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School, Sport and Inequality

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School, Sport and Inequality Racing to Class: School, sport and inequality By Kirsten Hextrum A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Lisa García Bedolla, Chair Professor Zeus Leonardo Professor Raka Ray Spring 2017 ©Copyright 2017 Kirsten Hextrum Abstract Racing to class: School, sport, and inequality by Kirsten Hextrum Doctor of Philosophy in Education University of California, Berkeley Professor Lisa García Bedolla, Chair College sport is a uniquely American phenomenon in which participants must split their time, energy, and devotion between two institutions: school and sport. In recent years, the institution faced legal threats and possible player unionization. The research informing these efforts assumes that sports are entertainment based and therefore non-educational (Sperber, 2000; Ingrassia, 2012). Yet framing the conflict for student athletes and schools as education versus entertainment leads to a narrow set of proposed reforms such as paying athletes or eliminating sports (Bowen, 2014; Smith, 2011; Wilbon, 2011). Using participants who are free from commercial pressures—male and female Olympic sport student athletes—this research asks: How do social structures such as race, class, and gender shape student athletes’ ability to negotiate the competing demands of sport and school? To address this question, this year-long qualitative study used multiple sources of data including in-depth interviews and time diaries with student athletes, interviews with academic advisors, and tutors, and various institutional measures. Research and analysis was guided by theories of social reproduction theory and intersectionality. By moving away from an economic-centric analysis of college sport I unveil how the struggles facing student athletes cannot be solved through employee status. Instead it reveals that in the current context of U.S. higher education, school and sport are fundamentally structured to conflict along central areas of college student life: requirements, availability, and legibility. The institutional make-up and legal support of college sport disguises the conflict present and individualizes the resulting educational problems for athletes to navigate on their own. Even athletes with robust economic and social resources struggle to achieve success in both school and sport simultaneously. 1 Table of Contents TERMS USED THROUGHOUT THE DISSERTATION ................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................ VI PART I: INTRODUCTION: CONTEXT, THEORY, AND METHODS .............................................. 1 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 OLYMPIC SPORTS: “QUALITY” EDUCATION FOR ATHLETES..................................................................... 3 STRUCTURE OF DISSERTATION AND MAIN FINDINGS ............................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 2: HISTORY AND CONTEXT OF COLLEGE SPORT .................................................... 9 HISTORICAL CONTEXT .............................................................................................................................. 9 Origin of School Sports ......................................................................................................................... 9 Origin of White Sports ........................................................................................................................ 12 Origin of Male Sports ......................................................................................................................... 14 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS: SOCIAL REPRODUCTION AND INTERSECTIONALITY ............................... 15 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 19 Components of Social Reproduction ................................................................................................... 19 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................ 26 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY..................................................................................................................... 27 Recruitment and Participant Pool ...................................................................................................... 32 Table 2.1. Counts of Study Participants and Materials ............................................................................................... 33 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 34 Limitations .......................................................................................................................................... 35 PART II: REPRODUCING SPORTS STARS ....................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 3: THE SPORTS-TRACK-TO-COLLEGE: COMMUNITY ACCESS .......................... 38 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 38 GEOGRAPHIC AND REGIONAL DIFFERENCES .......................................................................................... 40 Table 3.1. States with Top Number of Rowing Clubs................................................................................................. 42 Community Wealth .............................................................................................................................. 45 Table 3.2. Family Median Income Comparison Across Student Populations ............................................................. 47 INSTITUTIONAL ACCESS AND BARRIERS ................................................................................................. 48 Access Through Recreational Sports .................................................................................................. 49 Access Through Club Sports ............................................................................................................... 52 Access Through Private Coaching ...................................................................................................... 57 Access Through School Sports ............................................................................................................ 58 Additional Access: The Gap year........................................................................................................ 60 TIME......................................................................................................................................................... 62 Table 3.3. Sports Time Commitment, Prior to College ............................................................................................... 63 CONCLUSION: REPRODUCING INEQUALITY THROUGH COMMUNITY ACCESS ........................................ 69 CHAPTER 4: THE SPORTS-TRACK-TO-COLLEGE: SOCIAL ACCESS ..................................... 71 INTRODUCTION: HOW SOCIAL ACCESS WINS A COLLEGE ROSTER SPOT ............................................... 71 COLLEGE ATHLETIC RECRUITMENT ........................................................................................................ 73 SOCIAL ACCESS WITHIN THE HOME: FAMILY......................................................................................... 77 Table 4.1. Representation of Family View Towards Sport ......................................................................................... 78 Disinterested ....................................................................................................................................... 80 Committed ........................................................................................................................................... 82 Sports-Track-to-College...................................................................................................................... 85 SOCIAL ACCESS WITHIN SPORT .............................................................................................................. 91 i Social Access in Sports: Coaches and Teammates ............................................................................. 94 ENACTING KNOWLEDGE: NAVIGATING THE RECRUITING PROCESS ....................................................... 98 CHAPTER 5: THE SPORTS-TRACK-TO-COLLEGE: MERITOCRATIC IDEOLOGY ............ 105 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................... 105 SPORT SELECTION PROCESS: BODIES DETERMINE ATHLETIC ABILITY ................................................ 108 INTERACTION WITH SOCIAL ACTORS: PEERS, PARENTS, AND COACHES................................................ 113 ASSESSMENT IN SPORTS: “OBJECTIVE” MEASURES DETERMINE ATHLETIC SUCCESS ........................... 116 COMPETITION ........................................................................................................................................ 119 THE PROBLEM WITH HARD WORK AND NATURAL ABILITY ................................................................
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