Index

AAAS (American Association for adolescence Mali; Mauritania; the Advancement of Science), identity development among, Mozambique; Namibia; 91 306 Nigeria; Rwanda; Senegal; Aakhus, M., 178 identity practices of boys, 353 South Africa; Tanzania; Aarseth, Espen, 292n revelation of personal Uganda; Zambia abbreviations, 118, 120, 121, 126, information by, 463 African-Americans, 387 127, 133, 134 psychological framework of, 462 identity practices of adolescent ABC (American Broadcasting advertising, 156, 329, 354, 400, boys, 353 Company), 413, 416 415, 416, 420–1 political discussion, 174 ABC (Australian Broadcasting banner, 425 African Global Information Commission), 420 elaborate and sophisticated, 409 Infrastructure Gateway Aboriginal people, 251, 253, porn, 428 Project, see Leland 257–8, 262, 263 revenues, 417, 418, 419, 435 age, 280, 431, 432 abusive imageries, 431 Advertising Age, 417 porn images, 433 accessibility, 13, 50–1, 53, 424 aesthetics, 391, 425, 428, 430, agency, 44, 53, 55, 62, 312 balancing security and, 278 434 conditioned and dominated by control of, 388 alternative, 427 profit, 428 increasing, 223 digital, 407 technologically enhanced, 195 limited, 26 familiar, 435 AHA (American Historical private, 94 games designer, 75 Association), 86 public, 94, 95 play and, 373 Ahmed, Sara, 286–7, 288 see also Internet access promotional, 409 AILLA (Archive of the Indigenous accountability, 151, 191, 199, Afghanistan, 205 Languages of Latin America), 207, 273, 276, 277 AFHCAN (Alaska Federal 263 balancing privacy and, 278 Healthcare Access Network), Ajax, 457 does not negate the idea of play, 224 al-Abedallah, Zenab, 203, 204 279 COPYRIGHTEDAfrica, 85, 145, 181, 195 MATERIALAlbrecht, S., 173, 175, 179 acculturation, 46 digital divide, 189 Alexa Internet, 30 ACOR (Association of Internet-led development, 194 Alexander, J., 283, 284, 292n Cancer Online Resources), languages, 255, 263 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland 216–17 minorities, 251, 262 (Lewis Carroll), 126–7 Acquisti, A., 389, 390, 462 opportunity to leapfrog into the alienation, 63, 64, 76 acronyms, 118, 120, 121, 134 future, 199 Allan, G., 385 Active Worlds, 330, 341 Unicode system not widely Allen, G., 98 activism, 77, 261–2, 359 understood by ICT Allen, S., 407 political, 192, 262 professionals, 263 alliances, 409, 417–18 ad hominem attacks, 181 see also Benin; Côte d’Ivoire; building, 194 Adams, S., 215 Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; alphabet, 126 addiction, 159 Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; alt sites, 316, 427–30 porn, 426, 427, 434 Guinea-Bissau; Kenya; AltaVista, 19 administrative law, 139, 156 Lesotho; Madagascar; Malawi; alternative medicines, 216 Index 471 amateurs archives, 11, 12, 24–42 newly mediated, 421 archivings, 29 interpretations of, 13 niche, 434 pornographies, 427, 429–31 massive, 53, 420 potential, 411 Amazon, 128 new methods for, 13 timeshifting, 413 ambiguity, 396–7 public, 94 audio, 256, 413 gender, 272 virtual worlds or social network Australia, 21, 31, 203, 271, American Cancer Society, 341 sites, 52 411–12, 414 American democracy, 169 ARDnet (Africa Regional Dialogue great interest in using ICT, 263 American Medical Association, 215 in Decentralization Network), indigenous peoples, 251, 253, American Psychologist, 66 202 254, 257–8 Amhaz, Khaled, 203 Aristotle, 103, 126 minority languages, 262 Amman, 189, 193, 202 Arnold, E. L., 260 most powerful commercial ancestral lands, 260 Arnold, M., 303 network in, 417–18 Andersen, B., 40n arousal, 429 penetration of computers into Anderson, B., 46, 67, 68–9, 74, ARPANET, 1 households, 71 283, 318 artistic erotica, 428 research ethics programs, 85 Anderson, C. G., 253, 254 artistic traditions, 259 see also ABC Anderson, J., 239, 258 Arto, 387, 394 authenticity, 163, 164, 274, 275, Andrejevic, M., 407 Arusha, 194 278, 279, 285, 310, 354, Animal Crossing, 375 Arvidson, A., 31 387, 430 animation, 416 Arwarbukarl, 263 attempt to verify, 338 Anjuman, Rawnak, 206 ASCAP (American Society of crucial to creating trust, 389 anonymity, 100, 101, 102, 162, Composers and Publishers), flawed system for recognizing, 163–4, 218, 223, 225, 254, 442 389–90 277, 424, 435 ASCII (American Standard Code guarantees of, 353 convenience and, 222 for Information Interchange), moral panic surrounding, 388 dark side of discussion online, 263, 371 problematic, 391 172 ASEAN (Association of South East authoritarian states, 191 imposters protected from Asian Nations), 152 ending rule, 195 exposure by, 254 Asia 244, 265, 335 political activism stunted by potential for, 170 economic growth possible coercive capacities of, 192 promised, 453 without democratization, 195 revolutions against governments, self-presentation, 276 political development potential 180–1 anonymization, 96, 164, 393–4 of Internet in, 194 strengthening the hand of, 194 anorexia, 88, 95, 360 tribal peoples, 251, 262 authority anthropomorphic animals, 315, see also FERCAP; UNESCAP adult, 360 328 Asian and Asian-American guarantees of, 353 anti-social behavior, 170 students, 395–6 newspaper’s claim to, 410 anti-terrorism laws, 146, 163 AsianAvenue, 386 auto assembly lines, 127 antitrust law, 138, 146 assimilation, 254, 261 auto-fill-ins, 99 anxiety, 359, 397 Internet as a tool of, 258 autonomy, 87, 178 cultural, 426 Association of Tennis Professionals, cultural anxiety concerning, 426 risk, 360 410 diminished, 84 AoIR (Association of Internet asynchronous sites, 326 requirement to acknowledge, 84 Researchers), 12, 21, 92, 93, AT&T, 142 rights to and expectations of, 94, 119, 134n ATNS (Agreements Treaties and 91 Ethical Decision Making (2002), Negotiated Settlements) avatars, 274, 275, 289, 326–7, 87 database, 262 329, 334, 371, 386, 389 Ethics Working Group, 91 Attac (extreme-right NGO), 39 affixing of “real” identity to, guidelines, 14, 83, 103 attorneys, 141 339 AOL (AmericaOnline), 88, 101, attractiveness, 392, 455 alternate, 336 384–5, 418 perceived, 391 attractive, 337 Aotearoa, 254, 262 Attwood, F., 428, 429, 433 choices of, 335 APA (American Psychological audiences, 388–9, 406, 409, 414, expertly simulated, 331 Association), 91–2 415, 454, 460 female, 281 apostrophes, 123 core, 411, 417 humans interact with, 90 Apple, 441, 443 integral role in circuits of desire identity focused on, 336 appropriation, 70, 73, 74 and pleasure, 430 male and female equally anxieties and struggles that massive, 419, 420 powerful, 288 accompany, 71 music, 441–50 relationships between players Arab world, 188, 193 national, 418 and, 292n impact of Internet in, 198 new, 425 rights of, 339, 340 Archipol (Dutch project), 32, 40n new relationships to, 407 stereotypical, 335 472 Index

“babe,” 288 BearShare, 441 archived, 30 baby boomers, 387 Beatles, The, 447 authored by women, 98 backgammon, 370 Beauchamp, Tom, 86 citizen-written, 180 Bailenson, J., 337 Beaverbrook, Lord, 415 competing, 409 Bakardjieva, Maria, 11, 13, 14, 64, Bebo, 384–5, 387 female political bloggers, 174 73, 74, 76, 77, 103, 310, 351 Beck, U., 362 hyper-blogging, 93, 103 Baker, A., 88, 92 Becker, M., 254, 258 journalists’, 410, 415 Baker, A. B., 171 Beer, D., 421 meta-tagging an entry, 51 Bakhtin, M., 63, 64, 76 behavioral research, 86 mobile phone, 118 balance of power, 339 Beierle, T. C., 178, 183n numbers of, 96 gendered, 322 Beijing, 286, 287 on-air personalities, 413 balancing (legal practice), 147 Beirut, 203 personal diary-style, 312 bandwidth, 331, 425, 434 Belgium, 72 political, 77, 174, 176 Bangladesh 203, 206, 207 Bell, Gordon, 50 queer, 274 banner advertisements, 425 Bellah, R. N., 314 religious, 245 Barab, S., 341 Bellman, K., 326, 327, 331–2, users allowed to blend favorite Barber, Benjamin, 169 338 sites, 418 Barbie Girls, 342 Belmont Report, The (US 1979), virtual worlds, 340 Barboza, D., 207 83, 84–5 blood ties, 396 Bargh, J. A., 454 belonging, 67 Blue Snake’s Lodge, 254 Barlow, John Perry, 18, 20 sense of, 455 BlueSky, 315, 317, 319, 320, 335 Barnes, J., 385 Bender, M., 100 BMI (Broadcast Music, Inc.), 442 Barnes, S. B., 462 beneficence, 85, 87, 91 board games, 370–1 Baron, Naomi S., 112–13, 118, Benin, 201, 202 Boas, Taylor C., 195 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, Benjamin, Walter, 45 Bober, M., 75, 88, 349, 362 131, 390, 394, 397, 399 Benkler, Y., 455 Bødker, M., 277 barriers to entry, 373 Bennett, D., 425, 428, 430, 435 body politics, 273 bars, 286 Bennett, James, 420 body-to-body encounters, 275 Barthes, Roland, 461 Berg, M., 215 Boler, M., 77 Bartle, Richard, 328, 340, 370, Berger, P. L., 54 Bolivia, 257 374, 380n Berker, T., 70, 71, 72, 73 Bolter, J. D., 259, 407 Barzilai, G., 242 Berland, J., 331, 343–4 bonding, 375, 396 Barzilai-Nahon, K., 242 Berners-Lee, Tim, 29, 53, 457 Boneva, B., 67, 120 Basu, K., 197 Bernhardtz, V., 292n Bont, A. de, 215 Bateson, Gregory, 51 Berry, C., 289, 293n bootlegs, 378 Batt, E., 385 Berry, D., 103 borderless territory, 261 Battlefield, 1942 375 Bers, M. U., 175 boredom, 131 Bauman, Z., 65 beta-testing, 378 Borgmann, A., 310, 313, 319, 321 Baym, Nancy, 12, 14, 132, 233, Bible-reading, 125 Bornstein, Kate, 274 237, 305, 314, 318, 319, bilateral treaties, 151 Boston Globe, 168, 416 323, 385, 388, 393, 394, Bimber, B., 195 boundaries, 278, 283, 322 395, 397, 398, 454 biomedical research, 84, 86 legitimate, 378 BBC (British Broadcasting Biraban, 263 national, 379 Corporation) bisexuals, 292n teenagers challenging, 360 children’s website, 360 hostility towards, 285 unified, 408 seven-day archive of programs, mailing-list community for, 276, Bourdieu, P., 75, 312, 391 413 291n Bower, R. T., 47 streamable program content, BitTorrent, 372 Bowker, G., 355 420 Black Death, 133 boyd, d., 349, 358, 385–6, 388, World Service, 409 black feminism, 291n 389, 391, 393, 394, 395, BBS (bulletin-board systems), 90, BlackBerries, 216 397, 398, 421, 453, 454, 264, 252, 304 blacklists, 339 456, 460, 462 early days, 372, 380n BlackPlanet, 174, 386, 387, 390 boys and toys, 270 fan communities, 4, 237 Blacksburg Electronic Village, 67, Brace, I., 99–100 networked gaming brought to 321 Brady, H. E., 170 larger population, 370 Blair Witch Project, The, 305, 410 Braidotti, Rosi, 271 porn distributed in, 89, 424, Blizzard Entertainment, 288 Braman, Sandra, 113, 146, 165n, 428 blockbuster films, 411 343 porn in, 424, 429, 433 blocking, 130, 316, 337 brands/branding, 343, 349, 409, virtual community created on, blogs, 83, 99, 112, 127, 173, 178, 417 316 217, 219, 255, 350, 354, Brasher, B., 233, 235 BDSM (bondage-domination- 356, 360, 380n, 385, 386, Bray-Crawford, Kekula, 253 sadism-masochism), 428, 432 398, 442, 448 Brazil, 150–1, 181, 190–1, 390 Index 473 breast cancer, 76–7, 160, 223 data protection laws, 153 chat rooms, 93, 99, 216, 222, bridge, 370 health matters, 214, 219–20 252, 255, 264, 363 British constitution, 154 IM conversations by teens, 120 ability to bypass traditional broadband, 138, 227, 321, 371 Métis peoples, 251, 255 mechanisms of news selection, relatively inaccessible, 408 minority languages, 262 194 broadcasting, 140, 141, 142–3, online sales of drugs to US, 225 academic, 18 146, 253 see also EPPP adverts in, 354 satellite, 149, 153, 224, 257 cancer, 76–7, 160, 223 closed down, 254 see also radio; television patient support, 178, 216–17 illegal activity, 95 Bromseth, Janne, 114, 272, 276, CAN-SPAM Act (US 2003), 155 people make themselves 277, 278, 279–80, 281, 282, capital, 197, 198, 433 accessible in, 51 285, 291n, 293n capitalism, 54, 343 private, 94 Bronze, The, 315 digital, 75 trolling, 100 Brown, A., 27, 40n “knowing,” 421 youth-frequented, 72 Brown, G., 204, 208 late modern, reading see also IRC browsers, 101 pornography as symptomatic Chau, C., 175 saving in windows, 27 of, 432 cheating, 160, 338–9 screenshots, 27, 29 capitalization, 123 Chee, W., 100 see also Internet Explorer; Cappella, J. N., 178 Chen, M., 375 Netscape Capurro, R., 103 Chen, S., 91 Bruce, R. R., 165n card games, 370–1 Chen, V. H., 379 Bruckman, Amy, 96, 270, 314, cardiac nurses, 219 Cheong, P. H., 244 316 Carnegie Mellon University, 64, Cherny, L., 314, 315, 317–18 Brügger, Niels, 11, 12, 13, 25, 26, 88–9 Cherokee websites, 260 33, 34, 36, 38, 40n, 41n Carnegie Young People Initiative, chess, 370 Bryce, J., 282, 287, 288 358 child-centered approach, 363 Brynin, M., 68 Carr, Diane, 287, 292n, 373 child porn Buchanan, Elizabeth A., 11, 14, Carroll, J., 67 distribution of, 426 53, 87, 91, 92, 93, 99 Carroll, Lewis, 126–7 possibilities of exchanging, 430 Buchner, P., 352 Cartesianism, 12, 271, 330 regulating access to, 434 Buddhism, 238, 239, 244 Carusi, A. 98 “teen” and “barely legal” young Buffy the Vampire Slayer, 315, 352 case law, 156 women as, 433 bugs, 328 Cassell, J., 356 children, 348–68 Bulgaria, 73, 361 Castell, S. de, 281 British, Internet use, 75 bulletin boards, see BBS Castells, Manuel, 198 cystic fibrosis, 223 Bunt, G., 237–8 Castronova, E., 339, 342, 379 exploitation of, 427 Burgess, Jean, 457 catch-up TV, 420 exposure to pedophiles and Burk, D., 98 catharsis, 172 pornography, 256, 426 Burkhalter, B., 319 Catholic Internet users, 244 exposure to porn online, 426 Burma, 260 Cathro, W., 31 interacting in virtual worlds, dissidents, 194 Cavecat/Telepresence desktop 304, 342 see also Myanmar videoconferencing systems, 18, language, 121–2 Burmeister, T., 200 22 learning from elders, 260 Burnett, Robert, 397, 407 CBC (Canadian Broadcasting malnourished, 188 BurningAngel, 428 Corporation), 386, 413 moral panics concerning, 426 Bush administration (US), 426 CD-ROMs, 263, 264 science education for, 317 Butler, Judith, 281, 284, 292n CDs (compact discs), 440, 442, sexual predation against, 139, Buzzell, T., 433 443, 449 388 Byrne, D. N., 174, 390 celebrities, 390, 396, 397 sites promoting the protection cellphones, see mobile phones of, 425 cable networks/channels, 153, 417 censorship, 20, 146, 158, 159, speech involving sexuality of, Café Paradiso, 286 426 145 Cairo, 188, 193 call for, 359 children’s rights, 358 Califia, P., 427 government, 180 Childress, James, 86 California, 150, 386 Central America Free Trade Chile, 261 caller-ID, 130 Agreement, 155 China, 150–1, 195, 207 cameras, 410, 469 Certeau, Michel de, 63 arrests of dissidents for online digital, 429 Chadwick, Andrew, 192 opposition, 194 still film, 429 Channel 9 (Australia), 417–18 impact of Internet, 194 Campbell, Heidi, 112, 114, 232, channel characteristics, 170 lesbian communities, 286, 287 233, 237, 240, 241, 242, 245 Charismatic-Pentecostal limits to time one can spend Canada, 21, 30, 31, 77, 85, 204, community, 237 online, 159 254, 260, 321, 409 Chartier, R., 125 political conversation online, 180 474 Index chit-chat, 65 CLCs (Ghanaian Community asynchronous, 353 Cho, H., 99–100 Learning Centers), 201 authentic, 310 choices, 87, 425, 433 Clem, Tim, 134n central component of endless, 428 clinical trials, 218 community, 310 ethical, 95, 102 Clinton, Bill, 196, 204 daily, 260 methodological, 92, 93, 95, 102 Club Penguin, 330, 342 democratic, 357 strategic, 391 CMC (computer-mediated face-to-face, 125, 394 word, 118 communication), 18, 44, 88, family member, 66 Chollian Buddhist community, 239 117, 118, 119, 240, 455 gendered, 319–20 Chomsky, Noam, 124 approaches to (1990s), 11 global network, 150 Chou, Y. A., 286 argument for “concrete studies” health, 212–31 Christensen, M. S., 277 of, 271 high-speed, 53 Christianity/Christians, 232, 243, conversations supported by, 239 Internet-mediated, 278 244 early research, 236 licensing specific types of, 146 conservative, 425, 432 writing influenced by, 122 many-to-many, 46 emergence of discussion groups, CME (US Center for Media mediated, 44, 454, 455, 465 237 Education), 75, 358 methods that compare across fundamentalist, 237 CNN (Cable News Network), 409 media, 52 monks, 126 Cockburn, C., 290n networked, 431 new mediated forms of cocoa, 207 new modes made possible, 67 practice/ritual, 240 code books, 92 non-mediated, 44 perception and understanding of coding schemes, 177–8 novel possibilities for involvement global community, 237 cognitive behavior therapy, 222 in public issues, 72 website usage, 235 cognitive science, 312 one-to-many, 46, 349 chronic disease, 222, 223 cognitive theory, 228 one-to-one, 349 Chun, W. H. K., 426, 428, 430, Cohen, J. E., 463 phatic, 459–60 433, 435 Cohen-Avigdor, N., 407 privacy 162–3 Cicero, 126 Coleman, S., 172, 178–9, 357, regulating, 140, 143 cinema, 407 359 relational, 394 Cisco, 18 collaboration, 32, 38, 40n, 41, rights of, 54 Cisco Network Academies/Least 254, 316, 455 social, 64 Developed Countries cyber-security issues, 152 some-to-some, 349 Initiative, 189, 190, 205–7, encouraged, 334 telephone, 125 208 research, 83 text-based, 314 CISMeF (Catalog and Index of collective action, 262 tool of, 260 French Language Health collectivity, 311 traditional channels challenged, Internet Resources), 214 college students, 132 261 citizens-in-waiting, 358 cellphone use, 322 traditional policy tools, 145 civic engagement, 77 female, text messaging, 120 vertical, 171 diminished, 175 Collier, P., 189 wired versus wireless, 142–3 ways in which Internet Colman, F., 289 written, mobile-phone, 125 precipitates, 193 colonization, 252, 256, 260, 332 see also CMC; EMC; civic pluralism, 192 ICT a powerful weapon for interpersonal communication; civil law, 139 fighting, 261 mass communication civil liberties, 146, 151 comic books, 411 communitarian movement, 310 governments reduce the scope commas, 123 CommuniTree, 316, 317, 337–8 of, 163 commercial opportunities, 75 community, 279, 304, 309–25, protection of, 156, 165 commercial persuasion, 360 397–8 restriction of, 155 commercialization, 284, 285, 289, computer-mediated, 238 civil rights, 285, 358 327, 352, 353, 356 created in various ways, 259 civil society, 54, 137, 145, 152 commercials, 416, 417 decision-making, 102 decision-making actively commodification, 64, 253, 313, dynamics on the Internet, 19 involving, 193 356, 429 feminist, 283, 284, 292n enabling the rise of, 194 common law, 156 financing of projects, 260 impact of Internet on, 198 communication networks, 133, gaming, 375–6 pressure from concerned groups, 189 helping re-establish a sense of, 150 privatization, liberalization and 260 rational-critical debate over deregulation of, 142 involvement in, 67–8 issues of public concern, 169 communication studies, 54 languages only spoken by tool that facilitates, 197 communications, 43, 73, 264, members of, 259 withdrawal from, 357 375, 453 loss of, 12, 21–2 Clark, L. S., 352 ability of Internet to facilitate, mailing-list, 276, 278, 291n Clark, M., 88 193 marginalized or isolated class, 196, 189, 280, 373, 431 and action, 51 members of, 172 Index 475

negotiating the grounds for, consumerism, 343, 354 cooperation, 314, 316 283 digital, 75 Coopersmith, J., 425, 426, 430, opportunities for involvement, consumption, 433 435 72 content, 353 Copier, Marinka, 374 personal, 385 access to, 137, 138, 158–60, copyright, 93, 138, 140, 258, 436 queer, 272, 284, 285, 292n 165 infringement of, 148, 155, 161, technology centers owned by, accidentally seen, 361 363 257 adult, 425, 426 policies dealing with, 152 see also POCs; biased, 360 role of, 340 pseudocommunities; virtual creating, 170, 457 software can be treated as text communities dated, 257 covered by, 144 competitiveness, 145, 152 delivery of, 417 techniques for enforcing, 161 complementary medicines, 216 distribution of, 419 threat to control of, 412 compulsory heterosexuality, 281, exploitative, 360 copyright law, 128, 148, 257, 414, 286, 292n harmful, 360, 361 441–2 CompuServe, 370 illegal, 360, 361, 434 documents or recordings computer labs, 257, 260 massive archive of, 420 protected under, 98 computer networks, 18, 45 mass-produced, 349 fair use central to, 162 interactions on, 88 offensive, 360 Corneliussen, H., 271, 288, 290n relatively advanced knowledge peer-to-peer, 360 corporate sponsorship, 343 of, 74 pornographic, 360, 361, 430 Corsaro, W. A., 351 computer screens, 331 posted, 392 Costello, B., 427 computer-technology centers, 266 prohibition on, 149 Côte d’Ivoire, 201, 202 female appropriation of, 271 regulation of, 145–6 Couldry, N., 358 lack of, 200 remixing, 456 counterfeit drugs, 225 computer training, 73, 207 user-generated, 360, 429, 435 Counter-Strike, 370 computers content analysis, 52, 432 Cowan, D. E., 233–4, 241–2, 243 challenges linked to, 125–6 contextualization, 97 CPE (customer premises extensions of ourselves, 100 contracts, 146, 151 equipment), 139 loan to buy, 203 flow-down system, 139 CPOE (computerized physician medical data transmitted role of, 339–40 order entry), 212, 224–5 between, 223 control, 312, 314, 316, 322 Cramer, F., 428 Microsoft packaged, 418 centralized, 311 Creative Commons licenses, 98 more powerful, 341 cultural anxiety concerning, 426 Creative Nomad players, 442 multimedia, 201 hierarchical, 320 creativity, 348, 349–50, 352, 353, radio receivers, 412 networked, 311 358, 453 restricted-access, 369 virtual worlds and, 337–9 defined and comprehended, 457 stand-alone, 127 control revolution, 50 interconnection of, 407 use of, 270 convergence processes, 139, 140, mundane forms of, 456 Condie, R., 355 141, 406 opportunities for, 354 conduct risks, 361 broadcast and online culture, vernacular, 457, 458 conferencing debut (1971), 118 407 credibility, 273, 276–9, 391 confidentiality, 95, 100, 101, 214 conversations, 120 credit card processing, 425 conflicts, 314, 316–18, 397, 462 asynchronous, 132 criminal activity, 145, 162 and conflict solving, 279 eavesdropping on, 460, 461 criminal law, 139 connectivity, 89, 113, 202, 208, face-to-face, 125, 127, 131, Critcher, C., 360 224, 352 132, 162, 175, 182 critical care nurses, 219 fast, 357 IM, 122 critical infrastructure, 147, 152 fragile, 224 likeminded others, 334 critical reason, 75 full, 199 moving from disagreement and critical theory, 54, 63 low, 224, 256 back, 318 Croft, Lara, 281, 292n poor, 265 organic, 173 Cronin, B., 424 powerful means of, 286 phone, 458, 463 Crook, C., 350 putting off implementation of posts meant to disrupt or Croon Fors, A., 326, 337, 341 new forms of, 72 disparage, 172 cross-dressers, 276, 278 Consalvo, Mia, 75, 284, 285, 287, rendered impossible, 316 cross-talk, 176 304, 330, 336, 339, 343, simultaneous, 131 Crystal, David, 262 373, 376, 380n synchronous, 132, 178 CSCW (Computer Supported consent, see informed consent see also political issues Cooperative Work), 17 consequentialism, 84 conversion, 70, 71 Cullen. T. T., 257, 265 consoles, 330, 371, 372 Cook, V., 134n cultural barriers, 158, 376 constitutional law, 154 cookies, 100, 163 crossing, 343 constructive criticism, 458 Cooks, L., 320 cultural capital, 354 consumer culture 5–6, 349 Cooper, A., 434 cultural groups, 251 476 Index cultural homogenization, 261 utopian thinking in/of, 276 decision-making, 150, 152, 154, cultural research, 92, 103 women buying into the notion 356 qualitative approaches to, 53 of, 271 actively involving civil society, culture, 191, 260, 301–469 cybersubjects, 285, 289 193 commodification of, 253, 313 cybertypes, 335 democratic representation of all defined, 303 cyborgs, 74, 290–1nn in, 151 deep-rooted attitudes, 206 emblematic, 271 rational, 228 differences, 181 Cyclone Nargis (2009), 207 requires detailed technical direct expression of, 265 Cyworld, 386, 387, 389, 393, knowledge, 156 exploiting, 254 394, 396 software programs, 159–60 impact of, 198 technical, 144 individualization of, 354 Dada, 63 defamation, 93 mass, 432 Daedalus Project, 374 Delgado-P, G., 254, 257, 258, misappropriation of, 252, 257–8 Dahlberg, L., 178, 181 265 national, 72–3 Dahlqvist, J. P., 428 deliberation, 177–80, 357 oral, 259 Daily Show, The, 77 Delli Carpini, M. X., 170 peer, 356 dams, 261 democracy, 197, 333, 334 potential of Internet to seriously Danard, D., 252, 253 assumed link between Internet impact, 258 Danet, Brenda, 274, 279 and political development rebuilding of, 260 dangerous liaisons, 388 towards, 195 religious, 242, 245 Dar es Salaam, 194 Athenian-style, 191 sensitive material, 258 data deliberative, 177 sexualization of, 432 anonymous, 101–2 mistakenly viewed as passive, traditional, 266 confidential, 100 169 see also cyberculture gathering of, 463 new technology of, 193 cultures of profiling, 274, 275 mining, 53 online political conversation an Cunard, J. P., 165n potential for tracking, 400 insult to, 176, 181, 182 cursive scripts, 126, 127 privacy of, 164 participatory, 145 Curtis, P., 388 reliable, 425 propensity towards, 265 custodianship, 257 sensitive, 99 representative, 155 Cutler, D., 358 shared, 372 democratic transition, 192 cyberactivism, 261–2 transborder flow, 98 democratization, 193 cyberbullies, 359, 360 see also personal data economic growth possible cybercrime, 152 data analysis, 49, 97, 99, 463 without, 195 cyberculture, 274 individuals of interest identified pornography, 430 critical, 275 through, 163 demographics, 65, 163, 174, 289, early research on, 276 data collection, 49, 71, 99, 101 320, 351, 395 cyberfeminism, 270, 271 automated, 390 diverse, 171, 371 Cyberpatrol, 425 data ownership, 98–9 younger, 417 cyberporn, 435 data protection, 100, 101, 153, 162 Denis, D., 120 cyberpunk authors, 330 data repositories, 97 Denmark, 21, 33, 173, 204, 179, cybersanghas, 238 databanks, 97 387 cybersecurity issues, 152 reuse, ethics of, 98 accidentally seen content, 361 cyberselves, 279 databases, 102, 262 school-based animation, 356 CYBERsitter, 425 highly specialized, 216 see also Arto; Netarchive Cybersociety (S. Jones), 233, 238 language, 263–4 deontological approaches, 84 cyberspace, 29, 44, 47, 59, 72, 78, datasets, 92 De Peuter, G., 377 160, 236, 238 dating/dating sites, 277, 284, deregulation, 142 cultural content subject to 390, 430 Dery, M., 424, 428, 430, 432 corporate domination, 75 sexualized personal profiles, 429 desire, 292n, 322, 331, 337, 377, depicted as permeable feminine teen, 65 392 place, 331 Davenport, E., 424 audience has integral role in emotional effects of prolonged Davenport, G., 391 circuits of pleasure and, 430 socializing in, 321 Davis, R., 171, 172, 173, 174, contradictory, 312 gender performativity in, 281 175, 177 corporeal, 287 imagined, 270 Dawson, L., 233–4, 241–2, 243 figured culturally, 286 new and extraordinary aspects dead links/people, 257, 258 fundamental, 453 of, 234 decentralization, 202, 226 real, 430 notion as disembodied, 271, deception/deceit, 75, 88, 89–90, same-sex, 274, 282, 283 272 277, 353, 388 sexual, 435 rape in, 88, 89, 90, 315, 333 fears about, 388 templates for individual revolution in, 13 identity, 276, 314, 318–19 expressions of, 429 sociology of, 233 playfulness and, 275 de Sola Pool, Ithiel, 140 term coined, 330 well-intended, 463 development dollars, 189 Index 477

DeviantArt, 458 DNS (denial of service) attacks, economies of scale, 204 deviants, 176, 283 141 Ecuador, 257 Dewey, John, 169, 182 Dobriansky, Paula, 192, 195 Edison, Thomas, 122 diacritical marks, 264 Dodgeball, 395, 398 education, 145, 157–8, 159, 199, dialects “dolphins,” 283 341 major, 263 domain names, 28, 140, 144, 150 adult, 160 rarest, 263 bought and sold, 160 continuing professional, 220 regional, 124 control over, 139 drill-and-skill, 356 Diamond Multimedia, 442 intersections between other health, 222, 223, 229 diaries, 312, 452, 453, 461 forms of intellectual property improving the quality of, 152 Dias, K., 88, 95, 96 and, 151 informal, student-centered and diaspora, 244, 264, 265 trademarks and, 160, 161 non-normative, 124 reconnecting, 260–1 see also ICANN IT, 206 Dibble, Julian, 88, 89, 90–1, 236, domestication approach, 70, 71, media, 334 315, 316, 331, 333, 334, 72, 242, 351 opportunities for involvement, 72 338, 373, 378 dominant corporations, 142 science, 317 Dickens, Charles, 127 Donath, J., 277–8, 318, 319, 388, sex, 425 digital divide, 156–7, 174, 188, 390, 391, 394, 396, 397, teachers’ expectations of 189, 408, 464 398, 454, 455, 462 outcomes, 355 bridging, 199, 205 Doom, 370 test scores, 356 defined by inequalities in Door (BBS protocol system), 370 unprecedented opportunities to Internet access, 198 Döring, N., 120 enhance, 188 linguistic dimension of, 256 Dorr, A., 350 useful and necessary services for living on the other side of, dot.com boom/crash, 18, 19, 384, indigenous people, 255 256 425 virtual worlds increasingly digital generation, 348 double hermeneutics, 13, 53–5 important sites for, 341 digital manufacturing technologies, Dovey, J., 292–3n, 373 see also learning; schools; 149 DRM (digital rights management) universities Digital Millennium Copyright Act systems, 138, 148, 161 EFF (Electronic Frontier (US 1998), 148, 442 Drotner, K., 352, 353, 356 Foundation), 156 Digital Performance in Sound Dublin, 71 e-government, 151, 153, 252 Recordings Act, 442 Duffy, M., 203, 204 need to authenticate identity for, digital printers, 162 Dungeons and Dragons, 370 163 digitization, 50, 142, 153, 165 Dutch issues, see Netherlands Egypt, 138, 195 forecasts of legal problems Dutta-Bergman, M., 228 new media channels, 192 resulting from, 140–1 DVDs (digital video disks), 429, public protests, 207–8 DiMaggio, P., 198 434 e-health consumers, 218 Dimmick, J., 393 porn sales on decrease, 435 e-health infrastructure, 226 Director, M. D., 166n publishing, 429 EHRs (electronic health records), disabilities, 342 rental and sales, 203 224, 225–7 discomfort, 287 Dworkin, A., 427 Eisenstein, Elizabeth, 126 discourse studies, 52 Dwyer, C., 453, 461 Eldridge, M., 120 discrimination, 171 Dyer, K., 88 Electric Frontier Foundation, 18 discussion groups, 260, 278, 390 Dyer-Witheford, N., 377 electromagnetic fields, 152 colonized, 390 Dyson, Laurel, 114, 251, 252, Elefant, C., 95 queer, 274 255, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261 Ellison, N. B., 349, 385–6, 388, discussion lists, 18 dystopia, 12, 13, 18, 20, 43, 233, 393, 394, 396, 397, 398, diseases, 255 234, 272 421, 453, 454 disembodiment, 271, 272 ElseMOO, 315, 317 disempowerment, 256, 352 East Asia, 193, 195 email, 18, 25, 45, 65, 112, 131, disintermediation, 449 eating disorders, 88, 92, 95, 222, 132, 218, 219, 252, 349, Disney, 330, 342 223 391, 394, 415, 452 dispersal, 260 e-books, 128 addresses and the apostrophe, dissidents, 194 e-commerce, 252, 257 123 distancing strategies, 181, 253 need to authenticate identity for, early, 117, 118 distribution mechanisms, 372, 380 163 embedded, 51 diversity, 124, 317 economic development, 191 encrypting, 164 exists within the self, 279 economic growth creating, 190 forwarded, 130 intercultural, 390 IT-led, 196 individualized feedback, 223 online pornography, 432 likelihood enhanced, 192 instant messaging, 360 division of labor, 199 possible without letter-writing, phone calls and social, 45 democratization, 195 conversations replaced by, 127 DNPP (Documentation Centre for record waves across developing messages easily reproduced and Dutch Political Parties), 40n world, 207 circulated, 94 478 Index email (cont’d) Eons, 387 European Court of Justice, methods for sending to specific e-petitions, 259 149–50 programs and hosts, 413 EPIC (Electronic Privacy European languages, 254 one of the earliest paths into, Information Center), 156 European Media Technology and 380n epistemology, 49, 60, 61 Everyday Life Network, 72 personal exchanges, 93, 117 EPPP (Canadian Electronic European Parliament, 178 physical representation of Publications Pilot Project), 30, Evans, J., 101 indigenous languages in, 263 31 EVE Online, 343 porn spam messages, 432 equality, 189 event strategy, 29 salacious, 163 ERBs (Ethics Review Boards), 87 EverQuest, 327, 329, 335, 339 success of, 392 Eriksen, Thomas, 127 everyday lifeworlds, 62–3, 64, 70 surveys for health research, 100 Erikson, Erik, H., 462 qualitative restructuring of, 74 used to support and maintain Eritrea, 201 teenagers in, 352, 453 meaningful relationships, 393 erotic poetry, 425 evolution metaphor, 343–4 viral marketing, 163 Erstad, O., 350 excessive drinking, 392 email lists, 32, 38, 40n, 173, 175, Esch, K., 429, 430 exclusion, 285 178, 197 ESRC (UK Economic and Social expectations, 348, 350, 356, 435 political party, 177 Research Council), 85 a priori, 463 emancipation, 63–4 Ess, Charles, 12, 87, 92, 93, 95, common, 454 embodiment, 275, 277, 278, 279, 98, 99, 103, 291n, 427 parental, 355 281, 285, 286, 287, 288, Essex University, 370 unrealistic, 361 326, 337, 355, 373 Essl, Karlheinz, 443 externalities, 139 more recent definitions of, 327 ethical norms extreme flexibility, 72, 73 poststructuralist and queer imposed from hierarchical extreme imageries, 431 theories of, 289 powers, 102 extreme right organizations, 39 EMC (electronically mediated shared, 87, 92 extroverts, 66 communication), 113, ethical pluralism, 92, 93 Eysenbach, G., 101, 217 119–23, 133, 134, 148, 237 ethics 11 emoticons, 120, 121, 133 Anglo-American-oriented Fabos, B., 452, 454 emotion, 89, 100, 462 reviews, 87 face-to-face encounters, 44, 51, queer movements and, 286–9 see also research ethics 127, 130, 131, 132, 175, empirical research, 52, 118, 121 Ethiopia, 199 182, 279, 318, 353, 456, explicit distinctions between ethnic groups 459, 463 different levels and stages of, dominant, poorer people from, communications, 125, 394 55 256 expressions given off, 454 meticulous, 71 minority, 194 inability to confront employment opportunities, 72 ethnicity, 77, 194, 256, 280, 431 transgressors, 317 empowerment, 64, 74, 189, 190, porn images, 433 leading away from, 240 191, 195, 203, 208, 362 stereotyped, 337 medical economic, 196, 197 ethnography, 70, 71, 72, 86, 96, interventions/consultations, health issues, 214, 218, 220, 243, 258, 280, 291n, 314, 223, 229 223, 229n 351 new friends included into closer Internet open to multiple levels Christian fundamentalist social circles after, 453 of, 194 websites, 237 off-screen, 275 personal, 284 digital, 52 participants wanting to meet, encryption, 94, 100, 164 institutional, 63 319, 320 Endangered Language Fund, 263 studies of virtual communities, socialization, 352 Endres, D., 170 320 Facebook, 21, 173, 305, England, 386 virtual, 52, 271 386–400, 419, 421, 444, Englebart, Douglas, 331 e-tourism, 260 448, 459, 461 English language, 254, 255, 256, Etzioni, Amitai, 310 blocking on, 130 265 EU (European Union), 87, 99, 152 dataset release (2008), 92 chosen, 260 Directives, 85 MySpace users more likely to discussion groups colonized, 390 Futurum (online discussion meet new people than users dominance of, 289 forum), 178 of, 453 Enlightenment liberal ideas, 291n umbrella data privacy directives, people jailed for creating fake entertainment, 67, 75, 182, 354, 164 profiles, 384 410 EULAs (end-user licensing physically attractive friends on, Entertainment Software Rating agreements), 146, 151, 159, 455 Board, 147 163 site for fictional characters, 411 entrepreneurs strict, 340 facial expressions, 454, 456 indigenous, 257 European Archive, 31 Faiola, A., 207 poor, 203–4, 425, 429 European Commission, 138 fair use, 147, 160, 161–2 porn, 425, 429 laws and regulations, 146, 152 fake websites, 254 Index 479 false names, 390 FidoNet, 380n freedom of speech, 426, 427 FamilySafeMedia.com, 425 Fields, Deborah, 342 arguments for, 432 Fanderclai, Tari Lin, 334, 341 file sharing, 264, 425, 441–5, 447 Freeman-Longo, R. E., 426 Fandy, Mamun, 193 film(s), 147, 407, 409, 410–12 French language, 255 FanNation, 387 pornographic, 429, 430, 432 Freud, Sigmund, 54 fans, 349, 354, 387, 419–20, filters, software, 159, 425 friendships, 394–6 440–50, 452 Final Fantasy XI, 343 creating personae for, 389 culture, 407 financial scams, 360 defining the parameters of, 397 loyalties, 411 Finland, 261, 342, 434 differences between on and fantasy-games, 279, 287, 327, Finnegan, J. R., 166n offline, 393 328, 370, 371 Finnemann, N. O., 36, 53 listings of, 386 FAQs (frequently asked questions), First Nations people, 251, 254 masses forget the true meaning 260 Fitzsimons, G. M., 454 of, 384 Farmer, Randy, 328, 338 flaming, 170, 172, 387 networks used to make, 453 fat porn, 429 Flanagan, Mary, 287, 292n, 330, shared, 387 fatwas, 237 331, 332 visible, 391–2 FCC (US Federal Communications Flannery, Matthew & Jessica, 203 Friendster, 387, 390 Commission), 139–40, 141, Flickr, 389, 395, 396, 399, 456 frontier rhetoric, 332 143, 156 Florida, Richard, 408 FTC (US Federal Trade FDA (US Food and Drug Floyd, K., 393 Commission), 156 Administration), 156 Flynn, B., 287 Fujitsu, 328 Feenberg, A., 75, 76, 103, 310 focus groups, 48, 398 Fukamizu, K., 245 female models, 428 Fono, D., 391, 397, 398 functional female porn entrepreneurs, 429 Foot, K. A., 26, 33, 40n, 170, displacement/enhancement femininity 171 effect, 67, 68 discursive, 285 football teams, 349 fundamentalist religious disempowering norms of, 352 forced relocations, 261 communities, 237 incommensurable with Ford, Henry, 127 female users in, 242 technology, 270 formality, 123–4 Fung, A., 180, 182 in-game, 281 forums, 173 FurryMUCK, 315, 328 taken to extreme, 282 Foucault, M., 283 Futurum (EU online discussion traditional, 320 Fox, R., 19 forum), 178 feminism, 272, 275, 284, 292n, Fox Interactive, 384 352, 354, 362 Fox News, 409 Gaia Online, 327 anti-pornography, 427, 432 FPS (first-person shooter) genre, Galegher, J., 398 black, 291n 370, 371, 375 Gallager, M. P., 95 first-wave, 291n fragmentation, 279, 280 Gambia, 201 game scholars, 374 frames, 49 gambling, 159, 360, 434 game studies scholars, 287 France, 138, 181, 204, 370 games, 51, 274, 349, 359, 360, hostility towards cable, 153 369–83, 386 transgender/transsexual health resources, 214 cheating in, 160, 338–9 persons and bisexuals, 285 Nora/Minc report, 141 design and user involvement, 75 mobilization and organizing, 75 Frandam, M., 195 electronic, 327 postmodern, 279 Frankel, M., 91 famous murder mystery, 411 queer theory and, 281, 290 Frankfurt School, 63 fantasy, 279, 287, 327, 328 radical, 276 Franklin, M. I., 77 gender and, 287 second-wave, 291n fraud, 141, 164, 254 kids, 342 third-wave, 291n prescription, 225 offline, 327 see also cyberfeminism free choice, 87 patrolling, 339 feminization, 75 free porn, 424, 430, 434 playing within the classroom, FERCAP (Forum for Ethical meta-site links for, 435 356 Review Committees in Asia free sharing, 427 queer theory and, 287, 288 and the Western Pacific), 86 free speech, 142, 143, 155, 162, regulation and ethical issues, Ferguson, Marjorie, 141 171–2 342 Ferguson, T., 221 artist’s right to, 147 research on, 282 Fernback, J., 237, 241, 311, 312, constraints on, 151 sexuality and, 287 313, 322 illegal access to personal data see also MUDs; play fetishes, 428, 429, 430 can have implications, 164 Garber, J., 353 fiction, 274, 276, 278 implications for, 164 Gardiner, M., 61, 63, 64, 75, 76 accepted, 279 no country absolutely protects, Garramone, G. M., 173 fan, 352 145 gateway functions, 148 hypertext, 273 freedom of expression, 154, 156, GATS (General Agreement on regulatory, 281 166 Trade in Services), 151 Fidler, R. F., 407 limits to, 159 Gatson, S., 315 480 Index

GATT (General Agreement on gestures, 456 repressive, 162 Tariffs and Trade), 151 Ghana, 200, 201, 207 televised proceedings, 153 gay issues, 336 Ghozati, K., 398 threat to privacy on Internet, marriage, 285 Gibbs, J., 454 162 pornography, 427, 429 Gibson, William, 3, 270, 330 websites and webpages professional men, 387 Giddens, A., 13, 47, 54, 60, 348, established around the world Gaygirls.com, 285 352, 462 by, 255 GCR Custom Research, 206, 207 Giese, Paula, 252–3 see also e-government Gee, J. P., 356 GII (Global Information Graham, T., 177 Geertz, Clifford, 48 Infrastructure), 190–1, 201 Grameen Bank, 203 Gefen, D., 310 Gilbert, E., 389, 394, 395, 396 Grameen Phone, 206 geishas, 335 Gilder, G., 406 grammar, 124, 125, 133 Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft, 310, Gilding, M., 452, 454 graphical interfaces, 256, 424 313, 455 girls, 349, 352, 353, 354, 373 gratification, 434 gender, 77, 133, 189, 431 “bad,” 282 Greece, 126 clichéd understandings of, 373 “semi-amateur,” 434 Greek femmes, 282 hidden, 174 Gitlin, T., 43 Green, A. S., 393, 454 hierarchies of, 429 Gleason, M. E. J., 393, 454 Greenfield, P. M., 426, 430 knowledge viewable only by global partnerships for Griffiths, F. E., 213, 222 certain people, 257 development, 189 Griffiths, M., 434 normativity, 432 globalization, 190, 261, 352, 379 Grimes, Sara, 75, 342, 349 opposite, chat with, 67 greatest tool of, 259 Grimes, W., 122 play and, 374 player-base, 376 Grinter, R., 120 sexuality and, 270–99 retaining identity in the face of, Grodzinsky, F., 41n stereotyped, 337, 354, 373 265 “grooming,” 360 understandings and expectations ultimate means of retaining Gross, Larry, 141 about, 320 identity in the face of, 265 Gross, R., 389, 390, 462 gender ambiguity, 272 uncontrolled, 197 grotesque sex/degradation, 427, gender analysis, 281, 282 Globe and Mail, 409 428 gender-bending, 276, 334 Gochenour, P. H., 311–12 group interactions, 238, 311 gender differences, 292n “godcasting,” 232 casual, 375 gender identity, 319, 322, 335 Goffman, Erving, 388, 454, 459, groupware, 18, 19 enacted and constructed, 320 461 Grusin, R., 407 gender normativity, 432 gold, 207 GSM (global system for mobile gender relations impact of Internet Golder, S. A., 386, 394, 395, 398 communications), 118 on, 198 Goldie, J., 103 “guests,” 319 norms which govern, 193 “gonzo porn,” 430 Guinea, 202, 201 gender swapping, 270, 272, 336, “good Samaritan” ethics, 95 Guinea-Bissau, 201 374 Goody, Jack, 126 Gulia, Milena, 19, 78 General Electric, 417 Google, 19, 53, 101, 128, 130, Gunkel, D. & X., 332–3 generation gap, 359 384, 390, 418, 421, 459 Gunn, H., 101 genetically related entities, 407 homepages constructed by, 418 Gunter, B., 52 genitalia, 429 Google Gmail, 99 Gurstein, M., 311 genres, 273, 276, 277, 279, 407 Google News, 414 Gustafson, K., 320 aspect of online gaming that Gopher, 25 Guzzetti, B. J., 354 crosses, 375 Gore, Al, 190–1, 205 pornography, 428, 429, 430, Goth coiffures, 428 Habbo Hotel, 326, 330, 342 431 Gottlieb-Robles, B., 358 Habermas, Jürgen, 76, 102, 169, social-realistic versus fictional, governance, 150, 333, 377, 378, 177 278 379 Habitat, 328, 338 see also FPS good, 192 hacking, 271, 360, 362 geographical location, 256 government intervention, 157 attempted, 328 geography, 287 defensive measure undertaken to Hadden, J. K., 233 Germanic languages, 133 prevent, 147 Haddon, L., 70, 74, 360, 361 Germany, 173, 175, 179 governments, 144–5, 348, 357 Hagemann, C., 173, 174, 177 Basic Law, 154 authoritarian, 180–1 Halavais, A., 290, 293n, 427 Bundestag and Bundesrat, 155 building a democratic system, 315 Hall, G. J., 91 data protection, 101 computer-technology centers Hall, Kira, 271, 279, 284, 285 health information, 214 financed by, 266 Hamberg, K., 221 Länder responsible for research constraints on conditions of Hamburg, 175, 179 and development, 153 access, 159 Hamelink, C. J., 198, 141 lives of migrant researchers in, 72 Internet policy, 154–6 Hamill, L., 120 prohibition on Nazi content, organized demands for equitable Hampton, K., 20, 68, 321 149–50 treatment by, 192 Hanes, S., 207 Index 481

Hara, N., 219 Helsinki Declaration (World Howard, R. G., 237, 241 harassment, 89, 285, 319, 360, Medical Association 1964), 84 HRELP (Hans Rausing 361 Helsper, E. J., 349 Endangered Languages sexist, 427 Henderson, S., 452, 454 Project), 263 Haraway, Donna, 271, 274, 279, Hennessy, K., 265 html (hypertext markup language), 290–1nn Hentai, 428 29, 36 Hård af Segerstad, Ylva, 120, Herring, D., 237 Huberman, B. A., 386 121 Herring, Susan, 118, 172, 283, Hughes, J. E., 173, 177 hardcore pornography, 425, 430 292n, 319–20 Huizinga, Johan, 458 Harden, J., 362 heterogeneity, 171 human rights, 197, 358 Hargittai, Eszter, 21, 198, 386, heteronormality, 282, 290 fundamental, 162 387, 395–6 heteronormativity, 272, 281, 284, indigenous struggles for, 262 harm, 84, 89, 93, 98, 139, 432 285, 287, 288, 290 research violations of, 84 children’s resilience to, 361 hegemonic understandings of universal, 252 potential/possible, 92, 94 gender and sexuality, 289 humor, 181 protecting from, 85, 95 Hew, K. F., 219 Humphreys, L., 393, 394, 395, risk of, 100, 362 Hewlett-Packard, 132 398 harmonization, 140, 152 high-definition television, 138 Humphreys, S., 377 Harp, D., 173, 174 high femme, 282 Hunter, D., 327, 339, 340 Harper, R., 120 high-resolution graphics, 274 Hunter Valley, 263 Harris Interactive polls, 212, 216, high-speed computer chip industry, Huyssen, Andreas, 47 219, 220, 221 138 Hvizdak, E., 92, 93, 98 Hartmann, M., 72 high-speed Internet, 68, 201, 341 Hwang, J. S., 170 Hasebrink, U., 360, 361 Highmore, B., 61, 63 hyper-blogging, 93, 103 Hashemi, Sylvana Sofkova, 121 Hightower, Jim, 19, 20 hyperlinks, 408, 435 Hashim, N. H., 244 Hill, David T., 194 hypertext fiction, 273 hate speech, 145, 146 Hill, K. A., 173, 177 considered a protected form of Hiltz, Roxanne, 17 i2010 Initiative (EC), 152 political expression, 149 Hiltz, S. R., 461 ICANN (Internet Corporation for hateful sites, 361 Hinduism, 244 Assigned Names and Hawaii, 253 Hinduja, S., 453, 459, 463 Numbers), 137, 139, 144, Hawaii International Conference Hine, Christine, 271 146, 150–1, 152, 159, 160, on System Science, 21 HINTS (Health Information 165 Hawaiian language, 264 National Trends Survey), 221 Iceland, 361 Hawisher, G. E., 357 HIPAA (US Health Insurance ICT in Schools Programme Hay, I., 84 Portability and Accountability (British government Hayles, Katherine, 128 Act), 227 evaluation), 355 Haythornthwaite, C., 20, 22, 59, Hirsch, E., 70, 242 ICTs (information and 60, 64, 67, 241, 359, 394, Hispanic students, 395 communication technologies), 396 Hitlin, P., 120 31, 125, 152, 199–200, 206, HCI (human–computer HIV/AIDS, 188, 222, 223 261, 270, 277 interaction), 453, 464 hobbies, 349 access to, 258 healthcare, 151, 226, 227, 229 Hobson, J., 253, 254 actual social uses of, 198 better, 213, 224, 225 Hodkinson, P., 312, 322 earliest and most enthusiastic impacts on, 221 Hojsgaard, M., 234, 235 users of, 348 improving the quality of, 152 Hollander, F. den, 40n financial investment in hardware indigenous health centers, 255 Home, S., 428 and software, 355 Internet information to support, HomeNet study/reports, 65–6 fundamental differences between, 215 homepages, 354, 414, 461 118 providers and patients, 221, default, 418 government targets for schools, 341–2 personal, 388 355 shifting of power within the homo ludens notion, 458 great interest in using, 263 relationship, 220 homonormativity, 290 high cost of, 256 valuable complement to, 222 homophily, 171, 395 investment sunk into injecting, virtual worlds increasingly homophobia, 271, 284 356 important sites for, 341 homosexuality, 95 less obvious effects of, 118 HealthyMind.com, 425 HON (Health on the Net naivety about, 256 Heart Health Kit (Canada), 219 Foundation), 214 potential role in promoting hearts (game), 370 Hong, Y., 172 democratic development, 194 Heaton, Lorna, 113 Hong Kong, 180, 285 powerful weapon for fighting Heer, J., 389, 395, 397 Hoogeveen, 177 colonization, 261 Heino, R., 454 Hoover, S., 235, 243, 244 privileged discursive access to Heins, M., 426 Horrell, K., 282 exclusive area of, 290n Helland, C., 234, 239, 244 Horwitz, Robert, 166n social impacts of, 68 482 Index identification, 50, 96, 97, 99, 234, see also gender identity; multiple informal language, 123–5 310, 352–3 identities informatics, 290n and confirmation, 275 identity development, 374 information, 46 IP address and person, 101 identity experimentation, 271 ability of Internet to facilitate racial, 390 identity menus, 274 distribution of, 193 taste, 390 identity politics, 432 ability to evaluate the quality of, identity, 101, 252, 262, 278, 322, “identity tourism,” 335 198 352, 389–92, 431, 453 identity-as-sameness discussion, access to, 51, 153, 156 affirmation for political ends, 291n accessible to oneself or others, 261 ideologies, 75, 181, 285 51 authenticating, 163, 164, 387–8 political, 176 computer screens that could brand, 409 IGF (Internet Governance Forum), visualize, 331 collective, 264 150 conflicting, 425 community, 316, 318 illegal activity, 146, 360 data types as vehicles of, 47 connections between wider access to personal data, 164 false/fake, 139, 459 groupings and, 261 downloads, 257, 407, 441 financial, 156 created, 334, 374, 388 purchasing from game-currency global, 142, 150 cultural, 265 sellers, 378 inaccurate, 129 deceptive, 276, 314, 318–19 sexual, 95 inappropriate use of, 218 dynamic IP addresses can be illegitimate activity, 377–8 low cost and high speed, 198 used to determine, 99 IM (instant messaging), 18, 67, masculine bias in privileging, exposed, 92 117, 118, 127, 133, 349, 331 false, 100 360, 394, 452, 463 medical/health, 99, 212–16, forging new, 262 blocking on, 130 218 globalized, 285 Canadian teen conversations, 120 origin of, 52 ideas of, 283 described as “language under outdated, 198 key resource for constructing, the radar,” 132 personal, 459, 462, 463 348 mechanics of, 120–1 presented from governments to localized, 284–5 simultaneous conversations, 131 people, 193 markers of, 336 Im, E., 100 proactive ministries of, 191 modernist and essentialized ways image capture, 40n profile, 390 of understanding, 279 IMDb (Internet Movie Database), proliferating availability of new ways of establishing and 102 different kinds of, 50 hiding, 278 immigrant workers, 260–1 public, 102, 142 non-normative, 284 imposters, 254 revealing, 389 offline, 374 Inari dialect, 263 rights and, 51, 54 perceptions of, 277 inclusiveness, 192 searching for, 252, 349 player and character, 372–4 income, 415–17 sensitive, 96, 266 possible to mask, 318 potential of Internet to generate, specific stock, 415 postcolonial, 259 260 specific structural and strategic postmodern theories of, 279 risk of losing from illegal role, 50 poststructuralist understanding downloads, 257 tourist, 260 of, 279 incorporation, 70 unofficial, disseminated to practices of adolescent boys, 353 India, 85–6 citizens, 180 queer/postmodern critiques of, sexual minorities, 95 unreliable, 218, 220 285 wealthier class, 408 use of, 200 racial, 174, 319 Indiana University, 340 valid and reliable, 157 ready-made options, 274 indie porn, 427, 428 see also personal data; private reaffirmation of, 259–60, 265 Indigenous peoples, 251–69 information real-life, 334 individualism information flows redefining, 260 networked, 4, 311, 312, 321–2, digitized and networked, 162 religious, 243 385 free, 196 resistance, 194–5 Piagetian, 350 information society, 72 retaining in the face of reifying or valorizing, 323 Information Society, The, 91, 233 globalization, 265 individuality, 390 information warfare, 147 social constructivist/postmodern individualization, 352, 354 “informationscape,” 331 view of, 279 risk, 362 information-seekers, 182 strengthened, 219 Indonesia, 193, 194–5, 387 information-sharing, 194 subversive performances, 271 industrial revolution, 126 informed consent, 84, 87, 97, teenage exploration processes, inequalities 100, 101 462 global, 204 expectations of, 91 ultimate means of retaining, 265 offline, 373 obtaining is often not done, 95 verified, 277 inferences, 48, 49 rights to, 91, 95 virtual, 2, 334 ideological, 54 Inman, J., 88 Index 483 innovation, 140, 356 see also group interactions; social interpersonal communication, 67, insider expressions, 259 interaction 145, 452 instrumental rationalization, 64 Inter@ctive Week, 202 mass communication versus, 44 insults, 172 interactivity, 6–7, 51, 112, 170, permission to access, 162 insurance, 95, 225 228, 239, 240 targeted for governmental integration, 352, 400 characterized, 171 surveillance, 163 acknowledgement of, 419 conceptualized and interpretations, 49 intellectual property operationalized, 46 interpretative approach, 69, 71 avoiding misuse of, 258 lack of, 173 interpreters, 239 infringed by a corporation, 150 structured, 413 intertextuality, 46, 352 intersections between domain interconnectedness, 46 interviews, 52, 66, 206, 389 names and, 151 interconnections, 385 focus group, 398 protecting, 266 interconnectivity, 152, 199, 259, in-depth, 70 role of, 340 457 intimacy, 90, 145, 181, 435 intellectual property rights, 155, intercultural research ethics, 103 intranet, 26 165 interest groups, 397 intra-racial identities, 390 interest in strengthening, 147 flaming in, 172 introverts, 66, 313 seemingly immovable, 378 intermediality, 46 intrusions, 121 total control by world internal hierarchies, 398 IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, developers, 340 international aid, 190, 207 19, 100, 101 transformations of, 161 international competitiveness, tracking, 99 very old forms of, 160 145 see also TCP/IP see also TRIPS international development, iPlayer (BBC), 420 interactions, 45, 50, 93, 96, 177, 188–211 iPods, 413, 441, 443, 444, 445 178, 179, 181, 314, 329, International Internet Preservation IRBs (US Institutional Review 333, 343, 352, 384 Consortium, 31 Boards), 84, 86, 87, 93, 96, bodily, 435 international terrorism, 39 99 cantankerous, 315 Internet access, 20, 137, 146, 193, IRC (Internet relay chat), 25, 63, complex, 160 196, 201, 207 93, 118, 173 computer-mediated, 171 barriers to, 200 picture exchange, 424 computer network, 88 communication with healthcare IRE (Internet research ethics), 14, “controlling the volume” on, 130 providers, 221 93 cultural, 46 conditions of, 158–9 defined, 90 face-to-face, 44, 240 cost of, 152, 200 development as discrete field, human–computer, 453, 464 cultural, 158 91 images viewed for arousal dial-up, 408 privacy issues, 94 without, 429 diaspora, 264 Ireland, 71, 361 immediate, 455 dispute concerning, 321 IRIS Center, 206 individualistic patterns, 312 high-speed, 201, 341 Iseke-Barnes, J., 252, 253 interpersonal, 454 indigenous people, 256, 257, Islam, 146, 237, 239 intersections of online and 265 see also Muslims offline, 52 inequalities in, 198 isolation, 219 legal structure, 149 laws requiring ISPs to withdraw, ISPs (Internet service providers), media, 171 155 138, 142, 155 mediated, 454, 455 literacy key to, 157–8 deputization of, 148, 165 mobile phone, 51 most schools in developed end-user licensing agreements, multi-user fantasy environments, nations provide, 354 146, 151, 159, 163 237 number of African nations, 200, legal right to censor content, network technologies elevate, 202 159 459 potential demand in public and loss of subscribers, 153–4 patient–provider, 229 private sectors, 200 market-based competition, 200 peer, 76, 356 public libraries, 153 Israel, M., 84 physician–patient, 221 regulating, 434 Issam, 203, 204 political, 46 restricted, 266 IT (information technology), putting off implementation of unequal, 156–7 190–205, 260 new forms of, 72 Internet addiction, 159 see also ICTs real-life, 334 Internet Archive, 30, 31 Italy, 175, 434 ritual-like, 335 Internet cafés, 73, 188, 193, 203 Ito, M., 120 sociability characterizes, 454 Internet Explorer, 19 ITU (International tool of, 260 Internet Gaming Zone, see MSN Telecommunications Union), understandings and expectations Games 150, 151, 190–1 about gender, 320 Internet policy, 137–67 iTunes, 441, 443, 449 vogue for calling everyone interoperability, 149, 152, 224, Ivey, D., 71 online a “community,” 19 227 iView (ABC Australia), 420 484 Index

Jackson, S., 360 Kavanagh, A., 241, 321 knowledge-creation, 407 Jacobs, K., 427, 430 Kaye, B. K., 100, 176 Koli, Rubaiyat, 206 Jacobsen, G., 31 Kearney, M. C., 354 Kolko, Beth, 277, 278, 279, 373 Jäkälä, M., 326, 332, 341 Kedzie, C., 195 Kollock, P., 278, 398 Jake, 387 Keeter, S., 170 Koran, 146 Jakobsson, M., 326, 337, 341, Kelly, J., 176 Korea, 239, 330, 387, 396 375, 380n Kendall, Lori, 272, 277, 279, 304, Koster, Raph, 328, 329, 340, Jankowski, N. W., 48, 173, 175, 312, 314, 315, 317, 319, 380n 179 320, 322, 329, 335, 373, Kraut, R., 20, 22, 65, 66, 67, 68, Jansen, B. J., 425 393n, 396n, 454 92 Janssen, M., 427 Kennedy, Helen, 282, 287, 288, Krippendorf, K., 177 Japan, 205, 328, 343, 376 292–3nn, 373, 462 Kristof, N., 204–5 anime, 428 Kenny, Charles, 188, 189, 196, Krzywinksa, T., 373 Jenkins, H., 287, 356, 376, 406, 208 Kuipers, G., 426, 427, 434 407, 411, 412, 426, 457 Kenya, 201, 204 Kulikova, S. V., 180, 182 Jensen, C., 314, 316 Kerawalla, L., 350 Kulturarw3 (Swedish web archiving Jensen, J. L., 173, 178, 179, 182 keyboards, 119, 125 project), 31 Jensen, Klaus Bruhn, 11, 13, 14, customized, 264 Kumar, R., 394–5 45, 46, 48 Kibby, M., 427 Kwak, N., 166n Jenson, J., 281 Kierkegaard, Søren, 43 Kyrgyzstan revolution (2005), 180 Jerslev, A., 461 Kiesler, Sara, 17 Jews, 232, 242, 387 Kim, K.-H., 389, 394, 396, 397, lack of opportunity, 189, 190 Jirotka, M., 98 452 Lala, 441 Johns, M. D., 91 Kim, M. C., 239 lalas, 286 Johnson, Steven, 331, 332 Kimpton, M., 30, 31 Lally, E., 71 Johnson, T. J., 100, 173, 176 Kingsbury Commitment (US LambdaMoo, 89, 236, 327, 328, Johnston, J., 197 1913), 142 331, 333, 336, 338 Jones, D., 328, 336, 337 kinks, 428 abuse of other participants, 315 Jones, S., 233, 238, 306, 326, 440 Kitalong, K. S. & T., 259 “spivak” gender, 335 Joos, S.-H., 120 Kiva (global micro-financing Lampe, C., 388, 390, 391, 453 Jordan, T., 191 scheme), 189, 190, 197, land rights, 261 Jordan (country), 189, 195, 202 202–5, 208 Landauer, C., 326, 327, 331–2, Josefsson, U., 217, 218 Klastrup, L., 430–1 338 journalism/journalists, 86, 410, Kleinhans, C., 426 Landes, D., 191 415 Kline, S. L., 377, 393 Landzelius, K., 253, 259 “citizen,” 407 Kling, R., 172 Lane, F. S., 425, 426, 429 journals, 22, 26, 30, 40n, 128, Kluver, Randolph, 194, 244 Laney, M., 235 216, 240 Knickmeyer, E., 207 Langman, L., 428, 432 Internet-research specific, 92 knitting enthusiasts, 387 language(s), 251, 252, 256, 260, online, 21, 118, 215, 312 knowledge 376, 390, 434 participants reluctant to leave absorption of, 188 assessing Internet impact on, comments in, 322 acquisition of, 188, 456 117–36 peer review, 425 background, 456 community created via, 259 web-based, 418 commodifying the routes to, crossing barriers, 343 Joyce, Kelly, 380n 356 cultural continuity of, 261 Juffer, J., 1998, 427, 430 contingent and contextualized, learning, 263–4 justice, 85, 87, 91 351 men’s, 319 JyllandsPosten (Danish newspaper), decontextualization and minority, 262 33 distancing of, 253 official, 255 immediate, 75 people discouraged from passing Kabul, 204 lack of access to, 157 on to children, 254 Kafai, Yasmin, 342 misappropriation of, 252, 257–8 projects, 263, 265 Kalathil, Shanthi, 195 protected, 259, 266 resources, 258 Kansas, 254 raising the level, 207 role of online and mobile Kant, Immanuel, 463 relatively advanced, 74 technologies in shaping, 113 Kapstein, E., 196 scientific, 84 spelling variations, 263 Karahalios, K., 389 secret, 257 verbal, 45, 47 Karen website, 259–60 shared, 62, 219 see also English language; French Karl, I., 281 social, 456 language; Germanic languages Karolinska Institutet, 221–2 technical, 156 LANs (local area networks), 201, KartRider, 371 traditional, 266 370 Katz, Elihu, 47, 55 transformation of information LaRose, R., 99–100 Katz, J., 221, 241 into, 407 Larsen, M. C., 394 Katz, J. E., 388 knowledge gap, 157, 166 Larson, G. O., 358 Index 485

Larson, K. A., 389 Leokï Bulletin Board, 264 discussions about indigenous Lasen, A., 120 lesbian pornography, 427 identity and culture, 252 Last Mile Initiative (USAID), 207 lesbians, 274, 275, 279, 292n professional nurses in critical Last.fm, 386, 387, 388, 389, 390, authentic, 285 care, 219 393, 394, 395, 397, 441, 448 Beijing scene, 287 literacy, 117, 122, 125, 259, 363 Lastowka, G., 327, 339, 340 butch or femme, 282, 286 digital, 354 latent policy, 138 hostility towards functional, 158 “latent tie” term, 394 transgender/transsexual information, 157 Latin America, 251, 254, 265, 387 persons and bisexuals, 285 low, 256 Latu, S., 256 mailing-list community for, 276, media, 157, 158, 356 law enforcement, 145, 147 291n multimodal, 458 ISPs deputized to serve as, 165 new-age, 283 snippet, 128–9 law schools, 141, 166 Lesotho, 201 technological, 157, 158 Lawrence, B. F., 238 Lessig, L., 52 traditional, 157, 158 laws, 112, 138–9, 144, 145, 149, Lesvos, 282 literary erotica, 424 157, 159 letter-writing, 127, 130 Liu, H., 390–1, 395, 398 anti-terrorism, 146, 163 letters, 452 LiveJournal, 312, 322, 387, 397, common or case, 156 Levy, N., 426 421, 456, 461 communication, 140 Lewis, C., 452, 454 flexibility in page design 386 constitutional, 154 Lewis, O., 120, 358 Livingstone, Sonia, 75, 304, 348, convergence of, 140 lexical shortenings, 120, 121 349, 351, 352, 353, 358, copyright, 98, 128, 148, 162, Li Xiguang, 194 360, 361, 362, 363, 454, 257 libel, 93, 139, 145, 149 455, 461, 462 criminalizing disruption of liberal queers, 285 Lo, B., 220 networks, 146 liberalization, 142 loans, 203–4, 205 data protection, 153 libertarianism, 432 local issues, 72 EC, 152 libraries, 126, 129, 148, 153 Lochead, D., 237 legal deposit, 29, 40n computer labs in, 257 Lofland, J., 314 principles underlying, 151 digital, 252–3 Lofland, Lyn, 311, 314 privacy, 162 see also national libraries logging, 261 regulatory or administrative, 156 licenses, 143 London, 133 statutory, 155, 156 end-user terms, 146, 151, 159, Looker, E. D., 355 Lawson, D., 89, 97 163, 340 Lord of the Rings, The, 370 Laxer, G., 197 Licoppe, C., 452 Lost, 411, 414 Lazarsfeld, Paul F., 43, 44 Lievrouw, L., 352, 362 Lotus Notes, 17 Le Monde, 387 lifecycles Lövheim, M., 243 Lea, M., 171, 387, 393, 398 community, 314–16 Lowe, P., 213, 222 learning, 260 media, 407 Luckmann, T., 54, 62, 73 language, 263–4 lifestyles, 53, 65, 69, 73, 213, 225 Lüders, Marika, 306, 335, 392, social “scaffolding” for, 350 alternative youth cultures and, 452, 453, 454, 458, 462 spelling, 122 353 ludic elements, 374, 379, 380 traditional and alternative, 352, importance of, 74 Lunarstorm, 386, 387 354–7 taste and, 354 lurkers, 175, 176 Least Developed Countries Lillie, J., 433, 434, 435 Lyon, D., 194 Initiative, see Cisco Network Lim, Merlyna, 193, 194–5 Academies; Leland LimeWire, 441 machinima, 376, 378 Lebanon, 203 Lin, H., 100, 282, 288 Mackay, H., 71 Leclair, Carol, 255 Lin, H. S., 425, 426, 429 McKenna, K. Y. A., 393, 454 Ledbetter, A., 393, 394, 395, 397 Lin, M., 393 McKinnon, C., 427 Lee, H., 264, 265 Linden Lab, see Second Life McLaughlin, M. L., 398 Lefebvre, Henri, 61–2, 63, 64, 76 Lindenmeyer, A., 222 McLelland, M., 429 legal problems/issues, 137, 140 Lineage, 2, 376 McMillan, S. J., 170 Legend of the Red Dragon, 370 Ling, R., 51, 120, 121, 393 macro-archiving, 25–6 legends, 260 LINGUIST List (language McRobbie, A., 353 Lehman-Wilzig, S., 407 project), 263 MacWilliams, M., 235 Lei, J., 355 linguistic consistency, 124 Madagascar, 201, 202 leisure, 373 “whatever” attitude towards, Madden, M., 120, 349, 393, 453, Leland, Mickey, 199 129 456, 459, 461 Leland Initiative, 189–90, linguistic informality, 123–5 Maes, P., 391 199–202, 208 linguistic parsing software, 433 magazines, 434 Lelong, B., 74 LinkedIn, 391, 396 online-only, 419 Lemley, M., 166n Lipinski, T., 98–9 Maggs, P. B., 166n Lenhart, A., 120, 349, 358, 393, listservs, 83, 93, 99, 100, 119, Magnet, S., 428 452, 453, 456, 458, 459, 461 197 Maheu, M. M., 434 486 Index mail opening, 162 Maxprotect, 425 micro-coordination, 393 mailing lists, 292n, 341, 452 Mayer, A., 393, 395 micro-financing, see Kiva queer, 274 Mayer, V., 429, 430 MicroMUSE, 317 Malaby, Thomas, 340, 379 Mazzarella, S. R., 353 Micronesians, 251 Malawi, 201 meaning(s) micro-regulation, 74 Malaysia, 290n collective, 374 microsociology, 63 male handles, 174 multiplicity of, 397 Microsoft, 146, 372, 384, 418, “male or female” question, 272, shared, 259 419 274, 275, 279 MedCIRCLE concept, 215 browser wars with Netscape, 417 Malecki, E. J., 197 media see also MSN Mali, 201, 202 first degree, 45 Middle Eastern states, 145, 191, malicious outsiders, 317 risks long addressed and 195 Malinowski, Bronislaw, 55 regulated on, 360 MiGente, 386 Malker, H., 221 second degree, 45 Milgram experiment, 90 Manhattan, 179 state-controlled, 180 Milgrim, S., 388 manifest policy, 138 third degree, 45 military concerns, 144 manipulation, 75, 353 media panics, 359 recruiters, 95 Manovich, L. 287 media studies, 54 Miller, D., 72–3, 328, 340 Mantei, M., 18 MediaMOO, 316, 328, 334 Miller, K. W., 41n Maori people and language, 255 “mediamorphosis,” 407 Miller, Laura, 332 Maple Story, 330 Mediappro (European project), 350 Mills, C. Wright, 43, 44 Mapuche people, 261–2 medical conditions/problems, 88, Millwood Hargrave, A., marginalized people, 172, 189, 164 360 190, 197 medical research, 84 Min, S., 182 sustainable livelihoods for, 191 medical treatment, 221–4 minimalist language, 121 market segments, 376 medieval manuscripts, 126 Minitel, 370 marketing, 20, 329, 354 Medizin-Forum AG, 214 minorities, 179 niche, 163 Mehta, M. D., 424, 432, 433 ethnic/indigenous, 194, 251, marketing strategies/practices, 76, Melanesians, 251 265 156 men and machines, 270 languages, 262 viral, 163 Menell, P., 166n sexual, 95 Markham, Annette, 90, 92, 102, mental health, 222 tribal, 262 323, 454 Mercer, Claire, 194, 198 minors, 88, 432 Markham, T., 358 Merges, R., 166n misappropriation markup languages, 26, 266 Meridian, 59, 329, 371 knowledge and culture, 252, see also html; XML merit, 85 257–8 Marshall, P. David, 305, 407 message boards stories and other language Marten, T., 196 politically oriented, 173 materials, 263 Martin, Camilla, 33 prominent newspapers, 181 misogyny, 432 Martin, F., 289, 293n threaded, 178 misrepresentation, 252, 254 Marvin, C., 388 Messina, Sergio, 430 mission creep, 86 Marx, Karl, 54 meta-communication, 51 misunderstanding, 397 Masanès, J., 27, 33, 40n meta-information, 51, 52 Mitchell, William, 339 masculinity, 281, 432 Metaplace, 371 Mitten, L., 251 bias in privileging, 331 Metaverse conception, 330–1 MMOGs (massively multiplayer constructing and enforcing methodologies, 43, 46, 52, 55, 56, online games), 280, 326–47, particular forms of, 373 66, 431–3 369, 371, 372, 374, 375 female, 282 common across psychological regularly shut down and deemed hardwired into machinery, 270 research online, 90 illegitimate, 377–8 reading pornography as common challenges regarding Mnookin, J., 236 symptomatic of, 432 objectivity, 77 mobile phones, 51, 117, 203, 223 straight, 288 concerns about, 96 blogging on, 118 technology and, 270, 288, 290n diversity of, 92 call screening, 322 understanding as abstraction, methods and, 44, 47–50 keyboards, 119 271 poor, 425 “kosher,” 242 mass communication, 45, 47 web survey, 100 public protests by, 207–8 interpersonal versus, 44 Métis peoples, 251, 255 mobility, 189 mass media, 170, 228, 245, 452, Mexico, 257, 258, 353 mockery, 181 465n indigenous residents in US, mockumentary series, 412 Massanari, A., 275 260–1 moderators, 172, 179 mathematics software, 355 Meyer, D., 359 modernity/modernism, 63, 279, matrifocal society, 260 Meyrowitz, J., 454, 461 352 Matsuda, M., 120 micro-archiving, 25–6, 29, 40n late, 385 Mauritania, 201 micro-celebrities, 397 MOG, 448 Index 487 monasteries, 238 multiple identities, 279 National Geographic, 321 monopoly, 153 mundane uses of, 336 national libraries, 25, 29–30, 40n Monopoly (game), 370 multiplicity, 278, 327, 356, 397 Australia, 31 monsters, 370, 375 nontraumatic, 334 Canada, 30 Montgomery, K., 75, 358 multitasking, 130–4, 352 Denmark, 31 Moore, P. J., 265 municipalities, 153–4 Sweden, 31 MOOs (object-oriented MUDs), Munro, B., 355 UK, 214 3, 93, 273, 329, 339, 370 Munt, S., 285, 292n US, 214, 216 early researchers of, 326–7 Murray, C. D., 96 National Organization for Women experimental, 274 Murray, E., 220 (US), 291n first, 331 music, 306, 354, 386–7, 440–50 National Post, 119 promise in early systems for musicians, 397, 446–50 National Research Act (US 1974), teaching a variety of topics, Muslims, 192, 232 84 341 diverse manifestations of national security, 145 replacing, 327 worldwide community, 238 behavior that threatens, 162 see also ElseMOO; LambdaMoo; online worship spaces for, 232 nationalism, 318 MediaMOO post-independence state, 193 Native Americans, 251, 252–4, moral panic, 66, 359, 388, 426, Mustanski, B. S., 88 390 427 mutual understanding, 177 NativeNet, 252, 253, 254 moral philosophy, 463 My Online Journal (WSJ), 415 natural resources, 197 morality, 352–3, 463 My Times (NYT), 414 natural selection, 344 Morley, D., 70, 242 Myanmar, 198, 207 navigational practices, 287 Morningstar, Chip, 328, 338 Mynatt, E., 310, 311 NBC (US National Broadcasting Mortensen, Torill, 374 Myskja, Bjørn K., 463 Company), 413–14, 417, 418 Mosaic, 424 MySpace, 173, 305, 381, 386, Nedlib (Networked European motion pictures, see movies 387, 389, 390, 393, 394, Deposit Library), 31 motivation, 228 396, 399, 418, 421, 444, negative wall posts, 392 mouse invention, 331 445, 448 negligence, 98 “mouse-trapping,” 435 efforts to legislate online Negroponte, N., 51, 406 Mowery, David C., 166n interaction, 384 neighbors, 68 Mowlabocus, S., 429 fan/band relationship integral to NESH (Norwegian National Mozambique, 201, 207 growth of, 397 Committees for Research MP3 (Moving Picture Experts multiple empirical interrelations Ethics in the Sciences and the Group Audio Layer 3), 413, of, 55 Humanities), 83, 85, 87 440, 441, 442, 443, 445, popularity of, 456 Net Nanny, 425 446, 447 primary use of, 393 Netarchive (Danish Internet MPs (UK Members of Parliament), revelation of personal archive), 31, 41n 179 information by adolescents, Netherlands, 21, 173, 177 MSN (Microsoft Network), 463 debates on online pornography, 417–18 rural users, 395 426 MSN Games, 370 sites for fictional characters, see also Archipol; DNPP MSN News, 418 411–12 NetLab, 22 MUDs (multi-user dungeons/ “Top 8” feature, 397 netporn, 427–30 domains), 3, 65, 93, 118, users more likely to meet new Netscape, 19, 417 173, 237, 274, 312, 339, people than Facebook users, netsex, 318 373, 452 453 Netville, 20, 68, 321, 334 early/first, 318, 328, 331, 338, MyYahoo!, 414 network architecture, 148 370, 371, 372 network neutrality, 158, 159–60, early researchers of, 326 NAFTA (North American Free 166 near-synchronous forums of, Trade Agreement), 152 network society 314 Nakamura, Lisa, 274, 283, 319, global, 199 portrayals of females as sexual 335, 337, 373, 390 rise of, 198 objects, 335 Namibia, 200 networks, 68, 145, 193 replacing, 327 Nancarrow, C., 99–100 cable, 153 text-based, 272–3, 332 Napster, 306, 440, 441 distributed communications, virtual assault in, 89 Narang, S., 204 144 see also BlueSky; MMOGs; Nathan, D., 251, 258–9, 263 global, 149, 150, 197 MOOs; TinyMUD National Cancer Research Institute individualized, 12, 22, 23 multiculturalism, 124 (UK), 216 interpersonal relationship, 163 intellectual, 78 National Commission for the laws criminalizing disruption of, multilateral treaties, 151, 152 Protection of Human Subjects 146 multilingualism, 151 of Biomedical and Behavioral life-political, 357 multimedia, 264, 392 Research (US), 84 network of, 191 personal computers, 201 national differences, 29 niche, 352, 353 488 Index networks (cont’d) media listings and TV guides, Novak, J., 394–5 people-to-people/peer-based, 413 Noveck, B. S., 178, 183n 190, 357; see also P2P online replication, 414 NPR (US National Public Radio), personal, 311 prominent, message boards 409, 413 satellite, 257 hosted on, 181 NSF (US National Science single-issue, 357 Nexon, 330 Foundation), 1 technological, 46 NGOs (non-governmental number agreement, 124, 133 telecommunications, 149, 153 organizations), 150, 190, 201, Nunavut, 220 wireless, 153–4, 257 214 Nuremburg Code (1947), 84 see also communication networks; computer-technology centers nurses, 219, 220 computer networks; LANs; financed by, 266 Nyboe, L., 356 social networks elite urbane, 194 Neuendorf, K. A., 177 extreme right, 39 obesity, 223 new media, 24–5, 43, 45, 54, financed by governments, 266 objectification, 70, 71, 427 191, 192, 272, 341 small rural, 194 objectionable messages, 316 art, 273 websites and webpages objective relations, 312 combination of alternative established around the world objectivity, 432 politics and, 359 by, 255 common methodological easy to exaggerate the Nhamitambo, Jose, 207 challenges regarding, 77 implications of, 46 NHMRC (Australian National newspaper’s claim to, 410 extending existing practices into, Health and Medical Research O’Brian, J. M., 204 72 Council), 85 O’Brien, Jodi, 277, 278, 279, interactivity in, 239, 240 NHS (UK National Health 285, 387 newly mediated, 406–23 Service), 85, 216, 226, 227 Oceania, 262 old methods remediated, 44 niche marketing/markets, 163, Ofcom (UK Office of relationships between old and, 420, 428 Communications), 452 71 Niezen, R., 254, 262 official language, 255 religious communities negotiate Nigeria, 201 OHA (Oral History Association), use of, 245 NIH (US National Institute of 86 same-sex desire and, 274 Health), 214, 216 Okabe, D., 120 shared narratives and beliefs to Nikunen, K., 425, 434 Okinawa, 196, 205 frame and reconstruct, 242 ninemsn, 418 Oklahoma, 260 sociality afforded by, 322 ninjas, 335 Old English, 133 New Testament, 128 Nip, J., 284, 285–6, 293n Old Norse, 133 New York, 254 Nissan, 416 Oldenziel, R., 290n New York Times, 101, 207, 409, NLH (UK National Library for O’Leary, S., 233, 235 414, 417 Health), 214 oligopolization, 142 New Yorker, 131 Nordic Web Archive, 31 Olsen, S., 95 New Zealand, 220, 254, 255, 262 Norman French, 133 Olsson, T., 77 newbies, 315 norms, 280, 318, 377, 394 Olympic Games, 33, 38 Newman, W. R., 198 behavioral, 361, 398 Oneida nation, 253 news, 67, 173 citizens play important roles by online discussion, 168–80 production and dissemination of, developing, 138 nation-based influences of, 410 cultural, 285 180–1 News Corporation, 418 disempowering, 352 online marketers, 75 newsblogs, 407 everyday life, 379 online/offline divide, 3, 43–58 newsgroups, 118, 197, 312, 319, explicitly spelling out, 316 online religious communities, 234, 384, 452 friending, 397, 398 236 defined as religious communities, gender and sexuality, 284 defining characteristics of, 240 237 group, 171, 172, 398 first wave of research on, 235, disruptive and objectionable messaging, 398 236–8 participants, 316 potential threats to, 172 identifying specific forms of one of the earliest paths into, social, 193, 398 practice, 238 380n see also ethical norms import of traditional religious political, 176 North Africa, 191 ritual, 240 porn distributed in, 424, 428, North Sami dialect, 263 newsgroups defined as, 237 429, 430, 433 northern Europe, 251, 261, 262 second wave of research on, 239 newspapers, 129, 407 Norton, Augustus Richard, 192–3 third wave of research, 235, advertisements, 416 Norway, 72, 87, 261 240–3 business-oriented, 415 accidentally seen content, 361 Ontario, 260 chat room on website, 180 young people using personal open-source ethics, 103 disseminating information, 410 media, 392, 453 opinion polls, 54 key/major, 418 see also NESH oppression, 76 mastheads, 409 noun endings, 133 sexist, 432 Index 489

Oprah, 204, 320 Patterson, S., 241, 321 nude or sexually explicit, 361 Oracles, 338 Patterson, Z., 426, 429, 434, 435 pornographic, 426 ordinances, 153 Patton, C., 430, 431 portrait, 463 O’Reilly, Tim, 457 Pavlik, J. V., 406 sharing, 452, 453, 460 Orgad, S., 76–7 Paylen, L., 120 snapshot, 452 O’Riordan, Kate, 272, 281, 283, PDAs (personal digital assistants), tagging, 392 284, 285 216 visibility of, 389 Orkut, 387, 388, 390 Pecora, N., 353 physical attraction, 286 orthography, 124, 256 pedophiles, 359, 426 physician–patient relationship, Osborn, D. Z., 255, 256, 262, contact with, 360 220–1 263 exposure of children to, 256 Piaget, Jean, 350 Osborne, K. K., 398 sites closed down because of risk piercings, 428 O’Shea, T., 387 of, 363 Pilbara region, 258 OSI (Open Systems peer exchanges, 424 piracy, 407, 414, 441–2 Interconnection) model, 36 see also P2P software, 73 Oswell, D., 359 peer pressure, 76 Pittsburg, 65 O’Toole, L., 425, 429 Peking University, 286 plagiarism procedures, 363 outreach, 259, 260 Pekkola, S., 326, 332, 341 Plant, Sadie, 270 overlapping windows, 45 Perdue, L., 425, 426 Plato, 126, 128 ownership rights, 378 Peréz Rojas, Carlos Efraín, 253 PLATO (computer-based Oxford English Dictionary, 122 Perform Media Services, 419 educational system), 369, 444 performativity, 50, 51 Plattner, Stuart, 86 P2P (peer-to-peer) networks, 425 gender, 281 play, 275, 282, 288, 292n, 304 porn exchanges active in, 430 implications for, 54 accountability does not negate Paasonen, Susanna, 75, 284, 285, Perlmutter, D. D., 180, 182 the idea of, 279 305, 425, 431, 432, 433, 434 personal data/information, 99, aesthetics and, 373 Pacific Islanders, 77, 251, 259 141, 400 affinity with, 287 see also FERCAP; UNESCAP abuse of, 360 creative, 453, 456– 8 PACS (UK NHS Picture Archiving access to, 164, 389 digital, 376–8, 457 and Communication System), entered into website forms, 163 distributed, 375 226 giving away, 459 gender and, 374 Paganism, 243, 244 illegal access to, 164 new forms of, 353 Paillan, Jeanette, 261 IP address regarded as, 101 queer, 287 Palace, The, 328–9, 332, 335, 337 linking to web use, 100 sexual, 432 Palau, 259 listings of, 386 significance of, 274 Pallister, J., 99–100 misuse or falsification of, 164 PlayStation, 372 Pandora archive, 31 privacy directives that cover, 164 Plaza, D., 424 Pandora (streaming music service), protection of, 153 plurilateral treaties, 151 441, 445, 448 teenagers revealing publicly Plymire, D. C., 260 Papacharissi, Z., 454 online, 363 POCs (patients’ online Paredes, M. C., 320 users reveal a good deal of, 389 communities), 217–18 parents, 71–2, 159, 348, 357, personal media, 452, 456, 457, podcasts, 245, 259, 413, 415, 429 361, 362 461, 463, 465 Pogo (games website), 371 anxious, 363 digital, 455 point-and-click menus, 274 evading scrutiny of, 360 keyword for understanding the Poland, 361 expertise exceeded by children’s attraction of, 453 Polanyi, Michael, 456 ability to use technology, 359 playful character of, 458 Polaroid, 429 Park, J. K., 235 safe and user-friendly, 464 polite society, 122 Park, K. E.-M., 205, 206 personal relationships, 163, 396 political issues Parks, M. R., 393, 396 maintenance of, 392 change, 284 parochialism, 18 supporting and creating, 386 commentary, 77 participatory culture, 274 personality disorder, 278 context, 63 Partridge, H., 425 Peru, 257 discussion/conversation, 168–87 Pasnik, S., 75 Peters, John Durham, 45 movements, 39 Pasquinelli, M., 427 Petersen, S., 74 valence, 145 Passerini, K., 461 Petersson, G., 221 political theory, 463 password protection, 266 Pew Internet and American Life Pollack, L., 220 Patchin, J. W., 453, 459, 463 Project, 20, 67, 221, 233, Pollner, Melvin, 63, 75, 76 patents, 144, 147, 161 244, 349, 442, 453, 456, 458 Pollock, C., 89, 96 developing fair use principles for, Phantasy Star Online, 371 Polynesians, 251 162 Phillips, David, 281, 283, 430 PopCap (games website), 371 patriarchal theories, 272 philosophy, 310 Pope, R., 457 PATRIOT Act (US 2001), 98, phone calls, 127 popular culture, 76, 343 139, 155 photographs, 386, 455, 456, 458 popular music, 349, 440–50 490 Index popular press coverage, 388 default, 388–9 promotion, 408–12 popular sovereignty, 197 detailed settings, 130 pronunciation, 124 pop-ups, 435 differences in opinion around, property rights, 137 pornography, 141, 159, 305–6, 99 see also intellectual property 360, 424–39 directives that cover all types of rights accidentally seen, 361 personal data, 164 prostitution, 259 email spam messages, 432 EU provisions, 99 Protestantism, 125 exposure of children to, 256, growing threats to, 141 protests, 180, 207–8 349 informational, 100 protocols, 26, 53 software that tries to prevent interactional, 100 protocols BBS, 370 access to, 160 invasions of, 100, 139, 151, see also FTP; IP typology and viewers, 88–9 162, 164 prototypical methods, 52 see also child porn physical, 100 PS Network, 372 PornoTube, 435 protecting, 50–1, 95, 214, 459, pseudocommunities, 313–14 portability, 118 461 pseudonymization, 96 Porter, E., 309, 310–11 psychological, 100 pseudonyms, 319, 389 Portuguese speakers, 390 public concern about, 459 often identifiable, 96 postcolonialism, 77, 256, 261, questions about IP addresses psychology, 66, 372, 453 291n and, 100 Public Health Agency (Canada), Postill, J., 312 regarded to be safe, 462 214 Postmes, T., 171 rights to and expectations of, public interest, 150, 156 postmodernism, 291n 91 public law, 138–9 poststructuralism, 278, 279, 289, teenagers lack a sense of, 363 public–private partnerships, 190 291 unnecessarily compromising, public sector entities, 150 posture, 456 458–9 potential demand for Internet posturing, 96 violations of, 95, 100 access, 200 poverty, 189, 190, 195 virtual worlds and, 337 wrongdoing by, 163 combined with high cost of private information publicity, 411 ICT, 256 abuse of, 360 PubMed (US National Library of extreme, 196, 211 identifiable, 96 Medicine) site, 216 impacts on Internet access, 257 private law, 138–9 Puller, S. L., 393, 395 Powell, J. A., 213, 222 private sector entities, 148, 190, punctuation, 118, 124, 125 Powell, M., 198 206 knowledge of rules, 123 prayer, 233 potential demand for Internet punk coiffures, 428 translations of, 263 access, 200 punk rock, 354 precedent, 139 threat to privacy on Internet, Putnam, D. E., 434 Preece, J., 398 162 Putnam, R. D., 170, 320 preferences, 60, 72, 100, 163, wrongdoing by, 163 PuzzlePirates, 371 221, 349, 354, 395 privatization, 139, 142, 150 communicative, 343 proactive delivery, 27 Qian, Y., 120 cultural, 158 professional associations, 215 quality assurance systems, 215 lifestyle, 53 professional gaming, 370 quality of life, 68 methodological, 235 “professional Indians,” 254 Quan-Haase, A., 321 porn, 428–9, 433 professional writers, 180 quantitative analysis, 432 privacy, 461, 464 profiles, 387, 394, 395, 398, 458 queer theory, 272, 289, 291n, sexual, 427, 434 assessing privacy settings of, 461 292n prescriptions, 221, 222, 224–5, connections among, 392 feminist and, 281, 290 226, 227 false, 454–5 games and, 287 presentism, 18 interest categorizations in, 390 political sites and zines, Price, V., 178, 182 multiple, 389–90 274 print media, 46, 419 not visible to all users, 459 QuestionPro, 99 printing press, 117 pre-coded, 274 Quittner, J., 316 reinvention of, 140 sexualized, 429 Qvortrup, J., 350, 351 privacy, 93, 94, 101, 137, 140, visible, 388, 389 145, 215, 316, 400 profit, 425, 430, 435 Rabinovitz, Brian, 134n audience and, 388–9 activist uses of, 427 race, 77, 174, 189, 290, 373 balancing accountability and, agency conditioned and cybertypes and, 335 278 dominated by maxims of, 428 dominant notions of, 390 communications, 162–3 profitability, 425, 440–42 hierarchies of, 429 concerns about, 218, 227 programmability, 45 racial segmentation, 395 cultural differences with regard programming, 271 racism, 271, 284, 360 to, 464 Project Entropia (non-game-based radical reflexivity, 63, 75, 76 data, 164 world), 327 Radin, M. J., 166n Index 491 radio, 142, 143, 387, 409, 415, reindeer herders, 261 social support for health 440–50 relationships, 20, 71, 163, 282, conditions, 217 adoption of and replication via 350, 392–7 sophistication of, 71 web, 412–13 loose limited-purpose, 455 summative, 341 commercial, 413 making sense of and thinking, unobtrusive, 53 early, 416 292n virtual communities, 314 online live streaming, 412 offline, 19, 320 virtual worlds, 330–43 publicly owned, 413 physician–patient, 220–1 see also empirical research talkback, 421 tightly woven webs of, 310 research and development, 145 transistor, 440, 443 see also gender relations; personal German Länder responsible for, Radio National (Australia), 413 relationships; social relations 153 radiology, 226 relativism, 123 research ethics, 3, 83–108 railroad, 126 reliability self-expression, 278 see also IRE Rainie, L., 120, 358 religion, 232–50, 353 research evidence basic forms of, 47 Rania, queen of Jordan, 189 blogs, 24 “found” or “made,” 52 RapidShare, 441 fake websites, 254 resistance, 194–5 rationality, 177 see also online religious cultural, 54 r.a.t.s (rec.arts.tv.soaps), 318 communities online discussion forums can Ravelry, 387 remediation, 45, 52–3 serve as places for, 182 Rawlins, W. K., 396 replacement, 418–20 opportunities for making Raynes-Goldie, K., 391, 397, 398 replication, 412–15 possible globally, 284 reactive delivery, 27 reporters, 410 potentiality for, 63 reading 126, 355 representativeness, 77 power and, 283 and writing, 157, 158 reproductive heterosexuality, 292n Resnick, M., 314, 316 real names, 389 reputation, 96 respect for persons, 84, 85, 87, 91 realcore, 430 potential risk to, 391 retail, music, 440–50 realism, 274 risk to, 391 reverse copyrights, 51 reality television, 407 tarnished, 389 Reynolds, R., 327, 329, 330, 340 reciprocity, 177, 178, 180 research, 7, 24, 44, 54, 60, 171, RFC (requests for comments) recognition craving, 319 180, 182, 313, 320, 322, 369 process, 144 recording/record companies, academic study of religion on Rheingold, Howard, 236, 313, 440–42, 448, 449 Internet 234 315, 316, 326, 333, 455 rec.pets.cats, 316, 319 central task for, 55 RIAA (Recording Industry RECs (Research Ethics children, young people, and the Association of America), 161, Committees), 85, 87 Internet, 350–4 441 Reed, Chris, 166n common questions, 453 Rice, R., 241, 359 Reeves, P., 217, 218 cross-disciplinary, cross-cultural, Rice Revolution (Bangladesh), 207 reflexivity, 397 92 Rich, A., 281, 292n see also radical reflexivity cutting-edge, 72 rich and poor gap, 189, 190, 196, Refworks, 98 cyberculture, 276 199, 256–7 regionalism, 376 experimental, 53 unprecedented, 207 registers, 121 furthering an agenda, 314 Ridings, C., 310 appropriate for given situation, gender and games, 282 rights, 143, 151 124 gender and sexuality, 272, 274 constitutional, 147 regulations, 99, 139, 143, 144, highly sensitive topics, 92 freedoms and, 192 149, 153, 157, 378 interdisciplinary, 21 responsibilities and, 145 commercial, 145 Internet has invited a wealth of see also human rights community behavior, 377 approaches, 47 Rimm, Martin, 88–9, 90, 433 content, 145–6 Internet-mediated social Rio, 442 contracts as, 146 interaction, 289 risk, 100, 257, 359–62 convergence of, 140 interpretative, 69, 71 opportunity and, 348, 350, 360 cross-border, 150 media and communication, 453 risk society theory, 362 data privacy, 164 medical, 84, 86, 342 risk-assessment, 460–3 EC, 152 naturalistic, 53 rituals, 233, 238, 242, 243, 254 escaping traditional forms of, 359 obtrusive, 53 identification with, 310 government, 426 offline and online methods, 77 important, 335 market, 152 online risks, 359 new mediated forms, 240 structural, 146 poor methodology, 425 RMT (real-money trade), 378 regulatory agencies, 141 predominant method of choice, Roberts, L., 89, 96 regulatory law, 156 17 Roberts, L. D., 393, 396 Reid, E., 89, 237, 277, 278, 279, psychological, 92, 392, 456 Robinson, J. P., 198 314, 331, 332, 335 qualitative approaches to, 53 Robinson, L., 175, 176, 181 Rein, M., 165n scientific, 145 robots, 319 492 Index

Rodriguez, H., 458 see also Denmark; Finland; credible, 279 rogue servers, 378 Iceland; Norway; Sweden developing and gaining roles, 454 scatophilia, 428 confidence in, 462 role-playing, 327, 328, 335, 370, Scharr, Peter, 101 diversity exists within, 279 374 Scharrer, E., 320 embodied, 277 anthropomorphic animals, 315 Schlozman, K. L., 170 explorations of, 352–4 identity-experimenting, 455 Schmooze, 387 graphical representations of, 373 interpersonal microanalysis of Schneider, J. P., 434 hidden aspects of, 336 characters, 380 Schneider, S. M., 26, 33, 40n, 177 multiple aspects of, 334 Roman manuscripts, 126 Schneier, B., 102 sense of, 322 Rosenbaum-Tamari, Y., 274 Schoenhoff, D., 258 textual description of, 334 Rothchild, J. A., 166n scholarship, 44, 373 self-censorship, 180 Royal Libraries, 31 resource for, 50 self-commodification, 429 royalties, 441–2 Schön, A., 165n self-determination, 194, 253 Royce, E., 199, 200 schools, 121–2, 134, 260, 355 collective claims of, 262 RSS (rich site summary), 51, 418, computer labs in, 257 right to, 261 457 immersion, 264 tool to achieve, 252 Rubin, G., 290, 427, 432 Internet access, 354 self-emancipation, 64 Rubin, Philip, 86 virtual campuses, 341 self-exploratory process, 462 Ruedenberg, L., 274 Schott, G., 282 self-expression, 278, 453, 459 rule of law, 192 Schroeder, R., 233 self-governance, 333 rules, 279, 377 Schutz, A., 62, 63, 69, 73 self-government, 261 adult-imposed, 360 science education, 317 self-harm, 360 defining, 343 scientific method, 48 self-performance, 453–6, 463 explicitly spelling out, 316 SCOT (social construction of self-presentation, 172, 277, 386, importance of, 328 technology), 69–70, 242, 245 398, 406, 454 knowledge of, 123 Scotland, 390 anonymous, 276 special, 379 Scotsman, The, 121 gendered, 277 rural SNS users, 389, 395, 396 Scott, S., 360 multitude of strategies, 454 Russia, 387 Scrabble, 370 self-realization, 76 Rutter, J., 282, 288 screenshots, 27–8, 29 self-reflection, 389 Rwanda, 201 scribes, 126 self-regulation, 146–7 Scriven, A., 100 self-representation gay, 429 Saarenmaa, L., 425, 434 search engines, 19, 48, 93, 164, greater control over, 454 Saboor, Abdul, 205 388, 428 non-indigenous representation Sachs, Jeffrey, 196, 199, 205 “Find” function, 128 and, 253–4 sacred knowledge, 257 pornography excluded from Selfe, C. L., 357 safety, 332, 359, 362 published listings, 426 Selinger, Michelle, 205, 208n St Amant, K., 89 spin-off technology, 30 Selwyn, N., 74, 78 Salazar, J. F., 257, 262 see also AltaVista; AOL; Google; semantic web, 215 Salon (Internet magazine), 419 Yahoo! Senegal, 201 SameNet, 261 search tools, 215 sensational reports, 418–19 Sami people, 251, 261 SEC (US Securities and Exchange sensitive topics, 96, 260, 266 major dialect, 263 Commission), 156 sentence mechanics, 123 urbanized youth, 257 Second Life (Linden Lab), 232, writing instruction has de- Samoans, 77 245, 274, 327, 328, 330, emphasized, 124 Samuelson, P., 166n 331, 337, 343, 420 separation, 394, 395 samurai, 335 gay spaces, in 336 separatist groups, 194 San Francisco, 30, 333, 337 influxes of corporations, 342 server-side archiving, 40n sanctions, 361 LindeX market, 326, 340 Seven (Australian network), 414, Sandvig, C., 389 Second Life Educators Group, 341 418 Sapfo (Scandinavian mailing-list secret police, 191 sex wars (1980s), 427 community), 276, 278, 291n Secretariat of the UN, 256, 258 sexism, 271, 284, 427, 432 sarcasm, 181 security, 100, 101, 208, 215 queer groups, 285 Sargis, E., 90 absolute, 258 sexual issues Satar, Abdul, 204 balancing accessibility and, 278 crimes, 426 satellite broadcasting, 149, 153 health information, 227 diverse preferences, 427 connectivity, 224 see also national security explicit material, 424, 427, 429 networks, 257 seducer/seduced roles, 431 fantasy, 431, 432, 427, 435 Saudi Arabia, 193 Sega Dreamcast, 371 innuendo, 392 saving face, 397 Seiter, E., 75 non-consensual sex, 428 Scandinavian countries, 226, 257 selective strategy, 28–9, 30, 31 nude photos, 361 sport dykes, 282 self, 277 predation, 139, 388 Index 493

relationships, 88 Smith, M. A., 278 demographic importance, 163 unwanted attention/comments, Smith-Ferrier, S., 100 exigencies of, 420 174, 361 Smoreda, Z., 452 groups and groupware visibility of subcultures, 427 snapshot strategy, 28, 29, 30, 31 contrasted with, 19 sexuality, 373 snippet literacy, 128–9 growth of, 456–7 amorphous queer, 427 sociability individuals switch rapidly diverse, 432 peer-oriented relations of, 353 between, 311 female, 425 purported, 390 leverage in crafting, 67 female, articulations of, 428 teenage, 452–69 offline friends on, 360 gender and, 270–99 social capital, 182, 320–1, 398 playful actions, 458 problematic, 292n access to, 400 pre-interview screening by search for advice about, 360 bridging, 396 potential employers, 95 speech involving, 145 significant consequences for, 354 privacy settings/controls, 130, technology and, 271 social change, 54, 359 363 virtual worlds in regards to, social competence, 455, 456, 464 rise of, 349 335–6 social construction, 64 size of, 66 Shade, L. R., 75, 284, 349 see also SCOT teens with profiles, 459 Shakespeare, William, 129 social contexts, 46, 51, 63, 389, see also AsianAvenue; Bebo; shared heritage/tradition, 261 462 BlackPlanet; Cyworld; Sharf, B., 88 capacity to adapt to, 456 Dodgeball; Facebook; Flickr; Sharkaoui, Khalil, 203 users exercise agency in different Friendster; Last.fm; LinkedIn; “shocks,” 90 types of, 53 LiveJournal; Lunarstorm; Shorter, D. D., 256–7, 258 social control, 314, 320, 338 MiGente; MySpace; Orkut; shorthand systems, 126, 127 conflicts can generate new SixDegrees; Swedish Qruiser; Siang, S., 91 mechanisms for, 316 Twitter; YouTube Sichuan earthquake (2008), 207 social cues, 392, 454 social psychology, 392 Siebert, Joan, 86 social field analysis, 312 social reality SIL International, 263 social inequality emic and etic perspectives on, 55 Silver, D., 275, 385, 390 neo-liberal, 285 reinterpreted and reconstructed Silverman, G. M., 166n non-economic factors of, 21 daily, 54 Silverstone, R., 70, 242, 351 social interaction, 66, 103, 117, social relations, 311, 453 Simcoe, Timothy, 166n 131, 133, 278, 290, 312, 331 mediating, 348 Simmel, Georg, 390, 453–4 better conditions for, 277 social reproduction, 63 Sims Online, The, 327, 375 characteristic of significance of, social research, 86 Simsek, Z., 100 453 qualitative approaches to, 53 Singapore, 138, 195, 204 cultural representations in, 283 social responsibility, 279 religious leaders and Internet, diverse practices of, 45 social sciences, 54, 321 244 face-to-face, 182 ethics principles for, 86 Singapore Declaration (2007), gender constructed in, 292n research methods, 433 152 impression we make upon others social spaces, 453, 455, 456, 459 Singer, J. P., 407 during, 456 risky use of, 462 Singh, J. P., 196 Internet-mediated, 289 social status, 331, 351, 391 singletons, 395 net encourages and stimulates, low, 157, 256 Sioui, L., 260 241 social support, 217, 398 Situationist International, 63 rules for a credible participant sociality, 312, 322 SixDegrees.com, 386 in, 279 socialization, 46, 359, 376, 453, Sixsmith, J. A., 96 three aspects of media, 50 455, 464 Skitka, L., 90 willingness to embrace tools that linguistic, 121 Skolt Sami dialect, 263 support, 452 mediated forms of, 459 Skype, 131 social involvement, 66, 241 patterns of, 375 Slackman, M., 207–8 social mobility, 125 peer, 387 Slashdot.com, 173 social movements, 197 political, 174 Slate (Internet magazine), 419 social network analysis, 312 primary and secondary, 352 Slater, D., 44, 72–3, 424 social networks/networking sites, socio-demographic make-up, 65 Slater, M., 90 21, 93, 102, 127, 197, 274, socioeconomic factors, 391 small talk, 460 341, 353, 384–405, 421, low status, 157, 256 smartphones, 45 429, 444, 447, 448, 452, sociology, 21, 63, 310, 453 smiley faces, 121 453, 455, 464 of childhood, 350 Smith, A. D., 317 adverts in, 354 softcore, 430 Smith, C. B., 398 applications that supported, 18 Soma, J. T., 166n Smith, Dorothy, 63 archives, 52 Sommer, I., 277, 293n Smith, L., 89, 96 behemoth of, 406 SoundExchange, 442 Smith, Lane, 201, 202 computer-supported, 19 source code, 36 494 Index

South Africa, 85, 150, 158, 200 standards, 355 national-security-related, 145 sovereignty, 261 behavioral, 398 utility for, 147 space/spatiality, 70 ethical and quality, 214 virtual worlds and, 337–9 deliberative, 357 inappropriate, 86 SurveyMonkey, 99 important aspect of/vital Stanford University, 203 surveys, 20, 48, 52, 66, 99–102 element in virtual worlds, 333 Stanley, J. W., 182 cross-sectional and longitudinal, persistent synchronous, 334 Star, L., 355 67 see also social spaces; virtual statutory law, 155, 156 sustainable development, 199–200, spaces Steam, 372 201, 202, 205, 207 Spacewar! 369 Stein, M., 43 essential prerequisite to, 191 spam, 101 Steiner, Peter, 131 Sveningsson Elm, Malin, 94, 99, attempt to reduce levels of, Steinfield, C., 388, 453 272, 276, 284, 291n, 293n, 152 Stephen, L., 261 454 disruptive and objectionable Stephenson, Neil, 330–1 Swaziland, 201 messages, 316 stereotypes, 259, 260, 283 Sweden, 31, 261, 291n, 387 fighting, 155 avatar, 335 accidentally seen content, 361 porn, 432 ethnic, 337 health matters, 221–2 survey invitations as, 100 gender, 337, 354, 373 language of schoolchildren, 121 trying to control, 140 introverted Internet user, 313 national survey on teen Internet Spanish-speakers, 254 racial, 319 use, 244 Sparkes, J., 356 sexual, 281 Tengelin report, 141 speaking styles, 121 Stern, S., 88, 353 young activists, 77 Spears, R., 171, 387, 393 Stone, A. R., 270, 276, 277, 281, Swedish Qruiser, 274–5 special effects, 407 291n, 316, 318, 334, 335, Switzerland, 214, 220 spectrum allocation, 146, 152 337–8, 373, 387 Sydney, 263 speech, 45 Storsul, T., 452 Sydney Morning Herald, 409 anonymous, 172 stratification, 12, 21, 26 symbols, 258 broadcasting versus Street, J., 178 identification with, 310 telecommunications versus, Stromer-Galley, Jennifer, 113, systems design, 310, 322 143 170–1 systems theory, 312 clarity of, 456 structural analysis, 75 everyday, 122 structuralist power analysis, 272 tactics and teamwork, 375 informal, 125 Stutzman, F., 462 Tadros, Marlyn, 193 involving the sexuality of “subactivism,” 77 Tagliamonte, S., 120 children, 145 subjectivity, 50, 272, 277, 278 Tanzania, 194 websites often combine action postcolonial, 77 Tapscott, D., 348 and, 144 poststructuralist ideas of, 291 tariffs, 152 see also free speech; freedom of queer, 281 see also GATT speech; hate speech subscription, 416–17 taste, 354, 390–1, 398, 427 speech-act theory, 51 suicide, 315, 360 tattoos, 428 spell-checkers, 123 online pacts, 359 taxation, 340 spelling, 118, 124, 125 SuicideGirls, 427, 428 Taylor, A., 120, 358 nonchalance about, 122–3 Sulake, 330 Taylor, Frederick, W., 127 variations, 263 Suler, J., 335 Taylor, J., 238, 257, 263 Spence, S. H., 456 Sullivan, Caitlin, 274 Taylor, T. L., 287, 304, 326, 327, Spielberg, Steven, 411 Sun, The, 119 335, 336, 340, 375, 377, 379 Spink, A., 425 Sundance Film Festival, 411 TCP/IP (transmission control spiritual obligations, 257 Sunday Telegraph, 119, 204 protocol/internet protocol), spoken language, 120 Sundén, Jenny, 114, 272–3, 277, 1, 36 sponsorship, 416 279, 280, 284, 285, 286, Te Papa Tongarewa, 255 sports sites, 349 288, 291n, 293n technical competence, 458 sports stories, 418 SUNY Institute of Technology, 40n technical reproduction, 45 Sprint, 132 supplementary archiving, 28 technological determinism, 77 Sproull, Lee, 17 surrealism, 63 technology, 113, 149, 157, 158, Sprowl, A., 166n surveillance, 147, 165, 316 200, 257, 266, 328, 332, SSILA (Society for the Study of agencies treat as suspect anyone 344, 350 the Indigenous Languages of who reads particular texts or affordances of, 343, 353, 363, the Americas), 263 websites, 164 386 Stafford, L., 393 facilitating use of Internet for, cultural pioneers in use of, 352 Staggenborg, S., 359 148 design, 148 stagnation, 199 governmental, 163 ethnographic studies of use, 351 stalking, 360 Internet an effective tool for, femininity incommensurable Standage, T., 388 194 with, 270 Index 495

location, 338 Telepresence, 18, 22 Thrift, N., 421 masculinity and, 270, 288, 290n television, 45, 46, 142, 143, 410, Thurlow, Crispin, 119, 120, 121 network, 375, 380, 435 411, 412, 418, 419, 420, timekeeping, 126–7 parental expertise exceeded by 445, 448 Times, The, 426 children’s ability to use, 359 domestication of, 70 timesharing of artifacts, 70–1 print, 126 early, 416 TinyMUD, 328, 370 rapid change, 289 effects of Internet use on Today Show, 204 sexuality and, 271 viewing, 67 Tola, M., 429, 430 spin-off, 30 fandom for certain programs, tomboys, 286 streaming video, 425 349 Tomkins, A., 394–5 subject-related, 355 increase in viewing and decline tone of voice, 456 see also ICTs; IT; SCOT of civic associations, 170 Tongans, 251, 264–5 Technorati, 96 limitations on access to content, Tönnies, Ferdinand, 21, 310, 313, teenagers, 65, 306, 362 153 455 bedrooms as site of identity major American networks, 413 Toronto, 20, 68, 334 construction and display, 353 news sites, 409 Torres Strait Islanders, 251, 262 challenging adult authority, 360 online culture has affected torts, 139, 162 chat and IM conversations, 67, structure of markets, 414 touch-screen systems, 263 120 ownership a “licence to print tourism, 260 creating online content, 349 money,” 415 “identity,” 335 dating, 65 primetime shows, 352 Tracey, K., 68–9, 74 national survey on Internet use, program guides, 416 trade secrets, 161 244 research performed on effects of, trademarks, 18 new opportunities embraced by, 65 and domain names, 160, 161 67 satellite, 153 trailers, 411 perpetrators as well as victims, social life of communities, 52 transaction log analysis, 101 360 studies of use in households, 70 transformational grammar, 124 personal media part and parcel transformation into hybridized transgender/transsexual persons, of everyday life, 453 entity, 407 270, 292 relatively powerless position in viewing hours, 416 hostility towards, 285 everyday life, 352 Telnet, 370, 371 transgressors, 317 revealing personal information temporalities, 70 “transmedia storytelling,” 412 publicly online, 363 tennis, 410, 419–20 transnational courts, 159 socializing/sociability, 393, Teotitlán del Valle, 260–1 transparency, 150, 192, 214, 435 452–69 Terra Nova (virtual worlds blog), transphobia, 284 unauthorized access to MySpace, 340 Traugott, M., 120 3 terrorism, 39, 147, 358, 360 treason, 145 watching television or listening September 11 attacks, 155, 179, treaties, 151, 152, 262 to music while doing 181, 407 Tremayne, M., 173, 174 homework, 131 see also anti-terrorism laws Trenel, M., 179 telecenters, 257 Tetzlaff, David, 338, 339 Trinidad, 72–3 telecommunications, 142, 152, Texas A&M University, 393 TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of 357 text messaging, 45, 118, 127, 133 Intellectual Property Rights), broadcasting versus speech British female college students, 151 versus, 143 120 Trithemius, J., 117 global network, 149 mechanics of, 120–1 trolls, 172, 319 ineffective national policies, 200 US nearly a decade behind female, 282 leased circuits, 142–3 Europe, 118 typical gender analysis of, 281 low-quality service, 200 text-based interfaces, 274 troublesome/disruptive posters, national infrastructure, 20 Thailand, 145, 238, 260 334, 337–8, 339 network, 153 theology, 237 Trubshaw, Roy, 328, 370 policies and regulations therapists, 340 Trujillo, Gary, 252 concerning, 200 There (non-game-based world), 327 trust, 275, 277, 338, 459, 463, regulation, 139–40, 141 Thiessen, V., 355 464 teleconferencing software, 178 third-party access, 99 authenticity crucial to creating, telegraphy, 142, 143, 150, 153, third-party applications, 378 389 388 Thomas, F., 74 building, 100 telehealth, 223–4, 229 Thompson, J. B., 461, 465 certain, 353, 389 telephone interviewing, 52 Thompson, Nicholas, 168, 181 development of, 279 telephones, 67, 122, 142, 143, Thornburgh, D., 425, 426, 429 figuring out whom to, 462 153, 452 Thorogood, M., 213, 222 guarantees of, 353 listening to conversations, 162 Thorseth, M., 91 limits of, 388 see also mobile phones Threlkeld, Rev. (missionary), 263 loss of, 319 496 Index

Tsai, H., 100 University of Maryland, 206 verbal attacks, 172 Turkle, Sherry, 90, 274, 277, University of Washington, 40n verbal responses, 456 291n, 318, 334, 335, 373, University of Witwatersrand, 85 verification 275, 277 380n, 387, 455 updates, 257 vernacular use, 259 Turoff, Murray, 17 URAC (Utilization Review Vetenskapsrådet (Swedish Research Tuskegee experiments, 14, 84 Accreditation Program), 214 Council), 291n Twitter, 3–4, 386, 396, 443, 444, URLs (uniform resource locators), victimization/victims, 89, 254, 445 19, 27, 32 319, 463 typewriters cannot include apostrophe, 123 children and teenagers as electric, 127 compressing of words, 122 perpetrators, 360 requirement to register, 162 US Centers for Disease Control, videoconferencing, 18, 220, 223 typing mistakes, 121 341 videogame industry, 147 typography and printing, 45 US Congress, 138, 155, 156, 355 video(s), 376, 386, 410, 416, 420, Tyre, 203 US Constitution, 151 424–5, 431 First Amendment, 143, 153, business, 415 Ubois, J., 30, 31 154, 155 easy perusal of new content, 417 UCLA (University of California Los US Department of Commerce, 150 easy-to-use cameras and Angeles), 128 US Department of Health and recorders, 429 Uebel, M., 435 Human Services, 214 high-quality, 418 Uganda, 200, 201 US House of Representatives production and distribution of, Ultima Online, 327, 329, 371 Africa Subcommittee, 200 1–2 ultra-connectivity, 89 US President, 191 sharing, 435 Umefjord, G., 221, 222 elections for, 4, 30 streaming technology, 425 UN (United Nations), 205, 253 USAID (US Agency for Vigilant, L. G., 428 first real-time Internet broadcast International Development), Viking invasions, 133 of formal session, 253 189 Villarejo, A., 427, 432 see also ITU; Secretariat; World see also Leland Initiative Vinorati, 387 Summit; entries prefixed usefulness, 331 violence, 427 “UN” Usenet, 25, 118, 176, 177, 178, domestic, 178–9 UN Convention on the Rights of 314, 424, 444 exploitation of, 427 the Child (1989), 358 alt.fetish groups, 430 extreme, 360 UN Declaration of Human Rights distributing old games via, 372 sexual, 360 (1948), 84 invaded by participants on other Virginia, 67, 321 UN Development Index, 195 newsgroups, 316 virtual communities, 236, 304, Underwood, J., 251, 252, 255, racial identities, 319 319, 326, 333, 443, 444, 446 257, 260, 261 religious sub-groups on, 232 conflict management in, 317, UNDP (UN Development study of pornography on, 432 318 Program), 190, 198, 199, user names, 390 creation of, 313, 320 202, 205 USGTN (USAID Global Trade demise of, 314, 315, 316 UNESCAP (UN Economic and Network), 202 early research/studies, 314, 334 Social Commission for Asia utopia, 12, 13, 18, 20, 43, 90, ethnographic studies of, 320 and the Pacific), 192 193, 233, 234, 276 formation of, 314 UNESCO (UN Educational, feminist, 114, 272 journalistic accounts of, 315 Scientific and Cultural maintaining order in, 316 Organization), 246, 251, 252 Valkenburg, P. M., 350 marketing of, 320 unethical behavior, 256 values, 258, 318, 355 norms and values of, 318 Unicode system, 263 civic, 175 trying to characterize and unique identifiers, 162 community, 316 describe, 237 universalism, 350 core, 318 typology of, 310 universities, 148, 154, 369, 388 cultural, 343 ultimate sanction available in, means to connect students gender differences in, 319 317 within same, 386 neo-liberal, 285 vulnerable to disruption by messaging norms, 398 shared sense of, 264 miscreants, 316 programs in language and Valve, 372 Wikipedia definition of, 309 culture, 264 Van Dijk, J., 239 Virtual Policy Network, 327, 340 social networks racially Van Gelder, L., 88, 89–90 virtual property, 339, 343 segregated, 395 Van Os, R., 175, 177 virtual rape, 88, 89, 90, 236, 315, technical support from Van Selm, M., 173, 175, 179 333 collaborators in, 254 vapor text, 129–30 virtual reality, 44 virtual campuses, 341 Vasudevan, L., 353 early systems, 340 University of Colorado, 235 vegan porn, 429 experiment in, 90 University of Kansas, 21, 132 Veiga, J. F., 100 prayer in a multi-user University Library Groningen, 40n Verba, S., 170 environment, 233 Index 497 virtual spaces emergence, or acceptance of, whistleblowers, 163 community in, 333–4 102 White, A. E., 426 synchronous engagement and growing integration of white-normativity, 285 play in, 370 platforms, 400 Whitty, M., 88 virtual worlds, 12, 326–47, 370, interactive forums, 93 WHO (World Health 371, 372 obvious and more problematic Organization), 214 archives of, 52 forms of involvement Whole Earth Catalog, 444 new ways of establishing and accentuated by, 64 Whyville, 326, 327, 342 hiding identity in, 278 one of the most well-known wiccan subculture, 352 non-game, 374 features, 329 Wichowski, Alexis, 113 text-based and graphical, 318 participatory cultures of, 274 Wiener, Norbert, 141 Virtual Worlds Management report rhetoric surrounding wi-fi (wireless fidelity), 146 (2008), 327, 328 infrastructures, 102 community access, 153 virus, 100 web archiving, 24–42 municipal, free or low-cost, Vishwanath, K., 166n web browser-based gaming, 371 153–4 visual strengths, 259 web crawlers, 30 theft of signals, 141 vlogs (video blogs), 409 web design, 45 WiiWare systems, 372 VNS Matrix, 271 web harvesting, 27, 28, 30–1, 34 Wikipedia, 54, 128 vocabulary, 123, 125 web hosting services, 425 wild-west rhetoric, 332 Voerman, G., 40n web material, 24, 25–6 Wilhelm, A. G., 177, 178 voice recognition software, 263 archived, 32–8 Wilkinson, D., 386 volume, 130 delivered, 28, 34, 40n Williams, L., 431 voluntary organizations, 241 dynamic, 30–2 Williams, R., 303 voodoo dolls, 333 preserving, 26, 27, 28, 34 Wilson, E. J., 194, 198, 199–200, VPNs (virtual private networks), static, 29–30 201 227 web philology, 13, 34–8 WinAMP, 442 Vygotsky, L., 350 webarchivist.org, 32, 40n, 41n wine buffs, 387 Webb, E. J., 53 WIPO (World Intellectual Property Wajcman, J., 290n Webb, S., 326, 336–7 Organization), 98, 138 Wales, 71, 120 webcams, 220, 223, 430 Wired magazine, 19, 21 Walker, R., 204 weblogs, see blogs wireless networks, 153–4, 257 Walkman, 440 WebMD (medical information witchcraft, 352–3 walkthroughs, 339, 376 site), 222 Witschge, T., 177 Wall Street Journal, 414, 415, 417 wedding webpages, 284 Wolf, M. J., 41n Walstrom, M., 88, 92 Weekley, Ernest, 119 Wollstonecraft, Mary, 291n Walther, J. B., 391, 392, 393, Weger, H. J., 178 women, 20, 179, 287 398, 455, 461 Weiner, R. P., 457 bisexual, 276, 291n Wang, H., 172 WELL (Whole Earth ’Lectronic blogs authored by, 98 Wangka Maya Pilbara Aboriginal Link), 314, 315, 326, 333, breast cancer groups, 76–7 Language Centre, 258 444 differences and power Warbook, 371 well-being, 65, 68, 76 hierarchies, 292n Warburg, M., 234, 235 making efforts to secure, 85 enabled to work at home, 242 Ward, Katie, 71–2, 283, 284 not about eliminating poverty exploitation of, 427 “warm expert” concept, 74 alone, 195 forum for mutual support and Warnick, B., 170 psychological, 66 community, 320 warpunk activism, 427 Wellman, Barry, 11, 12, 13, 15, game culture, 373 Warren, S., 255 20, 22, 59, 60, 64, 67, 68, handicapped/disabled, deception Washington Post, 419 78, 182, 241, 311, 312, 313, of, 88, 89–90, 277, 318 Waskul, D. D., 427 321–2, 323, 333–4, 385, harassment of, 319 Watier, P., 75 388, 455 law and order to protect, 332 Watt, Ian, 126 Wendat/ Wyandotte nation, 260 luring to Internet as mindless Watzlawick, Paul, 51 Wertheim, M., 235 shoppers, 75 wave imagery, 234, 235, 236–8, Wertsch, J., 350 participation in information 239, 240–3 West Africa, 202 technology, 206 Wax, E., 207 West Asia, 195 politics talk online, 174 wealth concentration, 190 Wester, F., 48 positioned as non-users and Weaveworld, 336 Western Australia, 258 computer illiterates, 270 “Web 2.0,” 11, 13, 14, 15, 54, Western Electric, 142 rebuilding the role of, 260 76, 103, 228, 229, 277, 289, Western enculturation, 252, 258 rural, with chronic disease or 305, 371, 384, 386, 429, Westin, Alan, 141 diabetes, 223 435, 457 “whatever” attitude, 123–5, 129 traffic in, 427 burgeoning of diverse Wheeler, Deborah, L., 113, 191, transsexual, 282 applications, 21 193, 198 violence against, 427 498 Index women (cont’d) physician use of, 215–16 young women, 287–8, 352 white Western middle-class protocols and principles, 53 affirmed as authentic members straight, 291n Worlds in Motion (professional of punk community, 354 see also feminism; gender; girls; conference), 327 barely legal, child porn sites lesbians; young women Wright, S., 178 featuring, 433 women’s liberation, 291n writing, 125 YouPorn, 435 women’s rights, 358 digital, 36 youth/young people, 39, 72, 75, Wong, K. R., 198, 199–200, 201 everyday, 122 348–68, 392 Woo, J., 459, 463 language patterns in, 124 identity development among, Woodland, R., 336 new technologies, 127 306 word processors, 124–5, 127, 129 reading and, 157, 158 impact of Internet on, 198 Wordsworth, William, 128 satirical and witty, 354 political participation, 174–5 World Bank, 197, 199, 204 shift in attitudes towards culture, see also children; adolescents; World Development Report 123 teenagers; young women 1998/99, 188 styles of, 121 YouTube, 21, 384, 386, 414, 418, World Internet Project, 67 written culture, 125–30 419, 421, 435, 443 World Medical Association, 84 WTO (World Trade media production promotion, World of Warcraft, 280, 288, 326, Organization), 151–2 412 327, 372, 375 Wyatt, J., 101 Yun, H., 389, 394, 396, 397, 452 open chat channel, 284 Wynn, E., 388 Yunus, Muhammad, 188, 189, World Summit on the Information 190, 195, 196–7, 203 Society (UN 2003), 150, 258 Xbox Live, 372 World War II, 14, 84, 124 XML (extensible markup Zaleski, J., 235 convergence of computing and language), 36, 457 Zamalek, 188 communication technologies, XNA (game development tool), 372 Zambia, 200 141 Xuan, Qin, 194 Zamorano, G., 254 radar systems in, 331 Zapotec tradition, 261 World Wide Web, 19, 26, 305, Yahoo! 101, 260, 395, 415, 418 Zhang, Y. B., 132, 393 384, 406 Yahoo! Chat, 173 Zhao, Y., 355 development and diffusion of, Yahoo! Games, 370, 375 Zimmer, Michael, 92, 102, 400 173 Yang Guobin, 197–8 zines, 274, 354 easy usability and graphical Yee, Nick, 337, 374 Zittrain, J. L., 166n interfaces, 424 Yoeme communities, 256–7, 258 Zoomerang, 99 health matters, 213, 215–16 Young, G., 239–40 Zweerink, A., 315