VIII. Reports on the Scientific planning. Landing on the comet is foreseen for November 2014 at a heliocentric distance of 3 Sessions in Moscow AU. The mission calendar was presented and Here we publish the first tranche of reports an overview given of the measurement from the Scientific Assembly. The remaining objectives during the close nucleus observation reports will be published in later issues of SRT. phase until the nominal end of the mission in The reports are in a free format and vary December 2015. considerably in style, but clearly indicate the Several reports were dedicated to future wealth of scientific research and the missions to small bodies. Sample return enthusiastic contributions to the Assembly. missions from the primitive bodies in the solar General Editor system are very important for both the science of the solar system and the engineering of

spacecraft. In Japan there was the Hayabusa Small Bodies Exploration: Past, mission, which was the first asteroid sample Present and Future Missions return mission in the world. The second asteroid sample return mission Hayabusa2 is (B0.4) now being prepared and it will be launched [Report by A. Zakharov] before the end of the current year. Hayabusa and Hayabusa2 are very challenging missions, This event considered the state of knowledge but a much more challenging mission is now of solar system asteroids, comets, the moons of under consideration in Japan. That is a sample Mars, and other small bodies of the solar return mission from a Jupiter Trojan asteroid system. In recent years there has been much using a solar sail. interest in studies and monitoring of near Earth objects, meteorites, and impact events. A A major element of NASA`s new Asteroid number of space missions, ground-based Initiative is the Asteroid Redirect Mission optical observations, radars, laboratory and (ARM). The ARM involves sending a high- theoretical investigations are devoted to the efficiency, high-power (40 kW) solar electric study of small bodies. They provide unique propulsion robotic vehicle that leverages data on primitive matter, the solar system technology to rendezvous with a near-Earth origin, its early history, evolution, and asteroid (NEA) and returns asteroid material to dynamics. a stable lunar distant retrograde orbit. The ARM concept leverages NASA's activities in The B0.4 event included the following main human exploration, space technology, and topics: (1) Missions to small bodies, (2) Near planetary defence. Earth Object (NEO) programme and observations, and (3) Asteroids and comets: The results of a pre-Phase A study of a space results of exploration and modelling. Some 98 mission to a minor body of the solar system presentations were included in the B0.4 developed in Russia were presented. For programme, 49 as oral presentations. design purposes the famous asteroid Apophis was chosen. The major goals of the mission are The current and future missions to small to carry out a study of physical and chemical bodies were presented at the first session of the properties of a potentially hazardous asteroid B0.4 Science Event. In particular, the status of and to put a special radio beacon into circum- the Rosetta mission was presented by the ESA asteroid orbit aimed at precise determination of team. This mission rendezvoused with comet the asteroid's orbital parameters. 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko after a ten-year cruise and is planned to study both its nucleus Two reports, presented by ESA and and coma with an orbiting spacecraft as well as ROSCOSMOS, were devoted to studying the with a Lander, Philae. The latest updates were Martian moons Phobos and Deimos. Both reported in Separation-Descent-Landing projects which are under development in ESA

26 and Russia make it a point to sample return be detected by magnetometers carried by from Phobos. interplanetary spacecraft as the dust cloud is swept outward by the solar wind. The records The next session of B0.4 was dedicated to of IFE occurrence can be used to trace NEO programmes and observations. Interest in interplanetary collisions and thus identify co- this topic was specially increased after the orbiting materials of well-known NEOs with recent Chelyabinsk meteorite fall (15 February ecliptic plane crossing near to or inside the 2013). Several reports were dedicated to Earth's orbit. description of the meteoroid entry, airburst damage, and comparison of this event with the The third session was devoted to the results of 1908 Tunguska mystery. exploration, laboratory simulations and the modelling of asteroids and comets. In The report on the recently launched (December particular results of the Hayabusa, Dawn, New 2013) Gaia mission was presented. This Horizons missions, and the Herschel Space cornerstone mission—from ESA's Horizon Observatory were presented. Highlights of the 2000+ programme—will detect and observe a Herschel mission include the finding of water large number of extragalactic objects as well as on Ceres, the Earth-like D/H ratio of comet solar system objects and mainly small bodies Hartley-2 and the detailed picture of the trans- with roughly 300,000 asteroids observed down Neptunian population with implications also to magnitude 20. Gaia will yield taxonomy, for models describing the migration of the shape, sizes and spin data, improved orbital giant planets about 4 billion years ago. During elements, results for binary asteroids, masses 2013-2014, comets C/2012 S1 (ISON) and and densities. C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring) have been the There were a number of reports on results of subject of international observing campaigns NEO observation implemented by the Mars due to their unique and fortuitous orbits. It was Express mission, several space and ground- of great scientific interest as the first known based programmes of detection, study, dynamically new sungrazing comet became monitoring of NEO, determination of celestial very bright near perihelion. bodies orbits and probabilities of their As a result, comet ISON was studied collisions with the Earth. The results of intensively by observers around the world and dedicated photometric and spectroscopic by more than ten spacecraft, making it one of studies of prominent near-Earth, main-belt, and the best-observed comets in history. A review trans-Neptunian objects, as well as selected of these campaigns, highlighting major results comets were presented. An interesting and ongoing work were presented at the technique was reported to inventory the co- session. orbiting materials of known NEOs and obtain the number density, orbits and size distributions of the materials. Materials co- orbiting with Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) can Astrobiology: Life Signs be potentially hazardous when their diameters Detections Within Planetary are of tens of metres. However, due to the small dimensions of these materials, they are Exploration (B0.6) hard to discover using traditional surveys. [Report by J. Brucato] The co-orbiting materials collide regularly First of all, I would like to communicate my with smaller interplanetary objects, since the appreciation to the general organization of the smaller objects are quite numerous. The dust 40th Scientific Assembly of COSPAR. The cloud released in the collisions, containing punctual organization of all aspects, with first- fine-sized particles, becomes charged and can class technical support has made it efficient perturb the ambient solar wind. The resultant and pleasant to attend the conference and chair interplanetary magnetic field structure is called the session. The location was very suitable for interplanetary field enhancement (IFE) and can so big an event. I express my appreciation to

27 the local organization for the excellent success Bobomurat Ahmedov described his VLF of the conference. research activities in Uzbekistan. Sudipta Sasmal and Suman Ray discussed different The session B0.6 Astrobiology: Life Signs types of earthquake precursors that have been Detections Within Planetary Exploration, found. Sourav Palit described theoretical continues to prove to be a successful event. prediction of VLF amplitude due to solar The session occupied an entire day of work flares. This unique method combines the use of with a total of 21 talks and about 40 attendees GEANT4 simulation on ionosphere, with a considerable fraction of Russian computing electron number density at different scientists. heights along with LWPC propagation code. Building on this success, an interest in having a co-sponsored session with PPP and F3 was expressed during the business meeting in Moscow. To give continuity to such scientific topics and to gather the interest of Planetary Protection Panel and Life Science a new proposal was submitted to the SC B commission to organize the B0.6 session for the 41st COSPAR Assembly in Istanbul that includes aspects related to astrobiology and planetary protection. Thus, the new title of the session is “B0.6 Life Signature Detection for Some of the participants of the C0.4 event Astrobiological Targets and Planetary Protection for Icy Body Sample Returns” with M. Golubkov explained the effects of the MSO: John Robert Brucato (INAF-Italy) and decimeter and infrared radiation of the lower DO: Michel Viso (CNES- France). ionosphere during high solar activity. He emphasized the interaction between neutral medium and quasimolecules which are in Ionospheric Disturbances highly exited Rydberg states. Observed through Very Low E. Lopez explained their findings from the Frequency Radio Waves (C0.4) newly developed VLF and ELF receiving station in Ecuador using portable instruments [Report by S. Sasmal] developed with the support of the AWESOME, Sandip Kumar Chakrabarti represented one of MAGDAS and CALLISTO network. R. Moore the largest VLF groups in the world which has discussed the effects of LEP and TLE on new 15 members and he presented results on solar signal processing methods for MSK modulated flares, solar eclipses, VLF campaigns all over signal. M. Danielides described the India, earthquake-related pre-cursors, contribution of German participation in the Antarctica data, atmospheric gravity waves ISWI project for SID detections using the low triggered by solar eclipse, solar flares, soft cost SDR receivers. Participants from Iran also gamma ray repeaters and gamma ray bursts presented their work. Mr. V. Nwankwo etc. mainly summarizing the activities of the presented correlations between DST/Kp Indian Centre for Space Physics and S. N. indexes on VLF signal amplitudes. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences. F.

Raulin summarized the activities of SAVNET in South America, describing the installation of quite a few antennae and receiver systems and the subsequent data.

28 Coupled Solar Wind- results from the CASSIOPE/e-POP satellite (H.G. James); and total electron content (TEC) Magnetosphere-Ionosphere- variations associated with magnetic field line Thermosphere System (C1.3) resonance (C. Watson). [Report by A. Yau] Overall, there was a good balance between the Session C1.3 was devoted to space- and theoretical and observational contributions, ground-based studies of the coupling of the and the session served as an effective forum thermosphere and ionosphere to the for highlighting the many significant, recent magnetosphere and solar wind. The session scientific results in the COSPAR community underscores the theme of mass, energy and on multi-scale solar wind-magnetosphere- momentum transfer between the solar wind ionosphere-thermosphere. and magnetosphere and the ionosphere and thermosphere, in which the transfer occurs primarily along the auroral field lines and Physics and Chemistry of the results in the aurora and disturbance neutral Polar Mesosphere and Lower wind. Thermosphere (C2.1) The transfer of energy from the solar wind and [Report by G. Baumgarten] magnetosphere to the ionosphere and thermosphere occurs primarily but not Physical and chemical processes in the exclusively at high and mid- latitudes. mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) Following the passage of coronal mass lead to the occurrence of layered phenomena. ejections (CMEs) and other solar particles, the Observations of these layered phenomena were aurora brightens, ring current intensifies, presented from existing and new ground-based geomagnetic storms occur, sub-auroral electric infrastructures, sounding rocket projects, as fields and disturbance neutral winds intensify, well as new retrieval methods from current and ionospheric conductance and total electron satellite missions. Besides observations of content change dramatically. Heliospheric, noctilucent clouds (NLC) / polar mesospheric magnetospheric and ionospheric satellites and clouds (PMC) occurring under summer ground-based facilities provide a powerful set conditions, extensive observations of Polar of synergistic tools to study the variety of Mesosphere Winter Echoes (PMWE) were underlying wave and particle processes over a reported from Arctic and Antarctic MST wide range of spatial and temporal scales in the radars. coupled solar wind-magnetosphere- Due to the unprecedented quality of the ionosphere-thermosphere system. observations new information about the This session included five half-day oral background atmosphere, e.g. the vertical wind sessions that were to feature seven invited and and energy dissipation rate, was extracted. 22 contributed talks, as well as a poster session Simultaneous observations of temperature, of about 10 poster papers. Unfortunately, as H O and PMC from the ODIN satellite allow many as nine presentations were withdrawn. 2 us to identify the H2O redistribution by PMC. Highlights of the sessions included invited Dynamical disturbances such as Sudden presentations on observations of filamentary Stratospheric Warmings (SSW) and their effect source of energetic neutral atoms (ENA) in an on the distribution of trace constituents was auroral substorm (M. Collier); the determining shown for example for O3 and O, H and factors of the severity of space weather (B. modulations of the airglow layers were Nanan); the use of the PC index as a proxy for presented. solar wind energy input (O. Troshichev); high frequency harmonics of the ionospheric Alfven Sounding rocket programmes combining resonator (I.R. Mann); the first radio-science extensive support by ground-based instrumentation from the ALOMAR

29 observatory in northern Norway were understanding of energetic particle introduced and some results were presented. precipitation indirect effect (Kristell Perot et Those studies aim to improve understanding of al.); Elevated stratopause events and neutral dynamics of the MLT region and downward transport of nitrogen oxides (Yvan coupled atmospheric layers, as well as Orsolini); Estimating the energy deposition in microphysics of the layered phenomena. the mesosphere from anisotropic electron fluxes during REP events (Johann Stadsnes); Active and fruitful discussions followed the Measurements of SEP events during 23 and 24 presentations. The audience was up to 60 solar cycles by polar low altitude Russian persons throughout the 3 half-days of the space missions: use for calculations of ozone session. layer response (Irina Myagkova and Alexei Krivolutsky); Effects of galactic cosmic ray variations on the lower atmosphere dynamics Advances in Extra-Terrestrial at extratropical latitudes (Irina Artamonova Forcing for the Middle and Svetlana Veretenenko); High energy Atmosphere and Lower particles and aerosol processes in the Ionosphere (C2.3) atmosphere (Irina Mironova, solicited); and Ionization of the atmosphere caused by [Report by A. Krivolutsky and Y. Orsolini] energetic particles (Maik Wissing, solicited). This event focused on new results illustrating The rest of the first day was further devoted to the response of the atmosphere and lower talks on external forcing on the ionosphere: ionosphere to a variety of external forcing such Satellite radiotomography of ionospheric as solar and galactic cosmic rays, relativistic response to extraterrestrial forcing (Viacheslav electrons precipitating from radiation belts Kunitsyn, solicited); Peak time delay of during geomagnetic storms, and solar UV electron density in the lower ionosphere as a variability during the solar cycle. Data analysis function of altitude and flare characteristics; of ground-based and satellite observations as Theory and observations (Sourav Palit); D- well as results from model simulations were region response to solar cycle variations; 3D presented, revealing various forcing of the simulations with CHARM-I model (Alexei middle atmosphere from above. 37 abstracts Krivolutsky); Solar cycle effect in (including seven solicited) were received and, SBUV/SBUV 2 ozone data (Aleksandr from this, the programme was divided into two Gruzdev); Low frequency electromagnetic parts, including 27 oral and nine poster signals in the atmosphere caused by presentations. geodynamics and solar activity (Oleg Novik); Temporal variability of solar activity effects on Results relating to energetic particle the lower atmosphere and natural climatic precipitation impact on the middle atmosphere oscillations (Svetlana Veretenenko); Novel were presented during the first day. This approaches to mid-long term weather and included the following: The effects of climate forecast based on the solar- precipitating radiation belt electrons on the geomagnetic signal (Sergey Avakyan). mesospheric hydroxyl and ozone (Monika Andersson et al. solicited); Middle atmospheric Effects of extraterrestrial forcing on changes caused by the January and March atmospheric dynamics including tides and 2012 Proton Events (Charles Jackman et al. QBO were presented on the second day: Tidal solicited); SCIAMACHY long-term influences and variability in the mesosphere observations of nitric oxide in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (William Ward, and lower thermosphere (Stefan Bender et al.); solicited); Lunar tidal effects in layered Parameterization of ionization induced in the phenomena of the mesopause region (Nicolay atmosphere by precipitating particles (Anton Pertsev et al.); The long-term predictability of Artamonov); Odin/SMR nitric oxide quasi-biennial oscillations (QBO) in equatorial observations and its contribution to a better zonal winds and total ozone (Irina Gabis and

30 Oleg Troshichev); Solar activity effect on the region mapping, (4) Comparisons with IRI, (5) stratospheric spring-time transition date at New inputs for IRI, (6) Posters. different QBO phases (Anna Kanukhin); A number of groups are engaged in activities Longitudinal variations of the solar activity towards the development of a Real-Time IRI influence on the annual and semiannual using different techniques and data sources oscillations of the prevailing wind in the towards this goal. The University of middle atmosphere (Vladimir Guryanov); Massachusetts Lowell (UML) team presented Modulation of quasi-biennial ozone one of the most advanced and mature systems oscillations in the equatorial stratosphere by with their IRI Real Time Assimilative the solar cycle (Viacheslav Bezverkhnii); Mapping (IRTAM) technique that updates the Nature of the quasi-biennial oscillation of the CCIR coefficients for the F-peak density and zonal wind in the equatorial stratosphere height with the help of digisonde data from the (Nicolay Sidorenkov); QBO as the result of Global Ionosphere Radio Observatory (GIRO) planetary motion (Alexey Retejum); Non-zonal network. The latest results and validation structure of global temperature and wind efforts were reported by I. Galkin and A. response in the troposphere and middle Vesnin. At auroral latitudes Y. Zhang (APL, atmosphere to solar UV variations: simulations USA) has succeeded in using TIMED/GUVI with general circulation model ARM (Alexei and DMSP/SSUSI data to bring auroral Krivolutsky). boundary and E-region densities in IRI to real- The presented results are relevant to the time conditions. international SPARC initiative SOLARIS- In the European sector local and regional HEPPA, the TOSCA Project supported by assimilative methods are being successfully COST, the ROSMIC Project (VarSITI applied to IRI using single or regional Programme supported by SCOSTEP), and the ionosonde inputs (M. Pezzopane, Italy; H. HEPPA Project (High Energetic Particle Haralambous, Cyprus). S. Jun Oh (Korea) Precipitation in the Atmosphere). reported on a regional HF frequency prediction service based on assimilating data from a local ionosonde into IRI. GPS data are an important Improved Representation of the data source for real-time monitoring and Ionosphere in Real-Time and modelling of the ionosphere (M. Hernandez, Retrospective Mode (C4.1) Spain; M. Alizadeh, Germany), however they require tomographic or radio occultation [Report by D. Bilitza] techniques if information about the altitudinal Session C4.1 was organized by the structure of the ionosphere is required. COSPAR/URSI Working Group on the Presentations during the IRI session utilized International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and numerous data sources including was convened by D. Bilitza and T. Gulyaeva. measurements by ionosondes/digisondes, The main focus was on the development of the incoherent scatter radars, SuperDARN HF Real-Time IRI, however, other IRI-related radars (Oinats, Russia), SAURA Doppler radar topics were discussed as well. The session was (Singer & Strelnikova, Germany), TIMED, well attended with about 45 participants and DMSP, COSMIC, GPS, ISIS, Alouette, with at times standing room only. A total of 37 ROCSAT-1, Hinotori, Topex, and Jason oral and 17 poster presentations were satellites, and Rockets (J. Shi, China). A scheduled over a two-day period. Of these comprehensive study of EISCAT incoherent nine oral papers and seven posters were scatter data with IRI by L Bjoland (Norway) withdrawn and two additional oral covering more than two solar cycles will be an presentations were included in the programme. important starting point for improvements of The session was divided into six sections: (1) IRI parameters at high latitudes. Comparisons Real-time IRI, (2) Topside and TEC , (3) F- of digisonde data from Multan, Pakistan again

31 showed the need for improvements of IRI the students about their respective project during the extremely low solar cycle minimum results from the first week. More information in 2008/2009 (M. Ameen, Pakistan). New will be soon available on the IRI homepage at models were presented for the upper ion http://irimodel.org. transition height based on Alouette and ISIS During its business meeting the IRI Working topside sounder data and COSMIC radio Group elected its new leadership team for the occultation data (V. Truhlik, Czech Republic) next four years. David Altadill (Ebro and for the ion density around 600 km based Observatory, Spain) was elected as new IRI on ROCSAT-1 data (L. Liu, China). Chair and Shigeto Watanabe (Hokkaido During the IRI business meeting the working University, Japan) and Vladimir Truhik (IAP, group decided on two important improvements Czech Republic) were re-elected as Vice- for the next version of the IRI model: (1) as Chairs for COSPAR and URSI, respectively. separate options for hmF2 the model by Feza Arikan (Hacettepe University, Turkey) Altadill et al. (Spain) based on digisonde data was elected as a new member to the IRI and the model by Karpachev et al. (Russia) Working Group. The IRI steering committee based on COSMIC radio occultation data; (2) also includes the former Chairs L.-A. Auroral NmE and hmE based on Zhang’s McKinnell (SANSA, South Africa), B. (APL, USA) work with TIMED/GUVI and Reinisch (LDI, USA) and D. Bilitza (GMU, DMSP/SSUSI data. High priority was given to USA). the inclusion of a plasmaspheric extension into

IRI starting possibly with the IRI-Plas option developed by Gulyaeva (Russia). One Energetic Particles in the problem, however, are the still existing Heliosphere: from Pickup Ions to uncertainties of the topside profile shape especially during very low solar activity Anomalous Cosmic Rays (D1.2) (Bilitza, USA). The IRI Real-Time effort will [Report by V. Florinski] continue with developing a scheme for assimilating GIRO digisonde data for the The oral session consisted of four invited talks bottomside parameters B0, B1, and D1 into IRI and 10 contributed presentations with one no- (Galkin, USA), show; the poster session had four entries. Most key talks were scheduled on Day 1, which are Advances in Space Research has agreed to the reviewed below. Unfortunately, the poster publication of a special issue on the IRI in session was scheduled during lunch break Real-Time and Retrospective Mode. Oral and time, which greatly reduced its effectiveness. poster presenters from session C4.1 are invited to submit their contributions to the special The opening talk by Marty Lee set the stage by issue. The issue will be open to other IRI- introducing the pickup process and the shaping related contributions as well; presentation at of the ions' distribution function by wave- the meeting is not a pre-requisite for particle processes. Loading by pickup ions publication in the special issue. reduces the dynamic pressure of the solar wind and can slow down plasma ahead of shocks. The 2015 IRI Workshop will be held in He estimated that two-thirds of energy Bangkok, Thailand as a COSPAR Capacity dissipated at the termination shock goes into Building Workshop. Prasert Kenpankho from pickup ion compression, the remaining fraction the King Mongkut's Institue of Technology possibly going into diffusive shock Ladkrabang (KMITL) in Bangkok gave a acceleration. Lee addressed the Voyager ACR presentation describing the workshop plans controversy and the model where acceleration and location. The first week will be lectures occurs at the flanks and tail of the termination and seminars for students, and the second week shock. will have the usual IRI Workshop format with science talks including also presentations by

32 Nathan Schwadron spoke on the spatial wind velocity. Measurements are continuously retention mechanism for the ions believed to collected starting in 2011 covering distances be producing the energetic neutral atoms between 22 and 30 AU. Observed PUI (ENAs) detectable as the IBEX “ribbon”. The distributions are well approximated by the idea of neutralized solar wind being the parent Vasiliunas-Siscoe formula based on adiabatic ENA population for these ions has received the cooling of the shell. New Horizons is expected most attention in the community. The principal to extend coverage to 50 AU and potentially weakness of this model is the tendency of ring into the helioheath. distributions to become isotropic because of Len Fisk, speaking for George Gloeckler, wave generation by instabilities. Schwadron's reviewed the history of pickup ion discovery model considers ions resonantly interacting and their observations using Ulysses. He with Alfven waves traveling in each direction argued that energetic particles observed in the along the mean field. In this model ions heliosphere are often seen where no shocks are traveling at small pitch angles interact with one present, and that during the times when the wave direction only which prevents their spectra of accelerated particles are not scattering into the other hemisphere, where as changing the spectral slope is -5 in velocity. those near 90° are trapped (retained) in the Ion spectra in the heliosheath, he argued, also region where B is perpendicular to the line of have the slope of -5 up to a few MeV, and an sight. Schwadron presented five years of IBEX oxygen ACR spectrum from the LECP ENA data showing evidence of the ribbon in instrument was presented showing a v-5 the maps at 0.2 keV, well below the solar wind dependence up to the rollover. Fisk argued that bulk speed. He interpreted this as evidence of the bulk of the energy of the plasma in the heliosheath ENAs contributing to the ribbon at heliosheath was contained in the range of low energies. energies covered by Voyager/LECP and that if Marius Potgieter discussed measurements and these particles were accelerated at the models of galactic electrons in the distant termination shock, the total energy balance in heliosphere. Modelling efforts are simplified the heliosheath could not be maintained. by the independence of the electron mean free Vladimir Florinski spoke about new path on rigidity, but complicated by the observations of magnetic fluctuations by presence of Jovian electrons masking the low Voyager 1 in the outer heliosheath. The energy energy part of the galactic spectrum. Comp- of magnetic fluctuations in the inner aring Voyager results from beyond the heliosheath is already very low, and is even heliopause and Pamela spectra reveals the less in the outer heliosheath, based on hourly presence of two power laws with a break at averages of Voyager MAG data. Using 48- 800 MeV. Heliosheath accounts for about 50% second averages produced more statistically of the total electron modulation, which is very significant results, providing an upper limit on large (factor of 400 between 30 AU and the turbulent energy in the range of wavenumbers heliopause). Potgieter argued that some in resonance with PUIs. This limit is consistent reacceleration of galactic electrons at the with fluctuations being part of the ambient termination shock was taking place. interstellar turbulent spectrum, known to have Dave McComas reported on PUI observations a slope of -5/3 from parsec down to km scale. using the SWAP instrument on board the New Florinski also presented a new model to Horizons space probe. The probe is travelling explain the anisotropies of heliospheric ions approximately in the direction of the nose of after the heliocliff, based on gradient drift in a the heliopause, in the ecliptic plane. SWAP latitudinally varying magnetic field. He also measures ions between 0.1 and 8 keV with showed how the drop-outs in energetic very low level of background. The data clearly particles could be produced by Voyager shows the solar wind proton and alpha particle crossing the boundaries of magnetic flux tubes populations as well as the pickup “filled shell” connected to the local interstellar medium and population reaching a cut-off at twice the solar

33 sunken into the heliosheath as a result of a The remaining three presentations were ballooning instability. concerned primarily with galactic cosmic rays. Patrick Kühl described the new capability of On Day 2, Hans Fahr gave a talk about SOHO/EPHIN (Electron, Protons, Helium electron acceleration by compression regions INstrument) extending the upper energy limit in the solar wind. His theory, based on a for proton and helium from 50 MeV to 1 GeV. thermodynamic description of the heating This was accomplished by using detailed process, predicted a temperature profile with a numerical simulations of the particle minimum at some 5 AU, increasing to the trajectories inside the instrument using the termination shock. The new model included GEANT4 Monte-Carlo code. A comparison energy expended to compress pickup ions. with PAMELA data for one 2012 GLE event Maria Zeldovich discussed their analysis of produced good agreement. Ivan Petukhov ACE and SOHO suprathermal particle reported simulations of Forbush decreases measurements during solar cycle 23 and 24, using a torus model for a magnetic cloud. emphasizing the difference in spectral Finally, O. Aslam showed results from neutron properties of different ion species. Dick monitors between 2007 and 2012 (the Mewaldt, speaking for Mihir Desai, presented increasing phase of solar cycle 24). The study a study of rollover/break energies in the focused on the correlation and time lag spectra of ions from hydrogen to iron, for 105 between the cosmic-ray intensity and magnetic large SEP events. SEP spectra often consist of field (B), plasma speed (V), BV, and the two power laws indicating differences in the current sheet tilt angle. The time lag was found acceleration mechanism. Different types of to have only weak dependence on rigidity. The events exhibit varying degrees of the spectral GCR intensity had a stronger dependence on B break energy dependence on the charge-to- and tilt during the ascending phase than during mass ratio. For example, the spectral breaks the minimum. were found to have only a weak dependence on Q/M for quasi-perpendicular shocks with low levels of turbulent fluctuations. Galactic Cosmic Rays in the Mohammad Hussein from the Shalchi group Heliosphere: Theory and presented a theoretical investigation of charged particle transport in slab/two-dimensional, Observations (D1.3) three-dimensional, and NRMHD turbulence [Report by S. Ferreira] geometries. A modified Bohm diffusion regime was found in test particle simulations The topic of this session was galactic cosmic where the mean free path was proportional to rays and their modulation inside the B/dB times the gyro-radius, for strong heliosphere. When entering the heliosphere turbulence. Frederic Effen berger spoke about galactic cosmic rays experience different superdiffusive transport of energetic particles modulation processes leading to both spatial ahead of shocks in the heliosphere. This is a and temporal modulation. Intensities of these follow up to earlier work by Zimbardo and co- particles are measured by different space workers who found that the particle intensity in missions like Voyager, Ulysses, ACE, the shock precursor behaved like a power law PAMELA, STEREO and SOHO as well as rather than an exponential expected for from balloons and from ground-based diffusion. This type of behaviour is instruments like neutron monitors and muon characteristic of a Paretial process, such as a telescopes. As reported in this session, these Levi walk or flight, rather than a Wiener observations proved an excellent opportunity process. Shock acceleration theory was to study the heliospheric effects on cosmic developed for superdiffusive transport; rays, both experimentally and theoretically. Of application to the termination shock was theoretical importance is also to understand the discussed. coupling of the transport parameters to the

34 background plasma and magnetic field as well The Heliosphere session included an as the geometry of the heliosphere. interesting invited review by G. Erdos (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) on Solicited contributions were presented on: The heliospheric magnetic fields and a number of solar modulation of electrons and positrons; contributions related to the solar wind (e.g., and the unusual solar minimum in relation to Habarova et al.) and heliospheric structure. A the Sun's history and cosmic rays during the catalogue of solar proton events for the last six unusual solar minimum of 2009. Special solar cycles was presented by V. Ishkov. mention should be made to a solicited contribution entitled: Long-term balloon The Solar Wind and Magnetosphere session cosmic ray measurements in Russia. This was opened with an invited review by Lakhina presentation was very well attended and the et al. about effects of solar wind on the speaker gave an excellent overview of cosmic magnetosphere and ionosphere of Earth. This ray measurements made by Russian scientists topic was also discussed in a number of and their collaborators over the years. contributions (e.g., Makarova & Schirochkov, and Temerin).

One half-day session was devoted explicitly to Space Climate (D2.2/E3.2) Solar Irradiance variability. A general invited review by N. Krivova et al. (MPS, Germany) [Report by I. Usoskin] on centennial variability of the solar irradiance The Scientific Event D2.2/E3.2 "Space was followed by a detailed discussion of the Climate" was organized by I. Usoskin, D. present status of measurements and Nandy, J. Beer, K. Mursula and M. reconstructions of total and spectral solar Voiculescu. This event consisting of four half- irradiance on PICARD missions (Gessatur et day sessions was among the most successful al., Meftah et al., Schmutz et al.) and LYRA ones in COSPAR Scientific Commission D (Dammasch et al.) as well as long-term with more than 80 invited, solicited and reconstructions of the solar irradiance (Dasi contributed presentations. Espuig et al., Velasco Herrera et al.). The event was organized in six Sections with New results related to solar forcing were 32 oral presentations, each including 1-2 highlighted in a dedicated session, starting invited talks followed by contributed talks, and with an invited talk by W. Schmutz (PMOD, a large number of posters. Participants Switzerland) on spectral solar irradiance represented 17 countries from around the variability. A detailed analysis of heliospheric world. high speed streams was presented by Holappa et al., and some predictions of the forthcoming The entire event had started with the solar variability were also discussed (Zharkova et activity section and the opening review talk by A. Ruzmaikin (JPL Caltech, USA) on al., Padmanabhan et al.). centennial variability of solar activity. Of The most controversial and lively session on special interest was an invited focused review solar-terrestrial relations concluded the by C. Schrijver (Lockheed Martin Solar and scientific event. Invited reviews of the role of Astrophys. Observatory, USA) summarizing energetic particles in the atmosphere (E. the current view on the occurrence of extreme Rozanov, PMOD, Switzerland) and on the solar events and what could be the "worst case magnetospheric effects of solar wind (B. Singh scenario". Such topics as different aspects of Rathore, Jiwaji University Gwalior, India) solar variability (e.g., Obridko & Nagovitsyn, were mixed with contributions on different and Usoskin et al.), new data (Priyal et al.) and related subjects. For example, some evidence models (e.g., Yeates & Munoz-Jaramillo), and was presented (Mursula et al., Voiculescu et even solar activity predictions (e.g, Ahluwalia) al.) that regional climate patterns may be were covered by numerous contributions. affected by solar wind rather than by UVI or cosmic ray variability. Possible scenarios of

35 extreme solar-terrestrial events were discussed US (M. Guhathakurta), Russia (A. by Yakovchuk et al. Controversial and Petrukovich), China (J. Wu), Japan (H. Hara) discussion-stimulated results were also and India (S. Kasiviswanathan). The following presented as, e.g., a claimed relation between session was then dedicated to innovative the human's heartbeat and geomagnetic activity mission concepts. For solar physics and the (Jordanova et al.). inner heliosphere, these included formation flight (D. Moses), the use of nan-satellites Overall, scientific event D2.2/E3.2 was very (Xinlin Li), using the L4 and L5 vantage points successful with many new interesting results (N. Gopalswamy and A. Bemporad). Prospects presented. It gave a forum for wide and fruitful for exploring the outer heliosphere and the discussions within the inter-disciplinary local interstellar medium were then presented research community. The event is planned to by B. Wimmer-Schweingruber and F. be continued at forthcoming COSPAR Allegrini. Assemblies. The two final sessions addressed technological

developments for remote sensing and in-situ Challenges in Heliophysics and instruments. These were an opportunity for Space Weather: What scientists usually working on very different types of instruments to exchange ideas. Several Instrumentation for the Future? contacts were made that may materialise into (D2.3_E3.3) innovative instruments in the coming years. [Report by F. Auchère] As advances in understanding the Sun and the The Science with Future Solar heliosphere foster new observational Missions, from the Sun to the objectives, technological innovations in instrumentation are often key to new Heliosphere (D2.4_E3.4) discoveries. This constant interaction between [Report by A. Bemporad] theoretical and experimental development nurtures the advance of heliophysics research. Session E3.4 (D2.4) was dedicated to the A number of new missions from space optimization of the scientific outcome from the agencies all over the world will perpetrate this approved near future solar missions. Among virtuous cycle, including Solar Orbiter (ESA), these we recall the largest ones: Solar Orbiter, ASO-S (China), Solar-C (Japan), Aditya Solar Probe Plus and Inter-Helioprobe. The (India), Solar Probe (USA) and others. aim of the Session was to push forward the coordination between remote-sensing and in In this perspective, the goals of the D2.3 event situ instruments in order to contribute to were to review the status of the current space succeed in their science goals. instrumentation for heliophysics (and the lessons learned), to explore the possibilities A total of 39 abstracts were submitted for offered by emerging technologies, and to solicited talks, contributed talks and poster discuss the foreseeable technological presentations, a number more than sufficient to developments. The topics covered ranged from fill the whole schedule for this two-day components to whole instruments to mission session. The Organizing Committee did very concepts and included both remote sensing and good work to select the speakers and suggest in-situ techniques. possible solicited talks in order to introduce different space missions and cover the main The event’s objectives were largely achieved. scientific topics. A total of 17 speakers were It started with an introductory talk (A. Zhukov) selected and invited to give a solicited talk. on open questions in heliophysics and space Due to external causes we received several weather. These were followed by invited talks cancellations of both contributed and solicited on the current heliophysics programmes in the speakers. Nevertheless, new speakers were

36 found and the whole schedule was successfully turbulence (by Petr Hellinger), and sources of covered with good presentations. Hence the slow wind from the heliospheric point-of-view session was of high standard and was very (Rudolf von Steiger). In the fourth and last successful. half-day sub-session titled “Solar transients: single versus multiple sources, understanding The agenda was organized in four different acceleration and transport through multipoint sub-sessions (half a day each): the first sub- multi instruments data” the topic of Solar session entitled “Novelties from the upcoming Energetic Particle (SEP) acceleration, MHD Sun and Heliospheric missions” was aimed at simulation of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) introducing the most important forthcoming and observations of CMEs and Interplanetary space missions dedicated to the observations of CMEs were covered by three solicited talks the Sun. These included solicited reviews on (respectively by Robert Wimmer- Solar Orbiter (presented by Milan Schweingruber, Yuhong Fan, and Spiros Maksimovich in place of Daniel Mueller), Patsourakos), interspersed by contributed talks Solar Probe Plus (presented by Stuart Bale), on solar flares, erupting prominences and other Interhelioprobe (by Vladimir Kuznetzov), manifestations of solar activity. Aditya (by Sankarasubramanian Kasiviswanathan), SPORT (by Ying Liu), The session hosted also nine poster Proba-3 (by Andrei Zhukov) missions, and presentations, dealing with the new science CLASP rocket (Ryhouhei Kano; the talk on the that will be possible with many instruments HERSCHEL rocket by Daniel Moses was on-board the future solar missions. An average skipped because the speaker was unable to of 50 people attended the session and animated attend). In the second half-day sub-session the discussion with many questions and titled “Magnetic field generation, emergence comments. and expansion: present knowledge and new opportunities coming from the first polar and multi-point of views obtained by the new Multiscale Magnetospheric missions” these topics were introduced by a solicited talk given by Valentyna Abramenko Processes: Theory, Simulations, (supported by COSPAR financial support) on and Multipoint Magnetospheric “Solar dynamo, meridional circulations, Observations (D3.1) emergence and expansion of magnetic fields” and (after a few contributed talks) concluded [Report by G. Singh Lakhina] by two more solicited talks on measurements A four half-day special session (D3.1) on of chromospheric and transition region "Multiscale Magnetospheric Processes: magnetic fields with polarized radiation (by Theory, Simulations, and Multipoint Javier Trujillo Bueno) and on latest results on Magnetospheric Observations" was organized the determination of the He absolute coronal during the 40th COSPAR Scientific Assembly. abundance with the SCORE experiment The main aim of this special session was to (Silvano Fineschi). The third half-day sub- provide an opportunity to report on the latest session focused on “Solar wind: intrinsic results from theory, simulation and data properties vs. source variability”; these topics analysis dealing with the nonlinear processes were first introduced with a solicited talk by occurring in various plasma boundaries in the Daniele Spadaro on the “Identification, magnetosphere, for example, bow-shock, physical structure and variability of the coronal magnetosheath, magnetopause, polar cusp, sources of the fast and slow solar wind” from plasma sheet, and auroral acceleration region. the lower/intermediate corona point-of-view, The role of magnetic reconnection, wave- followed by other contributed talks on the particle interactions, electrostatic solitary sources of solar wind at the base of the corona, structures, field-aligned electric field and and two more solicited talks reviewing the currents in solar-wind magnetosphere energy possible coronal sources of waves and

37 transfer, magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, measurements of the ring current deduced from and substorms were discussed extensively. the four Cluster spacecraft observations. In particular, contributions from the Session 3: application of theory, simulation and data This session was chaired by Simon Wing on 4 analyses which employ multipoint August 2014 in the morning. This session had measurements from Cluster, Double Star, four solicited talks by Alexey Kropotkin, Maha Themis and other spacecraft (e.g. Polar, Ashour-Abdalla, Viktor Sergeev and Xuzhi Geotail etc.) measurements made the session Zhou. Viktor Sergeev demonstrated the use of very exciting. Future missions such as MMS magnetospheric and ionospheric data sets to and Strannik were also presented. The better understand substorms dynamics. Maha scientific programme of this special session Ashour-Abdalla showed the first simulation of was organized into four different sessions the magnetotail using global MHD simulations containing solicited and oral talks and a three- together with particle in cell simulations and day poster session. The details of the sub- compared it with THEMIS and Cluster data. sessions are given below: Xuzhi Zhou presented statistical analysis of dipolarisations fronts observed by THEMIS as Session 1: they propagate from the mid-tail toward the This session was chaired by Anatoli inner magnetosphere. In addition, there were Petrukovich on 03 August 2014 in the four oral presentations given by Evgeny morning. It had three solicited talks given by Gordeev, Igor Kirpichev, L. Y. Li, and Elena Boris Kozelov, Iannis Dandouras, and Grigorenko. New results on magnetotail Alexander Yahnin. In addition, this session dynamics linked to IMF-Bx, plasma pressure had five oral talks. The latest results on auroral distribution in the near-Earth magnetosphere, and plasmasphere observations were presented. rapid loss of plasmasheet electrons by Iannis Dandouras presented the recent whistlers waves and the production of guide discovery on the plasmaspheric wind that magnetic field due to non-adiabatic ion motion provides continuous plasmaspheric plasma to in the tail were presented and discussed. the magnetosphere. Boris Kozelov presented the current state of the ground-based optical Session 4: observations of aurora at different scales This session was chaired by Elizaveta together with various data analysis methods. Antonova on 5 August 2014 in the morning. This session had three solicited talks by Session 2: Vladimir Krasnoselskikh, Minna Palmroth, and This session was chaired by Philippe Escoubet Simon Wing. Vladimir Krasnoselskikh on 03 August 2014 in the afternoon. The presented the discoveries of Cluster in the session had two solicited talks. The solicited quasi-perpendicular bow shock. The talks were given by Yoshiharu Omura on comparison between cluster observations at the “Generation mechanism of whistler-mode magnetopause and MHD simulations were chorus emissions" and by James Burch on presented by Minna Palmroth. Simon Wing "The Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission". made a review of auroral particle precipitations The MMS mission is in its final stage of during the substorm cycle using 11 years of preparation and will be launched in March DMSP observations. Six additional talks were 2015. Seven contributed talks were given and given as oral contributions. Anatoli an additional one was cancelled after a no- Petrukovich presented the future Russian show. Levon Avanov presented the fast plasma mission "Strannik" to study plasma turbulence investigation suite to be flown on MMS and and transient in the outer magnetosphere and the challenge to build, test and calibrate the solar wind. four dual head electron and ion spectrometers to be flown onboard each of the four There were intensive and lively discussions spacecraft. Chao Shen presented the latest during all four sessions and very good participation. The poster session was held on

38 Sunday, Tuesday and Wednesday, after lunch. to studies of the solar wind sources of There were a total of 15 posters. The Scientific substorms. Programme Committee of D3.1 session The second group of papers (the second half- consisted of C. Philippe Escoubet (MSO), day session) discussed the magnetotail Gurbax S. Lakhina (DO), Bertrand Lembege, dynamics, current sheet instabilities and their Elizaveta Antonova and Anatoli Petrukovich. relation to reconnection onset. Special attention was paid to the processes in the near- Magnetic Substorms and Earth current sheet and their impact on auroral dynamics. These problems were discussed in Peculiarities of Tail Dynamics the invited talk given by R. Nakamura (Space (D3.2) Research Institute, Austria), who discussed the role of small-scale (up to a few Earth radii) and [Report by E. Grigorenko] transient (up to several minutes) drivers, such The scientific event devoted to magnetic as localized bursty bulk flows and substorms and peculiarities of tail dynamics dipolarizations, in the onset of the large-scale solicited the latest results from Cluster, substorm disturbances. This study was based THEMIS and other space missions as well as on the recent observations obtained by Cluster from the theoretical studies and simulations and THEMIS missions. Further presentations dealing with the different aspects of the were devoted to investigations of different magnetotail dynamics and their relation to aspects of the magnetotail and current sheet substorm onset and evolution. The session took dynamics and their relations to geomagnetic place on 5 and 6 August 2014 and attracted a activity. They included studies of the current number of participants who were engaged in sheet dynamics under the presence of a guide lively discussions during two half-day session magnetic field, of the influence of the chaotic periods. Of 33 presentations submitted, 21 particle dynamics on the current sheet structure were scheduled as oral presentations (one of and evolution, of the problem of plasma entry them was withdrawn) and 12 were presented as from tail into the dipolar magnetosphere during posters. COSPAR kindly supported six substorms. speakers with travel grants. In the poster session these topics were The contributions reported new results on the explored further. A number of presentations magnetotail dynamics and magnetosphere- were devoted to the study of the relation ionosphere coupling. The first group of talks between the processes in solar wind and in the (the first half-day session) was devoted to the interplanetary magnetic field and auroral problems of substorm triggering and evolution. activity and substorm evolution. Some papers This topic commenced with an invited were devoted to studying the processes of presentation by V. Sergeev (St. Petersburg magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling, e.g. the State University, Russia), who discussed a possible contribution of the PSBL field-aligned missing variable in the data-based substorm currents to the ionospheric currents associated studies. In his talk the author stressed a long- with substorm. These studies combined established fact that ground magnetic satellite and on ground observations. perturbations depend critically on Hall The sessions were chaired by Elena conductivity and, therefore, are sensitive to the Grigorenko, O. Troshichev, V. Sergeev and R. plasma sheet electron precipitations. On the Nakamura. The MSO thanks the Deputy basis of the long-term THEMIS observations Organizer O. Troshichev, all presenters, the author demonstrated the significant chairpersons and all those who participated in dependence of the auroral zone currents on the the event and made it vivid and successful. plasma sheet electron parameters. Further presentations from the first group were devoted to discussion of auroral and polar phenomena related to the substorm onset and evolution and

39 Plasma Transport across COSPAR meeting and, as F. Plaschke and A. Dimitrov have shown, this phenomenon is still Magnetospheric Boundaries (D3.5) a puzzle. Intrinsic magnetosheath variations [Report by Z. Nemecek and S. Savin] caused by changes of the IMF orientation were discussed by A. Samsonov, whereas R. Lopez Solar wind mass and momentum entering the stressed the complexity of the Sun-Earth magnetosphere should cross two principal connection caused by the current loops that are boundaries: the bow shock and magnetopause. closed in the ionosphere. The role of the In spite of efforts of numerous scientists in the magnetosheath in the energy transfer toward course of the past 50 years, physical processes the magnetosphere was highlighted by T. governing this transport as well as their Pulkinen. magnetospheric manifestation are still under debate. The D3.5 session was focused on a The third part of the session continued broad range of phenomena ranging from the discussions started before lunch. A. Suvorova solar wind modification in the foreshock and at described a new phenomenon: long lasting low the bow shock, a formation of magnetopause pressure mode in the magnetosheath caused by boundary layers, up to effects of solar wind the radial interplanetary magnetic field. As events on the state of the inner magnetosphere explained by D. Sibeck (presented by A. and ionosphere. Samsonov), such phenomena are caused by the nearly parallel sub-solar bow shock that The event was scheduled as a full-day session reduces pressure. The influence of pressure divided into four parts: Upstream drivers of the and magnetic stress on the magnetopause magnetopause dynamics; Solar wind location and shape was discussed by M. modification in the magnetosheath; Verigin. Several contributions were devoted to Magnetopause processes; and Magnetopause transient phenomena like K-H vortices (Y. G. structure and related magnetospheric Quin) or flux transfer events (R. Fear, K. processes. A total of 47 abstracts including 12 Trattner). invited talks were submitted but four of them were withdrawn for different reasons. On the The first speaker of the concluding part of the other hand, it gave the possibility of extending session, J. Safrankova showed that the duration of invited talks to a standard 20 magnetopause transients are often connected minutes. with the rotation of the magnetic field in the adjacent magnetosheath and discussed the The first part of the session stressed the role of impact of the magnetic field direction and its sharp rotations of the interplanetary magnetic changes on structure of magnetopause layers as field regardless of their origin (solar wind, well as on magnetopause locations. The next foreshock) on the magnetopause dynamics. group of talks was dealing with the impact of This topic was treated mainly from the point of the solar wind on the duration and strength of view of observations (D. Turner, X. Blanco- substorms (H. Li), oxygen escape from the Cano, A. Shestakov) but the latest progress in magnetosphere and its relation to substorm modelling was also reported (M. Palmroth). activity (E. Kronberg) and different An interesting explanation of rare transient manifestations of magnetospheric resonances magnetic phenomena in terms of impacts of (S. Savin). dense dust clouds was suggested by C. T. Russell. In spite of the poster presentations being scheduled during lunch breaks, they were well The comparison of the solar wind and attended and allowed deep discussions of all magnetosheath variations based on very fast phenomena related to the D3.5 session. Several measurements of ion moments were presented posters broadened the talks presented in the by M. Riazantseva as an introduction to the oral part of the session but others turned their second part of the session. High speed attention to new topics like a comparison of the magnetosheath jets and their sources were a structure of interplanetary and bow shocks, the hot topic of the session during the previous

40 structure of magnetopause layers in the distant that is considered by now the radiative magnetotail or impulsive penetration. All counterpart of the galactic supermassive black participants agreed that the session was hole (SMBH). J. Neilsen presented a solicited successful and recommended its topic for the talk on the results of the systematic analysis of next COSPAR Scientific Assembly. the 3 Ms Chandra X-ray Observatory campaign performed in 2012, which provided

the first X-ray statistical characterization of the Accreting Neutron Stars (E1.1) Sgr A* daily flaring activity. These flares observed at X-ray and infrared frequencies [Report by B. Paul] probe the processes occurring in the inner Scientific Event E1.1 of the 40th COSPAR regions of the system at few Schwarzschild Assembly was entitled "Accreting neutron radii from the BH event horizon. stars". This was the only dedicated event on A study using a similar set of data was this topic. Though it was a short event of only presented by F. Yuan who argued that the one day, 45 abstracts were submitted and only derived flare flux distribution favors magnetic 18 could be accommodated for oral reconnection in the accretion flow as physical presentations. In the first session, new results origin of the events. Several reports on more on spectral and timing properties and features recent X-ray monitoring of Sgr A* (N. like thermonuclear bursts and relativistic Degenaar, D. Haggard, Y. Maeda) followed, spectral lines observed from low magnetic along with a talk on the recent results from the field neutron stars were discussed. Accretion very long baseline interferometry studies of the onto high magnetic field neutron stars and their black hole shadow at millimeter wavelengths properties such as cyclotron lines were by V. Fish. In the same session S. Gillessen discussed in the second session. This event was presented the most recent results from near- very successful to the extent that many infrared VLT observations of G2, the diffuse participants could not be accommodated in the object that is moving on a purely Keplerian hall. Some of the important recent discoveries orbit towards the black hole and which has by presented in this event were related to state now reached the periastron. transitions in accreting neutron stars and its observable signatures, cyclotron line The NIR spectral data show that G2 has indeed studies with Nustar and Suzaku observatories already appeared on the other side of the etc. At the end, participants expressed their velocity vs. position diagram. It is therefore desire to continue having dedicated events on expected to interact heavily with the densest accreting neutron stars in future COSPAR part of the accretion flow leading to partial Scientific Assemblies. disruption of the nebula, if of purely gaseous nature, in the next coming months, according to the prediction of the hydrodynamic New Broadband Perspectives on simulations of the interaction presented by M. Schartmann. S. Gillessen announced also the the Galactic Center Black Hole discovery of G1, a similar object found on and its Environment (E1.2) nearly the same orbit of G2 but ahead of it, having passed the periastron around the year [Report by A. Goldwurm] 2000. N. Sabha discussed other observations of This is the first COSPAR event to be fully G2 with VLT which are better interpreted dedicated to the astrophysics of the Galactic assuming that G2 is a mass-losing star rather Center (GC) region. The meeting gathered than a gaseous object. As reported by the X- about 40-50 scientists during its three half-day ray astronomers the present interaction of G2 sessions and turned out to be very successful. with the accretion flow around the SMBH does The first session was dedicated to the central not seem to produce any change yet in the parsec of the galaxy and to Sgr A*, the source intrinsic emission of Sgr A*, which is rather unexpected.

41 In the second session the participants discussed This emission is interpreted as non-resolved the X-ray morphology, spectroscopy and contribution from a population of weak point- variability of the central molecular zone like hard X-ray objects, most likely magnetic (CMZ), the region of about 300 pc in longitude cataclysmic variables. M. Chernyakova then that surrounds Sgr A*. A. Goldwurm presented the reconstruction and interpretation (substituting for R. Terrier) and S. Soldi of the GeV central source detected using presented new results from Chandra and Fermi-LAT data as due to particle interaction XMM-Newton observations while K. Koyama in the molecular circum-nuclear disk, a model and M. Nobukawa reported results from the which could also account for the TeV emission Suzaku monitoring. The data clearly show now detected there with the HESS experiment. that most of the CMZ X-ray non-thermal Finally the event ended with a talk by V. emission associated to the 6.4 keV Dogiel (substituting C.-M. Ko) discussing the fluorescence line of neutral iron is varying and origin of the Fermi Bubbles, the huge lobes of is therefore due to reflection by the molecular GeV radiation extending 10 kpc above and material of hard X-ray radiation generated by below the GC and possibly produced by an the massive black hole in the past, during a exceptional outburst originated by the GC phase of activity situated between 90 and 1000 SMBH. years ago. The novelty of the reported observational and Efforts are now concentrated in deriving the theoretical results, the high scientific level of light curve of the Galactic SMBH in the past in the presentations, and the extremely lively order to understand the physical origin of the discussion that followed made this event events that rose the X-ray emission of this particularly successful and attracted more object by at least a factor of 1 million participants than expected. This motivated the compared to its present very low persistent science organizers to propose a follow-up luminosity. Ionization and heating of the CMZ event on the high-energy processes of the interstellar medium were also discussed both in galactic centre at the next COSPAR Scientific relation to photon and to particle interactions, Assembly. with a solicited talk by T. Oka and a contributed paper by D. Chernyshov. Several other high-energy features of the CMZ were considered, including the extended hot-plasma X-ray Astrophysics of Hot Massive like diffuse emission (K. Koyama) and those Stars (E1.3) associated to particle-gas interaction, like the [Report by L. Oskinova and J. Robrade] excess emission observed 3-4° east of the center with Suzaku (K. Nobukawa). During the scientific event ``X-ray Astrophysics of Hot Massive Stars'' recent In the last session of the event, dedicated to progress in the field of stellar X-ray astronomy GC hard X-ray surveys and gamma-ray and massive star feedback was reviewed and observations, brand new results based on the open questions were intensively discussed. The GC mini-survey performed with the hard X-ray event attracted many interested participants focusing mission NuSTAR were reported by from other areas of astronomy and space C. Hailey and R. Krivonos. In particular, and science. The talks were given by leading in addition to several identified non-thermal researchers in the field, with many questions features one of which related to the Arches star and follow-up discussions. The E1.3 event cluster, a diffuse hard X-ray component formed an integral part of the programme on centered on Sgr A* and extending over about the research in astrophysics in space, 10 pc has been detected and it probably specifically highlighting the recent advances explains most of the central hard X-ray source made in stellar space astrophysics. first detected by INTEGRAL. Among the focus points of this scientific event was the X-ray spectroscopy of massive star

42 winds. The results achieved by the careful Outflows and Accretion from analysis and modelling of high-resolution spectra were presented. The diagnostic power White Dwarfs to Supermassive of space X-ray spectroscopy for stellar winds Black Holes (E1.5) was highlighted. Besides individual stars, the [Report by T. Belloni and V. Beckmann] influence of combined action of stellar winds in star clusters onto their interstellar This event was well attended and the surroundings and the galaxy at whole was also programme, despite numerous changes due to discussed. Observations and modelling efforts cancellations, was full and well balanced. With were reviewed and presented, and the potential 25 oral presentations and 46 posters, we had for future progress in the field was outlined. contributions ranging from active galactic nuclei, X-ray binaries and cataclysmic In true COSPAR spirit, emphasis was laid on variables, ensuring the broad coverage which the interdisciplinary aspects of studies of was the main aim of the meeting. The plasma heated by colliding stellar winds in association between accretion and outflows, massive binary stars. The most recent news both in form of relativistic jets or winds, was and updates on the current activity of the most discussed in detail during the sessions and in massive luminous and massive star in the particular the aim of having different Galaxy eta Carinae were presented. This communities discuss common aspect of their system continues to serve as a cosmic plasma research was obtained. There were no laboratory with many insights gained from announcements of spectacular new results, but recent observational campaigns from space. a mix of reviews on the current status in The much less massive, but much more different sub-fields and several numerous stars with masses only a few times presentations with new results and new larger than our Sun were also the focus of interpretations. interesting discussion. It was highlighted that the X-ray emission from this class of objects provides important insights in the physics of stellar atmospheres. Importantly, the X-ray emission from rare magnetic stars provides a key tool to study the physics of these enigmatic objects. Recent satellite observations of magnetic stars revealed a whole range of unexpected phenomena, such as X-ray pulsations and flares. The presentation of these observational Some of the participants of E1.5 findings stimulated a productive exchange of ideas from the wide audience. The era of Reviews were on accretion (M. Gilfanov), discoveries in stellar X-ray astronomy is cataclysmic variables (Knigge), MHD continuing as was confirmed by the recent simulations (P.C. Fragile), outflows (F. Yuan), unexpected discovery of X-ray emission from jet contribution (A. Zdziarski), winds in X-ray very hot but low mass sub-dwarf stars. binaries (M. Diaz-Trigo) and AGN feedback (A. Fabian) constituted the main structure of Interesting hypotheses with far reaching the event. consequences were put forward to explain the properties of X-ray emission from hot sub- dwarf stars. A review of these objects was presented and followed by an intense discussion which was greatly beneficial and productive.

43 Origin of Cosmic Rays (E1.6) • Origin of Cosmic rays- II • Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays [Report by M. Malkov] The resolution of a century-long mystery of There were 49 oral presentations (27 invited cosmic ray (CR) origin is probably around the and 22 contributed) and 55 poster presentations corner. The CR spectrum spans a huge energy (of which 10 were withdrawn) thus totalling 8 20 range, 10 – 10 eV, that at first glance 104 papers. The audience was as large as 100- appears as an almost featureless power-law, plus participants. This year’s 40th COSPAR apart from two kinks (the "knee" at 3x1015 eV 18 meeting demonstrated a significant increase in and the "ankle" at 10 eV). The CRs below the the number of participants even compared to "knee", and possibly even up to the "ankle", an exceptionally successful CR centennial 39th are likely to be galactic, presumably meeting. accelerated in supernova remnant (SNR) shocks, while the higher energy particles are clearly extra-galactic in origin. The absence of more pronounced "footprints" of possible acceleration mechanisms and CR sources has been making this problem so difficult to solve. However, the modern satellite, balloon, and ground-based detectors uncover surprising features in the CR spectra challenging the models of CR acceleration and propagation.

Spectacular recent discoveries of the helium and positron excesses in background CR Photo of E1.6 attendees, Moscow State University, 4 spectra, direct measurements of gamma August 2014 emission from a number of SNR, new CR results at the highest energies, and new The last several years have witnessed a theoretical models were highlighted during this plethora of breakthroughs and discoveries in event. astrophysics of cosmic rays thanks to new instrumentation launched in space and long This session encouraged presentations of new duration balloon flights. Therefore, based on experimental approaches and theoretical the tremendous interest to the problems of CR analyses directed towards answering questions clearly demonstrated in the last two COSPAR related to the origin of these cosmic meetings, one should expect further growth of messengers. community interest in this field. The E1.6 event took place over five half-day sessions of presentations and three afternoon poster sessions. The event was organized into The Hot and Energetic Universe the following ten sub-sessions: with the Large X-Ray • High Energy Cosmic Rays - I Observatory ATHENA (E1.9) • Cosmic Ray Transport in Galaxy and Heliosphere [Report by P. Ubertini] • Cosmic Ray Propagation - I During the 40th COSPAR Scientific • Origin of Cosmic Rays Assembly, session E1.9 took place in the • High Energy Cosmic Rays - II framework of “Research in Astrophysics from • Cosmic Ray Acceleration - I Space” (Scientific Commission E). The event • Cosmic Rays and Gamma Rays was titled: The Hot and Energetic Universe • Cosmic Ray Acceleration - II with the Large X-ray Observatory (ATHENA)

44 .

Memories of the 40th COSPAR Scientific Assembly in Moscow 2014

45

Images credit: V.Davydov of IKI design, and Andrey Kuzmin

46 It is worth noting that the opening of this first collecting area (2 m2) to mass, while still Scientific Commission E event was attended offering the necessary angular resolution (5") by the COSPAR President Prof. G.F. Bignami, and wide field of view. The telescope focuses former COSPAR President Prof. R. Bonnet X-ray photons onto one of two instruments, the and the ESA Director of Science and Robotic X-ray Integral Field Unit (XIFU) dedicated to Exploration Prof. A. Gimenez. Attendance was high resolution spectroscopy (2.5 eV) with high and a similar event has been proposed for imaging capabilities, and the Wide Field Istanbul. Imager (WFI), dedicated to wide field imaging (40'x40'). The meeting was suggested as a “late scientific event” by Pietro Ubertini (MSO), Luigi Piro Finally, the meeting was very successful and and Andy Fabian (DO) just after the recent L. Piro and A. Fabian have decided to propose decision of the European Space Agency a similar follow-up event for the Istanbul Science Programme Committee that has Scientific Assembly in 2016. selected "The Hot and Energetic Universe" as the Science Theme for the second large-class mission of ESA Cosmic Vision programme, The Sharpest View of the Radio Athena, due for launch in 2028. The theme Universe – Results from the poses two key astrophysical questions: how does ordinary matter assemble into the large RadioAstron (Spektr-R) Mission scale structures we see today, and how do (E1.10) black holes grow and shape the Universe. The [Report by M. Popov] challenge is to push the frontier of these studies to the highest redshift, at the epoch of The scientific event E1.10 entitled “The the formation of the first black holes and their Sharpest View of the Radio Universe – Results Pop III stars progenitors. from the RadioAstron (Spektr-R) Mission” was organized to provide an overview of major These fundamental questions can only be scientific results obtained during the first two revealed and fully understood with the use of a years of in-orbit operations of the Space-Earth large X-ray mission combining an radio interferometer RadioAstron. unprecedented mirror throughput with state-of- the-art instrumentation for spatially-resolved The RadioAstron project is an international high resolution spectroscopy and wide field endeavor, involving a free-flying satellite imaging. Fast reaction within a few hours will Spektr-R that carries a 10 m space-borne radio enable high resolution spectroscopy of GRB telescope (SRT) on an elliptical orbit around afterglows, opening a new window on the the Earth. This space-borne telescope conducts high-redshift universe. radio astronomical observations used in conjunction with Earth-based radio telescopes, The scientific event, held on Sunday afternoon employing the technique of Very Long 3 August and Monday morning 4 August 2014, Baseline (VLBI). The orbit of the RadioAstron included solicited and oral talks focused to satellite has an apogee between 280,000 and review the key scientific questions underlying 350,000 km, thus providing the highest angular the Hot and Energetic Universe theme, and resolution of any astronomical observations. addressed the key performance parameters for the mission. The Athena concept has been well RadioAstron operates at the standard radio presented by the key scientists representing a astronomy wavelengths of 1.3 cm (K-band), 6 large consortium of scientific institutes that has cm (C-band), 18 cm (L-band), and 92 cm (P- proposed this Observatory as the L2 mission. band). The Spectr-R spacecraft was launched This concept consists of a single X-ray from Baikonur on 18 July 2011. The telescope with a fixed 12m focal length, based observatory then underwent a detailed in-orbit on Silicon Pore Optics technology. This checkout. The scientific commissioning phase provides an exceptionally high ratio of consisted of tests of the SRT science payload

47 in VLBI mode (Fringe Search Programme) Next Step in Studying the together with large Earth-based radio telescopes. Interferometric responses (fringes) Ultraviolet Universe: WSO-UV were successfully detected in all RadioAstron (E1.11) wavebands. [Report by B. Shustov] After the fringe searches, the mission began This event was devoted to the progress both in the Early Science Programme (ESP) which science and technology in the field of started in February 2012 and finished in June ultraviolet astronomy. A dedicated topic was 2013. The ESP objectives were to explore the the World Space Observatory-Ultraviolet previously unstudied range of interferometer (WSO-UV). This was logical since it is baselines beyond a few Earth diameters and currently the only major ongoing large UV provide a bridge to full science operations observatory project, and also Russia (hosting which started in July 2013 with the Key country for COSPAR-2014) plays a leading Science Programmes selected in open role in the project. competition from scientific proposals. The pre-announced scientific programme was During the COSPAR-2014 scientific session, carried out almost entirely. Only a few the KSP programmes and representatives of preliminary planned participants withdrew ESP working teams presented an overview of their presentations. Twenty talks and six results obtained with the highest angular posters were presented. The event was well resolution (down to a few tens of micro attended. arcseconds) that provided a new view of the properties of radio emission from active Highlights of the event are presented below in galactic nuclei, quasars, pulsars, and cosmic groups: UV space missions, WSO-UV, science masers. challenges in UV astrophysics. During three half-day sessions on 7-8 August, UV space missions a total of 22 oral presentations were given by Various concepts of UV missions were scientists from Australia, Germany, Hungary, discussed. N. Brosch argued that there is need Italy, Russia, Spain and USA. On the basis of for small (still scientifically valuable) missions these presentations the main achievements of in the UV. These missions can be done for less RadioAstron project were discussed: results of than €10 million if single-purpose spacecraft RadioAstron AGN survey, physics of ultra- based on cubesats, COTS and refractive optics compact relativistic jets, nuclear structure in would be used. Medium-sized missions can be nearby AGN, properties of the innermost based on deployable optics to reduce costs. regions of AGN jets and their magnetic fields, the nuclear structure in 3C84, the first dual L. Koechlin presented information on the band 5-22 GHz space VLBI observations of development of a new ``pathway" in the form quasars 3C 418 and TXS 2013+370, TANAMI of an innovative space-based telescope: the and RadioAstron observations of AGN, Fresnel Imager. It is a concept of two RadioAstron perigee imaging with the Long spacecraft flying in formation, one satellite Baseline Array, RadioAstron observations of holding a rather large (possibly up to some tens pulsars probing the interstellar plasma, and of meters) diffraction array acting as entrance extremely small structure in cosmic masers. pupil and providing a very high wavefront quality in the visible and UV domains, the other one holding the focal instrumentation and detectors. P.Cote presented a status report on the Project CASTOR: Cosmological Advanced Survey Telescope for Optical and UV Research. It is a nearly diffraction-limited 1m telescope (FWHM = 0.15″), focused on wide-

48 field imaging (> 0.5 deg2) at UV and blue- optical wavelengths (150 - 550 nm). CASTOR The Explosive Death of Massive is a proposed flagship Canadian space Stars (E1.17) astronomy mission designed to: make a [Report by L. Piro] significant and strategic contribution to future Dark Energy missions (Euclid, WFIRST, This scientific event, organized in four LSST); and provide a natural UV/optical sessions, was held from the morning of 5 successor to the Hubble Space Telescope, with August to the afternoon of 6 August. The a 200x gain in field of view. event presented reviews and novel results on WSO-UV the most energetic explosions following the collapse of massive stars, Supernovae and B. Shustov presented the status of the WSO- GRB. The main topics that were presented and UV Project. WSO-UV is an international space discussed during the event included: the latest mission born as a response to the growing stages of stellar evolution and explosion demand for UV facilities by the astronomical models, progenitors of GRBs, emission models community. In the horizon of the next decade, and theory, multimessenger observations of the WSO-UV will be the only 2 m class GRB, SN and their remnants, the formation of mission in the after-HST epoch that will early objects in the high redshift universe guarantee access to the UV wavelength (popIII stars, primordial BHs) and related domain. The project is managed by an studies, the use of GRB and supernovae as international consortium led by Roscosmos beacons for cosmology and evolution of large (Russia). B. Shustov described the WSO-UV scale structures from high redshift to the local project with its general objectives and main universe, their role in the cosmo-chemical features. The detailed status of instrumentation evolution of the universe, and present and was presented in other talks and posters: future instrumentation relevant to the field. WUVS (spectrographs), by I. Savanov, the ISSIS instrument (Field Camera Unit) by A.I. Models of SN explosion were presented and Gomez de Castro, science management plan by constraints on such models derived by M. Sachkov. Important technological issues observations of their remnants were discussed. were presented by A. Jager and A. Shugarov, Various links between SN and GRB were detectors and coatings of optical elements by outlined, including under-luminous GRBs. M. Sachkov. Several talks on GRBs reviewed the state of the art on these objects, presenting results from Science Challenges in UV Astrophysics some of the best facilities in the world. Various astrophysical targets of UV astronomy Notwithstanding the observational body, a were discussed. An overview of UV- number of open issues related to the emission background was given by J. Murthy. The issue mechanisms of prompt and delayed emission is very important for practical estimation of were outlined. Significant emphasis was given observational efficiency of UV-cameras. C. to the use of GRB as probes of stellar Martin presented an exciting talk on the formation in the universe, reaching out to the findings and prospects of UV astronomy in first primordial populations. This issue was detecting and mapping hidden baryons in the covered in various talks, focusing in particular intergalactic medium. E. Dalessandro range from infrared to X-rays, starting from the discussed the importance of analysis of UV observation of host galaxies at close redshifts light from old stellar populations, specifically up to the highest redshift, where observational from globular clusters. W.-R. Hamann argued prospects were discussed. Preparatory to this for UV spectroscopy as the main diagnostic issue, a number of talks outlined the predicted access to hot-star winds. UV manifestations of properties of pop III stars, their explosion accretion processes in close binary stars were models and the role of metal enrichment in discussed from a theoretical point of view by shaping early stellar populations. Observations D. Bisikalo, A. Fateeva and P. Isakova. in the z<1 universe may provide some

49 confirmation on how a pop III GRB would results and discuss the implications of their explode, as suggested by a talk on observations work. This particular aspect of the event was of the novel class of ultra-long GRB, much appreciated by the audience and was also associated to explosions of blue supergiant reflected in the friendly but live discussion that with very low metallicity. followed most of the talks. Several talks discussed present and future The event had four invited speakers (Stefano facilities for GRB observation. Significant Bianchi (Università di Roma Tre, Italy), emphasis went into the use of GRB as probes Leonard Burtscher (MPE, Germany), Sebastian of the high-redshift universe. Multimessenger Hoenig (Niels Bohr Institute, Denmark), prediction and observational capabilities, with Cristina Ramos-Almeida (IAC, Spain) and four particular regard to GW, were discussed during solicited speakers (Elias Koulouridis, National the meeting, outlining the good prospects Observatory of Athens, Greece), Rodrigo expected in the near future with the upgrade of Nemmen (NASA, USA), Luka Popovic existing GW facilities. (Astronomical Observatory, Belgrade, Serbia), Jian-Min Wang (National Astronomical

Observatories of China, China); all but one Challenges in the Unified Model of were present at the event. The only exception, AGN (E1.19) Dr. Wang could not come because of health problems but was very sorry to have missed [Report by L. Bassani] the opportunity of being present. Unified models for AGN have been able to The contributed papers were altogether 11, explain the observational characteristics of the while the poster presentations were 14 in total, great majority of the AGN population. Indeed, all of high standard. Highlights of the event the orientation effect is mostly responsible for were the invited talks which presented the the observed differences among the diverse challenges to the unified theory of AGN from AGN classes. However, from the observational different point of views. point of view, more and more exceptions to the Stefano Bianchi reviewed the various unified models are found and a number of open ingredients which constitute the structure of questions still need to be answered: why do AGN on different scales, from the vicinity of about half of the brightest Seyfert 2 galaxies the Black Hole to the host galaxy, with a lack the broad optical lines in their polarized particular emphasis on the X-ray view of the spectra? Why do a few low accreting type 2 subject. He then focused on some of the open Seyfert galaxies lack both optical broad lines issues, which still challenge any attempt to and X-ray absorption? More generally, how picture an updated unification scenario able to does the internal AGN structure (accretion explain all the complex phenomenology flow, jet/winds, BLR, torus, etc.) evolve observed at high energies. depending on the central engine intrinsic properties (i.e., the accretion rate)? With this Cristina Ramos-Almeida summarized the latest event we have attempted to draw a more results on high angular resolution infrared refined view of the unified model picture studies of AGN, which constitute a crucial test focusing on its exceptions, both from the for AGN unification. In particular she observational and theoretical point of view. emphasised that the fitting of high spatial resolution infrared data with clumpy torus Despite being very specific, the event had a models brings one to conclude that the good attendance with 40-50 persons following immediate dusty surroundings of Type-1 and 2 the various sections of the day. One of the Seyfert nuclei might be intrinsically different objectives of the event was that of allowing in terms of covering factor (torus width and researchers working on the same issue but in number of clouds). Indeed, these torus different wavebands and from different point covering factors also vary among objects of views to meet, present and compare their belonging to the same group, in contradiction

50 with the simplest unification. Interestingly, how these observations point toward dusty these intrinsic differences in Seyfert tori could winds as a new ingredient in the overall picture explain, for example, the lack of broad optical of AGN and how their modelling can be lines in the polarized spectra of about half of approached. the brightest Seyfert 2 galaxies. However, she During the event many new and interesting also pointed out that: 1) recent interferometry results were presented and discussed, among studies have revealed that, in at least two these we cite just a few: Type-2 Seyfert galaxies, the mid-infrared emission is elongated in the polar direction, a a) the report of strong differences in the colour result which is difficult to reconcile with of Type-1 and Type-2 AGN neighbours as a unified models, which claim that the bulk of function of projected distance between them. the mid-infrared emission comes from the In other words, different types of AGN appear torus; 2) preliminary observations of a sample to interact very differently with their of Seyfert 2 galaxies showing no broad line neighbours, suggesting that Type-2 AGN are region in polarized optical light, indeed show a very "fragile" states that do not survive BLR when viewed in infrared light. subsequent merger and transform into something else (Villarroel). Leonard Burtscher reviewed interferometric observations in the infrared which have been b) the measurements of black hole mass of able in recent years to resolve dusty structures Seyfert 2 via deep NIR (VLT and LBT) on parsec and sub-parsec scales in more than spectroscopy indicate that type 2 AGN have two dozen AGNs by now, a giant leap when on average lower masses than type 1 objects, considering that the first infrared which clearly challenges AGN unification via interferometric observation of an extragalactic orientation (Onori). object is only about 10 years old Since then, c) the report that optical variability studies of studies have confirmed the existence of dust in AGN over many years indicate that the broad AGNs at its sublimation radius and have line region is more complex than previously clearly dismissed models of very extended tori. thought, showing many components (disk, Individual, well studied sources have been outflow etc) and hosting different physical instrumental to reveal the complexity of these mechanisms (apart ionization); changing look parsec-scale structures and statistical studies AGN (i.e. those going from type 1 to 2 and have shown a perplexing diversity in the viceversa) are therefore not so simple to population as a whole. Surprisingly, the interpret (Popovic). diversity does not seem to follow the expected bimodality between optical type 1 and type 2 d) the discovery at radio frequencies that some AGNs—which are thought to be just face-on BL Lac objects do not present the typical and edge-on tori. This central premise of hallmarks of blazarness, i.e. a very prominent viewing-angle dependent unified models is and dominant compact, parsec scale-sized challenged if not dismissed by interferometric radio core, a result that challenges the role of observations. The next step in understanding relativistic jets in the unified model of AGN the AGN phenomenon—beyond unification (Giovannini). aspects—is now to combine multi-scale e) the dependence of the AGN hard (20-40 observations with multi-scale simulations to keV) X-ray luminosity function on the NH constrain the physical processes driving the column density confirms that the fraction of feeding and feedback of AGNs. obscured AGN decreases as the luminosity Finally Sebastian Hoenig summarized our increases even if selection effects are taken current understanding of the dust distribution into account and the AGN spectral distribution around the supermassive black holes in the is considered; in particular no dependence with nuclei of galaxies and gave a brief overview of reflection is observed (La Franca). the evolution of tori models and discuss their successes and limitations. He also discussed

51 f) the analysis of sub-arcsec resolution radio coronal spectro-polarimetry, and discussed data of a sample of nearby low luminosity existing and proposed ground- and space-based AGN confirms that they are energetic enough instrumentation. A particular theme in this and to power parsec-scale or larger jets, despite other talks was the importance of multi- being inefficient radiators; these results could wavelength observations for probing the explain the differences observed among low coronal magnetic field in different physical and high luminosity AGN such as for example regimes, thus enabling a comprehensive view the lack of a big bump in the optical-UV band of the global, 3D field. Next, solicited speaker in the first type of AGN (Mezcua). Laurel Rachmeler spoke about forward modelling as a tool for diagnosing coronal All these results emphasise the complexity of magnetic fields, and demonstrated how linear- the AGN phenomenon, indicate the need of polarization observations of coronal structures approaching the subject of AGN unification such as pseudostreamers could be compared to models from different point of views and model predictions. Next was a solicited mixing information from different wavebands; presentation by Viacheslav Titov on the it also highlights the importance of meetings analysis of magnetic topologies in the coronal such as the present one where researchers of magnetic field. The first quarter-session different fields can meet and discuss their finished with a contributed talk by Piyali work. Chatterjee who discussed how repeated magnetic eruptions in a region could lead to “cannibalistic” coronal mass ejections (CMEs). Session on Coronal Magnetism (E2.1) After coffee, we began again with a solicited talk by Dale Gary, presented by Gregory [Report by S. Gibson] Fleischmann. This presentation reviewed radio techniques for mapping the three dimensional Coronal magnetism lies at the heart of any understanding of the origins of space weather coronal magnetic field, and demonstrated currently-available forward modelling at the Earth, and of the slower evolution on techniques. After this, another solicited solar-cycle time scales of its space presentation by David Pascoe discussed how environment. We are now at a watershed waves in the coronal atmosphere related to its moment: not only are telescopes using infrared, visible, and radio magnetometry magnetic environment. Two more contributed presentations, by Jihong Liu on magnetic obtaining unprecedented observations, but also helicity in active regions, and Vladimir future large telescopes are under development Obridko on global active complexes, and construction, ultimately making it feasible completed the quarter session before lunch. to map the 3D magnetic field from photosphere into the corona. After lunch, solicited speaker Hui Li spoke about plans for a large coronal telescope in The purpose of Session E2.1 on coronal magnetism at the COSPAR 2014 Scientific China that would observe coronal magnetism at infrared wavelengths. Next, a contributed Assembly in Moscow, Russia, was to take a talk by Urszula Bak-Steslicka discussed how broad approach to the subject, inviting presentations pertaining to observations of observations of linear polarization in conjunction with line-of-sight Doppler gave coronal magnetism at multiple wavelengths, theory and modelling in relation to coronal insight into the magnetic structure of cavities. Next, a contributed talk by Mei Zhang was magnetic helicity, topology, and energy presented by Sarah Gibson, which showed how storage, and forward and inverse methods of analysis. forward models (in particular, the publicly- available FORWARD suite of SolarSoft codes) The oral session began the morning of Friday 8 could be used to study the reversal of coronal August with a solicited talk by Silvano magnetic fields over the solar cycle. Finally, a Fineschi, who reviewed basic concepts of contributed talk was given by Manoulis

52 Georgoulis on magnetic eruptions in coronal commodity, with a handful of ground-based, active regions. seeing-suffering magnetograph and even scarcer balloon-borne data. The advent of The final half-session of the day consisted of flagship space missions such as Hinode and the five contributed talks. These began with a talk Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) by Frederic Auchere on plans for future undoubtedly reversed the situation for the near- coronal magnetic observations from space. to-mid future. The new generation of Next, Chun Xia showed a magneto- measurements, therefore, refers to high quality hydrodynamic simulation of the formation of a and constant-cadence solar vector coronal prominence and cavity, including magnetograms provided mainly by predictions of signatures of emission and contemporary space-borne observatories. flows. Merav Opher presented for Christina Kay, and discussed how knowledge of the The session further elaborated on the multi- coronal magnetic field would help predictions wavelength imaging and spectral information of CME trajectories. Finally, Rui Pinto gave a complementing magnetograph measurements talk on modelling the variation of the coronal and often enhancing our diagnostic and magnetic field on time scales of the solar interpretation capabilities. Particular emphasis magnetic activity cycle. in the Session was given to data-driven contributions and modelling combining the Overall participation in this session was good, above observational sources to achieve with a final tally of 17 talks and 11 poster breakthrough science. presentations. The posters covered observations and models of solar coronal The session was structured around three half- active regions and prominences, and were day sub-sessions on Sunday 3 August and available for viewing for an hour after lunch Monday 4 August. It was well attended, with over the course of three days. We had an actively participating audience of at least 80 approximately forty in attendance at the talks, attendees at any given time. This resulted in a with nearly every seat of the room taken constructive discussion and debate following throughout the day. The audience was practically every talk. A total of 53 abstracts engaged, with significant discussion arising were approved for the session, of which 20 from questions to the speakers. were selected as contributed talks and 33 as posters. An additional nine invited talks were

presented, solicited from and delivered by Solar Photospheric and Coronal senior, distinguished solar physicists. Magnetic Field Diagnostics (E2.2) Unfortunately, there were three cancellations of contributed talks and one cancellation of an [Report by M. K. Georgoulis] invited talk. With the help of the audience, however, the additional time was readily Session E2.2 included the following sub- absorbed by more extended discussion on the topics: data-driven modelling; magnetogram talks given. data processing; magnetic field extrapolation; photospheric and coronal velocity fields; Summarizing the key deliberations of the particle acceleration and high-energy session, the invited presentations highlighted, phenomena; magnetic energy and helicity in speakers’ alphabetical order, (1) the budgets; Lorentz force; solar-eruption simultaneous inversion of photospheric and interpretation; future goals and challenges. chromospheric magnetic fields to achieve unprecedented altitude information of The session re-assessed the state-of-the-art in magnetic structuring and stratification in the terms of diagnostics and information that can low solar atmosphere (J. de la Cruz be extracted from the new-generation of Rodriguez); (2) the action of the Lorentz force remote-sensing solar magnetic-field in the solar photosphere and its valuable measurements. Until recently, high-quality diagnostic contribution toward understanding solar vector magnetograms were a rare

53 and interpretation of solar eruptions (G. Fisher and their implications for magnetic fields in – talk given on his behalf by M. Kazachenko); the solar interior and atmosphere; and the (3) future trends in solar radio astronomy and diagnostic potential of current and planned the long-sought inference of coronal magnetic solar radio observations. Last but not least, fields by radio observations (G. Fleishman); emphasis was given to statistical historical (4) cutting-edge particle-in-cell simulations in studies of solar activity, including sunspots, data-driven three-dimensional magneto- and to geoeffectiveness of previous solar hydrodynamical simulations featuring high eruptions, in an effort to calibrate future populations of complex current sheets (K. studies and to assess expectations of the future Galsgaard); (5) equally cutting-edge data- solar eruptive activity. driven magneto-hydrodynamical simulations To conclude, Session E2.2 was deemed of the solar global magnetic field, including rewarding and beneficial for both the closed field lines and field lines opening organizers and, most importantly, its speakers toward the heliosphere (J. Linker); (6) a Sun- and attendants. It presented a snapshot of a to-Earth case study of the March 2012 major vibrant community, namely that studying the solar eruptions, utilizing an armada of space- physics of the Sun, which stands out as an borne instruments and reaching conclusions active subgroup of the global space-physics that may help facilitate a comprehensive future and astronomical communities. Solar scholars space-weather forecasting (S. Patsourakos); (7) are essentially bridging the gap between space a theoretical epitome of helicity inference by a physics and astronomy/astrophysics and it is mean-field solar dynamo and its possible paramount to continue extending the diagnostics, including an assessment of why knowledge of our closest star. Given the the solar dynamo is not catastrophically wealth of data, the breadth of tools and quenched (V. Pipin); (8) a novel magneto- techniques, and the encouraging number of frictional extrapolation method for the global young researchers who choose to realize their solar magnetic field including an observed careers in the field, as made amply clear in our photospheric normal field and a “frictional” session and in other sessions of solar-physics velocity proportional to the assessed Lorentz interest, we remain optimistic that solar force (A. Yeates); and (9) a comprehensive physics research will continue to thrive for study of solar magnetic field and helicity years to come. providing valuable information and diagnostics on three different helicity types, namely kinetic, current, and magnetic helicity (H. Zhang). A solicited talk on the 4 m Energy Transfer from the DKIST/ATST ground-based telescope had to Photosphere to the Corona (E2.3) be cancelled due to the speaker’s inability to [Report by L. Harra] attend. Karel Schrijver discussed recent advances and Contributed talks and posters were no less outstanding issues in our understanding of important. Topics included, among others, coronal heating. He described various issues today’s unprecedented magnetic-field with current 1D approaches such as the observations and latest developments in complication of how to deal with the rapid inversion and interpretation of these fields; changes in the "1D" atmospheric properties solar electric currents and jets; other case following magnetic reconnection and the studies and reconstruction techniques, even of assumption of a flux tube with constant cross sub-photospheric magnetic structures; detailed section along the coronal part of the loop. In calculations of magnetic energy and helicity in addition, he described how global models local (i.e., active-region) and global solar suggest that models driven by Alfvén waves scales; issues of magnetic connectivity and show a good fit with the observations. helicity-based higher-order invariants; diagnostics of fractality and multi-fractality

54 Mats Carlsson described advanced radiative of various chromospheric observables MHD simulations of a quiet Sun enhanced (including H-alpha and Mg II h/k) with network region (encompassing a domain from numerical modelling shows significant the convection zone into the corona) that have discrepancies: the observations provide a been made available to the community at challenge to the models. http://sdc.uio.no/search/simulations. Giulio del Zanna described work on the atomic Preliminary comparisons of synthetic Mg II h physics behind the IRIS observables of Si IV and k emission from the simulations 1394 and 1403 Angstrom and found that the (calculated using the Bifrost code) with brightness (and resulting density sensitivity) of observations with the Interface Region these lines can be significantly impacted by Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS) show some non-Maxwellian distribution, and non- similarities, but also significant discrepancies. equilibrium ionization effects. Photo-excitation In particular, the separation between the Mg II may also significantly impact the formation of k2V and k2R peaks is significantly less in the these lines so that care needs to be taken when synthetic data compared to the observations. In interpreting the data. addition, the modeled emission is weaker than Patrick Antolin discussed high quality on the Sun. Likely causes for these observations of coronal rain, cool plasma that discrepancies are being investigated and may drains back to the lower solar atmosphere from be related to the lack of spatial resolution the hot corona. His observations with the and/or the lack of small-scale mixed polarity Swedish Solar Telescope and IRIS suggest that fields in the simulated photosphere and coronal rain is often multi-thermal, and also beyond. show signs of rapid, catastrophic cooling with Bart De Pontieu described IRIS observations compact, cool, dense cores surrounded by of pervasive twisting motions in the lower diffuse warmer rain. solar atmosphere. These short-lived twisting Louise Harra showed IRIS data of coronal rain motions (of order 10-30 kms-1) are ubiquitous that was impacted by a filament eruption. The in the chromosphere of active regions, quiet flows seen in the coronal rain are initially Sun and coronal holes, and are often associated impeded by the eruption, and then show blue- with heating of plasma to transition region shifts followed by red-shifts. These changes temperatures. These observations are likely are seen as the loops are still being pushed by associated with propagating Alfvén waves and the eruption and before the loops reach provide observational support for recent equilibrium again. theoretical models of chromospheric and coronal heating that are based on dissipation of Scott McIntosh focused on how the problem of torsional Alfven waves. mass and energy transfer between the chromosphere and corona should be Pia Zacharias studied the transport of mass investigated by taking into account all of the between the lower solar atmosphere and the information encoded in the spectral lines, corona by tracing "corks" in the Bifrost including observations that suggest multiple, simulations. This work is aimed at elucidating both up- and down flowing components the cause of the pervasive down flows in the occurring throughout the solar atmosphere. He transition region and the gentle up flows in the described initial results from IRIS that show corona. Preliminary results also show the the tight connection between coronal presence of waves, both shock and Alfvén disturbances and chromospheric drivers, such waves in the simulated domain. as shock waves and spicules. Brigitte Schmieder used IRIS observations of Paola Testa used IRIS observations and Mg II h and k 2796 Angstrom and ground- numerical modelling to show the presence of based measurements in "quiet" prominences non-thermal electrons in coronal nano flares. and revealed how highly dynamic the plasma The effects of these coronal electron beams are is in these structures. Preliminary comparison

55 revealed through their interaction with the Flows in Solar Flares (E2.5) chromosphere and low transition region, in particular short-lived brightenings that show [Report by G. Del Zanna] blue shifted plasma. These IRIS observations This session provided a forum for discussions extend sensitivity to non-thermal processes in on observational and theoretical aspects related the corona down to nano-flare sized events, to plasma flows related to solar flares. Topics much smaller than previous instrumentation that have been discussed included and lead to better constraints on the properties chromospheric evaporation, inflows and of these accelerated electrons. outflows. Observations in the chromosphere Viggo Hansteen described IRIS observations and corona have been reviewed, and various in which the so-called "unresolved fine theoretical issues also discussed. We had a few structure" in the quiet Sun transition region, invited talks and we solicited various authors which had been proposed based on low to present their work. Unfortunately, our resolution spectroscopy measurements several session had many cancellations, and the local decades ago, is finally resolved. He found arrangements were not ideal. For example, very small and highly dynamic loops with rooms of different sessions were located far lengths less than 10Mm at transition region away. Despite the various challenges, the temperatures. His numerical simulations meeting was well attended, with a peak of over showed very similarly behaving loops that are 40 people. heated by short-lived events at low heights The first session mostly covered the above the solar atmosphere. These modelled photosphere and chromosphere, and started loops stay at low temperatures because of the with an invited review by P. Heinzel on the strong radiative losses in the relatively dense chromospheric response to flares, both from an plasma at such low heights. observational and theoretical point of view. He Amy Winebarger analysed transition region clearly showed the difficulty in obtaining a loops that connect different regions of active complete energy budget because of lack of region moss. These loops are highly dynamic complete observations across the and are much cooler than previously assumed, electromagnetic spectrum. Most of the energy with most not exceeding temperatures beyond in large flares is in fact emitted at visible or a few hundred thousand K. Preliminary UV wavelengths. Heinzel pointed out how the modelling suggests that significant departures SDO EVE spectrometer has provided us with from ionization equilibrium occur in these some new insights into the variability of the dynamically heated loops. EUV continuum. Juan Martinez-Sykora gave a review of Y. Dumin presented the results of some simple numerical simulations of the effects of ion- modelling of the small-scale jet-like features neutral interactions in the partially ionized that occur in penumbral chromospheres. chromosphere, including how flux emergence Gregal Vissers provided an overview of the is affected and how it can cause significant observational characteristics of the Ellerman increases in chromospheric heating, especially bombs, starting from the discovery of in the cooler parts of the chromosphere and the Ellerman. These explosive events, traditionally upper chromosphere. observed in the wings of the Balmer Hα line, have a sub-arcsecond structure. Some of the Elena Khomenko showed 2- and 3D models were also reviewed. There are good simulations of Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities in indications that these events are caused by filaments and the effects of partial ionization reconnection, but do not have a coronal on these instabilities. counterpart, in the sense that they are confined. Jean-Claude Vial described how Doppler T. Watanabe reviewed Hinode EIS dimming effects can impact the formation of observations of various features related to the Mg II h/k spectral lines in prominences. flares. The high resolution and temperature

56 coverage of the EIS instrument has allowed V. Nakariakov presented solar observations of measurements of coronal and flare plasma, for quasi-periodic oscillations during flares, and example of loop-top hot sources, fast outflows, detailed measurements of periods and decay all providing evidence for magnetic times, in particular of microwave data, reconnection occurring near the loop-top obtained in the 17 GHz channel with the region. Hinode EIS has also been producing Nobeyama Radioheliograph. Simultaneously, spatially resolved observations of these oscillations were detected in the 335A chromospheric evaporation. During the initial channel of SDO/AIA. The observations, phases of impulsive flares, bright Fe XXIII and together with numerical radiative MHD Fe XXIV emission is observed at the simulations, suggest that impulsively excited footpoints of the flaring loops, with blue- standing acoustic oscillations in flaring loops shifted components of 300 - 400 kms-1. or arcades are observed. A similar dynamical pattern has been detected in the light curves of Y. Matsui presented Hinode EIS observations stellar flares, although the sizes and magnitude of a nice C-class limb flare event that occurred of these flares are orders of magnitude larger on 11 September 2012, supported by than the solar ones. SDO/AIA. Bi-directional inflows were observed in the AIA coronal images (around 1- T. Mrozek presented high-cadence 2 MK), and were also supported by observations from RHESSI and RESIK STEREO/SECCHI EUVI images. At the same discussed modelling and observations of the time, hot (10 MK or more) cusp loops were energy-altitude relation of the non-thermal observed, as also confirmed by Hinode EIS electron beams which are contributing to the observations of the Fe XXIV emission. The chromospheric evaporation. One extra observations are interpreted as a clear case of complication is the location of the high-energy 1MK loops being heated over 10MK by source obtained by RHESSI, which is different magnetic reconnection. depending on the adopted procedure. M. Cheung presented a new inversion method D. Innes presented first observations of the to obtain temperature information (DEM) from supra-arcade hot (10 MK) emission during the six EUV channels of the SDO/AIA large flares, and of the supra-arcade instrument. Unlike some other existing EM downflows (SADs). She pointed out that inversion algorithms, this inversion scheme certain SAD characteristics, such as forking at does not make assumptions about the their heads and a tendency to start near the top functional form (e.g. Gaussian) of the solution. of fan spikes, have close similarities to The method returns positive solutions and is observation of plasma flows in prominences, very fast. It was applied to study eruptions in which have been interpreted as the result of active regions. secondary instabilities of the Rayleigh-Taylor type. 3-D resistive MHD simulations support The talk of V. Polito was presented by G. Del this interpretation. Zanna. High-cadence (3 minutes) Hinode/EIS observations of three flares were presented, B. Somov reviewed some of the main providing densities and velocities (about 50 theoretical aspects of two of the well-known kms-1) of the upflowing plasma in the locations models, the standard two-ribbon models and of the chromospheric evaporation. SDO/AIA the topological models. One case illustrated in images were used to describe the locations of some detail was the rainbow reconnection the upflows, and SDO/HMI magnetograms to model. He pointed out that the reconnection locate the ribbons. One interesting issue is that region is not directly observable, but we have the velocities and densities were quite similar, plenty of observations of related effects. Then despite the fact that the flares were of different he showed the results of some numerical MHD classes and recurring in the same locations. modelling. Current layers and Petshek The events were all confined until a fourth one, reconnection were briefly discussed. associated with a large-scale eruption.

57 Two other related talks followed. N. ray and radio bands, and theoretical models of Kolesnikov discussed two-dimensional plasma this fascinating phenomenon were presented in flows near a reconnecting current layer in the the invited review talk by P.-F. Chen (Nanjing, approximation of strong magnetic field for the China). A.-M. Broomhall (Warwick, UK) case of stationary reconnection. The features of presented the current status of the rapidly this approximation and the numerical solution growing fields of helioseismology (diagnostics were illustrated. L. Ledentsov showed that the of the solar interior with acoustic oscillations best conditions for heating plasma to flare of the Sun) and astero-seismology (diagnostics temperatures are in the vicinity of the of stellar interiors). The main attention was reconnecting current layer near the areas of paid to the effect of the magnetic field and its reverse currents. long-term variation, such as the 11-year solar cycle and the intensively debated biennial

oscillations. R. Oliver (Palma, Spain) reviewed MHD Seismology of Solar, Space the theory of MHD waves in magnetically and Astrophysical Plasmas (E2.7) structured media, concentrating on the characteristic properties of different modes, [Report by V. Nakariakov] effects of mode coupling and damping. R. COSPAR 2014 Event 2.7 “MHD Seismology Keppens (Leuven, Belgium) reviewed MHD of Solar, Space and Astrophysical Plasmas” waves and instabilities in flows of magnetised was organised by Valery M Nakariakov plasmas, such as astrophysical jets, disks and (University of Warwick, UK) and Tom Van streamers, and their potential for plasma Doorsselaere (KU Leuven, Belgium). The diagnostics. L. Balona (Cape Town, South event lasted two half-day sessions. The aim of Africa) discussed quasi-periodic pulsations that the event was to create a joint forum for the are often detected in white-light, radio and X- specialists working on various aspects of ray light curves of stellar flares, their possible magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) wave association with MHD oscillations, synergy diagnostics of space, solar and astrophysical with the study of similar oscillations in light plasmas. MHD waves are a common feature of curves of solar flares, and presented new various natural plasma systems, from results recently obtained with KEPLER ionospheres and magnetospheres of the Earth mission. D. Klimushkin (Irkutsk, Russia) and other planets to the solar and stellar overviewed MHD wave phenomena in the coronae, and magnetospheres of pulsars and Earth’s magnetosphere, their main magnetars. The waves, being natural probes of phenomenology, classification and theoretical plasma systems, provide us with an excellent models, and seismological applications. and often unique approach to the diagnostics of Recent research achievements in the field of physical conditions in the plasmas and MHD wave diagnostics of natural plasmas processes operating in them. The stunning were presented in 12 contributed talks and 14 recent progress in observational and theoretical posters. studies of MHD wave phenomena in natural There were several interesting discussions plasmas gave rise to the rapidly developing generated by the presentations. One of them research area: MHD seismology. addressed the question of the differences and The event was well attended, gathering about similarities between waveguiding plasma non- 50 specialists in geophysics, heliophysics, uniformities in the solar corona and the Earth’s solar physics and stellar physics. The multi- magnetosphere. If the coronal plasma has a disciplinary nature of the event required good fine field-aligned filamentation, the introductory review talks given by world- magnetospheric plasma is non-uniform on the leading specialists in different research fields global scale only. The reason for this disparity relevant to the topic of the event. Most recent needs to be revealed. Another intensively results on global MHD waves in the solar discussed topic was the nature of quasi- corona, mainly obtained in the EUV, soft X- periodic pulsations in solar and stellar flares.

58 Are these oscillations caused by MHD modes. Observational detection of nonlinear oscillations of the flaring regions, or they are a MHD waves in solar prominences and their manifestation of intrinsic oscillatory regimes theoretical modelling, presented by L. Ofman of magnetic reconnection, or it is a (NASA, USA), may also have interesting combination of these mechanisms or applications in other physical systems, such as something else? What is the seismological ionospheric waveguides and wave phenomena potential of this phenomenon? The recently in molecular clouds. discovered decayless regime of coronal loop Thus, we are pleased to conclude that the event oscillations in the EUV band with SDO/AIA, significantly advanced our understanding of presented by G. Nistico (Warwick, UK), was MHD wave dynamics in natural plasmas, and intensively discussed in the context of its contributed to the development of a unified relationship to the well-known decaying approach to the development of MHD wave regime (discussed in the presentation of M. based methods of plasma diagnostics. Also, an Goossens (Leuven, Belgium). R Sych (Irkutsk, important outcome is establishing the effective Russia) generated interest in the novel model interdisciplinary discussion of MHD wave for 3-min oscillations in sunspot umbrae, phenomena in solar, magnetospheric, which accounted for the effects of oblique heliospheric and astrophysical plasmas. wave propagation. Observational aspects of sunspot oscillations were covered by R. Morton (Northumbria, UK). This study was well linked with the presentation of J. Andries Comprehensive Experimental (Brussels, Belgium) who discussed the non- Radiation Biology for Space existence of a cut-off frequency for kink waves Exploration (F2.1) on stratified magnetic flux tubes. P. Kumar (KASI, S Korea) reported on the recent [Report by C. Hellweg] observational detection of standing acoustic oscillations in coronal loops in the imaging The COSPAR event F2.1, “Comprehensive data obtained at EUV with SDO/AIA. This experimental radiation biology for space exploration” (MSO Christine Hellweg, DO result fills up an important gap between the th observations of these oscillations and their Honglu Wu), took place at the 40 COSPAR theoretical models. D. Chuiko (Irkutsk, Russia) Scientific Assembly in Moscow, on Monday 4 addressed the MHD wave evolution in August 2014, 9:30-13:00, and on Wednesday magnetospheric waveguides, and the effect of 6 August 2014, 9:30-13:00. The poster shear flows causing the wave over-reflection. sessions with author attendance were from This result has also interesting implications in 14:00-15:00 on Sunday 3 August 2014, the solar corona and at astrophysical objects. In Monday 4 August 2014, and Wednesday 6 particular, this topic is well connected with the August 2014 (15 scheduled posters). observational study of transverse waves on coronal jets, presented by D. Banerjee About 50 highly interested scientists attended (Bangalore, India). Another good example of this session with 14 planned oral presentations the synergy between coronal and and participated in the fruitful and lively magnetospheric MHD oscillations was pointed discussions in a relaxed and supportive out by V. Pilipenko (Moscow, Russia) in his atmosphere. Two of the solicited presentations talk on Alfvenic resonators that are found in were cancelled, due to travel restrictions of the Earth’s ionosphere and are being searched the home organizations. The author of the oral for in the solar corona. V. Reznikova (Leuven, presentation about cytogenetic effects in Belgium) attracted attention to the important cosmonauts did not show up. effect of line-of-sight integration in the New results were presented by international analysis of MHD oscillations in the optically- scientists on heavy ion effects on clustered thin emission, and presented results of forward DNA damage repair by homologous modelling of microwave signatures of sausage recombination, the role of organelles in the

59 cellular radiation response, differentiation and presented recent advances in the detection of response to injury, radiation-induced signal radiation-induced NF-B activation by means transduction, abscopal effects and of fluorescent protein expressing reporter cell transformation, and radiation effects in plants. lines which were generated by Arif A. Chishti. In the absence of Lynn Hlatky, Christine The latest advances in the understanding of Hellweg chaired the sub-session “DNA atherosclerosis induction by accelerated iron damage and chromosomal aberrations”. ions were explained by Dennis Kucik, with a Alexander Helm gave the presentation of focus on the increased expression of Marco Durante on the importance of DNA interleukin-8 (IL-8, CXCL8) which is resection in the repair of space-relevant heavy necessary for the observed radiation-induced ion-induced DNA lesions. This process takes increase in cell adhesion. Alexander Helm place during the G2 phase of the cell cycle and showed that X-ray and carbon ion exposure did was observed by live cell imaging using not affect the electrophysiological processes in fluorescence-tagged repair proteins. The cardiomyocytes (differentiated from mouse resection increased with augmenting linear embryonic stem cells). The hallmarks of the energy transfer (LET) of the heavy ions. cellular radiation effects, such as apoptosis and Inhibition of this repair pathway might micronuclei, were observed in this cell type. improve cancer therapy with carbon ions. Oleg Gusev explained the early and long-term David Chen explained the DNA damage effects of low- (-rays) and high-LET radiation response in human cells after exposure to (carbon ions) on rat behavior and monoamine heavy ions. The repair of clustered DNA metabolism in different brain regions. lesions was observed to be performed by Monoamines were decreased for several homologous recombination during the S phase months after radiation exposure, and animals of the cell cycle. showed increased anxiety. Christine Hellweg chaired the sub-session David Chen was the chair of the sub-session “Cellular and tissue response to HZE particles “Non-targeted radiation effects, microbiome and protons” which included three lectures. changes and simulation facilities” which Tom Hei explained the role of mitochondria in encompassed four talks. Runhong Lei showed the cellular response to space radiation. abscopal effects in the immune system after Michael Story reported on the radioresponse of local brain irradiation of mice with carbon bronchial epithelial cells after low dose HZE ions, resulting in immunosuppression. Pre- particle irradiation that can result in treatment with antioxidative substances from transformation as a first step towards cancer the plant product Dragon blood improved development. Takeo Ohnishi suggested the Akt recovery of immune cells after radiation kinase as important player in the cellular exposure. Meng Zhang presented an epigenetic response to high LET radiation. analysis of heavy ion irradiation induced abscopal effects after head only exposure of The lectures in the sub-session “Radiation mice to carbon ions. Jeff Jones gave Fathi effects on the cardiovascular, central nervous Karouia’s presentation on the impact of whole and immune system”, chaired by Tom Hei, body irradiation on the intestinal microbiome: focused on radiation induced changes in considerations for spaceflight. After radiation signalling, gene expression and exposure, a shift towards pathogenic species electrophysiology. Christine E. Hellweg was observed, and direct effects of radiation on presented the effects of knock-down of the bacteria and effects of interaction with the host transcription factor NF-B on the cellular were suspected as cause of the microbiome radio-response, showing that activation of this changes. Veronica Pereda Loth presented an factor increases expression of chemokines and innovative in vitro device (thorium-232) cytokines that may initiate a local immune providing continuous low doses of -rays (for response and possibly support cancer Laetitia Collin who could not attend) which is promotion and progression. Luis F. Spitta very interesting for radiation-protection

60 relevant research on the effects of low doses grains and ices are important components of and low dose rates of radiation and also for the protoplanetary disks. analysis of combined effects of radiation and Eric Herbst, the deputy organizer, gave microgravity. an introductory presentation linking dust In the poster session, 15 posters were presented grains with their role in making molecules. mainly by young scientists, giving rise to many The other presentations in this first half-day intense discussions on the biological effects of session focused on dust properties: dust space radiation on the differentiation of stem formation and destruction (Dmitry Weibe), cells and on the hematopoietic and central dust processing (Hiroyuki Hirashita), dust nervous system including neuro-immune alignment (Chi Thiem Hoang), and dust interactions. The development of appropriate charging (Alexei Ivlev). The session countermeasures and the radiation effects on included a talk by Yi-Jehng Kuan who different plants were also in the focus of the reported that glycine was most likely poster session. detected in the ISM. An earlier detection (Kuan et al., ApJ 593, 848, 2003)

proved controversial. It’s a Dusty Universe: The In the second half-day, the role of dust in Many Roles of Dust in the the chemistry of solar system bodies was Chemistry and Physics in the major unifying theme. The formation of Diverse Environments in Space molecules on/in ices coating dust in proto- planetary disks was discussed by Catherine (F3.2) Walsh. The other talks focused on: [Report by G. Vidali] physical/chemical phenomena in the proto- solar nebula (Paquette), dust-coma Dust is found throughout the Universe, interaction to be observed with the Rosetta and is responsible for the formation of spacecraft (Hilchenbach), suprathermal simple and complex molecules in interstellar chemistry in solar system environments, clouds, and even the growth of planets. As (Shematovich), ices in the Kuiper belt star and planetary formation proceeds (Cruickshank), and aerosols in Titan’s through the collapse of interstellar clouds, atmosphere (Vuitton),. Zainab Awad terrestrial type, prebiotic organic molecules reported on ISM nitrogen chemistry while are produced on dust grains. These species Ankan Das discussed the connection of can then be incorporated into protoplanetary ionization with depletion of species on dust. disks and subsequently into comets, meteors and even planets. The scientific event was The next day was dedicated to the chemical structured around three main topics: Dust processes on dust grains. There are now Formation, Coagulation of Dust, and Planet several laboratories working on studying the Formation (one half-day session), Chemistry formation of molecules on dust grain of Solar and ExtraSolar System Bodies (one analogs in simulated ISM environments. half-day session) and Chemistry of Dust Experimental results on the formation of Grains (two half-day sessions). molecular hydrogen on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were reported by Liv The first half-day was dedicated to dust. Hornekaer. Lisseth Gavilan presented results Although dust comprises only 1% of the of experiments to detect the rotation- Interstellar Medium (ISM) (by mass), it vibrational state of molecular hydrogen holds an essential role in the formation of departing a grain surface; Francois Dulieu many important molecules, such as H2, H20, discussed diffusion and desorption of and CH30H. Dust represents 0.1 % of all molecules from grain surfaces, while matter in the galaxy, but is responsible for Gianfranco Vidali reported on experiments on one third of its bolometric luminosity. Dust the formation of water on dust grain analogs.

61 Photodesorption of molecules in ices was university work on wastewater processors, the the subject of Jean-Hugues Fillon’s Japanese Space Agency’s (JAXA’s) recent presentation. Simulations of and theoretical work on environmental control and life support developments in the chemistry on dust grains systems, data from space flight experiments were the focus of the last half-day. conducted on the ISS using the Russian “Lada” plant chamber (Institute for Biomedical Stefan Andersson presented simulations of the Problem, Moscow), presentations on conveyor mobility of molecules in models of ISM water designs for plant production in space and the ice, while Kinsuk Acharyya showed the results importance of light spectral quality for plant of simulations of molecular hydrogen growth by Moscow State University and the formation on grains at high temperature. Institute for Biomedical Problem (Moscow), Stochastic and deterministic approaches to gas recent research findings on liquid and solid surface modelling was the topic of Anton waste degradation and recycling at the Russian Vasyunin’s presentation. There were talks on Institute for Biophysics (Krasnoyarsk), an the migration of molecules in the ISM overview of newly started research on (Drozdovskaya) and intergalactic space bioregenerative life support systems and (Bochkarev). The session concluded with the proposed testing in the Antarctic Neumayer talk by Jacek Krelowski who summarized and Station by the German Space Agency (DLR- commented on the search for the carriers of the Bremen), and several papers on the recently Diffuse Interstellar Bands (DIBs). completed 105-day human life support test Overall we had 16 solicited presentations, conducted by the Chinese “Lunar Palace 1” eight contributed presentations, and 12 posters. research team at Beihang University, Beijing. There were many new and interesting results The Lunar Palace talks in session F4.2 and presented. Speakers came from Europe, related F4 sessions were the first reports the Russia, India, Taiwan and the USA. The international community had on these Chinese sessions were well attended and we had fruitful studies in which three humans lived in a closed question and answer periods, attesting to the system that used plants for oxygen and food interest in and importance of this topic. production, and CO2 removal, bioreactors for waste processing and recycling, and related life support equipment. Advanced Life Support Testbeds and Facilities (F4.2) These studies match those conducted by the Russian Bios-3 group in Krasnoyarsk in the [Report by R.M. Wheeler] 1980s and the Japanese CEEF research group th in Rokkasho-mura in the 2000s, but used Session F4.2 at the 40 COSPAR Scientific modern technologies, such as LED lighting for Assembly in Moscow straddled two half-day sessions on Monday morning 4 August and plants, state-of-the-art hydroponic systems, advanced monitoring and control systems, and Tuesday morning 5 August 2014. A total of 18 oral presentations were given along with four a habitat structure that closely simulates what might be used on the Lunar or Martian surface. poster presentations. Speakers and presenters All the talks were well attended, with peak represented countries such as Russia, China, France, Netherlands, Spain, Italy, Norway, attendance near 50 people (estimated) for many talks. Germany, Canada, Japan, and the United States. Presentations included recent findings from the European Space Agency’s MELISSA research on bioregenerative life support, including an update on work at their Barcelona Pilot Plant, and overview of NASA’s Next Generation Life Support activities, including NASA-sponsored

62 Principles and Application of fields, spectral composition and intensity of light, and high-energy cosmic radiation Mathematical and Computer influences many important metabolic and Modelling CELSS (F4.3) physiological processes in living organism [Report by S.I. Bartsev] including animals, plants and microorganisms. Future manned long-term space mission Most of the announced presentations of this depends on understanding the effects of these session were devoted to the assessment of factors on biological organisms. The conditions and limits of stable BLSS programme of the symposium included (Bioregenerative Life Support Systems) presentations on the influence of the entire functioning. In the paper presented by A. complex of space factors associated with Shuvaev and N. Pechurkin "Algorithms for spaceflight on biological systems, including calculating the dynamics of biocapacity and simulation of microgravity effect with electric ecological footprint for natural and artificial and magnetic fields. The lectures and posters ecosystems" the idea of evaluating human were devoted to ground and flight, theoretical impact on the environment via "footprint" was and experimental investigations of plants, applied to evaluating the limits of stable animals, humans and microorganisms. The functioning of BLSS. This was done by a scientists from Armenia, Australia, China, creating mathematical model of some abstract Japan, Spain, Russia, UK, Ukraine and USA BLSS and introducing a formal index presented their results in 15 lectures and 15 describing the footprint approach. posters. The presentation made by M. Saltykov Space biology specialists from the Institute for "Flexible metabolism approach in modelling of Biomedical Problems (Moscow, Russia) and multi-element closed ecosystems" was devoted NASA Ames Research Center (Moffett Field, to developing the kind of mathematical models USA), Eleonora Grigoryan with co-authors, capable of adequately describing the dynamics Yury Shulagin with co-authors and Viacheslav of several biogenic elements inside CES. Ilyin with co-authors presented the results of In the "On the assessment of biological life mice and microorganism experiments on Bion support system operation range" presentation M1 biosatellite. The 30-days spaceflight by S. Bartsev discussed possible ways of mission on Low Earth Orbit proceeded in developing a semi-formal procedure, and 2013. Mice muscle morphology in space flight application, of CES mathematical models. This samples observed in histological sections approach was demonstrated on the examples of shows signs of extensive atrophy and some abstracts and real CES's. regenerative hypoplasia. A two-fold decrease in the number of myonuclei and low density of Topics considered during the F4.3 event are myofibrils, their separation and fragmentation closely connected with the objective of in comparison with ground samples was developing technology of building BLSS for observed. The endogenous carbon monoxide different space missions. excretion with respiration increased after the orbital flight. Authors suggest that the increase CO excretion could be induced by stress, Influence of Spaceflight associated with descent from orbit, food Environments on Biological restriction in a few mice and a slight increase Systems (F4.4) of radiation on space orbit. Sergey Avakyan (Vavilov State Optical [Report by G. Nechitailo] Institute, Russia) and his co-authors discussed Orbiting spacecraft provide a unique physical, the results of long-term manned space flights chemical and biological environment. A on the orbital stations Salyut-6, long combination of gravity, temperature and simulation experiments like Mars 500 and chemical gradients, magnetic and electric future space flights to Mars pointing out the

63 geophysical factors influencing the Lev Pyatnitsky from the Joint Institute for psychological state of crew. The different High Temperatures (Moscow, Russia) types of geomagnetic pulsations were detected presented results on a real-time monitoring of and statistically proven evidence was shown of water properties during the day when a solar the influence on manifestation of the diseases, eclipse occurs. It was shown that the scattered especially nervous diseases. The absence of light indicatrix could be used to recognize the geophysical factors in long-term space flights structure changes, in particular, the cluster size to Mars outside of the Earth magnetosphere distribution function. could be an issue. Kaori Tomita-Yokotani from the University of Kirill Trukhanov (Institute of Biomedical Tsukuba (Tsukuba, Japan) with co-authors Problems, Russia) with co-authors discussed proposed to raise woody plants in space for nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular and blood several applications. The detailed systems of humans under hypomagnetic investigations of the bonsai Japanese cherry conditions as factors of space environment on tree Sakura were presented in connection with the Moon’s surface. The results of an space flight. embryogenesis of the Japanese quail showed Galina Nechitailo from the Institute of that prolonged exposure to the HMC heightens Biochemical Physics (Moscow, Russia) the adverse effects on embryogenesis. presented an overview of the systematic Alternating electromagnetic fields of the biological experiments in space since 1971 on systems and equipment is needed at the board the orbital stations Salyut, Skylab, Mir habitable base or on the board of the spacecraft and ISS, and satellites. In total more than 1,000 in future long-term missions. experiments have been installed in space The presentation of Jinying Lu from the China flights. Academy of Space Technology (Beijing, After the session meeting the participants took China) and her co-authors was devoted to a part in private discussions on hot topics of whole-genome microarray to screen the space biology. transcript profile of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings after growing under space microgravity condition (space flight on Shenzhou-8), 1g centrifugal forces in space (in space flight in SIMBOX equipment on Shenzhou-8) and ground control. The authors showed that 368 genes have been differentially expressed under space microgravity conditions in comparison under 1g centrifuge space condition. Space flight conditions caused 246 genes to have been differentially expressed between seedlings in 1g centrifuge space Participants in F4.4 at the Moscow Scientific condition and ground control. The expression Assembly of genes related to the overall stress in space flight (microgravity, radiation and others) was most different. Closure as a Specific Property of Tatyana Borisova from the Palladin Institute of Manmade Ecosystems and Biochemistry (Kiev, Ukraine) with co-authors Biospheres (F4.5) presented results showing the influence of [Report by A. Tikhomirov] lunar soil simulant on human physiology. It was shown that the lunar soil simulant might The work of the subsection F4.5 was disturb glutamate homeostasis in the conducted according to the schedule: 10 oral mammalian CNS. and eight poster presentations were given. The

64 subsection work aroused keen interest. Its the whole, the research of the Chinese audience comprised 22 listeners from different scientists raised great interest from the countries. audience. An interesting report of atmospheric management in Closed Bioregenerative Life The first part of oral presentations was devoted Support Systems was presented by R. Wheeler to discussion of research and technologies (USA). The presentation reported by V. favouring the LSS closure increase (Chair: A. Sychev (Russia) was devoted to the possibility Zhukov). of using microalgae as part of the autotrophic A. Tikhomirov’s presentation “The soil-like component of LSS for future planetary bases. substrate: problems and perspective of its use During the poster session several papers were for higher plants cultivation in LSS” was presented by the researchers of the IBP SB aimed at a feasibility study of a biological RAS (Russia). The presentations were devoted substrate developed at the IBP SB RAS to the inclusion of problems of human fluid (Russia) and used for organic wastes oxidation wastes and plant inedible biomass into the LSS in closed LSS. mass exchange at the expense of their In the presentation given by A. Zhukov biological and physical-chemical oxidation. (Germany) “Tricking filter for urea and bio- The poster “Destiny of microbial aerosol in waste processing—dynamic modelling of confined habitat” presented by V. Ilyin nitrogen cycle” the modelling problems of (Russia) was devoted to certain data of inclusion of nitrogen compounds obtained international experiments on theoretical and from urea into closed LSS. The report experimental modelling of microflora presented by V. Ilyin (Russia) was devoted to distribution in sealed volumes depending on air the problems of microbiological purification of flows directions. That collective work was liquid products of cotton wipes in the orbital carried out in the frame of the BIOSMHARS station. O.Avercheva (Russia) made a project on the FР7-SРАСЕ-2010-19 (Grant presentation on the optimization problem of 263076) aimed at a study of diagnostics plants’ illumination in an artificial ecosystem possibility of microorganisms’ distribution in of LED lamps. N. Tikhomirova (Russia) closed ecosystems of terrestrial and space presented the data of experimental research on purpose. use feasibility of mineralized fish waste as nutrition for plant cultivation in closed LSS. The second part of sub-commission F4.5 was Genetic, Epigentic and Metablic devoted to the discussion of ecosystem research of different closure levels. The survey Changes in Spaceflight and report “Bioregenerative Life Support Simulated Spaceflight Experiment for 90-days in a Closed Integrative Environment (F4.6) Experimental Facility LUNAR PALACE 1” was presented by Liu Hong (China). The report [Report by Y. Sun] was devoted to the scaled experiment carried Session F4.6, “Genetic, Epigentic and Metablic out in 2014 on the durational stay of the group Changes in Spaceflight and Simulated of Chinese subjects in a closed biological LSS Spaceflight Environment” was held on 7 and 8 constructed at Beijing Aerospace University. August 2014. The MSO of this session was According to the data represented by Liu Hong Yeqing Sun from Dalian Maritime University, they succeeded in achieving a high closure China and Honglu Wu from NASA Johnson level of mass exchange processes with Space Center, USA was the DO of F4.6. inclusion of human metabolites and inedible Twelve participants from Russia, China, plant biomass into matter turnover. Belgium and Japan, gave excellent oral The question of microbiological control in that presentations. research was presented by Sun Yi (China). On

65 Session 1: Biological effects in spaceflights, followed by fixation and freezing during the Chair: Takeo Ohnishi space fight. More than 50 genes were found In the first session, eight scientists from down-regulated in the space group. More Russia, China, Japan and Belgium gave oral interestingly, they found evidence for presentations and introduced their latest formation of space group-specific splicing research on the biological effects in variants of mRNA. spaceflights using different living organisms. Anatoly Grigoriev from the Institute of The first speaker was Takeo Ohnishi from Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia gave Japan. His presentation was about stress an excellent report on space biology in Russia proteins that are induced by space today. He reviewed the significant progress environment. He first introduced heat shock made by Russia in the areas of gravitational proteins (HSPs) expression responded to biology, space radiobiology, biological environmental stresses, and then demonstrated (environmental) life support systems and HSPs expression during and after spaceflights. astrobiology experiments in orbital missions Their results revealed that HSPs assisted in the since 1957. folding and maintenance of newly translated After a short break, another speaker from proteins, the refolding of denatured proteins Dalian Maritime University, China made a and the further unfolding of misfolded or presentation on DNA damage response in destabilized proteins protected cells from space Caenorhabditis elegans during Shenzhou-8 environment. spaceflight. They performed mRNA The second speaker was Xu Dan from Dalian microarray, qPCR and miRNA microarray Maritime University, China. She reported their analysis to detect the differences of latest discoveries in Caenorhabditis elegans transcriptome and microRNome affected space dys-1 mutation on miRNA expression profile environments and found many interesting during Shenzhou-8 mission. In their study, results on gene expression and miRNAome. wild-type and dys-1 mutant stains of C. Next, Mikhail Karganov from Russia reported elegans at Dauer stage taken by Shenzhou on the differentiation of changes in serum experienced the 16.5-day shuttle spaceflight. homeostasis of laboratory animals after Analysis of miRNA microarray revealed that spaceflight on board of the BION-M1 satellite. 27 miRNAs changed in abundance after The last speaker was Sandra Condori from spaceight. Integration analysis of miRNA and Belgium. She reported on the influence of mRNA expression profile revealed that miR- quorum sensing in compartment II of the 56 and miR-124 were involved in behaviour MELiSSA loop. According to their results, and locomotion under space environment, by M68, a knockout mutant of Rru A3396, could targeting nep-11, deb-1, C07H4.1 and be used in order to avoid bioflim formation in F11H8.2. the bioreactor. The next speaker was from Russia. He reported Session 2: Biological effects of simulated the effect of long-term actual spaceflight on space environment, Chair: Xiaoming Hang the expression of key genes encoding serotonin In this session, four scientists from Russia and and dopamine system. He reported that long- China gave oral presentations on the biological term spaceflight decreased the expression of effects of different organisms under simulated genes encoding the enzyme in DA synthesis, space environment. DA metabolism and D1 receptor in First, Meng Zhang reported on the role of hypothalamus. DNA methylation in radiation-induced Olga Kozlova presented the effects of long real transgenerational genomic instability and space flight on the whole genome mRNA bystander effects in cranial irradiated mice. expression properties in medaka oryzias Then, Xiaoming Hang from China reported latipes. The fish were kept in the AQH joint- their latest research on an interesting protein, aquariums system in October-December 2013, centrosomal protein of 135 kDa (CEP135).

66 Their results demonstrated that cytoskeleton hindlimb suspension (animal model of disorder and cell cycle arrest induced by gravitational disuse). microgravity may be associated with the The audience discussed the presentations that alteration of protein CEP135. gave a first scientific insight in the murine Another speaker from Dalian Maritime (mouse) neuromuscular adaptation following University, China, reported on proteomic and 30 days spaceflight in various reference epigenetic analysis of rice after seed muscles including also dorsal muscles from the spaceflight and ground-base ion radiations. back. After baseline analysis more They discovered that nucleoside diphosphate sophisticated analysis methods (molecular and kinase 1 (NDPK1) showed obvious increased biochemical, gene expression) will be used to regulation after spaceights and ion radiations analyse microgravity changes at the level of by proteomic analysis. They also used the tissue and cells. same rice samples treated by carbon ion II: Muscle Atrophy: Molecular mechanisms radiation with different doses on the ground and anti-atrophic drugs and scanned the genome DNA methylation changes. DNA methylation polymorphism In the second sub-session, we had six oral rates also presented a dose-dependent effect presentations from Russia, Japan and China on and showed the same changing trend as protein various molecular changes related to skeletal expression. muscle in various animal models of gravitational unloading. Unloading appears to The last speaker was Svetlana Sorokina from activate MuRF expression (proteolysis marker) Russia. They investigated the combined action and calsarcin and heat-shock protein (HSP) of food supplements and ionizing radiation on blocked by HSP silencing technique was the cytogenetic damage induction and Ehrlich counteracted by HSP overexpression. ascite carcinoma growth on mice in vivo. They found that a diet containing soybean and In addition to the sessions, a poster programme buckwheat could reduce the sensitivity of mice was organized in poster area S, 14h00-1500h to X-radiation with low dose and cause (Author attendance) presented on Sunday, 3 significant slowdown in growth of Ehrlich August, Tuesday 5 August and Wednesday 6 carcinoma. August). In total we had three posters from Ukrainian and two from Russian scientists.

Neuromuscular and Bone Plasticity and Signaling after Influence of Free Space Simulated and Actual Environment on the Behaviour of Microgravity (F5.2) Materials (G0.3) [Report by D. Blottner] [Report by A. Kondyurin] This half-day symposium was organized into A successful space flight mission requires a two sub-sessions: durable spaceship, space station or satellite working under free space conditions. However, I: The NeuroMuskuloSkeletal System in the free space environment is destructive for Spaceflight (BION-M1) all materials used in space constructions: In this session, we had six oral presentations satellites, spacecraft, space stations and future from three Russian, one US and two German space bases. The destructive factors of the presenters dealing with the first results on space environment such as high vacuum, sharp muscle and bone adaptation from the 30-day temperature variations and temperature BION-M1 biosatellite flight performed in gradients, different kinds of high-energy 2012, and two presentations on motoneuron cosmic irradiations and atomic oxygen (AO) and glia adaptation following spaceflight and flux in low Earth orbit (LEO) are significantly

67 different from experiences on the Earth. We Analyses of carbon plastic specimens with have to understand the processes in epoxy resin included the stability of the macro construction materials for prediction of its and micro structure of carbon plastic, as well behaviour in space environment and to design as changes in the strength characteristics after new materials for new space constructions. exposure. The results obtained in the Komplast experiment allow forecasting of changes in the Through this session, for the first time in properties of materials after long-term COSPAR history a session on materials in free operation in the ISS orbit. Six panels remain space environment was presented in a on ISS. The experiment is continuing. COSPAR Scientific Assembly. The lectures and posters were devoted to flight and ground, Valentina Grichshenko from the National theoretical and experimental investigations of Center of Space Research and Technologies metals, ceramics and polymers. Scientists from (Kazakhstan) has developed a model of Algeria, Australia, China, Japan, Kazakhstan, radiation defect area in electronic materials in Russia and USA presented their results in 16 the conditions of microgravity. Results of lectures and 17 posters. failures of computer memory during the space flight were considered. Lev Novikov and co-authors from Moscow State University (Russia) presented results on Yugo Kimoto from Japan Aerospace satellite surface thermal control coatings and Exploration Agency (Japan) presented the the problems subjected to ionizing radiations results of space material exposure experiments, accompanying by outgassing. A mathematical which were performed on the ISS using the model describing mass loss of polymeric Micro-Particles Capturer and the Space composites subject to its growth of Environment Exposure Device. The permeability under radiation was proposed. micrometeoroid and space debris have been The improvement of the coating by embedding captured and analysed. They found many various nano-sized fillers into a polymer unexpected micron-sized particles that did not matrix was considered, including the aligned impact with hypervelocity. David Edwards multi-walled carbon nanotubes and related from NASA Marshall Space Flight Center composites. (USA) provided a presentation on the influence of the free space environment in the life cycle A long-term materials experiment flown on the missions with a specific focus on the role of exterior of the International Space Station material selection. (ISS) is being conducted by space material specialists from Moscow State University The presentation of Taras Homin from the (Russia), Khrunichev State Research and Central Research Institute of Machine Building Production Space Center (Russia), Research (Russia) and Lev Novikov was devoted to Institute of Elastomeric Materials and Products charge effects on ISS surfaces due to space (Russia), Moscow State Aviation Technology plasma and electrical breakdown, which can Institute (Russia), All-Russian Scientific induce large electromagnetic impulses in Research Institute of Aviation Materials spacesuits, in power supplies and control (Russia), NASA Johnson Space Center (USA) circuits of on-board systems. During astronaut and Boeing Research & Technology (USA). spacesuit activity, these electromagnetic impulses could penetrate the spacesuit and the The aim of the experiment is to study the human body with potentially hazardous effects. complex effects of space factors on composite materials. Eight “Komplast” panels fitted with Shaofang Shi from the Beijing Institute of material specimens equipped UV-sensors and Structure & Environment Engineering (China) temperature sensors were placed on the ISS has developed a mathematical model of the Functional Cargo Block (FGB) module singular stress problem of a ring shaped crack exterior surface. Two of these panels were around a spherical cavity caused by particles returned to Earth on the Space Shuttle and micrometeorite impact during space Discovery after 12 years in low Earth orbit. construction.

68

G0.3 participants at the 40th COSPAR Scientific Assembly in Moscow

Vladimir Skurat from the Institute for Energy the Chinese Space Station (CSS), which is Problems of Chemical Physics (Russia) has planned to be launched around 2020-2022, was overviewed the results on destruction of approved in 2010 by the Chinese government. polymers by solar radiation with various CSS will serve on-orbit for almost 10 years, wavelengths in different spectral regions: and the utilization planning for CSS is a long- visible-UV, vacuum UV (VUV), deep UV, soft term and sustained process. The results of and hard X-rays. exposure experiment of MoS2 coating solid lubricating materials after AO exposure on SZ- Some new approaches to predictions of 7 in 2008 were presented. A material reaction efficiencies of fast orbital AO in their experiment facility on TG-2 will be launched interaction with polymeric materials were in 2015. considered. Many materials (more than 100 samples) after exposure on the Russian space Alexey Kondyurin from the University of station MIR and ISS have been analyzed. Sydney (Australia) overviewed the activity on large-size space constructions based on Masahito Tagawa from Kobe University inflating and polymerising processes in LEO, (Japan) presented results on polyimide and Moon and Mars surfaces and in deep space. fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) The experimental and theoretical results on the degradation in LEO and in ground-based curing process in high vacuum, space plasma experiments using laser-detonation and temperature variations as well as in hyperthermal beam source, which enables to stratosphere were presented. accelerate the electrically neutral AO up to 8 km-1 (orbital velocity of spacecraft). The participants of the session discussed the success of the first session, and expressed an Zhang Zhanzhi on behalf of Dong Xiaolin opinion to further broaden the session for the from the China Academy of Launch Vehicle next COSPAR Scientific Assembly in 2016. Technology (China) presented research on material and structure of space electro- dynamic tethers. The lecture summarized the development of the material and structure of space electro-dynamic tethers, which will contribute to the whole system design. Gu Yidong from the Center for Space Utilization (China) gave an overview of the Chinese space programme activities in space material science. The programme of building

69 Dark Energy and Dark Matter dark energy and dark matter as well as on a putative coupling of dark energy to dark matter (H0.1) and of these dark components to Standard [Report by O. Bertolami] Model states. The Dark Energy and Dark Matter event of the There were also several talks about alternative Fundamental Physics in Space Commission at gravity theories and their implications. These the 40th COSPAR Scientific Assembly in involved, for instance: f(R) extensions of Moscow was an intense and well-attended General Relativity with a non-minimal event. coupling between curvature and matter and how dark energy and dark matter can be This day-and-a-half event hosted a set of mimicked in these models; more general extremely interesting talks and allowed models were also considered, most participants to have a broad view of the particularly, from the point of view of their difficulties and the challenges to establish, consistency with quantum field theory, absence beyond any ambiguity, the experimental of ghosts, etc. existence of dark energy and dark matter and to understand their nature. There was also a quite interesting set of talks on the astronomical, astrophysical and Indeed, contemporary cosmology faces the cosmological aspects of the dark components challenging question of accounting for the problem. Most particularly, three talks on the observations either through Einstein’s General underlying physical principles, astrophysical Relativity, assuming that about 95% of energy challenges, spacecraft features and mission content of the universe is unknown, existing in design of the Euclid Mission, the ambitious, the form of dark matter (about 26%) and dark fully dedicated dark energy and dark matter energy (69%), or through admitting that, on mission of the European Space Agency large scales, General Relativity does not scheduled to be launched at the end of the properly describe the dynamics of the universe. decade. The main objective of the Euclid is the The success of General Relativity at solar study of the dark components of the universe system level and the fact that all observational through their impact on gravitational lensing facts can be satisfactorily described by the so- and on the large-scale structure of the universe. called LambdaCDM model, that assumes that Finally, it should be pointed out that the lively dark energy is essentially cosmological (or attendance and the enthusiasm of the something that resembles it) and a suitable participants of the H0.1 Dark Energy and Dark amount of cold dark matter (non-relativistic Matter event provided a clear indication that “invisible” matter at decoupling from the contemporary topics of research such as the primordial plasma), hint that these dark ones of this event should remain in the agenda components should be further studied and of the H0.1 Commission in future COSPAR eventually identified. Scientific Assemblies. However, from a broader perspective, since unifying models of the fundamental interactions of nature yield gravity models that International Coordination of are more complex than General Relativity, it is Planning for Space Exploration just natural that alternative models of gravity are considered to account for the cosmological (PEX.1) data. [Report by P. Ehrenfreund] One of the most exciting aspects of the H0.1 PEX organized a successful one-day session in Dark Energy and Dark Matter event was that Moscow that brought together space scientists various aspects of these two distinct discussing the current status of international approaches were discussed. In fact, there were cooperation in space exploration and talks on various models and approaches on

70 opportunities for the future. Prominent invited exploration. A summary of the US NRC speakers included the new COSPAR President Committee on Human Spaceflight report, Len Fisk, President of IKI, Lev Zelenyi, released in June 2014 and tasked to review the NASA’s Chief Scientist Ellen Stofan and many long-term goals, core capabilities, and others. In the PEX business meeting, the Chair directions of the US human spaceflight and Associates discussed how to proceed to programme was presented by Michael strengthen the key mission goals of PEX, Moloney. Richard Bonneville discussed an namely to: idea of a truly international lunar base as the next logical step for human spaceflight and - promote and preserve science goals in space David H. Smith introduced the newly created exploration; forum of the Chinese Academy of Science and - implement stepping stones that will unite key the National Academy of Sciences for new stakeholders to sustain a global space leaders in space science. The session continued exploration programme with a summary on international activities for John Rummel opened the session by discussing Venus Exploration by James Cutts. the essential elements of a framework for Petra Rettberg discussed and presented the future space exploration and use and how new current process of “Astrobiology Road regulations can preserve science goals. In Mapping” (AstRoMap), a project within support of this important topic Margaret Race framework FP7 of the European Commission. presented a path towards a balanced Finally, Giancarlo Genta discussed future environmental management for planetary concepts for space missions to exoplanets. bodies. Lev Zelenyi presented the future In the following business meeting participants Russian space exploration programme and discussed that COSPAR, as the major Ellen Stofan the challenges and opportunities international space organization with primary of NASA’s human exploration beyond Earth focus on science, has significant interests in orbit. Jean Claude Worms argued in his ensuring appropriate consideration of science presentation that space agencies' scientific in future exploration activities. Therefore, roadmaps need harmonisation and regular re- COSPAR and its panel on Exploration PEX, assessment. Bernard Foing discussed the together with other organisations such as ESSC activities of the International Lunar and SSB, should consider a coordinated input Exploration Working Group ILEWG to foster to the international space exploration planning coordination of lunar exploration activities at agency level with the objective of worldwide. Juergen Hill discussed the concept supporting development of an international of international space exploration coordination consensus on leading scientific themes and elaborated by the International Space drivers for future international space Exploration Coordination Group ISECG and exploration initiatives balancing the space informed participants on the creation of the stakeholder interests. ISECG’s Science Working Group co-chaired by Jürgen Hill and François Spiero in early 2014. Timothy Tawney showed the numerous examples of successful international Planetary Protection Mission cooperation in NASA’s space programmes. Implementation and Status Michael Moloney presented the recent NRC (PPP.2) report on the “Findings and Recommendations on International Collaboration in Space [Report by R. Mogul] Exploration”. This report recaps the presentations of the In the afternoon session COSPAR president Planetary Protection Panel (PPP.2), which Len Fisk presented a critical view on the focused on planetary protection (PP) mission involvement of the international space science implementation and status. The following community in the planning for space summaries provide updates for the MSL,

71 MAVEN, Hayabusa-2, InSight, ExoMars, and the Mars equator. Landing locations have been PROCYON spacecraft and insights into the PP reviewed for subsurface heat flow to eliminate approaches for icy plume sample return, special regions. InSight will bore 5 m deep and JUICE, and LIFE missions, and the measure heat flow and tectonic activity. sterilization of Mars descent vehicles. “ExoMars Mission 2016 Planetary Protection “Mars Science Laboratory Planetary Protection Status” was presented by C. Lobascio and Status” was presented by C. Conley (NASA submitted by D. B. Margheritis (Thanes Alenia Headquarters) and submitted by J. Benardini, Space Italia). ExoMars is a Category IVa et al. (Jet Propulsion Laboratory). MSL was mission, with the lander (EDM) assigned at originally a Category IVc mission, later re- Category IVa and the orbiter at Category III. assigned as Category IVa, and is "prohibited" Orbiter will meet impact avoidance; bioburden from contacting special regions. MSL landed values for the EDM were = 4x105 spores, on the edge of gale crater, all systems are exposed surfaces = 2x105 spores, and surface functioning, and PP documents were density = 300 spores/m2; surface bioburden completed. MSL is experiencing wheel wear, includes all EDM elements and the and is driving backwards to minimize wear. encapsulated bioburden is included only for Measurements of tightly bound water (1.5- hard landing. Sterilization procedures include 2.5% H in soil) and 100% humidity (on 3 dry heat microbial reduction (oven can be nights) are not concerns for PP. An extended opened from either ISO 7 or 8 cleanrooms) and mission will be requested by the project. autoclaving for larger items. “Planetary Protection Implementation for the Surfaces were cleaned with isopropyl alcohol, MAVEN Mission” was presented by C. and recontamination prevention procedures Conley (NASA Headquarters) and submitted included covers, biobarriers, and ISO 7 tent at by S. Cauffman, et al. (NASA Goddard Space the launch site. Flight Center). MAVEN is a Category III “The Program of “Exomars” Mission Planetary orbiter utilizing a bioburden option, burn-up Protection” was presented by N. Khamidullina and breakup analysis, and class 10 facility for (Lavochkin Association, Federal Space PP compliance. Agency). The ExoMars mission is a Russian- The probability of impact (pi) for the launch European project with injection expected in vehicle is < 1x10-6, and modelling of the 2016, and landing of the descent module in delivered bioburden in tumbling and non- 2018. The objectives are to land on Mars and tumbling modes was acceptable in both cases. conduct “unprecedented biological experiments”. The mission is assigned as “Mars Impact Probability Analysis for the Category IVb, the carrier module as Category Hayabusa-2 NEO Sample Return Mission” III, the descent module is Category IVa, and was presented by H. Yano and submitted by Y. the rover is Category IVb. Assembly will be Tsuda, et al. (Institute of Space and conducted in ISO 8 cleanrooms or better. Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)). The “Probability Analysis for Accidental Impact on projected arrival date for Hayabusa-2 is July Mars by the Micro-Spacecraft Procyon” was 2018, with launch in late 2014. Hayabusa-2 is presented by B. Sarli and submitted by R. a Category II/V (unrestricted) mission with an Funase, et al. (affiliated with JAXA). Procyon 18 months stay at target. The pi in nominal and is the first micro spacecraft to visit an asteroid, backup cases were no larger than 1x10-6. and will utilize student efforts, an ion engine, and Earth gravity assist. The spacecraft is 67 “InSight Planetary Protection Status” was kg in weight and contains 2.5 kg fuel. Under presented by C. Conley (NASA Headquarters) nominal conditions, the pi for Mars is and submitted by J. Benardini, et al. (JPL). 5.192x10-5; the backup plan for direct flyby InSight is a Category Iva mission, includes does not provide the energy required to reach many international partners, and will land near Mars.

72 “MSR Planetary Protection Issues and and STARDUST, and potential use of a BSL Solutions for Breaking the Chain of Contact facility aboard a JAMSTEC ship. with Mars” submitted by R. Gershman and

“Europa Clipper Mission Preliminary Planetary Protection Approach” submitted by Recent and Upcoming M. Jones were withdrawn. Observations of the Radiation “Principles of Sterilization of Mars Descent Belts (PRBEM.1) Vehicle Elements by Ionization Radiation” was presented by N. Khamidullina (Lavochkin [Report by P. O’Brien] Association, Federal Space Agency) and The Panel for Radiation Belt Environment rescheduled from PPP.3. The sterilization of Modelling (PRBEM) works toward the lander elements using radiation treatment is the development of a standard model of the "most effective, predictable, and controllable Earth’s radiation environment. During the 40th method" for treatment of bioburden reduction. COSPAR Scientific assembly, the panel held Radiation can also treat vacuum packed two days of presentations and discussions. materials. Session PRBEM.1 focused on recent and “Backward Planetary Protection Issues and upcoming observations of the radiation belt. Possible Solutions for Icy Plume Sample Session PRBEM.2 focused on recent advances Return Missions from Astrobiological Targets” in empirical and theoretical models of the was presented by H. Yano (ISAS/JAXA). PP radiation belts. can be an "enabler and a team-mate” for During the PRBEM.1 session, we heard reports sample return missions. Mission concept was on several new radiation belt measurements. illustrated by a video of Enceladus geysers and Recently-launched missions that are already an animation of sample retrieval by a returning fascinating science data include the spacecraft flyby. Sample retrieval would occur Energetic Particle Telescope on PROBA-V, via autonomous touch and go, with in situ the PAMELA cosmic ray telescope, analysis of the samples, which contain GLONASS particle measurements, Van Allen organics and salts. Hayabusa 1 and 2 serve as Probes sensors, the ICARE-NG series of model systems and JAMSTEC partner would sensors in low Earth orbit, and radiation belt assist in ocean capture of the return vessel. experiments on Cubesats. We learned about “JUICE Planetary Protection Approach for the just-launched RELEC mission, as well as Europa and Ganymede” was presented by D. upcoming RESONANCE and ERG missions. Titov (ESA/ESTEC). Ganymede has an ice- Several speakers aptly named this a new ocean-ice “sandwich”, and exchange with the golden age of radiation belt observation. The subsurface ocean would be very slow. The PP current and near-future mission provide an approach for Europa is to limit the pi to < unprecedented opportunity for new 1x10-4, and for Ganymede it was demonstrated understanding of the radiation belt and ever- that there is only a remote chance of improving models for use by science and contamination by the spacecraft. industry. “Planetary Protection for LIFE-Sample Return The PRBEM.2 session began with several from Enceladus” was presented by H. Yano presentations on plasma waves and wave- (ISAS/JAXA) and submitted by P. Tsou, et al. particle interactions. It has become apparent (Sample Exploration Systems). LIFE is a 20- that radiation belt dynamics are strongly year sample return mission, with the forward responsive to waves from mHz to kHz, which, phase assigned as a Category IV mission and in turn, couples the MeV energy radiation belt the return phase as Category V. The PP particles to diverse, lower energy particle strategy includes a breaking the chain scenario, populations with energies as low as eV. application of heritages from Hayabusa 1 and 2 Presentations included parametric studies of wave power and distribution in the

73 magnetosphere as well as detailed parameterized lifetimes of radiation belt investigations of microphysics of wave-particle electrons as a result of wave-particle interactions. The session then moved on to interactions. Empirical methods to determine presentations on large-scale empirical and loss into the atmosphere as a result of such physical models suitable for satellite design. waves were also discussed There were presentations on the AE9/AP9 Lower energy radiation belt electrons and model, also known as IRENE, the SRREMS protons were also discussed, relating to slot model, and models in development at dynamics of the Earth's ring current. ONERA in France.

Additional presentations covered topics such as plasma transport and dynamics, which have Scientific Ballooning: Recent major influence on the loss, acceleration, and Development in Technology and general topography of the slot region and outer radiation belt. The more flexible discussion Instrumentation (PSB.1) time of the poster session afforded [Report by P. Cocquerez] opportunities to delve into some of the technical details of wave-particle interaction This report is divided into a section on models, large scale models, data assimilation, individual reports on national programmes and and other challenges facing radiation belt a selection of highlights. modellers. The new golden age of radiation Overview of national programmes (seven belt observations is being well met by major talks): progress in empirical and theoretical models of the radiation belt. Brazil: Besides the large balloon activity by INPE, the University of Sao Paulo conducts small balloon campaigns for atmospheric science, and a new group for scientific Recent Advances in Empirical and ballooning is being formed at the University of Theoretical Models of the Brasilia. INPE cooperates with Japan’s Radiation Belts (PRBEM.2) University of Osaka for balloon flights for astrophysics. INPE’s first priority is the [Report by Y. Shprits] validation of the instrument for the Hard X-ray PRBEM 2 was focusing on empirical and space instrument “MIRAX”, through the physics-based modelling of the radiation balloon-borne “Proto-Mirax”. environment. Modelling is not only central for France: After a three-year interruption, for understanding the radiation environment but modernization of its flight control systems can also help develop new specification (FCS), CNES is restarting short duration flight models. We had a number of presentations of medium size payloads from a new facility in related to diffusive modelling of the belts Canada (Timmins, Ontario). The flight (including ONERA and UCLA groups), programme includes development flights for developing and testing empirical models, and the programmes “Pilot” (astrophysics) and blending of models by means of data Stratéole-2 (Atm. Sc.). Constant level low assimilation. altitude balloons have been modernized for Forecasting and now casting of radiation belt better flight control and sensing capabilities, electron dynamics using both empirical and scientific campaigns have been conducted to first principle physics models were discussed. document the atmospheric boundary layer over the oceans. CNES is now modernizing its FCS Waves play a very important role for radiation for ultra-long duration stratospheric flights for belt electrons. There were a number of talks a first application on Stratéole-2, for the study that discussed the distribution and modelling of of the UTLS (Upper Troposphere/Lower waves in the inner magnetosphere, and Stratosphere) in the Deep Tropics. TROPICO,

74 a light balloon campaign for the study of the USA: Since the last COSPAR Assembly, three Tropical UTLS has been made by CNRS and summertime long duration flights, Super-Tiger, the University Sao Paulo from Brazil. Blast and EBEX all three for astrophysics, took place, in late 2013-early 2014 over Antarctica. India: India’s balloon programme ranges from Later, during the boreal summer of 2013, balloon design and manufacturing to “Sunrise” flew from Sweden to Canada. Due to improvement of launch techniques. Since the temporary budget cuts, the 2014 Antarctica last COSPAR Assembly India has flown one season had then to be cancelled. The barrel large heavy payload balloon. Much effort has series of light payload long-duration flights been devoted to the development of balloons were flown from the Antarctic continent. for light payloads up to the mesosphere. India is also developing aerodynamically shaped A technical test of a decelerator system of a tethered balloons (balloons behaving as large space probe was done through a large balloon kites) for measurements in the stratosphere. flight. This will be completed through two more flight tests in 2015. The development by Japan: No heavy balloon has been flown since NASA of the large super-pressure balloon the last COSPAR Assembly, due to adverse (SPB), for a several month-duration of heavy wind pattern, and some technical issues. Japan payload at 100,000 ft has reached completion, develops balloons for the mesosphere. A the first flights for science are now scheduled record altitude was reached in 2013. Japan in for 2015, from Antarctica and from New cooperation with the USA will launch Zealand. Long duration flights from “GRAINE” for Gamma ray astrophysics from Antarctica, performed in summer with classical Australia. Telemetry ground stations will allow zero-pressure balloons, have for many years a 1000 km-long trajectory eastward or formed the core of the NASA programme: 31 westward. Japan also plans a medium duration flights of 8-25 days duration were performed, summer flight of astrophysics payloads from six of 20 to 32 and five of 35 to 55 days. All of Sweden, with SSC. Japan participates in the them were for several thousand-class payloads French-led EUSO-Balloon, for the validation dedicated to astrophysics. NASA is now in the of the EUSO ISS for observation of ultra-high process of selecting the science programmes to energy cosmic rays. Japan is working on a be conducted thanks to the new SPB. super-pressure balloon for ultra-long duration flight, with the innovative “TAWARA” shape. Highlights per main session themes (43 talks): Sweden: SSC is developing a new Iridium Astrophysics: Missions using flights of light based ICS. Two summertime long duration payloads were presented: “BARREL”, led by flights have been performed from Kiruna since Dartmouth College, USA, observes the the last Assembly, a NASA flight to Canada interaction between solar winds and the polar (Sunrise), and a circumpolar Swedish flight to atmosphere, with a 20 kg payload deployed in Russia (POGOLITE). SSC conducted a the stratosphere by arrays of 5-8 balloons, technological experiment flight for JAXA. summertime flights of small zero-pressure Through this flight JAXA could perform balloons. Two campaigns have been completed aerodynamics testing of a space system. SSC in Antarctica (2013 and 2014), a new one is also made two “BEXUS” flights for planned in 2015 over the Arctic; The Indian educational purposes in the frame of an ESA Center for Space Physics has a programme of programme. In 2015, light long duration flights observation through ultra-light payloads, ~4 kg for the US BARREL programme (Cosmic total suspended weight, flying several hours up Rays) should be performed from Esrange and to ~40 km altitude. Thanks to miniaturization, SSC plans to launch a medium duration flight they provide valuable data for the detection of of Japan’s FUJI PL for the observation of cosmic rays, X-rays, muons or gamma ray Venus. In 2016, long duration flights by US bursts. Low cost and the operational simplicity CSBF and a second long duration flight of means they allow regular surveying. 56 such POGOLITE by SSC are expected. missions have been done over India.

75 COSI, the Compton Spectrometer and Imager, and CNRS long duration tropospheric an enhanced version of NCT, led by Berkeley balloons (moisture, ozone, aerosols) in the University is ready for flights aboard the large frame of the multi-means programs HyMex NASA SPB, starting later this year. The status and Charmex over the Mediterranean Sea. of most of the heavy payloads for astrophysics TSAO (Russia) presented the flight was presented, most of them require long measurement by the FLASH hygrometer up to duration flights, including: the US-led ANITA, the lowermost stratosphere, from long duration BLAST, CREAM, EBEX, SuperTIGER, balloon flights, and from different aircraft. SUNRISE, flown with successive mission This instrument may also fly aboard the light improvements; Sweden’s POGOLITE will balloon-borne UAV from Netwind in Russia. make a second flight in 2016. Other Stratéole-2, a programme under consideration experiments are built on short duration flights, for 2018-2019, for the study of the UTLS in such as: French-led PILOT and EUSO-B or the Deep-Tropics, is led by CNRS-LMD and Japan’s GRAINE. The maiden flights of these CNES, it is built on constellations of ultra-long 3 payloads are planned over the next two duration SPB forming an observatory for in- years. New instrument developments were situ and remote measurements. presented: SMILE3, Electron Tracking Atmospheric Radiative Environment: Three Compton Camera for long duration over light instruments for measuring this Antarctica and NASA’s “Extra-Volt Antenna” environment were presented: ISCP from a balloon-antenna designed to extend the Kolkata University in India, MMCNE from mission capability of “ANITA” for detecting Moscow State University and POGOLINO led ultra-high energy particles observing the by KTH in Sweden with Japan. Antarctic polar cap. Balloon design: TIFR in India and JAXA in Solid Earth and Planets: Izmiran and Japan develop balloons for light payloads to Moscow’s universities presented the status of more than 50,000 m altitude. TIFR is planning their balloon-borne gradiometer. The a first scientific flight (4 kg payload, 52,000 m) experiment extends 6 km below the next winter. JAXA achieved a flight at 53,750 stratospheric balloon. Flights are performed m, with a stable 12-minute float phase. They across the whole Russian territory, westward are preparing for a similar flight with a 10 kg or eastward, usually yearly. This team is open scientific payload. NASA large SPB is now to wide field cooperation on this type of flight. ready for science. The first science flight will US JPL showed the development of a level- be over Antarctica from late 2014 to early controlled SPB for probing the Venus 2015, for the “COSI” payload, followed by a atmosphere. A US “Planetary Decadal Survey” second one from New Zealand in mid-2015. concluded that balloon-borne experiments JAXA is experimenting with an innovative offer a solution for 21% of the mission design for large super pressure balloons, based objectives. BRRISON, the Balloon Rapid on the use of a diamond shaped net, the maiden Response to observe the comet ISON led by flight of a 5,000 m3 prototype is planned later SWRI was flown in September 2013, on a six- this year. CNES is upgrading its SPB flight month schedule. A new flight is planned this systems to be ready for Stratéole-2. This work autumn. gains from experience with the Concordiasi Atmospheric Science: An overview of the programme (for higher resilience to the results of the following activities was given: atmospheric radiative environment) and with the Driftsonde system (a cooperation between the objective of upgrading the fail-safety level. NCAR (USA) - CNES (F)), flying from NASA gave an overview of the recent AMMA (West Africa-Atlantic), T-Parc (N- improvements of its flight and ground systems: Pacific) and Concordiasi campaigns benefits from new technologies, software or (Antarctica); CNRS(F) and UNESP-IPMET systems are drawn from many aspects of the (B) TROPICO small balloon campaign for the balloon system. NASA presented also the probing of the tropical UTLS (Brazil); CNES

76 effort necessary to restate confidence in the Advanced Data Analysis in Space flight operations after the 2010 launch mishap in Australia. While only a few technical Science (S.3) actions were needed, the procedures for launch [Report by R. Rosa] preparations were completed, and operations Session S.3 entitled “Advanced Data Analysis could restart eight months after the accident. in Space Science” was held on 3 and 4 August CNES presented the status of the renewal of its 2014, at the Moscow Assembly. The MSO of flight systems for heavy short duration flight. this session was Reinaldo R. Rosa from the A first use for science of this new system is Lab for Computing and Applied Math, INPE- expected this autumn, after a 40-month MCTI, Brazil, and Robert A. Sych from the interruption. Department of Radio Astrophysics, Institute of Flight Systems: NASA presented Solar-Terrestrial Physics-RAS, Russia was the improvements of their Flight Control Systems. DO. Thirty-two participants presented papers This includes: the multiport Iridium for higher (14 oral, 18 posters) on advanced analytical data rate, Li-phosphate batteries, a high current methods and algorithms for massive data sets payload power unit, or new onboard in space sciences as a whole: solar physics, transmitters for TDRSS. WASP, the innovative space weather, astrophysics and cosmology. NASA modular arcsec pointing system is now The event was divided into three oral rounds (a ready for science, a first mission for solar day and a half) having in each about 20 people observation has been completed, others will in the audience. The three poster sessions follow soon, for observation of planets. CNES attracted about 40 people in each. gave some insight on its new failsafe FCS. Scientific highlights New missions: Netwind and TSAO in Russia This event brought together leading scientists couple a small stratospheric balloon (ascent) and graduate students, from Brazil, Belgium, and a light Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (descent France, Ireland, Russia and the USA, who and precise landing with a 1-2 kg payload). work directly in the development and/or Flights up to 10,000 m have been completed; applications of new methods and mathematical extension to 40,000 m is expected. Japan /computational tools applied to various areas of improved the capability of its balloon-launched space science data analysis. The list of key free-fall microgravity chamber and is topics was: image processing in solar physics conducting combustion experiments in the new and astrophysics, time series analysis, version, eBOV. NASA has developed ground intelligent data mining, spectral techniques for means and procedures to perform safely the multi-domains, systems integration and data test of a rocket-powered test payload for a representation for space missions, data Mars probe decelerator, the first of three assimilation and inverse problems, techniques planned flights was successful. Australia is for modelling validation, analytical and visual using balloons to test the curing of epoxy tools for monitoring extreme events in space composites in a near space environment, aimed physics and remote sensing. at developing self-hardening space structures. We believe that the event, on its debut, Google presented its B-Loon project for a managed to achieve a fully satisfactory level, Global Coms system using flotillas of which justifies its continuation in upcoming stratospheric balloons with some altitude scientific assemblies of COSPAR. control.

Education: In Japan’s Kochi University of Technology a new programme of balloon experiments is running, fully designed by the students. Sweden is continuing its Bexus programme, regularly offering flight opportunities aboard large balloons.

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