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Sustainable Wetland Resource Utilization of Sango Bay Through Eco-Tourism Development

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Sustainable Wetland Resource Utilization of Sango Bay Through Eco-Tourism Development African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology Vol. 2 (10). pp. 326-335, October, 2008 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJest ISSN 1996-0786 © 2008 Academic Journals VicRes Project Full Length Research Paper Sustainable wetland resource utilization of Sango Bay through Eco-tourism development Nyakaana Jockey Baker Geography Department, Makerere University, P. O. Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda. E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: +256-772-489513. Accepted 18 August, 2008 Defining and achieving sustainable development is a major issue for policy debates both in the developed and developing countries. Eco-tourism as an important niche market in the world tourism industry has been embraced by developing countries like Uganda, which are trying to use tourism as an engine of national development. It embraces environmental conservation, maintenance of biodiversity, a satisfying experience for the visitors, study and appreciation of nature and sustainable community development. Eco-tourism development is expected to achieve three major goals (3P) namely: Profits (economic), People (Social cultural benefits to communities and tourists) and Place (biodiversity conservation). Based on a research conducted in Sango Bay wetland of Rakai district in Uganda, this paper evaluates the socio-economic benefits of consumptive utilization practices of wetland resources, the recreation and Eco-tourism potential of the wetland, its sustainability and contribution to poverty reduction among the surrounding communities. Secondary data from diverse sources was used to complement primary data collected through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) questionnaires and Participatory Rural Appraisal techniques. The results indicate dominance of consumptive resource utilization practices and the failure to reduce poverty levels. The eco-system is rich in flora and fauna which are important for eco-tourism development. Potential eco-tourism projects, which can be introduced in the wetland for sustainable resource utilization and poverty reduction, are proposed. Key words: Ecotourism, sustainable tourism development, poverty reduction. INTRODUCTION Uganda is emphasizing tourism development in the rapid degradation and are, currently, considered to be National Development Plan and it accounts for 7.5% of some of the most threatened ecosystems in the world. the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and 64.1% Due to rapid increase in human population, high levels of (US$449m) of the service export earnings making it the poverty and unemployment, increasing numbers of leading export earner for the country (UBOS, 2007). marginalized people are moving and settling in fragile Because of this importance, natural resources including wetland areas, adjacent to river banks and waterbeds, in wetlands are being conserved for tourism development. search of new means of livelihood. Consequently, Wetlands are no longer wastelands as they constitute wetland resources are increasingly being degraded complex ecological zones with a diversity of flora and through various consumptive uses including agricultural fauna and act as natural sieves for storm and drainage production, sand and clay extraction, pit sawing and water. They provide direct income opportunities for rural papyrus harvesting. people and indirect benefits in form of environmental This paper is a result of a study that was conceived on goods and services that improve the quality of living the realization that there is urgent need for alternative conditions of the rural population through water storage, wetland resource utilization and management strategies purification and flood control. When harnessed correctly through the propagation and promotion of ecotourism all these benefits go towards improvements in human (Tourism that is nature oriented and incorporates a desire development (Mohapatra, 2008; Jones, 2007; Zuo et al., to minimize negative social and environmental impacts) 2004; Adair, 2001). as a tool for sustainable (Management of all resources in Wetlands in the Lake Victoria region are experiencing such a way that economic, social and aesthetic needs Nyakaana 327 can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity essen- People and Place (Figure 1) which evolves into Environ- tial ecological processes, biological diversity and life sup- ment Sustainable Development (ESD) triangle (Figure 2) port systems (3P: Place - Environmental, Profits – eco- advocated by World Bank (Serageldin, 1994). nomic, People-Social-cultural, sustainability) community development and wetland resource conservation of Sango Bay. Eco-tourism The development and promotion of ecotourism is This is sustainable tourism, which is nature based and crucial for sustainable management and utilization of wet- incorporates a desire to minimize negative social and land resources in Sango Bay for poverty alleviation and environmental impacts (Swarbrooke, 1999) and embrace sustainable socio-economic development. This non-con- economic, environmental, social, community and visitor sumptive utilization of wetland resources has more benefits (Herath, 2002). advantages over most forms of consumptive uses like It was on this basis that the study was conceived to agriculture, sand and clay harvesting as ecotourism evaluate the current consumptive resource utilization initiatives endeavour to respect and maintain environmen- strategies in Sango Bay Wetlands, assess the current tal integrity while at the same time improving existing and potential possibilities of developing eco-tourism as a social and cultural manifestations for community lively- non-consumptive resource utilisation strategy, which hoods. Furthermore, ecotourism initiatives are centred on would not only conserve the environment but help attracting small numbers of high-spending tourists willing government in fighting poverty among the communities in to stay longer in a destination, thus maximising the eco- the region. nomic benefits to the stakeholders while minimizing the An understanding of eco-tourism and identification of negative impacts on the environment and society as a the requisite natural resources can help government whole (Jones, 2007; Hwey-Lian et al., 2004; Pemberton planners, community decision makers and tourism pro- and Mader, 2004; Shores, 2003). moters identify real concerns and issues as a precursor After the introduction, the paper presents the research to introducing policies and actions for its promotion and context, which explains the importance of eco-tourism in development. achieving sustainable tourism development, poverty reduction and environmental conservation and the research objective. This is followed by the research Research objective methodology, which explains the methods used in data collection and analysis. The research findings and the The objective of the study was to conduct a socio- subsequent discussion are presented together for logical economic evaluation of the current consumptive wetland flow and clarity. Finally, the paper presents the con- resource utilization practices, evaluate the existing and clusions and recommendations on the way forward in the potential eco-tourism resources for alternative utilization utilization of Sango Bay Wetlands in particular and Ugan- practices for poverty reduction and environmental con- da in general. servation. Research context RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Eco-tourism development, which emphasises environ- Data were collected from secondary sources including textbooks, mental conservation, community empowerment and parti- journals, economic surveys, government and NGO reports, aca- demic research findings, consultancy and news paper reports. cipation and tourist satisfaction, is increasingly becoming Secondary data were synthesized into information on current socio- an important focus for sustainable national and tourism economic status of the wetland resources and ecosystem biodi- development world over. In Uganda, communities living versity. around wetlands are increasingly utilising the resources Collection of primary data involved the use of various partici- therein consumptively and this is not sustainable. The patory approaches including questionnaire to 150 respondents (community leaders, members, CBO and NGO leaders). Focus National Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) and the Group Discussion (FGD) with government officials, community Millennium Development Goals (MDG) emphasise need members and leaders and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tech- for sustainable resource utilisation through community niques. Through these methods, data and information collected empowerment and participation (Uganda, 1997). included:- wetland resource utilization practices; gender roles, socio-economic importance, management practices, government role, environmental conservation practices, available and potential Sustainable development ecotourism resources and facilities, potential community based ecotourism projects and problems encountered with the current Sustainable development is one where resources are uti- consumptive utilization practices. lised to satisfy the livelihood needs of the present The study was undertaken in Sango Bay Wetlands Southern Uganda. It covers 2,400 km2 (1% of Uganda), less than 1,300 generation but bearing in mind that the future generations metres above sea level, East of Rakai District in Kakuuto and will use the same resources to satisfy their needs and Kyotera counties and includes Kagera flood plain of L. Victoria, aspirations. It is based on three pillars (3Ps) Profits, Peo- which stretch to Tanzania. Sango Bay was selected due to its eco- 328 Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. Profits M in im is in g u s e o f n o n -re n e w a b le re s o u rc e s (fo s s il fu e ls , m in e ra ls , lo s s o f b io d iv e rs ity ). In v e s tm e n ts , E m p lo y m e n t, T a x e s , E x p o rts e tc . M e e tin g b a s ic h u m a n n e e d s (e c o n o m y ) M u ltip lie r e ffe c ts Pla c e S u s ta in a b le u s e o f re n e w a b le re s o u rc e s (e .g . a q u ife rs a n d fre s h w a te r ru n -o ff, s o ils , b io m a s s ) K e e p in g w ith in a b s o rp tiv e c a p a c ity o f lo c a l g lo b a l s in k s fo r w a s te s Sustainable (e .g .
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