Salim, 146 – 148 , 169 United Nations on Iran’s nuclear capabilities, 243 xenophobia, alleged, of Imamate Oman’s membership of, 153 – 154 movement, 79 – 80 , 92 – 93 United States and Iran, 237 Ya’ariba civil war, 16 – 17 , 28 – 32 Oman’s mediator role in, 241 – 248 Ya’ariba dynasty, 17 – 18 , 25 – 27 and Iraq, 212 – 215 , 234 – 235 Yemen and Middle East instability in, 267 interests in oil exploration, National Liberation Front revolution in 100 – 102 (1967), 138 , 140 – 141 peace process, 215 – 218 alliance with Soviet Union, 141 – 142 and Oman, 180 , 191 – 194 and war on terror, 236 – 237 treaties and alliances, 61 – 63 see also South Yemen war on terror, 233 youth, unemployment of, 172 , 250 – 251 Omani support for, 234 – 235 Yusuf bin Alawi, 169 – 170 , 247

Index 291

Zabih, Sepehr, 182 Omani possession/rule of, 5 , 16 , 51 – 63 Zanzibar British interference with, 89 British control of, 62 , 64 , 66 – 70 separation from Oman, 65 – 71 , 75 – 76 opposition to, 71 , 74 slavery on, 55 , 59 – 61 merchants, 54 – 55 , 60 – 61 Zawawi, Omar, 173 , 174 migrations to Oman from, 16 , 170 Zawawi, Qais, 173 , 174 , 185 , 226 modernisation/development of, 81 – 85 Zubair, Mohammed, 174