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I Have Basically Three Ideas on My Mind to Write My Dissertation INTERPRETING MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ONLINE EXPERIENCES: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Education of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Hongyan Ma March 2005 © 2005 Hongyan Ma All Rights Reserved This dissertation entitled INTERPRETING MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ ONLINE EXPERIENCES: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH by HONGYAN MA has been approved for the Department of Educational Studies and the College of Education by Sandra Turner Professor of Instructional Technology James Heap Dean of the College of Education MA, HONGYAN. Ph.D. March 2005. Instructional Technology Interpreting Middle School Students’ Online Experiences: A Phenomenological Approach (237pp.) Director of Dissertation: George Johanson The focus of this dissertation was to investigate the experiences of middle school youth when they access the Internet at home or at school and the meanings they give to their online experiences. Gender differences were explored in terms of boys and girls’ uses of the Internet and their understandings of these uses. Three middle schools in Ohio were the major settings, in which focus groups of boys and girls were conducted to gain first hand data from the middle school students. Multiple perspectives were gained through interviews with teachers, parents, media specialists, and principals. Observations within schools were used to add depth to this qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Qualitative data analysis was used for interpretation of the data collected from multiple sources. Findings of the study showed that students are savvy with Internet use at home and they loved using the Internet for multiple purposes. In contrast, the students reported the Internet use at school is limited and to some extent boring. On the surface, boys and girls reported using the Internet to do the same things such as chatting and gaming. Deeper analysis showed that boys and girls were in fact quite different in terms of what content they chose and the meanings they gave to chatting and gaming. The ease of the Internet also brought up the problem of digital cheating and plagiarism. More frequent Internet use exposed the middle school youth more often to certain dangers online. The findings of this study indicated that more engaging, constructivist ways of using the Internet to involve students in higher order thinking activities that are relevant to their own experiences can help combat plagiarism, enhance gender equity, reduce the digital divide, and promote meaningful learning. Approved: George Johanson Professor of Educational Research and Evaluation Acknowledgements Graduate study at Ohio University is an unforgettable experience in my life. I am grateful to many people that have helped me along this journey. This acknowledgement is particularly designed to thank all the people who supported me during my graduate studies at Ohio University. Special thanks to my adviser, Dr. Sandra Turner, who took precious time and effort to read and reread my dissertation and at the same time give suggestions for improving my research and dissertation writing. I would also like to thank my dissertation director Dr. George Johanson who provided valuable advices for my study and took pains to organize the dissertation defense. My appreciation also extends to the rest of my dissertation committee, Dr. Joseph Bernt and Dr. Teresa Franklin, who supported me whenever I needed them. Let me also express many thanks to my colleagues, faculty as well as students, who contributed to the content of my research. I am grateful to my husband Yong Lu. It was with his love, encouragement and understanding that I am able to make myself to this point. I would like to thank Dr. Wayne Huang, who gave me special support during my research and dissertation writing. I also thank my folks back in China who encouraged me and cared about me all the time. I thank my mother, Xiurong, and my father, Yingsheng for always being there for me. Thank my brother Hongbing and my sister Hongying for sending love to me and supporting me. Thank my niece Dan and my nephew Yixin. It’s your expectation that inspired me to move forward and achieve more. vii Table of Contents Page Acknowledgements..............................................................................................................vi Table of Contents................................................................................................................ vii List of Tables .......................................................................................................................xi List of Figures..................................................................................................................... xii Chapter One: Introduction ....................................................................................................1 An Overview of the Problem.....................................................................................1 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................5 Research Questions...................................................................................................6 Significance of the Study...........................................................................................6 Definition: What is a Middle School?.......................................................................7 Theoretical Framework ...........................................................................................10 Limitations of the Study ...........................................................................................16 Organization of the Study ........................................................................................16 Chapter Two: Literature Review .........................................................................................18 Introduction..............................................................................................................18 Use and Gratification Theory ..................................................................................18 Introduction..................................................................................................19 Major Assumptions ......................................................................................19 The Problem of the Needs............................................................................19 Sources of Gratifications .............................................................................20 Media Attributes...........................................................................................21 Media Use in General..................................................................................21 Motives for Internet Use ..............................................................................22 Summary ......................................................................................................24 Young People and Internet Use ...............................................................................25 Introduction..................................................................................................25 Internet Access at Home and at School .......................................................25 Use Patterns at Home and at School ...........................................................27 Digital Disconnect .......................................................................................29 Summary ......................................................................................................33 The Internet as Innovation.......................................................................................33 Introduction..................................................................................................33 Different Views about the Internet...............................................................34 Summary ......................................................................................................36 Gender Differences and the Internet........................................................................37 Introduction..................................................................................................37 Gender and the Internet Use........................................................................37 viii Summary ......................................................................................................42 Children’s Psychology Online .................................................................................43 Introduction..................................................................................................43 Children’s Relationship with Computers and the Internet ..........................43 Summary ......................................................................................................52 Privacy and the Internet...........................................................................................52 Introduction..................................................................................................52 Children’s Privacy Online ...........................................................................53 Summary ......................................................................................................56 Ethics and the Internet.............................................................................................56
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