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De Los Primeros Gobiernos Patrios a La Usurpación Dossier Tiempo Argentino / Lunes 11 de julio de 2011 De los primeros gobiernos patrios a la usurpación 2 | tiempo argentino | dossier | lunes 11 de julio de 2011 una región clave para el control del tráfico naval entre el atlántico y el pacífico Cuando la bandera de las Provincias Unidas flameó en las Islas Malvinas Con la declaración de la Independencia, las autoridades de Buenos Aires comenzaron a nombrar gobernadores y a controlar la explotación pesquera, que se hacía de modo furtivo. En 1820, David Jewett tomó posesión de las islas. l dominio de los mares que Gran Bretaña obtuvo a par- Etir de su triunfo ante las flotas El cuidado españolas y francesas en la batalla de Trafalgar es uno de los hechos de los recursos más importantes que posibilitó el nacimiento del Imperio Británico. El control de las rutas marítimas facilitó su expansión comercial, a través de acciones navales de con- quista y de colonización en diversos puntos del planeta. Un año después de esa batalla, en 1806, una flota in- glesa llegó a Buenos Aires. En esta primera invasión, las tropas britá- nicas ocuparon la ciudad de Bue- nos Aires, capital del Virreinato del Río de la Plata. Un año después, en 1807, se produjo una segunda inva- Martín Rodríguez reglamentó en 1821 que los barcos extranjeros David Jewett, el marino esta- debían pagar derechos. dounidense que prestó servi- cio a las Provincias Unidas del Río de La Plata, dejó explícito sión, en la que las tropas británicas Islas Malvinas para ceder su lu- das del Río de la Plata, en un acto ilegales y que dañaban los recursos el propósito que tenía. fueron rechazadas. Las fuerzas de- gar a la bandera de las Provincias público en Puerto Soledad, al que naturales locales. “Tengo el honor de informar- fensoras estaban integradas en su Unidas, y las autoridades de Bue- asistieron loberos y balleneros de A partir de 1821, Martín Ro- le que he llegado a este puerto mayoría por las milicias urbanas nos Aires nombraron sucesivos varias nacionalidades, entre ellos dríguez, gobernador de Buenos comisionado por el Supremo que se habían armado y organiza- gobernadores delegados en las is- estadounidenses y británicos, que Aires, decidió reglamentar la Gobierno de las Provincias Uni- do militarmente en ocasión de la las. En ese tiempo, además de ser recalaban en las islas en el desa- explotación pesquera en las cos- das de Sud América para tomar primera invasión. una zona clave para el control del rrollo de sus faenas. tas patagónicas, estableciendo, posesión de las Islas en nom- Este exitoso rechazo dio lugar tráfico naval entre el Atlántico y El 6 de noviembre de 1820 Jewett en el artículo 2 de la ley del 22 de bre del país a que éstas perte- al nacimiento de una voluntad el Pacífico, las Malvinas eran un izó por primera vez en las islas la octubre de 1821, que los barcos necen por la Ley Natural.” emancipadora, que prosperó hasta puerto privilegiado para el abas- bandera de las Provincias Unidas extranjeros que procesaran la Prosiguió: “Uno de los obje- concretarse, nueve años después, tecimiento de los buques extran- del Río de la Plata. Arribó en octu- pesca en las costas debían pagar tivos de mi cometido es evitar con su participación en la firma jeros que venían tras la captura de bre a Puerto Soledad, capital de las un derecho de seis pesos por cada la destrucción de las fuentes del Acta de la Independencia de ballenas, focas y lobos de mar. Islas Malvinas, donde encontró ca- tonelada. Como los capitanes de de recursos necesarios para las Provincias Unidas de América En 1820, al iniciarse el período zadores furtivos estadounidenses y los buques no aceptaban pagar los buques de paso.” del Sur, el 9 de Julio de 1816, de las autonomías provinciales, el británicos que carecían de autori- derechos de pesca, por los decre- La noticia fue publicada en Con la declaración de la Inde- oficial de Marina David Jewett to- zación del gobierno de Buenos Ai- tos de enero de 1822 y octubre de diversos medios de los Estados pendencia, la bandera española mó posesión de las Islas Malvinas res. Advirtió a los navíos foqueros y 1829, se prohibió la pesca en las Unidos y del Reino Unido sin dejó de flamear también en las en nombre de las Provincias Uni- pesqueros que sus actividades eran costas de la Patagonia. < provocar comentarios oficiales por parte de ambos países. Durante la década de 1820 en sintonía con los intereses de los comerciantes los distintos gobiernos de Bue- nos Aires designaron goberna- dores en Malvinas y legislaron Rivadavia y el Tratado de sobre sus recursos pesqueros y el otorgamiento de concesio- nes territoriales. Amistad con Gran Bretaña El general Matías de Irigo- yen explicaba para esa época ntre 1820 y 1824, Buenos Aires tuvo una experiencia de gobierno liberal, llevada a cabo por el abuso de la explotación los ministros Bernardino Rivadavia y Manuel García. Sus objetivos eran crear instituciones pesquera cometido por los Eliberales en la provincia, obtener el reconocimiento de la independencia por parte de los Es- extranjeros: “Ellos concurren tados extranjeros, y fomentar un desarrollo económico basado en el endeudamiento con el capital anualmente desde primeros financiero externo y la complementariedad con las necesidades de la industria manufacturera bri- de agosto hasta fines de enero tánicas. Estos objetivos eran los mismos que alentaban los comerciantes ingleses en América. y sin tener la menor considera- La caída del monopolio comercial de España con sus ex colonias favorecía el crecimiento ción al período de veda para la inglés. Por eso, los enviados del Reino Unido ofrecían otorgar el reconocimiento de la inde- reproducción, no sólo matan pendencia de los territorios del ex Virreinato del Río de la Plata a cambio de que adoptaran para hacer sus cargamentos las políticas liberales que les convenían. Esto ocurrió pocos días después de la victoria de sino que destruyen á su parti- Ayacucho (que marcó el fin de las guerras por la independencia en América del Sur), abriendo da para arruinar a los que aún así el camino a la contratación del primer empréstito oficial realizado con la banca inglesa. quedan en faenas, y de este Desde 1824, el gobierno inglés mantenía como su representante comercial en el Río de la modo evitar la concurrencia Plata a Woodwine Parish. A su gestión se debió la firma del Tratado de Amistad, Comercio y en los mercados de venta (...) Navegación, suscripto en 1825, cuya vigencia se prolongó por más de un siglo. Parish con- A no tomarse medidas (...) las tribuyó, con sus consejos y sus observaciones, al afianzamiento del comercio británico en el bestias marinas y anfibias Río de la Plata. vendrán a concluirse.” lunes 11 de julio de 2011 | dossier | tiempo argentino | 3 Puerto Argentino, en dicienbre de 1878. Vernet y su hija llamada Malvina or una disposición del 10 de junio de 1829, el Pgobernador de Buenos Aires, Juan Lavalle, nombró a Luis Vernet como comandante político y militar, delegándose “en su persona toda la autori- dad y jurisdicción necesaria”. Ya desde 1823, Luis Vernet, de Hamburgo, y Jorge Pacheco, de Buenos Aires, habían conse- guido una concesión del gober- nador Martín Rodríguez que los autorizaba para el comercio de carnes, cueros y ganado vacuno en la isla Oriental de Malvinas. Como contrapartida, se compro- metieron a hacerse cargo de las reparaciones de los edificios, a fin de que estuvieran en con- diciones y a disposición de las autoridades. El decreto firmado en esa ocasión pone en evidencia el interés de Buenos Aires por las Islas: “… en la inteligencia que semejante concesión ja- más podrá privar al Estado del derecho que tiene a disponer de aquel territorio del modo que crea más conveniente a los intereses generales de la Provincia, y lo cual se verificará decreto del 10 de junio de 1829 tan luego que sus recursos le proporcionen el poder de es- tablecerse en él de un modo efectivo y permanente...” Creación de la Comandancia Vernet se trasladó a Malvi- nas con su esposa María Sáez, oriunda de Montevideo, tenien- do con ella una hija en Puerto Soledad: Malvina Vernet y Sáez. Política y Militar de las Islas La población que había en la isla era de entre 120 y 150 resi- Durante casi 60 años Gran Bretaña no manifestó ninguna pretensión de soberanía sobre las dentes en total, y estaba com- puesta fundamentalmente por Malvinas. Por el renacimiento de un interés estratégico, en 1829, protestó la nueva medida. cazadores y pescadores. Vernet otorgó tierras y pro- movió la llegada de colonos, l 10 de junio de 1829 el go- separaron estas provincias de la del primer ocupante, por el con- los derechos que tenía sobre estas nombrando agentes que pro- bierno de Buenos Aires pro- dominación de la Metrópoli, la Es- sentimiento de las principales po- Provincias la antigua metrópoli, y movieran en el exterior las po- Emulgó un decreto creando paña tenía una posesión material tencias marítimas de Europa y por de que gozaban sus virreyes, ha se- sibilidades de instalación en la Comandancia Política y Militar en las Islas Malvinas, y de todas la cercanía de estas Islas al Conti- guido ejerciendo actos de dominio las islas. Durante su gestión, de las Malvinas. Después de ha- las demás que rodean el Cabo de nente que formaba el Virreinato de en dichas Islas, sus puertos y cos- se evidenció el interés británi- ber mantenido silencio por más de Hornos, incluso la que se conoce Buenos Aires, de cuyo Gobierno tas a pesar de que las circunstan- co por tomar el control de las medio siglo, y sin haber mostrado bajo la denominación de Tierra dependían.
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