Perspektiven Der Indischen Außen- Und Sicherheitspolitik Im 21

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Perspektiven Der Indischen Außen- Und Sicherheitspolitik Im 21 Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Fakultät für Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaften, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Perspektiven der indischen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik im asiatischen Raum im 21. Jahrhundert. Das Dreieck Indien-China-Südostasien Vorgelegt von Thomas Bauer M.A. Bergstrasse 40 69120 Heidelberg Mai 2009 In Memoriam Roland Bauer Inhaltsverzeichnis Kurzzusammenfassung S. 1 1. Einleitung S. 3 2. Die theoretischen Grundlagen S.15 2.1 Theorien der International Relations (IR) S. 18 2.2 Die relevanten Theorien des Neo-Realismus S. 25 2.2.1 Waltz: Defensiver Neo-Realismus S. 27 2.2.2 Mearsheimer: Offensiver Neo-Realismus S. 29 2.2.3 Bull: Englische Schule S. 31 2.2.4 Zuordnung S. 35 3. Strukturen und Modalitäten der indischen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik S. 39 3.1 Akteure und Instrumentarium S. 41 3.2 Grundlagen und Traditionen S. 53 3.3 Die Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik seit 1947 S. 65 3.3.1 Indien und Pakistan S. 65 3.3.2 Indien und Südasien S. 69 3.3.3 Indien im globalen Rahmen S. 69 4. Die Beziehungen Indiens zu Südostasien S. 74 4.1 Die Beziehungen seit vorkolonialer Zeit bis zum Ende des Kalten Krieges S. 75 I 4.2 Entwicklungen seit 1989 S. 81 4.3 Die politischen Beziehungen zur ASEAN S. 84 4.3.1 Indien und Vietnam S. 90 4.3.2 Indien und Indonesien S. 93 4.3.3 Indien und Myanmar S. 95 4.4 Die wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen zur ASEAN S. 99 5. Die Beziehungen Indiens zu China S. 104 5.1 Die Beziehung bis zur indischen Unabhängigkeit S. 104 5.2 Zeit der Freundschaft: 1947-1962 S. 106 5.3 Das Dreiecksverhältnis Indien/China/ Sowjetunion 1962-1989 S. 109 5.4 Rising Powers: Indien und China S. 112 6. Die Beziehungen Chinas zu Indien und Südostasien S. 119 6.1 Die Grundlagen der chinesischen Außenpolitik S. 119 6.2 Die Beziehungen zu Indien; die Rolle Pakistans S. 129 6.3 Die Beziehungen zu Südostasien S. 138 7. Südostasien im Spannungsfeld zwischen Indien und China S. 153 7.1 Die Interessenlage Südostasiens S. 153 7.2 Südostasien/ASEAN und Indien S. 160 7.3 Südostasien/ASEAN und China S. 169 II 7.4 Im Fokus des Spannungsdreiecks S. 175 7.4.1 Vietnam S. 177 7.4.2 Thailand S. 179 7.4.3 Indonesien S. 183 7.4.4 Myanmar S. 187 8. Resümee und Ausblick auf die Perspektiven der indischen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik im 21. Jahrhundert S. 193 2. Bibliographie S. 201 Anhang - Verzeichnis der Landkarten und Grafiken Dreieck der Beziehungsqualität S. 6 Karte 1: Darstellung der in der Arbeit behandelten Regionen S. 14 Karte 2: Die zwischen Indien, Pakistan und der VR China umstrittenen Gebiete in Kaschmir S. 68 Karte 3: Südostasien aus der Perspektive Indiens und Chinas S. 74 Karte 4: Nordostindien mit dem von China beanspruchten indischen Bundesstaat Arunachal Pradesh S. 109 Karte 5: Die zwischen den Staaten der ASEAN und der VR China umstrittenen Inselgruppen S. 174 III Kurzzusammenfassung der Arbeit Thema dieser Arbeit sind die Perspektiven der indischen Außen- und Sicherheits- politik im asiatischen Raum. Die Arbeit konzentriert sich hierbei auf die indischen Beziehungen zu der VR China und den in der ASEAN zusammengefassten Staa- ten Südostasiens, auf die außen- und sicherheitspolitischen Perspektiven der VR China und auf die ASEAN-Staaten in ihren Beziehungen untereinander und zu Indien und China. Das Interesse an dieser Thematik wurde geweckt durch den wirtschaftlichen und machtpolitischen Aufstieg Indiens seit Beginn der Neunziger, der jedoch aufgrund des noch schnelleren Aufstiegs Chinas weder in der Öffentlichkeit noch von der Politikwissenschaft angemessen wahrgenommen wurde. Ausgehend von der The- se Paul Kennedys, dass wirtschaftliche Macht immer auch in militärische Macht umgesetzt werden kann und dass in langandauernden Konflikten überlegene Wirt- schaftsmacht erfolgreich in politische und militärische Macht umgesetzt wird, ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit sehr hoch, dass die Indische Union und die VR China zwei der bestimmenden Mächte des 21. Jahrhunderts sein werden. Da diese bei- den Mächte aneinander grenzen und gleichzeitig Konkurrenten im globalen Rah- men sind, wird diese Rivalität sich insbesondere in Südostasien abspielen, der einzigen Region, die sowohl an Indien als auch an China angrenzt. Auf die einleitende Fragestellung folgen die theoretischen Grundlagen der Arbeit, die verschiedenen Varianten des Neo-Realismus. In den daran anschließenden Kapiteln steht Indien im Mittelpunkt, wobei zuerst die Strukturen seiner Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik untersucht werden, und dann seine Beziehungen zur VR China und zu den Staaten der ASEAN, wobei der Schwerpunkt hier auf den wich- tigsten Staaten Südostasiens liegt. Im folgenden Kapitel werden die chinesischen Beziehungen zu Indien und zur ASEAN untersucht und es wird der Frage nachge- gangen, welchen Stellenwert sie im Gesamtkomplex der chinesischen Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik haben. Die ASEAN ist Thema des darauffolgenden Kapitels, wobei zunächst auf die Probleme eines solchen Bündnisses für eine gemeinsame Außen- und Sicherheitspolitik eingegangen wird und dann auf die Interessen und Beziehungen ausgewählter Staaten der ASEAN: Indonesien, Thailand, Vietnam und Myanmar. 1 Im letzten Kapitel werden die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zusammengefasst, hinsicht- lich ihrer Relevanz für die Fragestellung überprüft und mögliche Entwicklungen in den zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen aufgezeigt. 2 Einleitung „The west is now at an extraordinary peak of power in relation to other civiliza- tions...Apart from Japan the West faces no economic challenge.” 1 Sinn und Zweck einer jeden wissenschaftlichen Arbeit ist es, dass Wissen der Menschheit zu erweitern. Die Formen dieser Wissenserweiterung können ver- schiedenartig sein: Das Erlangen neuer Daten, eine neue Sichtweise auf bekannte Daten oder aber eine Zusammenfassung bekannter Daten in einem neuen Interpre- tationsrahmen, wobei Bereiche der Realpolitik, die bis zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt getrennt betrachtet wurden, unter Wahrung eines bestimmten erkenntnistheoreti- schen Ansatzes kohärent dargestellt werden. Sinn und Zweck dieser Arbeit ist es, unter den Maßgaben des Neo-Realismus die Perspektiven der Außen- und Sicher- heitspolitik Indiens im asiatischen Raum zu untersuchen, mit dem Schwerpunkt seiner Beziehungen zu China und Südostasien. Geleitet wird der Verfasser dabei von Paul Kennedy in seinem Werk The Rise and Fall of Great Powers’ entwickel- ten Ideen und Erkenntnissen, dass wirtschaftliche Macht sich früher oder später in politischer und militärischer Macht umwandelt und somit der wirtschaftliche Auf- stieg einer Nation als lead indicator für den folgenden Machtzugewinn zu werten ist. 2 Im Laufe der letzten Jahre ist die Bedeutung Indiens im globalen Rahmen ge- wachsen; dies wird nicht nur im Lande selbst so gesehen – Indien sieht sich selbst zunehmend als Großmacht -, sondern entspricht auch der Wahrnehmung in ande- ren Staaten, z.B. den USA. „India is not a great power yet, but it has the potential to emerge as one.“ 3 Begründet wird diese Annahme mit der politischen und wirt- schaftlichen Entwicklung Indiens, wobei insbesondere das seit den Reformen der neunziger Jahre des vorigen Jahrhunderts anhaltende Wirtschaftswachstum als conditio sine qua non angeführt wird. Trotz all seiner Probleme ist Indien heute eine Nuklearmacht mit einer schlagkräftigen konventionellen Armee, dessen Wirtschaft zunehmend in Hightech-Bereichen konkurrenzfähig ist, während gleichzeitig die Landwirtschaft und traditionelle Industriesektoren, von Bereichen 1 Huntington, Samuel P.: The Clash of Civilizations? , in: Foreign Affairs , Summer 1993, Volume 72, Number 3, S. 22-49, S. 39 2 Kennedy, Paul: The Rise And Fall Of The Great Powers. Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 , London, 1989 (Taschenbuchausgabe). 3 Rice, Condoleezza: Promoting the National Interest , in: Foreign Affairs , January/February 2000, Volume 79, No. 1, S. 45-62, S. 56 3 der Konsumgüterindustrie bis hin zur klassischen Schwerindustrie, sich gegenüber der internationalen Konkurrenz behaupten können und im Lande ausgebildete Spezialisten im IT-Bereich auch in westlichen Industrieländern reüssieren. In Deutschland überwiegt jedoch immer noch ein romantisches Bild von Indien, dem Land der heiligen Kühe, der Heimat Mahatma Gandhis, mit den Stränden Goas als Ort individueller Glückseligkeit. Die Entwicklungen der letzten Jahre haben dieses Bild kaum dauerhaft erschüttert, nur kurzfristig wurde es ins Wan- ken gebracht durch Meldungen wie die, dass Indien sich offiziell zur Atommacht erklärt und diesen Anspruch durch die Tests von 1998 nachdrücklich bestätigt hat, oder dadurch dass Hightech-Spezialisten aus Indien den Arbeitskräftemangel in diesem Bereich in Deutschland ausgleichen. Ausgenommen die klassische Indo- logie, in der im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert deutsche Wissenschaftler führend waren und sind, und die moderne Ethnologie, war Indien hier kaum Studienobjekt, im ∗ Gegensatz etwa zu Großbritannien und den USA. Das britische Interesse an In- dien resultiert aus der Kolonialzeit, als Indien von allen Kolonien die größte Be- deutung hatte und deshalb auch nach der Unabhängigkeit Indiens die Kontakte intensiv waren, die durch anhaltende Zuwanderung und den Erfolg von Angehöri- gen der indischen Minderheit in Großbritannien noch verstärkt wurden. Die Ver- einigten Staaten sahen anfangs in Indien nicht nur die größte Demokratie der Welt, sondern auch einen potentiellen Verbündeten. Die Politik der Blockfreiheit Nehrus und später die Haltung Indiens zur Sowjetunion zur Zeit des Kalten Krie- ges unter seiner Tochter und Nachfolgerin
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