Stockholm Observatory Annual Report 2006

Home , Odin (satellite), Reinhard Genzel

STOCKHOLM OBSERVATORY

ANNUAL REPORT 2006

Nobel prize winner John Mather with our graduate students on Dec 11 STOCKHOLM OBSERVATORY

ANNUAL REPORT 2006

Editor G¨osta Gahm

Stockholm Observatory, AlbaNova University Centre, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden

Home page: www.astro.su.se 3

PREFACE

Openess has been a hallmark for much of the activities at the Observatory for a long time. New positions have always been advertised internationally at the most visable sites and with no restriction regarding scientific preference. It has been done with the aim to attract the best scientists possible. This policy has served us well as can be seen from the scientific output from the Observatory. As a by-product, this has led to a scientific profile with clear anarchistic features. However, the last few years have seen the emergence of group structures, nebulous and with no distinct boundaries, but nevertheless a few centers of gravity do exist, for example, HEAC and astrobiology. Together with todays general trend within science to set priorities and focus on the most competitive activities, this has necessitated the start of a discussion regarding how to best use the limited resources available. In order to give some structure to this process, a strategy group was formed in 2006. Although it still has to find its proper role when it comes to defining the future scientific policy of the Observatory, such a base for the discussions is clearly needed when hard decisions regarding priorities and allocation of resources are to be taken. The preparations for the start of the Bologna process in 2007 determined to a large extent the activities on the teaching side. The addition of an extra year to the undergraduate level has far-reaching consequences not only for the undergraduate curriculum but also for our graduate programme. Every course had to be revised, in some cases substantially, and new course plans had to be written that comply with directives quite different from the present ones. Also our graduate programme is in a transition phase. This is due not only to the fact that the Bologna process makes a smaller course package needed on the graduate level but, most importantly, that the rapid rise in the number of graduate student in recent years has made the structure of our old graduate programme obsolete. Major changes were introduced during 2006, and the programme should find its final form within the coming year. A not-so-welcomed surprise was the decline of the enrollment in our introductary astronomy courses. It is not clear what caused this sudden drop but one of the major aims for the near future is to develop new courses, which make direct contact with the many fascinating discoveries that have attracted so much media attention. With the addition of five new graduate students, Angela Adamo, Jaime de la Cruz, Kristoffer Hniopek, Anders Jerkstrand and Ricky Nilsson, the number of graduate students are now close to 30. Jesper Sollerman was selected for a KVA- position and Alexis Brandeker received funding from the Space Board for a research associate position. We were very happy to welcome Garrelt Mellema as a new faculty member. With the move of Nordita to Stockholm, its permanet staff was free to choose a home department. Although they will be on a leave of absence during their time at Nordita, we were much pleased when professor Axel Brandenburg chose the Observatory for his tenured position. The demography at the Observatoty is far from homogeneous and in the coming few years we will see a number of retirements. Aage Sandqvist is leading this group and attained his emeritus status in 2006. The main theme of 2006 is likely to be carried over to 2007, so that teaching aspects will be at the focus of our attention in the coming year. It is with much anticipation that we are looking forward to the first students of the astronomy programme to begin their astronomy studies in earnest. This should invigorate our undergraduate programme as should the new telescope atop the AlbaNova building, which is expected to be delivered during the spring semester.

January 2007, Claes-Ingvar Bj¨ornsson, Director 4

1. INTRODUCTION

The Department of Astronomy at the Stockholm University (Stockholm Observa- tory) has responsibilities in teaching, research and public outreach. The institution also hosts The Institute for Solar Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [Kungl. Vetenskapsakademiens institut för solfysik] with the Swedish Solar Telescope on La Palma, Spain. About 60 persons were actively engaged at the department during 2007, including close to 30 graduate students. The fields of research include the interstellar medium and star formation, young stars and planetary systems, solar physics, evolved stars and planetary nebulae, supernovae, galactic structure and dynamics, observational cosmology, and high energy astrophysics. Besides, instruments were developed in the Observatory workshop. Stockholm Observatory made use of many instruments at the European South- ern Observatory in Chile (ESO), including the Very Large Telescope (VLT). The Nordic Optical Telescope (NOT) and the Swedish solar telescope are both located on La Palma, Canary Islands. Other ground-based instruments were also used, like the 20m antenna at the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO), Atacama Pathfinder Ex- periment , Chile (APEX), James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, Hawaiii (JCMT), the IRAM 30m radio telescope, Spain, the radio telescope Mopra under the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATFN) and the Anglo Australian Telescope, Australia (AAT). Various research programs at the Observatory make use of space-based observatories including the Swedish space-born radio telescope ODIN, the Hubble Space Telescope (HST), the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTE- GRAL), the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory (CGRO), the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE), the X-ray Multimirror Mission (XMM) and the X-ray Observa- tory CHANDRA. Observatory members are also actively involved in the development of, and program planning for, new space missions such as the Far Infra-Red Space Telescope HERSCHEL, the Infrared Space Interferometer DARWIN, the Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) and the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). 5

2. STAFF

Positions are financed by the Stockholm University and/or by the following external financial sources: ESMN - European Solar Magnetometry Network, EU - RTN - European Union Network, HS - House of Science [Vetenskapshuset], NOTSA - Nordic Optical Telescope Scientific Association, SNSB - Swedish National Space Board [Rymdstyrelsen], USO-SP - Utrecht–Stockholm–Oslo international graduate school for Solar Physics (EC), VR - Swedish Research Council [Vetenskapsr˚adet], Al- manacksförlaget, KVA – The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [Kungliga Veten- skapsakademien], and with persons related to the Institute for Solar Physics so indicated below (ISP).

2.1. Faculty Björnsson, Claes-Ingvar: Associate Professor Cumming, Robert: Researcher Fransson, Claes: Professor Gahm, Gösta: Professor Justtanont Liseau, Kay: Research Scientist Kiselman, Dan: Research Associate (ISP) Kozma, Cecilia: Researcher Thébault, Philippe: Guest Researcher Larsson, Bengt: Research Scientist Larsson, Stefan: Research Scientist Lindblad, Per Olof: Professor Emeritus Liseau, René: Professor Lundqvist, Peter: Associate Professor Löfdahl, Mats: Research Associate (ISP) Mellema, Garrelt: Associate Professor, from May Mörtsell, Edvard: Research Associate Näslund, Magnus: School-project leader Olofsson, Göran: Professor Olofsson, Hans: 20% at SU. Guest professor at Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Gothenburg Ryde, Felix: Research Associate Sandqvist, Aage: Professor until July 1. Professor emeritus from July Scharmer, Göran: Professor (ISP) Schober, Jan: Researcher Schöier, Fredrik: Research Associate Sollerman, Jesper: Research Associate, 80 % at the Copenhagen University Sundman, Anita: University Lecturer Ostlin,¨ Göran: Associate Professor

2.2. Postdoctoral Fellows Langhans, Kai: (ISP and ESMN) until Aug. 15 van Noort, Michiel: (ISP) until May 6

2.3. Technical Staff Dettori, Pete: Research Engineer (ISP) until May Florén, Hans-Gustav: Research Engineer Gelato, Sergio: System Manager van Noort, Michiel: Research Engineer (ISP) from June Wänn, Uno: Research Engineer

2.4. Administrative Staff Engberg, Ulla: Secretary, student office Olofsson, Lena: Senior Administrative Officer Aberg,˚ Sandra: Personnel adm.

2.5. Graduate Students In many cases, graduate students receive full-time economic support from Stock- holm Observatory: 80% as a study grant [utbildningsbidrag, utbb] or a graduate position [doktorandtj¨anst, dokt.tjn] and 15% as a teaching assistant [assistent, ass] position. The latter may also include administrative duties in addition to teaching duties. In some cases students are supported by research grants from VR, SNSB, KVA, NOTSA and EU-RTN.

Adamao, Angela, from September Axelsson, Magnus (studievägledare) Banhidi, Zita Blomqvist, Michael Borgonovo, Luis de la Cruz Rodriguez, Jaime (ISP and USO-SP) from Sept. Elfhag, Torsten Grigorieva, Anna Gröningsson, Per G˚alfalk, Magnus Hayes, Matthew Hillberg, Tomas (ISP) Hjalmarsdotter, Linnea (Helsinki University) Hniopek, Kristoffer, from September Jerkstrand, Anders, from September Karlsson, Roland Lundqvist, Natalia Maercker, Matthias Melinder, Jens Mencia Trinchant, Laia Micheva, Genoveva Narayan, Gautam (ISP) Nilsson, Ricky, from September Nymark, Tanja Näslund, Magnus, until October Olofsson, Sven Peplinski, Adam Ramstedt, Sofia 7

Riehm, Teresa Trier Frederiksen, Jakob Trinchant, Laia Mencia Tziamtzis, Anestis de Val Borro, Miguel

2.6. Board of the Observatory The board consists of regular members, and deputy members who may substitute when regular members are unable to participate. The present board consists of the Director, the Deputy director, three representatives (with three deputies) from the faculty, one representative (with deputy) from the technical/administrative (T/A) group, two representatives (with one deputy) from the graduate students, and one representative (with deputy) from the undergraduate students (the graduate and undergraduate student representatives are elected on a one year basis).

Claes-Ingvar Björnsson (director) Göran Olofsson (deputy director) Dan Kiselman (faculty repr.) RenéLiseau (faculty repr.) Göran Ostlin¨ (faculty repr.) Claes Fransson (1st faculty repr.) Felix Ryde (2nd faculty repr.) Kay Justtanont Liseau (3rd deputy faculty repr.) Sandra Aberg˚ (T/A repr.) Sergio Gelato (deputy T/A repr.) Sofia Ramstedt (grad. stud. repr.) Jens Melinder (grad. stud. repr.) Matthias Maerker (deputy grad. stud. repr.) Mathew Hayes (deputy grad. stud. repr.) Magnus Persson (undergr. stud.) Martin Lindman (deputy undergr. stud.) 8

3. RESEARCH

3.1. Young Stars and Star Formation Regions (Z. Banhidi, H.-G. Florén, G. Gahm, M. G˚alfalk, K. Justtanont, B. Larsson, R. Liseau, G. Mellema, G. Olofsson, S. Olofsson, Aa. Sandqvist, F. Schöier) The research at the Stockholm Observatory in the field of star formation is oriented along four major lines: (i) The study of the interstellar medium, in particular the physics and evolution of filamentary molecular clouds, star forming clouds, and the molecular emission and polarization from circumstellar environments. (ii) The study of ensembles of very young stellar objects, aiming to determine empirically the mass spectrum of stars at their birth. The functional form of this spectrum appears universal, i.e., it is the same in our Galaxy and in external galaxies. Our primary objective is to understand to what degree the memory of the initial cloud condition is “frozen” in this spectrum. (iii) The study of the dynamics of forming stars, especially during the earliest, protostellar phases. The physics of the mass building infall and the coexisting mass outflows are not well understood. These processes are of major interest since they determine the final stellar mass and the formation of planets. (iv) The study of young stars, in particular close T Tauri binaries, and the evolution of accretion disks. A number of projects are based on observations collected at different telescopes such as the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), HST, XMM, CHANDRA, ODIN, APEX, NOT, ESO (VLT), and group members were involved in the preparations for HERSCHEL, JWST and DARWIN. Various theoretical studies are made for interpreting the observations. For instance, state of the art multi-dimensional hy- drodynamic simulations are also used for the interstellar medium studies.

Figure 1. In the gas ejected from a very young star, deeply embedded in an interstellar cloud (outside the image to the left), we ﬁnd a strong bow shock moving at high velocity (about 250 km/s). The image is a colour- composite showing atomic Hydrogen (red), ionized Sulphur [SII] (green) and also continuous emission (blue). Overplotted are contours of Hydrogen (Hα) from observations taken 15 years earlier. Clearly, the shock has moved since then and also expanded as shown by the arrows, which represent projected velocities of three knots within the bow shock. 9

3.2. Astrophysics of Planetary Systems (P.Thébault, G. Mellema , A. Grigorieva, A. Peplinski, M. de Val Borro, and members until 2005 involved in papers published this year: P. Artymowicz, R. Edgar, E. Delgado ) The focus has been on theoretical investigations of the origins of planetary systems around stars within the following three main areas: (i) Primordial solar nebulae with embedded protoplanets. More than 200 extra- solar have been discovered to date, mostly by Doppler spectroscopy, which reveals their minimum mass, orbital distance and eccentricity. All of these three basic parameters are distributed in wide ranges, surprisingly dissimilar to our own system. Theoretical understanding of the sometimes eccentric, or very tight (short-period) orbits, or super-Jupiter masses requires a thorough knowledge of how the protoplanets interact with the accretion disks in which they are growing, and whether that interaction alone can produce the observed orbits. If not, one could argue for the basic importance of gravitational interactions between several planets forming concurrently. The group studies the interaction both analytically and using sophisticated multidimensional hydrodynamical simulations. A variety of high-resolution codes are used, and some are similar to those needed to study supersonic flows around aircrafts (for movies see http://www.astro.su.se/˜pawel/planets/movies.html) Other studies included the coupling between solid particles (dust or larger boul- ders) and gas, showing that large planets will find it difficult to accrete large quan- tities of solids, and the effect of disk heating due to the presence of a planet. In the latter case, inward migration may be turned into outward migration. (ii) Planetary systems around nearby stars, revealed through the presence of circumstellar, replenished dust disks. A first approach is to study the so called ”collisional avalanches”, a mechanism by which isolated catastrophic collisions of big cometary objects can lead to dramatic collisional chain reactions within a debris disc. Our aim is to see if such avalanches could produce observable features and thus be a possible explanation for some of the observed asymmetries within debris discs. The other project, which also concerns debris discs, is the last stage in an ongoing study started 3 years ago with the Grenoble Observatory. Its main goal is to perform the first numerical quantitative study of the size distribution of dust and bigger parent bodies in debris discs. This is a very crucial point, since only a very limited size range is accessible to observations (mainly micron to mm grains), while most of the mass of theses systems is contained in bigger undetectable progenitors. For this purpose, we have developed a new numerical code. Our main results have been presented this year at the “Planet–Disc Connection” conference in Cambridge: http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/meetings/discs06/proceedings/posters/thebault.pdf (iii) Planetesimal accretion in binary systems. This study is part of a collaboration with the Nice and Padua Observatories aimed at studying how planetary formation is affected by the perturbing presence of a close secondary star compan- ion. We use a numerical model to study the evolution of a swarm of kilometre–sized planetesimals under the influence of an external gravitational perturber and gaseous friction. Our main result is that for binaries of separation < 40AU, the coupled effect of the secondary’s perturbations and gaseous friction amost always increases planetesimal encounter velocities to values preventing mutual accretion, and hence ”killing” any growth process. 10

Figure 2. Example of the propagation of an avalanche in a dust disc: Color-coded maps (log-scale) of the vertical optical thickness of avalanche grains, τ, at diﬀerent stages of the avalanche evolution (t=0.6, 5, 10, 40 orbital periods at 20 AU). The planetesimal debris are released at t = 0 at 20 AU from the star. The position of the star is marked by the white cross (taken from Grigorieva et al., 2006, in press)

3.3. AGB stars and post-AGB objects (K. Justtanont, M. Maercker, H. Olofsson, S. Ramstedt, F. Schöier) The research at the Stockholm Observatory in this area centers on the properties of stellar mass loss on the AGB (Asymptotic Giant Branch), and the subsequent evolution of these objects beyond the AGB. Extensive multi-transition, single-dish CO line surveys, as well as surveys in other molecular line emissions, of large samples of M-type stars and carbon stars form the observational basis of our work. However, it is also necessary to use a multi-wavelength (radio to UV) and a multi-method (radio interferometers to space-borne telescopes) approach. The different methods of exploration are complementary and disclose different regions at different spatial resolution and reflect different physical and chemical properties of the envelopes. We have in particular used ISO observations to put constraints on the conditions in the inner parts of the circumstellar envelopes (CSEs), radio interferometry observations to obtain information on intermediate regions, and imaging in scattered stellar light to supplement the radio observations of the coldest outer regions. Detailed radiative transfer models, combined with a physical/chemical model of the CSE, are used to derive quantitative results from molecular line and dust continuum data, such as reliable mass loss rates, molecular abundances, and isotope ratios. AGB-stars also play an important role in studies of galaxy stellar populations and galactic structure and their mass loss significantly contributes to the enrichment of the ISM, and their luminosities to the integrated galaxy light. Therefore, the efficient detection and characterization of such objects in extragalactic systems are essential. We are therefore pursuing a census of AGB-stars in Local Group galaxies. 11

Figure 3. A CO(J=1–0) image of the circumstellar envelope around the Mira variable R Cas. This is a result from a large programme on the IRAM PdB interferometer aimed at imaging envelopes around AGB and post-AGB objects.

3.4. Supernovae (C.-I. Björnsson, C. Fransson, P. Gröningsson, C. Kozma, N. Lundqvist, P. Lundqvist, S. Mattila, J. Melinder, E. Mörtsell, T. Nymark, J. Sollerman, A. Tziamtzis) The supernova group at the Stockholm observatory works with both observations and modeling. On the observational side, much of the effort has been put into optical observations with the VLT telescopes, but also space based observations with HST have been of great importance. Added to that, the group is also involved in studies using Chandra in X-rays and FUSE in the far-UV. These observations cover a broad range of instrumentation and wavelength regions. Much of the supernova modeling at the observatory is also closely related to these observations. We still have a large interest in the famous SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud, but recent research interests in the group cover also a a wider area of topics like supernova remnants, pulsars, supernova statistics, radiation processes, the gamma-ray burst connection and circumstellar interaction in supernovae. We are also involved in using thermonuclear supernovae for cosmology, and in constraining the nature of the progenitor systems for such supernovae. Part of the work is to study systematic effects in current and future supernova observations aiming at mapping the expansion history of the universe and thus gaining knowledge on the nature of the dark energy component. It also includes the study of methods to investigate, e.g., the dark matter distribution and current expansion velocity of the universe by looking at gravitationally lensed SNe with multiple images. The group is also actively participating in the SNAP project, a 2-metre telescope dedicated to observe light curves and spectra of more than 2000 SNIa per year as well as observing dark matter via weak gravitational lensing and providing ample high quality data for auxiliary science. 12

3.5. Galaxies and the Milky Way (R. Cumming, K. Fathi, M. Hayes, R. Karlsson, P.O. Lindblad, M. N¨aslund, Aa. Sandqvist, G. Ostlin,¨ ) The Galaxy group at Stockholm Observatory focuses on the physics of spiral galaxies including the Milky Way, especially the structure and dynamics of barred systems, nuclear activity including the Galactic Centre, blue compact galaxies and dark matter. The group is also interested in studying blue compact galaxies (BCGs) which are metal-poor dwarf galaxies, characterised by blue colours and strong emission lines in their spectra, indicating that the light is dominated by young stars. This makes them ideal laboratories for studying galaxy formation and evolution, and test- ing hierarchical galaxy formation theories. The work on BCGs in Stockholm focuses on their kinematics and star formation histories, primarily utilising data from ESO and the Hubble Space Telescope (HST).

Figure 4. Left: The Sgr A complex, which is the core of the Milky Way galaxy, has been observed in seven positions with the ODIN satellite, here marked with circles indicating the two-arcminute ODIN beam. The ra- diograph is the continuum radiation from the strong radio source Sgr A, the white contours delineate the Molecular Belt, and the thin black contours the CircumNuclear Disc. Right: The ODIN satellite observations of 16 the 557 GHz H2 O line with the co-ordinate oﬀsets being relative to the 4 million solar mass black hole Sgr A*.

Detailed studies of spiral galaxies are performed using the ESO telescopes, NOT and HST in the optical and infrared, and the VLA, Australia Telescope and APEX in the radio regime. Moreover, we work with the special data from the two-dimensional spectrographs GMOS-IFU, VIMOS, ESO-Argus, and SAURON. These data have allowed the group to reach important results in the ﬁeld of galaxy dynamics and interpreting the internal motions in spiral and barred spiral galaxies. We develop new techniques to analyse the data, and we are involved with international eﬀorts to improve the observational techniques. Most notably, we have now built a new Fabry- Perot interferometer to be mounted on the 4.2 meter William Herschel Telescope on La Palma in July 2007, to study the distribution and large scale kinematics of spiral galaxies. The Galactic Nucleus, at a distance of about 8 kpc and hidden behind 30 mag- nitudes of visual extinction by cool interstellar dust along the line of sight, cannot be studied at visible, ultraviolet or soft X-ray wavelengths. The radio and millime- 13 tre wave region research at Stockholm Observatory concentrates on the distribution and kinematics of Galactic Centre molecular cloud structures and their physical and chemical properties, as well as their interactions with the radio continuum com- ponents, from the inner parsec out to about a hundred parsecs from the Galactic Nucleus. The group plays a leading role in two ODIN satellite projects concerning the Galactic Plane and the Galactic Centre and is also involved in the Extragalactic project.

3.6. Observational Cosmology (M. Blomqvist, C. Fransson, M. Hayes, P. Lundqvist, J. Melinder, G. Mellema, L. Mencia-Trinchant, G. Micheva, E. Mörtsell, T. Riehm, J. Sollerman, G. Ostlin¨ ) The group on observational cosmology focuses their studies on: clusters of galaxies; star formation, Lyα and Lyman continuum from galaxies, cosmic reionisation, supernovae (SNe) activity in starburst galaxies; galaxy evolution; gravitational lensing, GRB host galaxies modelling of high redshift compact galaxies and early SN activity, as well the use of SNe as cosmological probes. We have developed models for predicting the number of high redshift supernovae of different types as a function of the cosmic star formation rate. A large programme with the objective of detecting more than 50 high redshift SNe has been performed using the VIMOS instrument at the ESO VLT, and the data acquisition has been completed. The frequency of core collapse supernovae will be used as a probe of the cosmic star formation rate at high redshift. The process of reionisation will be studied at radio wave lengths in the near future with the LOFAR telescope. In preparation of these observations, large scale simulations of the reionisation process are performed using state of the art simulation tools. These simulations are also used to predict effects of reionisation on the Cosmic Microwave Background (kinetic Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect, polarization fluctuations). The group is active in observations of Lyα and Lyman continuum escape from galaxies. Lyα is a widely used tracer of star formation at high redshifts, but its interpretation is complicated since Lyα is a resonant line. We are using the HST to perform the most extensive imaging study of Lyα in nearby starbursts as yet, with goal to better understand the physics regulating Lyα escape from galaxies. The group is part of the HEAC (High Energy Astrophysics and Cosmology) collaboration, funded by the Swedish Research Council (VR) through their “strong research environments” program. 14

Figure 5. The left panel shows a visible light image of Haro 11 obtained at ESO. The size of the image roughly corresponds to 100 000 by 100 000 light years. The right hand panel shows a false-color composite of the central part of the galaxy acquired with the Hubble Space Telescope. In this composite, a visible light image from the HST WFPC2 camera is coded in red, an ultraviolet light image from the HST ACS camera is coded in in green, and a spectral line emission (Lyman alpha) image from excited neutral hydrogen (also from HST-ACS) is coded in blue. Hot young stars are traced by the ultraviolet light. Old cool stars are traced by the visible light while the ionised interstellar gas is traced by the line emission from hydrogen. The size of the right hand image corresponds to 12,700 x 12,700 light years.

3.7. High Energy Astrophysics (M. Axelsson, M. Battelino, C.-I. Björnsson, L. Borgonovo, O. Engdeg˚ard, J. Trier Frederiksen, L. Hjalmarsdotter, A.˚ Höglund, A. Iyudin, S. Larsson, A. Meszaros, F. Ryde) The group specializes in observational/theoretical high energy astrophysics with em- phasis on radiation processes in high energy plasmas in compact objects. Models are developed for the interpretation of broad band observations of active galactic nuclei (AGN), X-ray binaries (XRB), X-ray pulsars, and γ-ray bursts (GRB). Most observations are space-based (CGRO, RXTE, INTEGRAL, and future GLAST and PoGOLite) and some are ground-based (NOT, ESO, etc.). Archival data are exten- sively used. On the theoretical and numerical side, the group is involved in modeling of GRB physics – specifically the prompt and afterglow phases. More generally, the group studies collisionless, radiative, highly relativistic outflows and shocks using fully kinetic modeling of plasmas in high-performance parallel computing environments. The group’s expertise falls within particle-in-cell modeling. In August the group hosted and organized the 2006 GLAST collaboration meeting and following mini-symposium on GRBs at AlbaNova. The number of participants was 120, mainly from the USA, Japan, Italy and France. The group has been involved in the analysis of INTEGRAL observations of GRBs, black hole candidates and accreting X-ray pulsars in addition to surveys and instrument calibration. An intensive effort has been launched to study and analyse Swift data. Working contact with the Swift team at Penn State University has been established. 15

The group is part of the Swedish GLAST (launch in November 2007) consortium, which now has finished the delivery of the crystals for the instrument’s calorimeter (supported by a 20 MSEK grant from the Wallenberg foundation). The group also participates in two of the Analysis groups (GRB and AGN/Blazars) for GLAST LAT by taking part in the evaluation of data analysis software for the mission and in the production of simulated GRB data for GLAST GBM used in the trials of the GLAST software for flight. Within this cooperation a study of the detectability of prompt emission from GRBs with a thermal component with GLAST was also performed together with other members in the GRB Science working group. For the GRBs with high-energy component we started to investigate the detectability of the absorption troughs in the SED of bright GRBs derived from the GBM and LAT data. Additionally in connection to the analysis of AGN SEDs we have simulated high-energy photons transfer through the high column densities around heavily absorbed AGNs in order to have SED templates for the forthcoming GLAST data fits to better understand photon statistics/exposure limitations of this approach. The rarely used statistical method called survival analysis was applied on the Swift database of GRB observations. From this study it follws that the visual brigthness of the optical afterglows is correlated with the peak-fluxes of GRBs in the gamma ray band, but not with the duration of GRBs. An observational tool which has been essentially unexplored so far in astronomy is X-ray polarimetry. Most of the sources studied by the group are expected to show polarization which would be detectable with a dedicated polarimetry experiment. Together with the particle physics group at KTH and groups in USA and Japan, the group is involved in preparations for a hard X-ray polarimetry mission, PoGOLite. During 2005, funding for the Swedish hardware contribution was provided by the Wallenberg foundation (8 MSEK). A GEANT4 simulation study of energy dependent polarization measurements was performed. In addition, a study of the auroral background was made. Continuing work done in 2005, archival RXTE data was used for systematic studies of the X-ray variability pattern of the black hole candidate Cygnus X-1. Studies have also been made of the long term X-ray variability of Cygnus X-1 as well as Cygnus X-3, also a black hole candidate. In addition, the temporal and spectral properties of the GRB prompt emission, e.g., of individual pulses, are studied in a long term program to uncover the physics of GRB. The group is part of the Stockholm node of the EU-network: ”GRB: An Enigma and a Tool” that ran 2002- 2006. 16

3.8. The Sun (J. de la Cruz Rodriguez, P. Dettori, T. Hillberg, D. Kiselman, K. Langhans, M. Löfdahl, G. Narayan, M. van Noort, G. Scharmer) The Institute for Solar Physics of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences [Kungl. Vetenskapsakademiens institut för solfysik] operates a solar observatory on the island of La Palma in the Spanish Canary islands. The research in solar physics takes advantage of the superb observing site to study small-scale solar phenomena such as granulation, sunspot structure, and small magnetic elements. The Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope (SST) is a world-leading high-resolution solar telescope and this season we accommodated about 20 visiting observers from 6 countries. The telescope routinely produces near-diffraction limited images, i.e., close to 0′′. 1 resolution in the blue part of the spectrum. Among the results based on SST data presented this year we note the continued development of the new “gappy” model for penumbral filaments (see Figure), explaining the dark cores discovered with the SST in 2002. Important for our sub-arcsecond resolution ability is the in-house development of techniques for imaging, spectroscopy, polarimetry, wavefront sensing, adaptive op- tics, and image restoration, as well as instrumentation provided by our international partners. New instrumentation for this season was centered on the development and use of full Stokes polarimetry for imaging as well as for spectroscopy. The subjects of studies performed in the group include photospheric line-formation processes aimed at improving abundance analysis work, modeling of diagnostics for sunspot structure and dynamics including the Evershed effect in the penumbra. The recently established USO-SP (Utrecht–Stockholm–Oslo Solar Physics) In- ternational Graduate School is an Early Stage Training-project funded by the Eu- ropean Commission within its Marie Curie programme. It formalizes an ongoing collaboration between three solar physics institutes, aimed at combining their scientific strengths.

Figure 6. The cross-section geometry of the gappy model for sunspot penumbral filaments. Convection pushes the magnetic field away from the bright filaments, forming a field free gap. The τ = 1 surface is elevated to cooler gas above the gap, which explains the dark cores discovered with the SST in 2002. A similar effect explains the dark lanes in light bridges as well as dark features in umbral dots. 17

4. UNIVERSITY COURSES

Stockholm Observatory is the Department of Astronomy at the Stockholm Univer- sity. As such, it offers a number of undergraduate and graduate courses in astronomy and has programs leading to the bachelor, licentiate and PhD degrees. The director for undergraduate studies [studierektorer för grundutbildningen] was Peter Lundqvist, the counselor for undergraduate studies [studievägledare för grundut- bildning] was Magnus Axelsson The director for the Graduate School [studierektor för forskarutbildningen] was Hans Olofsson. The courses taught in 2006 are listed below with lecturers indicated in paren- thesis. 1p corresponds to one week of full-time studies.

4.1. Undergraduate Courses Prerequisites: General Admission [Grundl¨aggande Beh¨orighet]

Introductory Courses in Astronomy [Orienteringskurser i astronomi]

General Astronomy, introductory course (5p) Oversiktskurs¨ i astronomi (spring, G. Gahm; summer, M. N¨aslund) Structure of the Universe (5p) Universums byggnad (spring, Aa. Sandqvist) Etno astronomy (5p) Etnoasatronomi (spring, J. Schober) The Sun and other stars (5p) Solen och andra stj¨arnor (summer, S. Larsson) Modern cosmology (5p) Modern kosmologi (fall, C. Kozma) Astronomi, pictures and art (5p) Astronomi, bild och konst (fall, A. Sundman) Prerequisites: High School Mathematics and Physics [Gymnasium matematik och fysik fr˚an Naturvetenskapliga eller Tekniska Programmet]

Modern Astronomy (10p) Modern Astronomi (spring, A. Sundman; fall, M. N¨aslund) Basic Courses in Astronomy [Grundkurser i Astronomi] Prerequisites: University Mathematics (40p) and Physics (60p)

Structure and Evolution of the Stars (5p) Stjärnornas struktur och utveckling (spring, C.-I. Björnsson) Astrophysical spectra (5p) Astrofysikaliska spektra (spring, F. Schöier) Observational Techniques in Astronomy I (5p) Astronomisk observationsteknik (spring, S. Larsson) Observational Techniques in Astronomy II (5p) Astronomisk observationsteknik (spring, R. Liseau) Galaxies and cosmology (5) Galaxer och kosmologi (spring, G. Ostlin)¨ Radiation Processes in Astrophysics (5p) Astrofysikaliska Str˚alningsprocesser (fall, F. Ryde) Galaxies (5) Galaxer (fall, G. Ostlin)¨ High Energy Astrophysics (5p) Högenergiastrofysik (fall, C. Fransson) Cosmology (5p) Kosmologi (fall, E. Mörtsell) Astrophysical gas dynamics (5p) Astrofysikalisk gasdynamik (fall, G. Mellema) Astrophysics (4p) Astrofysik (spring, course given at KTH by G. Gahm) 18

4.2. Graduate Courses The Graduate School at Stockholm Observatory has a program consisting of 60p courses (35p Basic Courses and 25p Additional Courses) and 100p PhD thesis work. The school is divided into three lines, the Astrobiology, Astronomy, and High-energy astrophysics and cosmology programmes. The Basic Courses are given on a rolling two-year schedule. Some courses are taught in collaboration with or by the Physics Department of Stockholm University. Some courses may also be of the self-study type. During 2006, the following courses were taught:

Stellar Atmospheres (5p), Stjärnatmosfärer (fall, G. Scharmer & D. Kiselman) Interstellar Medium (5p), Det interstellära mediet (fall, P. Lundqvist) Early Stellar Evolution (4p), Tidig stjärnutveckling (fall, R. Liseau) Cosmology and Particle Astrophysics (5p) Kosmologi och partikelastrofysik (spring, M. Fairbairn, Physics Dept.)

4.3. Externally given courses Dan Kiselman, Jesper Sollerman, Observational Astrophysics at the Telescope, La Palma, summer.

5. PhD EXAMS AND THESES IN 2006

5.1. PhD Magnus N¨aslund, October

5.2. Licentiate thesis Anestis Tziamtzis: The nature of the Crab Nebula, December

5.3. Master theses Milan Battelino: Simulation of the keV-GeV emission from gamma ray bursts model and its detectability by glast (supervisor: Felix Ryde) Engdeg˚ard, O.: Studies of Energy Dependent X-Ray polarization with PoGOLite - Monte Carlo Simulations with Geant4 (SU and KTH: TRITA-FYS-2006:68) Kristoffer Hniopek: Investigating the dark energy using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo(supervisor: Edvard Mörtsell) Soroush Nasoudi Shoar: Tracing galaxy evolution with photometric redshift techniques (supervisor: Göran Ostlin)¨ Kristina Wigren: Determination of cosmological parameters using observations of 21 cm halos at high redshifts (supervisor: Edvard Mörtsell) 19

6. SEMINARS

7. SEMINARS

Normally seminars were held on Fridays at 10:15 in 2006. The seminar organizers were G¨osta Gahm and Kay Justtanont.

January 10, Benjamin McCall (U. of Illinois). Dissociative recombination of cold H3+ and its interstellar implication January 20, Anthony Poole (Dept. Molecular Biology, Stockholm University). What modern biology tells us about early life on Earth January 27, Björn Fjæstad (editor ”Forskning och Framsteg”). En jämförelse mellan fackvetenskapliga artiklar och populärvetenskapliga February 3, Gabriella Stenberg (Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Uppsala). Mi- crophysics of reconnection and multi-spacecraft data analysis for beginners February 10, Nikolai Piskunov (Dept. Astronomy & Space Physics, Uppsala Uni- versity). Radiative transfer through 3D hydrodynamical models of stars and stellar environment February 17, Reinhard Genzel (Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics ). The central black hole and nuclear star cluster of the galaxy February 24, Björn Davidsson (Dept. Astronomy & Space Physics, Uppsala Univer- sity). Modelling the sublimation-induced non-gravitational force of comets March 9, Edith Falgorone (LERMALRA, Ecole Normale Superieure & Observatoire de Paris). Dissipative structures of interstellar turbulence March 17, Roy Booth (Hartebeesthock Radio Astronomy Observatory, South Africa). The square kilometre array March 24, Jean-Philippe Beaulieu (Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris). PLANET/ RoboNET: Detecting a ∼5 Earth mass planet by microlensing March 31, Karin Jonsell (Uppsala University). Halo Stars - Some normal stars and a weird one” April 7, Seppo Mattila (Queen’s University of Belfast, Northern Ireland). Dusty supernovae and phantoms for brain imaging May 19, Robert Cumming (Stockholm Observatory). Weighing starburst-tracing super star clusters June 9, Francesco Palla (Ossvatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Italy). Age spreads in young clusters and associations September 5, Tom Theuns (University of Durham). Galaxies in the Intergalactic Medium September 13, Ewine van Dishoeck (Leiden Observatory, The Netherlands). Spitzer observations of star- and planet-forming regions : Ice cold and steaming hot September 22, Jan Staff (University of Calgary, Canada). Gamma-Ray Bursts within the quark-nova scenario September 29, Axel Brandenburg (Nordita). Astrobiology, homochirality, and the origin of life October 6, Garrelt Mellema (Stockholm Observatory). Simulations of Large Scale Reionization October 13, Andreas Korn (Uppsala University). Diffusion in old stars 20

October 20, Kambiz Fathi (Stockholm Observatory). From large-scale galaxy dynamics down to the fueling of supermassive black holes October 27, G¨oran Olofsson (Stockholm Observatory). Odin - still in action November 10, Claes Fransson (Stockholm Observatory). The interaction of supernovae with their environment November 17, Jesus Falcon-Barroso (ESA/ESTEC). Linking kinematics and stellar populations in spiral galaxies December 1, Johan Knapen (IAC and University of Hertfordshire). Star formation in the central regions of galaxies December 11, John Mather (NASA-GSFC). From the big bang to the Nobel prize

8. GUESTS

Guests visiting the Stockholm Observatory in 2006.

Frederic Masset (CEA, Paris–Scalay), February

Anatoly Iyudin (Moscow State University), March – November

Julien Girard (Lyon Observatory), March

Huitzu Tu (University of Aarhus), May

Attila M´esz´aros (Charles University, Czech Republic), May – October

Diana Hannikainen (Observatory, University of Helsinki), June & December

Hans Scholl (Nice Observatory) and Francesco Marzari (Padua University), July

Alexander Krivov and Torsten Loehne (Jena University), September

Tom Theuns (Durham), September

Asaf Pe’er (Astron. Inst. ”Anton Pannekoek”, Univ. of Amsterdam), September

Tamara Davis (DARK, Copenhagen), October

Johan Knapen (University of Hertfordshire), November/December

Evanthia Hatziminaoglou (IAC), November

Jes´us Falc´on-Barroso (ESA/ESTEC), November 21

9. ACTIVITIES FOR THE GENERAL PUBLIC AND SCHOOLS

The Department provides open telephone lines for questions from the general public (Gösta Gahm and Göran Olofsson), and staff members are available for con- sultation by secondary and high school students. The news column on our web site (www.astro.su.se) was maintained by Jesper Sollerman, Michael Blomqvist and Teresa Riehm with Matthew Hayes as webmaster. Public outreach has always played an important role at the Observatory, and in 2006 we took part in several special events. One such big event was the information project, Fysik i Kungsan, organized together with the departments of physics, and which took place in Kungsträdg˚arden, Stockholm on September 10. Observations of the Sun was a popular attraction, and staff members gave talks. Göran Olofsson co-ordinated the astronomical activities located in one of the big tents raised in the park. Kambiz Fathi was lead author and responsible for the press conference at the 207th American Astronomical Society (AAS) meeting in January 2006, Washington, which resulted in a series of articles in many newspapers around the world, including Science, Sky & Telescope, CNN, India Times, China Daily, El Mundo (some of these can be found in the astrophysics section of http://www.astro.su.se/ kambiz). Gösta Gahm gave presentations in connection to the inauguration of Umevatoriet, a planetarium and exhibition hall in Ume˚a, and at the yearly book fair in Gothenburgh in September. Staff members also participated in Geologins dag in the fall, and in Den levande fr˚agel˚adan on November 8. In the latter event, approximately 1000 students of grade 6 in schools from the Stockholm area were invited to Aula Magna, where about 10 scientists from different departments of the Faculty of Natural Sciences (Naturvetenskapliga fakulteten) answered questions raised by the students. This year’s Nobel prize in physics highlighted the advancements in cosmology resulting from space-born experiments measuring the cosmic background radiation with very high precision. Claes Fransson gave a presentation of these achievements at KVA, and one of the laureates, John Mather, visited our institution and gave a talk. Hans Olofsson gave the William Chalmers lecture in 2006. It is a yearly public lecture organized by Chalmers Univ. of Technology (CTH) and the student union at CTH. The topic was Astrobiology: how did life appear on Earth, and has life appeared elsewhere in our universe. Staff members have participated in a number of presentations for the general public, schools, TV, radio and the press. For example Göran Ostlin¨ appeared on several occasions in the Swedish Public Service television programme Hjärnkontoret (popular science for youngsters), as well as in news shows. Jesper Sollerman has given an AlbaNova Open Lecture, and was ”summer talker” for radio Gotland. He is one of the ’bloggers’ at www.fof.se (Forskning & Framsteg). Sollerman arranged a seminar, Framtidsfokus, on ”Hotet fr˚an rymden” (the threat from space) at the institute for future studies on Sept. 23 (6 speakers, audience of 100). Cecilia Kozma participated in a public show at AlbaNova in the spring and gave a talk about stellar evolution followed by observations using one of the radio telescopes on top of the building. Magnus Näslund gave several lectures or presentations of astronomical topics at different levels, served as a media contact, and was the editor of the column ”Astronomi i skolan” in Populär Astronomi with support by Jesper Sollerman. Kambiz Fahti contributed to the news section related to Populär As- tronomi, www.popast.nu. Edvard Mörtsell gave a lecture at ”Föreningen Svenska Tonsättare”. Gösta Gahm gave popular talks at the Santa Rosa College, California and at two schools in the Stockholm area. 22

Gösta Gahm is also co-ordinating the project Sweden Solar System (SSS) together with Nils Brenning at the Royal Technical Institute. Plans for three new models to enter SSS were developed in 2007. SSS is the world largest model (by extent) of our solar system (see www.astro.su.se/swesolsyst). Stockholm Observatory has an intimate relationship with COSMONOVA, the Planetarium/Omnitheatre located at the Swedish National Museum of Natural His- tory in Stockholm. Aage Sandqvist has been the astronomical consultant to Cos- monova since 1972, vice-chairman of the Swedish Omnitheatre (Cosmonova) Foun- dation since 1991. As a token of appreciation of his continuing efforts, Cosmonova is placed at the disposal of the Stockholm Observatory twice a year, and free of charge, for presentations of astronomical programs to astronomy students at Stock- holm University and Saltsjöbadens Samskola. 23

10. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

10.1. Reviews 1. Olofsson H., 2006, Molecular Abundances in AGB Circumstellar Envelopes, in ‘”Astrochemistry Throughout the Universe: Recent Successes and Current Challenges”, IAU Symp. No. 231, (eds. D.C. Lis, G.A. Blake, E. Herbst), Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 499 2. Olofsson H., 2006, The circumstellar environment of asymptotic giant branch stars, Astronomische Gesellschaft: Reviews in Modern Astronomy, The many facets of the Universe – Revelations by New Instruments, Vol. 19, p. 75

10.2. Scientific Publications in Refereed Journals 1. Axelsson, M., Borgonovo, L., Larsson, S., 2006, Probing the temporal variability of Cygnus X-1 into the soft state, A&A, 452, 975 2. Bagoly, Z., Mészáros, A., Balázs, L.G., Horváth, I., Klose, S., Larsson, S., Mészáros, P., Ryde, F., Tusnády, G., 2006, The Swift satellite and redshifts of long gamma-ray bursts, A&A, 453, 797 3. Bergvall, N., Zackrisson, E., Andersson, B.-G., Arnberg, D., Masegosa, J., Ostlin,¨ G., 2006, First detection of Lyman continuum escape from a local starburst galaxy. I. Observations of the luminous blue compact galaxy Haro 11 with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer (FUSE), A&A, 448, 513 4. Borgonovo, L., Björnsson, C.-I., 2006, Statistical analysis of BATSE gamma-ray bursts: Self-similarity and the Amati relation, ApJ, 652, 1423 5. Chevalier, R. A., Fransson, C., 2006, Circumstellar Emission from Type Ib and Ic Supernovae , ApJ, 651, 381 6. Chevalier, R. A., Fransson, C., Nymark, T. K., 2006, Radio and X-Ray Emission as Probes of Type IIP Supernovae and Red Supergiant Mass Loss , ApJ, 641, 1029 7. De Pontieu, B., Carlsson, M., Stein, R., Rouppe van der Voort, L., Löfdahl, M., van Noort, M., Nordlund, A.,˚ Scharmer, G., 2006, Rapid temporal variability of faculae: High resolution observations and modeling, ApJ, 646, 1405 8. Decin, L., Hony, S., de Koter, A., Justtanont, K., Tielens A.G.G.M., Wa- ter L.B.F.M., 2006, Probing the mass-loss history of AGB and red supergiant stars from CO rotational line profiles. I. Theoretical model - Mass-loss history unravelled in VY CMa, A&A, 456, 549 9. Dieckmann, M., Frederiksen, J.T., et al., 2006, Evolution of the fastest- growing...full titel, Physics of Plasmas, 13, 112 10. Djupvik, A.A., André, P., Bontemps, S., Motte, F., Olofsson, G., G˚alfalk, M., Florén, H.-G., 2006, A multi-wavelength census of star formation activity in the young embedded cluster around Serpens/G3-G6, A&A, 458, 789 24

11. Emsellem, E., Fathi, K., Wozniak, H., Ferruit, P., Mundell, C., Schinnerer, E., 2006, Gas and stellar dynamics in NGC 1068: probing the galactic gravitational potential, MNRAS, 365, 367 12. Fabbian, D., Asplund, M., Carlsson, M., Kiselman, D., 2006, The non-LTE line formation of neutral carbon in late-type stars, A&A, 458, 899 13. Falcón-Barroso, J., .... Fathi, K., ...., 2006, The SAURON project - VII. Absorption and emission-line kinematics of 24 spiral bulges, MNRAS, 369, 529 14. Falcón-Barroso, .... Fathi, K., ...., 2006, Morphology and kinematics of the ionised gas in early-type galaxies, NewAR, 49, 515 15. Fathi, K., Storchi-Bergmann, T., Riffel, R., Winge, C., Axon, D., Robinson, A., Capetti, A. Marconi, A., 2006, Streaming Motions toward the Supermassive Black Hole in NGC 1097, ApJ, 641, L25 16. Ferrero, P., D. Kann, D.A., Zeh, A., Klose, S., Pian, E., Palazzi, E., Masetti, N., Hartmann, D.H., Sollerman, J., Deng, J., Mazzali, P., Greiner, J., 2006, The GRB 060218/SN 2006aj event in the context of other Gamma-Ray Burst Supernovae, A&A, 457, 857 17. Foley, S., Watson, D., Gorosabel, J., Fynbo, J.P.U., Sollerman, J., McGlynn, S., McBreen, B., Hjorth, J., 2006, The galaxies in the field of the nearby GRB980425/SN1998bw, A&A, 447, 891 18. Fynbo, J.P.U., ... Sollerman, J., ..., 2006, Probing Cosmic Chemical Evolu- tion with Gamma-Ray Bursts: GRB060206 at z=4.048, A&A, 451, L47 19. Fynbo. J., ... Sollerman, J., ..., 2006, A new type of massive stellar death: no supernovae from two nearby long gamma ray bursts, Nature, 444, 1047 20. Gahm, G.F., Carlqvist, P., Johansson, L.E.B., Nikolić, S., 2006, Rotating elephant trunks, A&A, 454, 201 21. Gahm, G.F., 2006, Enhanced activity in close T Tauri binaries, Ap&SS, 304, 149 22. Goobar, A., Hannestad, S., Mörtsell, E., Tu, H., 2006, The neutrino mass bound from WMAP 3 year data, the baryon acoustic peak, the SNLS supernovae and the Lyman-α forest, JCAP, 6, 19 23. Gröningsson, P., Fransson, C., Lundqvist, P., Nymark, T., Lundqvist, N., Chevalier, R., Leibundgut, B., Spyromilio, J., 2006, Coronal emission from the shocked circumstellar ring of SN 1987A, A&A, 456, 581 24. Gunnarsson, C., Dahlén, T., Goobar, A., Jönsson, J., Mörtsell, E., 2006, Corrections for Gravitational Lensing of Supernovae: Better than Average?, ApJ, 640, 417 25. Hasegawa, T.I., Kwok, S., Koning, N., Volk, K., Justtanont, K., Olofsson, H., Schöier, F.L., Sandqvist, Aa., Hjalmarson, A.,˚ Olberg, M., Winnberg, A., Nyman, L-A.,˚ Frisk, U., 2006, Observations of the circumstellar water 110 − 101 and ammonia 10 − 00 lines in IRC +10216 by the Odin satellite, ApJ, 637, 791 25

26. Hayes, M., Ostlin,¨ G., 2006, On the narrowband detection properties of high-redshift Lyman-alpha emitters, A&A, 460, 681 27. Heng, K., McCray, R., Zhekov, S.A., Challis, P.M., Chevalier, R.A., Crotts, A.P.S., C. Fransson, C., Garnavich, P., Kirshner, R.P., Lawrence, S.S., Lundqvist, P., Panagia, N., Pun, C.S.J., Smith, N., Sollerman, J., Wang, L., 2006, Evolution of the Reverse Shock Emission from SNR 1987A, ApJ, 644, 959 28. Herczeg, G.J., Linsky, J.F., Walter, F.M., Gahm, G.F., Johns-Krull, C.M., 2006, The origin of fluorescent H2 emission from T Tauri stars, ApJS, 165, 256 29. Horváth, I.,Balázs, L.G., Bagoly, Z., Ryde, F., Mészáros, A., 2006, A New Definition of the Intermediate Group of Gamma-Ray Bursts, A&A, 447, 23 30. Iliev, I.T., Pen, U.-L., Bond, R.J., Mellema G., Shapiro, P.R., 2006, kSZ from patchy reionization: The view from the simulations, New AR, 50, 909 31. Iliev, I.T., ... Mellema, G., ..., 2006, Cosmological radiative transfer codes comparison project - I. The static density field tests, MNRAS, 371, 1057 32. Iliev, I.T., Mellema, G., Pen, U.-L., Merz, H., Shapiro, P.R., Alvarez, M.A, 2006, Simulating cosmic reionization at large scales - I. The geometry of reionization, MNRAS, 369, 1625 33. Jakobsson, P., ... Sollerman, J., ..., 2006, HI column densities of z > 2 Swift gamma-ray bursts, A&A, 460, L13 34. Justtanont, K., Olofsson, G., Dijkstra, C., Meyer, A.W., 2006, Near- infrared observations of water-ice in OH/IR stars, A&A, 450, 1051 35. Jönsson, J., Dahlén, T., Goobar, A., Gunnarsson, C., Mörtsell, E., Lee, K., 2006, Lensing Magnification of Supernovae in the GOODS Fields, ApJ, 639, 991 36. Kotak, R., Meikle, P., Pozzo, M., van Dyk, S.D., Farrah, D., Fesen, R., Filip- penko, A.V., Foley, R., Fransson, C., Gerardy, C.L., Hoeflich, P., Lundqvist, P., Mattila, S., Sollerman, J., Wheeler, J.C., 2006, Spitzer measurements of atomic and molecular abundances in the type IIP SN 2005af, ApJ, 651, L117 37. Liseau, R., 2006 X-ray and He I 1.0830 µm emission from protostellar jets, A&A, 459, 843 38. Liseau, R., Justtanont, K., Tielens, A.G.G.M., 2006,Outflows from young objects observed with the ISO-LWS. I. Fine structure lines [O I] 63 µm, [O I] 145 µm and [C II] 157 µm, A&A, 446, 561 39. Meikle, W.P.S., Mattila, S., Gerardy, G.L., Kotak, R., Pozzo, M., van Dyk, S.D., Farrah, D., Fesen, R.A., Filippenko, A.V., Fransson, C., Lundqvist, P., J. Sollerman, J., Wheeler, J.C., 2006, A Spitzer space telescope study of SN 2002hh: an infrared echo froma Type IIP supernova, ApJ, 649, 332 40. Mellema, G., Iliev, I.T., Alvarez, M.A., Shapiro, P.R., 2006, C2-ray: A new method for photon-conserving transport of ionizing radiation, New Astronomy, 11, 374 26

41. Mellema, G., Iliev, I.T., Pen, U.-L., Shapiro, P.R., 2006, Simulating cosmic reionization at large scales - II. The 21-cm emission features and statistical signals, MNRAS, 372, 679 42. Mellema, G., Arthur, S.J., Henney, W.J., Iliev, I.T., Shapiro, P.R., 2006, Dynamical H II Region Evolution in Turbulent Molecular Clouds, ApJ, 647, 397 43. Mowlavi, N., Kreykenbohm, I., Shaw, S.E., Pottschmidt, K., Wilms, J., Ro- driguez, J., Produit, N., Soldi, S., Larsson, S. Dubath, P., 2006, INTEGRAL observation of the high-mass X-ray transient V0332+53 during the 2005 out- burst decline, A&A, 451, 187 44. Mörtsell, E., Sunesson, C., 2006, Strong lensing, cosmology and lensing halos, JCAP, 1, 12 45. van Noort, M. J., Rouppe van der Voort, L. H. M., 2006, High resolution observations of fast events in the solar chromosphere, ApJ, 648, L67 46. Nymark, T. K., Fransson, C., Kozma, C., 2006, X-ray emission from radiative shocks in type II supernovae , A&A, 449,171 47. Ostman,¨ L., Goobar, A., Mörtsell, E., 2006, Looking at quasars through galaxies, A&A, 450, 971 48. Paardekooper, S.-J., Mellema, G., 2006, Halting type I planet migration in non-isothermal disks., A&A, 459, L17 49. Paardekooper, S.-J., Mellema, G., 2006, RODEO: a new method for planet- disk interaction, A&A, 450, 1203 50. Paardekooper, S.-J., Mellema, G., 2006, Dust flow in gas disks in the presence of embedded planets, A&A, 453, 1129 51. Pian, E., ... Sollerman, J., ..., 2006, An optical supernova associated with the X-ray Flash XRF 060218, Nature, 442, 1011 52. Pozzo, M., Meikle, W.P.S., Rayner, J.T., Joseph, R.D., Filippenko, A.V., Foley, R.J., Li, W., Mattila, S., Sollerman, J., 2006, Optical and infrared observations of the Type II SN 2002hh from day 3 to 397, MNRAS, 368, 1169

53. Puech, M., Hammer, F., Flores, H., Ostlin,¨ G., Marquart, T., 2006, 3D spectroscopy with VLT/GIRAFFE. II. Are luminous compact galaxies merger remnants?, A&A 455, 119 54. Ramstedt, S., Schöier, F.L., Olofsson, H., Lundgren, A.A. 2006, Mass- loss properties of S-stars on the AGB, A&A, 454, L103 55. Rijkhorst, E.J., Plewa, T., Dubey, A., Mellema, G., 2006, Hybrid charac- teristics: 3D radiative transfer for parallel adaptive mesh refinement hydrody- namics, A&A, 452, 907 56. Ryde, F., Björnsson, C.-I., Kaneko, Y., Mészáros, R. Preece, Battelino, M., 2006, Gamma-Ray Burst Spectral Correlations: Photospheric and Injection Effects, ApJ, 652, 1400 27

57. Sandqvist Aa., ... Larsson B. ,..., 2006, Odin spectral line observations of Sgr A and Sgr B2 at submm wavelengths and in the 118-GHz band, Journal of Physics: Conference Series 54, 72 58. Sarzi, M. ,.... Fathi, K., ..., 2006, The SAURON project - V. Emission-line kinematics of 48 elliptical and lenticular galaxies, MNRAS, 366, 1151 59. Scharmer, G. B., 2006, Comments on the optimization of high resolution Fabry-Pérot filtergraphs, A&A, 447, 1111 60. Scharmer, G. B., Spruit, H. C., 2006, Magnetostatic penumbra models with field-free gaps, A&A, 460, 605 61. Schöier, F.L., Fong, D., Olofsson, H., Zhang, Q., Patel, N., 2006, The distribution of SiO in the circumstellar envelope around IRC +10216, ApJ, 649, 965 62. Schöier, F.L., Jørgensen, J.K., Pontoppidan, K.M., Lundgren, A.A., 2006, Low-mass star formation in R Coronae Australis: Observations of organic molecules with the APEX telescope, A&A, 454, L67 63. Schöier, F.L., Olofsson, H., Lundgren, A.A., 2006, SiO in C-rich circumstellar envelopes of AGB stars: Effects of non-LTE chemistry and grain ad- sorption, A&A, 454, 247 64. Spruit, H. C., Scharmer, G. B., 2006, Fine structure, magnetic field and heating of sunspot penumbrae, A&A, 447, 343

65. Sollerman, J., ..., Ostlin,¨ G., 2006 Supernova 2006aj and the associated X-Ray Flash 060218, A&A, 454, 503 66. Stritzinger, M., Mazzali, P.A., Sollerman, J., Benetti, S., 2006, Consistent Nickel masses for Type Ia supernovae, A&A, 460, 793 67. Th´ebault, P., Marzari, F., Scholl, H., 2006, Relative velocities among accreting planetesimals in binary systems: The circumprimary case, Icarus, 183, 193 68. The, L.-S., Clayton, D.D., Diehl, R., Hartmann, D.H., Iyudin A.F., Leising, M.D., Meyer, B.S., Motizuki, Y., Schoenfelder, V., 2006, Are 44Ti-producing supernovae exceptional?, A&A, 450, 1037 69. de Val-Borro, M., Edgar, R.G., Artymowicz, P., Ciecielag, P., Cress- well, P., D’Angelo, G., Delgado-Donate, E. J., Dirksen, G., Fromang, S., Gawryszczak, A., Klahr, H., Kley, W., Lyra, W., Masset, F., Mellema, G., Nelson, R. P., Paardekooper, S.-J., Peplinski, A., Pierens, A., Plewa, T., Rice, K., Sch¨afer, C., Speith, R., 2006, A comparative study of disc-planet interaction, MNRAS, 370, 529 70. Wamsteker, W., Prochaska, J. X., Bianchi, L., Reimers, D., Panagia, N., Fabian, A. C., Fransson, C., Shustov, B. M., Petitjean, P., Richter, P., and Battaner, E., 2006, The Need for Ultraviolet to Understand the Chemical Evo- lution of the Universe and Cosmology, Ap&SS, 303, 69 28

71. Watson, D., Reeves, J. N., Hjorth, J., Fynbo, J.P.U., Jakobsson, P., Pedersen, K., Sollerman, J., Castro Ceron, J. M., McBreen, S., Foley, S., 2006, Out- shining the quasars at reionisation: The X-ray spectrum and lightcurve of the redshift 6.29 Gamma-Ray Burst GRB050904, ApJ, 637, L69 72. Watson, D., ... Sollerman, J., ..., 2006, A log N(HI) = 22.5 DLA in a dark gamma-ray burst: the environment of GRB 050401, ApJ, 652, 1011 73. Watson, D., Hjorth, J., Jakobsson, P., Xu, D., Fynbo, J.P.U., Sollerman, J., Thöne C.C., Pedersen, K., 2006, Are short gamma-ray bursts collimated? GRB050709, a flare but no break, A&A, 454, L123 74. White, G.J., Fridlund, C.V.M., Bergman, P., Beardsmore, A., Liseau, R., Price, M., Phillips, R.R., 2006, Methanol in the L1551 Circumbinary Torus, ApJ, 651, L41 75. Wirström, E.S., Bergman, P., Olofsson, A.O.H., Frisk, U., Hjalmarson, A.,˚ Olberg, M., Persson, C.M., Sandqvist, Aa., 2006, Odin CO and 13CO J=5-4 mapping of Orion KL - a step towards accurate water abundances, A&A 453, 979 76. Zackrisson, E. Bergvall, N. Marquart, Ostlin,¨ G., 2006, The dark matter halos of the bluest low surface brightness galaxies, A&A 452, 857

77. Zackrisson, E. Bergvall, N., Ostlin,¨ G., Micheva, G., Leksell, M., 2006, The Red Halo Phenomenon, ApJ, 650, 812

A&A - Astronomy and Astrophysics AJ - Astronomical Journal ApJ - Astrophysical Journal ApJS - Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series Ap&SS - Astrophysics and Space Science JCAP - Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics MNRAS - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society NewAR - New Astronomy Reviews

10.3. Other Scientiﬁc Publications 1. Bassett, B., ... Sollerman, J., ..., 2006, Supernovae 2006er, 2006ew-2006fc, CBET 621 2. Bassett, B., ... Sollerman, J., ..., 2006, Supernovae 2006fa and 2006fd- 2006fn, CBET 623 3. C. Budtz-J¨orgensen, ... Larsson, S., ..., 2006, JEM-X: three years in space, in ”Proc. of Space Telescopes and Instrumentation II: Ultraviolet to Gamma Ray.”, (eds. M.J.L. Turner, G. Hasinger), SPIE, 6266 4. Cavalie, T., Lellouch, E., Biver, N., Dobrijevic, M., Billebaud, F., Lecacheux, A., Hjalmarson, A.,˚ Sandqvist, Aa., Frisk, U., Olberg, M., The Odin Team, 2006, Detection of Water Vapor in the Stratosphere of Jupiter with the Odin Space Telescope, AAS, DPS 38, 11.14 29

5. Djupvik, A.A., André, P., Bontemps, S., Motte, F., Olofsson, G., G˚alfalk, M., Florén, H.-G., 2006, VizieR Online Data Catalog, 345, 80789 6. Encrenaz, P., Persson, C.M., Hjalmarson, A.,˚ ... Sandqvist, Aa., ...,2005, Progress in searches for primordial resonant lines using the Odin Satellite, in ”Astrochemistry: Recent Successes and Current Challenges”, IAU Symp. 231, (ed. A.J. Markwick-Kemper), p. 241 7. Fathi, K., Storchi-Bergmann, T., 2006, Gemini Maps Gas Streaming Toward Black Hole in NGC 1097, Gemini Focus, Issue 32, p. 22 8. Fathi, K., Storchi-Bergmann, T., Axon, D.J. Robinson, A., 2006, Feeding the SMBH in NGC 1097, BAAS, 207, 0616 9. Fassbender, R., Stegmaier, J., Weijmans, A-M., Köstner, S., Kruselburger, A., Diethart, C., Fertl, P., Valiante, E., Hayes, M., Schuecker, P., Hasinger, G., 2006, VADER: a satellite mission concept for high precision dark energy studies, SPIE, 6266, 90F 10. Fransson, C., 2006, Shock physics in Type II SNe , KITP Conference: Su- pernova and Gamma-Ray Burst Remnants, (http://online.itp.ucsb.edu/online/grb c06/fransson/) 11. Fynbo, J.P.U., Thoene, C.C., Jensen, B.L., Hjorth, J., Sollerman, J., Wat- son, D., Xu, D., Ovaldsen, J.-E., Joergensen, U.G., Hinse, T., Woller, K., 2006, GRB060614: detection of the host galaxy but no supernova emission, GCN 5277 12. Hammerschlag, R. H., Bettonvil, F. C. M., Jägers, A. P. L., Scharmer, G. B., 2006, Large bearings with incorporated gears, high stiffness and precision for the Swedish Solar Telescope (SST) on La Palma, in ”Optomechanical Technologies for Astronomy”, (eds. E. Atad-Ettedgui, J. Antebi, D. Lemke), Volume 6273 of Proc. SPIE, p. 627315 13. Hannikainen, D.C., Wu, K., Stevens, J.A. Vilhu, O., Rodriguez, J., Hjal- marsdotter, L., Hunstead, R.W., 2006, Microquasars: What do radio and X-ray observations tell us?, Chinese Journal of Astrophysics, Frascati Work- shop Conference Proceedings, 6, 269 14. Hillberg, T., 2006, Spectropolarimetry at the Swedish Solar Telescope, in Solar Active Regions and 3D Magnetic Structure, 26th meeting of the IAU, Joint Discussion 3, August, 2006, Prague, JD03, #81 15. Hjort, J., ... Sollerman, J,, ..., 2006, The short gamma-ray burst revolution, The Messenger, No. 126,p. 16 16. Horváth, I., Ryde, F., Balász, L., Bagoly, Z., Mészáros, A., 2006, Properties of the intermediate type of gamma-ray bursts, in ”Proc. of the 16th Annual October Astrophysics Conference in Maryland: Gamma Ray Bursts in the Swift Era”, (eds. S.S. Holt, S.S., N. Gehrels, J.A. Nousek), AIP Conf. Series, 836, 125 17. Lin, Y., Martin, S. F., Engvold, O., Rouppe van der Voort, L. H. M., van Noort, M., 2006, Dynamics of an active region filament, fibrils and surges in high resolution, in ”COSPAR, Plenary Meeting”, page 3193. 30

18. Marquart, T., Ostlin,¨ G., Bergvall, N. Amram, P., Masegosa, J., 2006, in ”Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time”, IAU Symposium no. 235, S235, #267

19. Melinder, J., Mattila, S., Fransson, C., Ostlin,¨ G., Detecting Supernovae In Deep Imaging Surveys, in ”Supernovae: One Millennium After SN1006”, 26th meeting of the IAU, Joint Discussion, August 2006, Prague, Czech Re- public, JD09, #39 20. Omodei N., ... Larsson, S., ... , 2006, The GLAST mission, LAT and GRBs, in ”Proc. of the 16th Annual October Astrophysics Conference in Maryland: Gamma Ray Bursts in the Swift Era”, (eds. S.S. Holt, S.S., N. Gehrels, J.A. Nousek), AIP Conf. Series, 836, 716 (astro-ph/0603762) 21. Persson, C., Olofsson, A.O.H., Bergman, P., Bernath, P., Frisk, U., Hasegawa, T., Hjalmarson, A.,˚ Koning, N., Kwok, S., Olberg, M., Sandqvist, Aa., Volk K., Wirström, E.S., 2005, A spectral survey of Orion KL from 487-492 and 542-577 GHz with the Odin satellite, in ”Astrochemistry: Recent Successes and Current Challenges”, IAU Symp. 231, (ed. A.J. Markwick-Kemper), p. 70 22. Pottschmidt, K., Wilms, J., Nowak, M.A., Larsson, S., Zdziarski, A.A., Pooley, G.G., 2006, INTEGRAL & RXTE Power Spectra of Cygnus X-1, in ”Proc. of 35th Cospar Scientific Assembly”, (eds. M.A. Shea, D.F. Smart, W. Hermsen), Adv. Space Res., 38, 1350 23. Ryde, F., 2006, Report from the 1st workshop for the ASPERA roadmap, Valencia, Spain, 7-8 November, 2006, presented to Vetenskapsr˚adet, November 2006 24. Ryde, F., Larsson, S., Ivchenko, Pearce, P., 2006, X-ray emission from aurora, PogoLite internal report, November 2006 25. Selj, J., Sharapov, D., Somero, A., Oestman, L., Sollerman, J., Blondin, S., 2006, Supernova 2006dm in MCG -01-60-21, CBET 570 26. Sollerman, J,, Fynbo, J., Stanishev, V., Blondin, S., Leitet, E., Blomkvist, A., 2006, Supernovae 2006iv in UGC 6774, CBET 87 27. Stritzinger, M., Sollerman, J., Goobar, A., Nichol, R., Smith, M., Leloudas, G., 2006, Supernovae 2006oy-2006qm, CBET, 762 28. Thébault, P., Scholl, H., Marzari, F., 2006, On The Accretion Of Planetesi- mals In Circumbinary Disks, BAAS, 38, 1001 29. Thoene, C.C., Fynbo, J., Sollerman, J., Jensen, B.L., Hjorth, J. Jakobsson, P. Klose, S., 2006, GRB060505: VLT observations of the optical afterglow, GCN, 5161 30. Selj, J., Sharapov, D., Somero, A., Oestman, L., Sollerman, J., Blondin, S. Supernova 2006dm in MCG -01-60-21, CBET 570 31. Turrini, D., Barbieri, M., Marzari, F., Thébault, P., Tricarico, P., 2006, Exoplanetary formation in S-type binary star systems, MSAIS, 9, 186 31

32. Wirstr¨om, E.S., Bergman, P., Frisk, U., Hjalmarson, A.,˚ Olberg, M., Olofs- son, A.O.H., Persson, C.M., Sandqvist, Aa., 2005, Mapping of CO, J=5-4, in Orion using the Odin satellite, in ”Astrochemistry: Recent Successes and Current Challenges”, IAU Symp. 231, ed. A.J. Markwick-Kemper, p. 67 33. Zackrisson, E., Bergvall, Ostlin,¨ G., Micheva, G., Caldwell, B., 2006, The Red Halos of Galaxies, in ”Galaxy Evolution Across the Hubble Time”, IAU Symposium no. 235, S235, #415: AAS - American Astronomical Society Meeting Adv. Space Res. - Advances in Space Research BAAS - Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society CBET - Central Bureau Electronic Telegrams GCN - Gamma Ray Burst circular network IAU - International Astronomical Union MSAIS - Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana, SPIE - The international Society for Optical Engineering

10.4. Popular Science Publications 1. Gahm, G.F., 2006, Hur vet man var stjärnorna är?, Forskning & Framsteg (1), 677 2. Kiselman, D. and Lundqvist, S., 2006, Utsikt fr˚an jorden 16: Storlekar, Populär astronomi, (2), 15 3. Kiselman, D. and Lundqvist, S., 2006, Utsikt fr˚an jorden 17: Med alla sin- nen, Populär astronomi, (3), 15 4. Kiselman, D. and Lundqvist, S., 2006, Utsikt fr˚an jorden 18: Som en satellit, Populär astronomi, (4), 15 5. Mörtsell, E., 2006, Universums mystiska mörker, Forskning & Framsteg (4), 12 6. Näslund, M., 2006, Vi rymmer till rymden, Populär Astronomi (2), 39 7. Näslund, M., 2006, Astronomi p˚anätet, Populär Astronomi (4), 26 8. Sollerman, J., Mörtsell, E., 2006, Nobelpriset i astronomi..., Populär As- tronomi (4), 16 9. Sollerman, J., 2006, Svensk Supernova, Metro, 12/10 2006 10. Sollerman, J., 2006, Gammablixtar, Den Svenska Almanackan 2006, 132 11. Sollerman, J., 2006, G˚atan bakom de korta gammablixtarna, Illustrerad Veten- skap (3), 68 12. Sollerman, J., 2006, Rymdens magnetiska fyrar, Forskning & Framsteg (1), 12 13. Sollerman, J., 2006, Tycho Brahe lever kvar Forskning & Framsteg (8), 22 14. Sollerman, J., 2006, Farväl till en trotjänare, Populär Astronomi (1), 32 32

10.5. Other publications The Swedish Almanac [Den Svenska Almanackan] is the official astronomical almanac in Sweden, with roots going back to the sixteenth century. From 1749 to 1972, it was published with exclusive almanac rights by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (KVA). Subsequently, it has been published by Esselte Almanacksförlag (now known as Almanacksförlaget) in collaboration with Stockholm Observatory. Its editor since 1977 is Aage Sandqvist. A simpler, but much more widely distributed, version of this almanac (Vanliga Almanackan) contains in addition a considerable amount of non-astronomical matter, but the astronomical part of the latter almanac is also produced in collaboration with the Stockholm Observatory. The editor for the astronomical part of this almanac since 1977 is also Aage Sandqvist. After the retirement of Aage Sandqvist on July 1, Cecilia Kozma has become the new editor. Both Den Svenska Almanackan and Vanliga Almanackan are published each year.

1. Den Svenska Almanackan 2007, 2006, ed. Aa. Sandqvist, Almanacksf¨orlaget, Stockholm, 160 pages 2. Vanliga Almanackan 2007, 2006, eds. Aa. Sandqvist, K. Wiberg, Al- manacksf¨orlaget, Stockholm, 80 pages 33

11. SYMPOSIA, WORKSHOPS AND MEETINGS

The following meetings were organized by scientists at the Stockholm Observatory in 2006.

Hans Olofsson was member of the scientiﬁc organizing committee of the conference ”Nordic Astrobiology 2006: Origins & Distribution of Life in the Universe”, Stockholm, Sweden, April

Aage Sandqvist was member in the organizing committee of the 43rd Meeting of the Board of Directors of the Scientiﬁc Journal Astronomy & Astrophysics, 5-6 May, Dwingeloo, Holland

Ren´eLiseau and Hans Olofsson were in the local organizing committee for the Nobel Symposium 133 on Cosmic chemistry and Molecular Astrophysics,S¨odertuna, Sweden, June

Felix Ryde was member of the scientiﬁc organizing committee of ”The Fourth Workshop on Science with the New Generation of High Energy Gamma-ray Exper- iments: The Variable Gamma-ray Sources: Their Identiﬁcations & Counterparts”, June 20 - 22, Portoferraio, Elba, Italy

Hans Olofsson was chairman of the scientiﬁc organizing committee of the conference ”Why Galaxies Care about AGB Stars: Their importance as actors and probes”, Vienna, Austria, August

Felix Ryde and Magnus Axelsson were the main organizers of ”The 2006 GLAST collaboration meeting and mini-symposium on GRBs” at AlbaNova, Stockholm, Au- gust (The number of participants was 120, mainly from the USA, Japan, and France)

Linnea Hjalmarsdotter was co-organizer for the confernce ”Black Holes - Power Behind the Scene”, in Kathmandu, Nepal, October 23-27 34

12. COMMITTEE MEMBERSHIPS

Faculty members participate in national or international committees. The list below is not complete, but indicates the role played by the faculty in such committees.

Claes-Ingvar Björnsson: International – Member of the NOT Council. Claes Fransson: National – Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Chairman of the Crafoord prize committee for astronomy. Member of the Crafoord Committee of KVA. Member of the Swedish National Committee for Astronomy. Vice chairman of the Swedish Research Council Particle Physics and Astrophysics Committee. Member of the Committee for Research In- frastructures of the Swedish research Council (KFI). Vice chairman of the Subcommittee for subatomic physics and astronomy of KFI. Chairman of the Swedish Research Council ESO-NOT Committee; International – Member of ESO Council. Member of ESO Strategy Working Group. Member of ”Fach- beirat der Max-Planck-Institut für Astrophysik” in Garching. Member of the SWG of ASTRONET Science Vision and Co-chair of the panel for ’Extremes of the Unverse’. Member of the organizing committees for several conferences. Gösta Gahm: National – Chairman of the Swedish Astronomical Society and of the related Planetarium Foundation and Editorial Board of Populär As- tronomi; International – Member of the ESO Observing Programme Com- mittee. Deputy member of the ESO-outreach committee. Kay Justtanont : International – Member of IAU commission 34 (interstellar medium). Sweden/Ireland project manager for the JWST/MIRI project. Member of Herschel/HIFI guaranteed time consortium. Dan Kiselman: National – Secretary of the Swedish Astronomical Society. Mem- ber of the Swedish National Committee for Astronomy; International – Mem- ber of the organising committe of IAU commission 36 (theory of stellar atmospheres). Member of the Financial Sub Committee of the International Scientific Committee for the observatories of the Instituto de Astrof´ısica de Canarias. Per Olof Lindblad: National – Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sci- ences; International – Member of the General Prize Committee of the Balzan Foundation. Foreign member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Let- ters. RenéLiseau: National – Chairman of the Scientific Reference Group (SRG) to the National Space Board (SNSB). Secretary of the Swedish National Committee for Astronomy. Chair of the APEX/OSO Observing Time Allocation Com- mittee; International – Swedish Lead Co-I of the Herschel/HIFI consortium. Member of the TE-SAT (Darwin scientific advisory team to ESA). Mem- ber of the TPF-SWG (Terrestial Planet Finder of NASA, Scientific Working Group). Consultant to SPIRE Specialist Astronomy Group. Member of the Astronomy Working Group (ESA). Lead. CoI of the Odin Astronomical Team. Member of the American Astronomical Society. Peter Lundqvist: National – Member of the ”Matematisk-fysiska sektionsbered- ningen” at the Stockholm University. Appointed member of the Albanova board; International – Swedish representative in IAU Commission 46. Garrelt Mellema: International – Member of the LOFAR Epoch of Reionization Key Project. 35

Göran Olofsson: International – Co-I and member of the steering committee for Herschel/SPIRE. Co-PI of the European JWST/MIRI consortium. Swedish Co-PI of JWST/MIRI consortium. Swedish Co-I and member of the streering committe of Herschel/SPIRE. PI of the Herschel Guaranteed Time proposal on stellar disks. Member of ESO Science Technical Committee. Member of ESO/ESE (E-ELT Science & Engineering Working Group). Hans Olofsson: National – Member of the Royal Society of Sciences (Uppsala). Member of the Swedish National Committee for Astronomy, KVA. Director of the Swedish National Facility for Radio Astronomy, Onsala Space Obser- vatory, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Gothenburg. Guest professor in radio astronomy, Chalmers Univ. of Technology, Gothenburg Aage Sandqvist: National - Vice Chairman of the Swedish Omnitheatre (Cos- monova) Foundation; International - Member of the Executive Committee (as past-Chairman) of the Board of Directors for the Scientific Journal As- tronomy & Astrophysics. Göran Scharmer: National – Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; International – Member of the International Scientific Committee for the observatories of the Instituto Astrofisico de Canarias. Member of the Norwegian Academy for Science and Letters. Göran Ostlin¨ : National – Member of VR’s evaluation committee (berednings- grupp) i ”subatomär fysik och astrofysik”. Member of the Manne Siegbahn Memorial Lecture Committee. Member of the Swedish National Committee for Astronomy; International – Member of the Swedish MIRI consortium. Jesper Sollerman: National – Member of the Editorial Board of Populär As- tronomi; International – Member of the International Astronomical Union (IAU), commission 47. Member of the Nordic Optical Telescope Observing Programme Committee. Member of the ESO Outreach Network. Member of DARK board, NBI, Köpenhamns universitet.