Development of Energy Use Profiles Concepts and Implementation of Renewable Energies in the Central Ugandan Pineapple Processing
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Development of Energy use Profiles, Reduction Concepts, and Implementation of Renewable Energies in the Central Ugandan Pineapple Processing Chains Dissertation for the Acquisition of the Academic Degree Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften (Dr. agr.) Submitted to the Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences of the University of Kassel By Emmanuel Wokulira Miyingo Witzenhausen, Feb 2020 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde vom Fachbereich für Ökologische Agrarwissenschaften, Fachgebiet Agrartechnik der Universität Kassel als Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen „Grades Doktor der Agrarwissenschaften“ angenommen. Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 30.09.2020 Erster Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel Zweiter Gutachter: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Hofacker Mündliche Prüfer: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Hofacker Prof. Dr. Claudia Neu Dr. Christian Hülsebusch This work was fully supported by RELOAD project on Reduction of Post-Harvest Losses and Value Addition in East African Food Value Chains (www.reload-globe.net) with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Grant Number: 031A247A. This support is exceedingly appreciated. DOI: 10.17170/kobra-202010282022 i Declaration I, Emmanuel Wokulira Miyingo, give assurance that I completed this dissertation independently without prohibited assistance of third parties or aids other than those identified in this dissertation. All passages that are drawn from published or unpublished writings, either word-for-word or in paraphrase, have been clearly identified as such. Third parties were not involved in the drafting of the content of this dissertation; most specifically, I did not employ the assistance of a dissertation advisor. No part of this thesis has been used in another doctoral or tenure process. Signed Date 9th October 2020 Emmanuel Wokulira Miyingo © Emmanuel Wokulira Miyingo ii Dedication To my mother Ms. Catherine Nabukenya (RIP), my father Mr. Joseph Kaggwa (RIP), my family, and anyone out there interested in practical engineering and the “education” of Africa’s child. iii Acknowledgement My heartfelt thanks and gratitude go to my supervisors: Prof. Dr. Oliver Hensel and Prof. Dr. habil. Barbara Sturm for the constructive criticisms, suggestions, guidance, tolerance, dedication, and encouragement extended to me right from the research proposal development to the point of having this research completed and documented. You have been immensely important to me during this undertaking, which involved travelling between Germany and Uganda, and you showed support whatever the circumstance. I thank Mr. Michael Hesse, University of Kassel for his tireless effort throughout the research period, thesis submission, and evaluation. He did a lot of coordination, organizing my regular travels, procurement and shipment of equipment to Uganda, and several other interventions, sometimes on short notice. He did an amazing job. I am exceedingly indebted to my family, friends, and colleagues at Makerere University and University of Kassel without mentioning names because the list is endless. Their support, academically, materially, and morally was immeasurable, without which my endeavors would have been fruitless. Special thanks to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Hofacker, University of Konstanz who accepted to assess my dissertation, and Prof. Dr. Claudia Neu, and Dr. Christian Hülsebusch for having honored my oral examination by attending and giving feedback. I extend my gratitude to the RELOAD (Reduction of Post-Harvest Losses and Value Addition in East African Food Value Chains) Project with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Grant Number: 031A247A who funded this work, without which, completing it would have been impossible. Lastly, I would like to thank all the stakeholders involved in this research especially the pineapple processors who granted access to their premises, interacted with my assistants and I, and provided supportive information to make the exercise a success. To all those whom I might have not mentioned; a big thank you, and I strongly believe in what Sir Isaac Newton said: “If I have seen further, it is by standing upon the shoulders of Giants”. Indeed, I had to stand on many of your shoulders in order to attain this milestone. iv Table of Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Problem Statement ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Objectives .................................................................................................................................... 6 1.3.1 General objective ................................................................................................................. 6 1.3.2 Specific objectives ............................................................................................................... 6 1.4 Research Questions .................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Summary of Methodology and Structure .................................................................................. 7 1.5.1 Summary of the methodology ............................................................................................. 7 1.5.2 Structure of the dissertation ................................................................................................ 8 2 Literature Review .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.1 Food Losses and Waste, and their Causes ................................................................................ 9 2.1.1 General overview of food losses and waste, and their causes .......................................... 9 2.1.2 Food losses and waste, and their causes in Uganda ........................................................ 10 2.2 Food Loss and Waste Reduction ............................................................................................. 10 2.2.1 General overview of food losses and waste reduction .................................................... 10 2.2.2 Reduction of food losses and wastage in Uganda ........................................................... 11 2.3 Energy Requirement in Food Processing ................................................................................ 13 2.3.1 General background on energy and its role in food processing ...................................... 13 2.3.2 Renewable energy in food processing .............................................................................. 16 2.3.3 Energy in food processing in Uganda .............................................................................. 17 2.4 The Role of the Fruits Sub-Sector and Related Challenges in Uganda ................................ 20 2.5 Pineapple Processing Methods in Central Uganda ................................................................. 22 2.5.1. Drying ................................................................................................................................ 23 v 2.5.2 Munaanansi making ........................................................................................................... 25 2.5.3 Winemaking ....................................................................................................................... 26 2.5.4 Fruit juice making .............................................................................................................. 27 2.6 Consequences of Fruit Processing ........................................................................................... 27 2.7 Simulation and Optimization in Design and Implementation of Systems ............................ 29 2.7.1 Simulation .......................................................................................................................... 30 2.7.2 Optimization....................................................................................................................... 30 2.8 Evaluation and Assessment Framework for Processing Lines .............................................. 31 3 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................................... 33 3.1 Study Area and Equipment Used ............................................................................................. 33 3.1.1 Study area ........................................................................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Equipment used.................................................................................................................. 34 3.2 Pineapple Drying ...................................................................................................................... 35 3.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 35 3.2.2 Fruit drying company in Kasangati, Wakiso District (S01)............................................ 36 3.2.3 Fruit drying company in Kawempe, Kampala District (S02) ......................................... 40 3.2.4 Fruit drying cooperative in Kangulumira,