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Knowledge Is Power AMAGEZI MURRO - KNOWLEDGE IS POWER A case study on the start-up of a community radio station in Western Uganda Heleen D’Haens 10850856 [email protected] University of Amsterdam Master in Journalism and Media August 2016 prof.dr. M.J.P. Deuze Preface. A word of thanks. At the end of my academic career, at least for the time being, there are many people I want to thank. First, with regard to this project, my gratitude goes out to professor Mark Deuze, for his expertise, his academic guidance, and his pertinent feedback. Thanks to his accommodating and accessible style of supervision, I was able to finish the thesis within a reasonable amount of time, despite combining the writing process with my work in journalism. Furthermore, I thank all the other professors and teachers who crossed my path in the course of the past two years. They have urged me to think critically, which is of invaluable importance, in journalism as well as in life. Second, I am grateful to all the people involved with MMU Radio. To Ivo, Dirk, Jeroen and Eline, who accommodated me with the first stages of this study. To the people at MMU, who gave me the warmest welcome anyone could hope for. I thank Mozes, Andrew, and Gilbert, as well as all the volunteers I have interviewed for their time and their enthusiasm about my presence on campus, and about my research. I hope the conclusions in study will be of value for MMU Radio, a project I know many of you have put your heart and soul into. Thanks also to Erik, Violet, Steven, John, and the other people I have at some point shared an office with on the beautiful Saaka campus. Not a day went by that I was not offered a cup of tea, some cassava chips, or a peace of delicious chapati. This welcoming atmosphere warmed my heart, and made my time in Fort Portal all the more delightful. Lastly, and most prominently, I want to thank my family. My parents, my grandparents, and my sisters, for their endless support, both academically and personally. Having lived abroad for two years now, I cherish the moments we spend together even more. Being able to come home to people who are understanding and supportive of all the decisions I make, however ambitious, or even inconvenient, is something that I cannot be more grateful for. Without such a finely-woven safety net in Hofstade, making the jump to Amsterdam would not have been as self-evident and carefree as it was. Every next step I will take, in my career and in personal life, will be thanks to the values that you have taught me, most specifically to the common idea that that keeps influencing all of our very different paths, that nothing is ever too ambitious. 2 Table of contents PREFACE. A WORD OF THANKS. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 1 INTRODUCTION 4 2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUNDS 6 2.1 COMMUNITY RADIO 6 2.1.1 TOWARDS A DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY RADIO 6 2.1.2 MODELS FOR COMMUNITY RADIO 7 2.1.3 COMMUNITY RADIO IN AFRICA 9 2.2 ‘AFRICAN JOURNALISM’ 11 2.2.1 IS THERE SUCH A THING AS AFRICAN JOURNALISM? 11 2.3 THE UGANDAN MEDIA LANDSCAPE 13 2.3.1 A SHORT HISTORY 13 2.3.2 LEGISLATION AND PRESS FREEDOM UNDER PRESIDENT YOWERI MUSEVENI 14 2.3.3 COMMUNITY RADIO IN UGANDA 15 2.3.4 THE MEDIA SITUATION IN THE RWENZORI REGION 16 3 METHODS OF RESEARCH 17 3.1 CASE SELECTION 17 3.2 RESEARCH APPROACH 18 3.3 DATA GATHERING 19 3.4 DATA ANALYSIS 20 4 RESEARCH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 22 4.1 THE START OF MMU RADIO: IDEAS, DREAMS AND AMBITIONS 22 4.2 COMMUNITY RADIO? 23 4.2.1 WHO DOES MMU RADIO TARGET? 24 4.2.2 THE FINANCIAL MODEL OF MMU RADIO 25 4.2.3 THE MANAGEMENT OF MMU RADIO 27 4.2.4 FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS: HOW DOES MMU RADIO HELP THE COMMUNITY? 30 4.2.5 DISCUSSION: IS MMU RADIO A COMMUNITY RADIO STATION? 36 4.3 A BELGIAN PROJECT IN UGANDA 37 4.3.1 FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTIONS 38 4.3.2 PROGRAM CONTENT 39 4.3.3 VOLUNTEER TRAINING 41 4.3.4 DISCUSSION: A FLEMISH STAMP ON MMU RADIO? 43 4.4 MMU RADIO WITHIN THE UGANDAN MEDIA CONTEXT 45 4.4.1 LICENSING OF FM RADIO 45 4.4.2 PRESS FREEDOM 47 4.4.3 CHALLENGES FOR MMU RADIO AS A COMMUNITY RADIO STATION IN UGANDA 50 5 CONCLUSION 52 APPENDICES 56 BIBLIOGRAPHY 65 3 1 Introduction This thesis is a part of Beyond Journalism, a research project into various aspects of journalistic start- ups worldwide. It describes MMU Radio, a community radio (CR) station founded in 2014 by the Mountains of the Moon University (MMU) in Fort Portal, in the Rwenzori region in the West of Uganda. The radio project is supported, both financially and logistically, by several Flemish education institutions that collaborate with MMU. As a journalistic start-up, MMU Radio is hardly comparable with many of the other projects studied in Beyond Journalism. It does not have a particularly innovative business plan, nor does it have a radical, new way of looking at journalistic practice. However, it is a very interesting start-up in many other ways. On a micro-level, the start-up of MMU Radio lays bare many of the challenges that media organizations in East Africa struggle with, ranging from financial difficulties to content restrictions as a consequence of limited press freedom. Calling itself a community radio station, MMU Radio imposes upon itself a number of expectations. Many important institutions in third-world development, including UNESCO, describe CR as an outstanding way to give “ordinary people” access to information, resulting in them “[casting] off their traditional state of apathy and [stimulating] them to mobilize and organize to help themselves” (Fraser and Estrada, “CR Handbook” 1). Judging on the many canvassing folders these organizations have published promoting CR, the medium almost seems to be the Holy Grail in fighting underdevelopment. The problem with much of the existing literature on CR, is that it all to often focuses on normative restrictions, enforced by leading organizations such as World Association of Community Broadcasters (AMARC) and UNESCO. For example, in the strictest definitions of CR, a station has to be owned by the community itself, and cannot gain profit from advertising. Many scholars (for example Mtimde and Opuku-Mensah) have focused on how CR stations meet these conditions, on how they are organized with regard to management and financing, rather than looking at optimal ways for them to function within society. For a long time, discussions on form overclouded discussions on content. The problem with these normative restrictions, is that they are barely founded in empirical research. That is why in the last decade, a body of literature on CR has emerged that opposes these blind restrictions, and pleads for more empirical studies on CR stations to assess the legitimacy of the restrictions for CR formulated in normative literature (see, for example Fairchild, Conrad, and Berger). According to these authors, it is especially important that these empirical studies take into consideration the local context of every station specifically. Conrad, for example, argues that “conceptualizations of community media being owned by the people, derived from the scholarship of 4 communication and development studies, is largely not applicable in East Africa” (“Lost in the shadows…” 156). This study aims to be an addition to the latter, descriptive tradition of literature on CR. Setting the start-up of MMU Radio alongside traditional, normative visions of what CR should be, the study critically questions both those traditional visions, and the structure of MMU Radio itself. A final step in the study is to formulate recommendations for MMU Radio specifically, taking into account the environment and the media landscape in which the station will be operating, in order to increase the project’s chance of being successful, and achieving its goal of informing and emancipating rural communities in Fort Portal. The paper starts with a theoretical backgrounds section, followed by a description of the research and analysis methodology that has been used. Chapter four is an overview of the research results, followed by a conclusion and recommendations for MMU Radio in chapter five. 5 2 Theoretical backgrounds In this chapter, we set out a theoretical base for discussing the research goals formulated above, covering the themes that are most relevant for the study of the startup of MMU Radio. First, we have a look at existing literature on CR, considering both normative and descriptive approaches of the phenomenon. Second, in order to better understand the impact of a cooperation with Flemish institutions on a journalistic project, we look at the concepts ‘African’ and ‘Western’ journalism. Third, we give a sketch of the media landscape of which MMU Radio is a part, looking at Uganda in general, and at the Rwenzori region specifically. 2.1 Community radio 2.1.1 Towards a definition of community radio In their leading handbook, Fraser and Estrada boil down the notion of CR to the catchy phrase “radio by the people and for the people” (“CR Handbook” 4). That is probably as close as we can get to a single definition of a phenomenon that is as wide-spread and varied as CR, as it includes the two notions often considered essential for a radio station to be considered CR: it is managed by the community, and serves that same community (Ibid.).
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