DOCSLIB.ORG

Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31,2009

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31,2009 JACKSON COUNTY, MICHIGAN Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31,2009 Prepared by: Randall W. Treacher, County Administrator/Controller Gerard Cyrocki, CPA Finance Officer Jackson County, Michigan Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY SECTION Letter of Transmittal i-v List of County Officials vi Organizational Chart vii Certificate of Achievement viii FINANCIAL SECTION INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT ix-x MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS xi-xxi BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Government-wide Financial Statements Statement of Net Assets 1 Statement of Activities 2 Fund Financial Statements Governmental Funds Balance Sheet 3-4 Reconciliation of the Governmental Funds Balance Sheet to the Statement of Net Assets 5 Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances - Governmental Funds 6-7 Reconciliation of the Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances of Governmental Funds to the Statement of Activities 8 Statement of Net Assets - Proprietary Funds 9-10 Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund Net Assets - Proprietary Funds 11-12 Statement of Cash Flows - Proprietary Funds 13-16 Statement of Net Assets - Fiduciary Funds 17 Statement of Changes in Fiduciary Net Assets 18 Combining Statement of Net Assets - Component Units 19-20 Statement of Activities - Component Units 21 Notes to Financial Statements 22-56 REQUIRED SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION GENERAL FUND Budgetary Comparison Schedule - Revenues and Other Financing Sources 57-58 Budgetary Comparison Schedule - Expenditures and Other Financing Uses by Activity 59-60 JAIL MILLAGE FUND Budgetary Comparison Schedule 61 MEDICAL CARE FACILITY MAINTENANCE OF EFFORT FUND Budgetary Comparison Schedule 62 GASB REQUIRED SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Schedule of Funding Progress 63 Schedule of Employer Contributions 64 Notes to Required Supplementary Information 65-66 Jackson County, Michigan Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONTINUED FINANCIAL SECTION - CONCLUDED OTHER SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Combining Balance Sheet - Nonmajor Governmental Funds 67-73 Combining Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances - Nonmajor Governmental Funds 74-80 Schedule of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances by Fund - Budget and Actual - Nonmajor Special Revenue Funds 81-94 Combining Statement of Net Assets - Nonmajor Enterprise Funds 95 Combining Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund Net Assets - Nonmajor Enterprise Funds 96 Combining Statement of Cash Flows - Nonmajor Enterprise Funds 97 Combining Statement of Net Assets - Internal Service Funds 98 Combining Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund Net Assets - Internal Service Funds 99 Combining Statement of Cash Flows - Internal Service Funds 100 Combining Statement of Fiduciary Assets and Liabilities - Agency Funds 101-102 Combining Statement of Changes in Assets and Liabilities - Agency Funds 103-104 Combining Statement of Fiduciary Net Assets - Pension and Employee Benefit Trust Funds 105 Combining Statement of Changes in Fiduciary Net Assets - Pension and Employee Benefit Trust Funds 106 COMPONENT UNIT FUNDS LAND BANK AUTHORITY Statement of Net Assets 107 Statement of Revenues, Expenses, and Changes in Fund Net Assets 108 Statement of Cash Flows 109 DRAINAGE DISTRICTS Combining Balance Sheet and Statement of Net Assets 110-113 Reconciliation of the Combining Balance Sheet to the Statement of Net Assets 114 Combining Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances and Statement of Activities 115-118 Reconciliation of the Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances of Governmental Funds to the Statement of Activities 119 BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY Balance Sheet and Statement of Net Assets 120 Reconciliation of the Combining Balance Sheet to the Statement of Net Assets 121 Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances and Statement of Activities 122 Jackson County, Michigan Comprehensive Annual Financial Report Year Ended December 31, 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS - CONCLUDED COMPONENT UNIT FUNDS - CONCLUDED BOARD OF PUBLIC WORKS Combining Balance Sheet and Statement of Net Assets 123-126 Reconciliation of the Combining Balance Sheet to the Statement of Net Assets 127 Combining Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances and Statement of Activities 128-131 Reconciliation of the Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balances of Governmental Funds to the Statement of Activities 132 STATISTICAL SECTION (UNAUDITED) MULTI-YEAR AND OTHER FINANCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC INFORMATION Net Assets by Component 133 Changes in Net Assets 134-135 Fund Balances - Governmental Funds 136 Changes in Fund Balances - Governmental Funds 137 Changes in Fund Balances - General Fund 138 Assessed Taxable Property/State Equalized Value 139 Direct and Overlapping Property Tax Rates 140 Principal Property Tax Payers 141 Property Tax Levies and Collections 142 Ratios of Outstanding Debt by Type 143 Computation of Net Direct and Overlapping Debt 144 Legal Debt Margin 145 Demographic and Economic Statistics 146 Principal Employers 147 Full Time Equivalent County Employees by Function/Program 148 Operating Indicators by Function/Program 149 Capital Asset Statistics by Function/Program 150 SINGLE AUDIT SECTION REPORT ON COMPLIANCE WITH REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO EACH MAJOR PROGRAM AND ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER COMPLIANCE IN ACCORDANCE WITH OMB CIRCULAR A-133 151-152 Schedule of Expenditures of Federal Awards 153-160 Notes to Schedule of Expenditures of Federal Awards 161-162 REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING AND ON COMPLIANCE AND OTHER MATTERS BASED ON AN AUDIT OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS PERFORMED IN ACCORDANCE WITH GOVERNMENT AUDITING STANDARDS 163-164 SCHEDULE OF FINDINGS 165-170 SUMMARY SCHEDULE OF PRIOR YEAR AUDIT FINDINGS 171 INTRODUCTORY SECTION June 30, 2010 To the Board of Commissioners and the Citizens of Jackson County: Transmitted herein is Jackson County's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009. Jackson County's financial reporting requirements are mandated by Michigan Act 2 of the Public Acts of 1968, as amended. This Act requires that Jackson County issue an annual financial report, and that this report be audited by certified public accountants. This report consists of management's representation concerning the finances of Jackson County. Consequently, management assumes full responsibility for the completeness and reliability of all the information presented in this report. To provide a reasonable basis for making these representations, management has established a comprehensive internal control framework that is designed both to protect the government's assets from loss, theft, or misuse and to compile sufficient reliable information for the preparation of Jackson County's financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Because the cost of internal controls should not outweigh their benefits, our framework of internal controls has been designed to provide reasonable rather the absolute assurance that the financial statements will be free from material misstatement. As management, we assert that, to the best of our knowledge and belief, this financial report is complete and reliable in all material respects. Jackson County's financial statements have been audited by Abraham & Gaffney, a firm of licensed, certified public accountants. The goal of the independent audit was to provide reasonable assurance that the financial statements of Jackson County for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2009 are free of material misstatement. The independent audit involved examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements; assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management; and evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. The independent auditor concluded, based upon the audit, that there was a reasonable basis for rendering an unqualified opinion that Jackson County's financial statements for the fiscal year ended December 31,2009, are fairly presented in conformity with GAAP. The independent auditor's report is presented as the first component of the financial section of this report. The County is required to undergo an annual single audit in conformity with the provisions of the Single Audit Act Amendments of 1996 and u.S. Office of Management and Budget Circular A- 133, Audits of States, Local Governments and Non-Profit Organizations. GAAP require that management provide a narrative introduction, overview, and analysis to accompany the basic financial statements in the form of Management's Discussion and Analysis (MD&A). This letter of transmittal is designed to complement MD&A and should be read in conjunction with it. Jackson County's MD& A can be found immediately following the report of the independent auditors. - i - PROFILE OF JACKSON COUNTY GOVERNMENT Jackson County, 707 miles square and with a current population of just over 160,000, is located in the south-central portion of Michigan's Lower Peninsula. The County was incorporated on August 1, 1832. Jackson County is governed by a twelve-member Board of Commissioners. Each Commissioner is elected on a partisan basis for terms of two years from single-member districts. The board annually elects
Load more

Recommended publications
  • PROCEEDINGS of the 120TH NATIONAL CONVENTION of the VETERANS of FOREIGN WARS of the UNITED STATES
    116th Congress, 2d Session House Document 116–165 PROCEEDINGS of the 120TH NATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES (SUMMARY OF MINUTES) Orlando, Florida ::: July 20 – 24, 2019 116th Congress, 2d Session – – – – – – – – – – – – – House Document 116–165 THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 120TH NATIONAL CON- VENTION OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES COMMUNICATION FROM THE ADJUTANT GENERAL, THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES TRANSMITTING THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE 120TH NATIONAL CONVENTION OF THE VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES, HELD IN ORLANDO, FLORIDA: JULY 20–24, 2019, PURSUANT TO 44 U.S.C. 1332; (PUBLIC LAW 90–620 (AS AMENDED BY PUBLIC LAW 105–225, SEC. 3); (112 STAT. 1498) NOVEMBER 12, 2020.—Referred to the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs and ordered to be printed U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE 40–535 WASHINGTON : 2020 U.S. CODE, TITLE 44, SECTION 1332 NATIONAL ENCAMPMENTS OF VETERANS’ ORGANIZATIONS; PROCEEDINGS PRINTED ANNUALLY FOR CONGRESS The proceedings of the national encampments of the United Spanish War Veterans, the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States, the American Legion, the Military Order of the Purple Heart, the Veterans of World War I of the United States, Incorporated, the Disabled American Veterans, and the AMVETS (American Veterans of World War II), respectively, shall be printed annually, with accompanying illustrations, as separate House documents of the session of the Congress to which they may be submitted. [Approved October 2, 1968.] ii LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL VETERANS OF FOREIGN WARS OF THE UNITED STATES KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI September, 2020 Honorable Nancy Pelosi The Speaker U.
    [Show full text]
  • Program AALS Supporters
    AALS.ORG/AM2017 #AALS2017 Program AALS Supporters Sustaining ($50,000 and above) Gold ($7,500 – $14,999) Access Group ABA Section of Legal Education and Law School Admission Council* Admissions to the Bar* West Academic Bloomberg Law* Carolina Academic Press* Lawdragon* Platinum ($15,000 – $49,999) Arnold & Porter Silver ($3,000 – $7,499) Covington & Burling Cravath Complete Equity Markets* K&L Gates Diablo Custom Publishing* Microsoft* The Froebe Group* National Association for Law Placement O’Melveny & Myers Bronze ($1,000 – $2,999) Paul Weiss Proskauer Boston University School of Law* Sidley Austin Clorox Starbucks iLaw* Sullivan & Cromwell The John Marshall Law School* Wachtell Santa Clara University School of Law* Williams & Connolly Stanford Law School* WilmerHale Texas Tech University School of Law* University of California, Hastings College of Law* University of Washington School of Law* University of Nevada, Las Vegas, William S. Boyd School of Law* William S. Hein, Co., Inc.* iLaw * 2017 Annual Meeting Sponsor 111th Annual Meeting WHY LAW MATTERS Tuesday, January 3 – Saturday, January 7, 2017 Hilton San Francisco Union Square | Parc 55 San Francisco – a Hilton Hotel aals.org/am2017 | #aals2017 Welcome to San Francisco for the 111th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Law Schools We are pleased to welcome you to San Francisco for the 111th Annual Meeting of the Association of American Law Schools. Our dynamic, vibrant schedule of programs has been planned to offer valuable information and professional development no matter where you are in your career. Our slate of events, formal and informal, and other opportunities will provide time to connect with colleagues from around the country.
    [Show full text]
  • BROKEN PROMISES: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans
    U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS BROKEN PROMISES: Continuing Federal Funding Shortfall for Native Americans BRIEFING REPORT U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS Washington, DC 20425 Official Business DECEMBER 2018 Penalty for Private Use $300 Visit us on the Web: www.usccr.gov U.S. COMMISSION ON CIVIL RIGHTS MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is an independent, Catherine E. Lhamon, Chairperson bipartisan agency established by Congress in 1957. It is Patricia Timmons-Goodson, Vice Chairperson directed to: Debo P. Adegbile Gail L. Heriot • Investigate complaints alleging that citizens are Peter N. Kirsanow being deprived of their right to vote by reason of their David Kladney race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national Karen Narasaki origin, or by reason of fraudulent practices. Michael Yaki • Study and collect information relating to discrimination or a denial of equal protection of the laws under the Constitution Mauro Morales, Staff Director because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin, or in the administration of justice. • Appraise federal laws and policies with respect to U.S. Commission on Civil Rights discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws 1331 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW because of race, color, religion, sex, age, disability, or Washington, DC 20425 national origin, or in the administration of justice. (202) 376-8128 voice • Serve as a national clearinghouse for information TTY Relay: 711 in respect to discrimination or denial of equal protection of the laws because of race, color, www.usccr.gov religion, sex, age, disability, or national origin. • Submit reports, findings, and recommendations to the President and Congress.
    [Show full text]
  • The BG News September 22, 1995
    Bowling Green State University ScholarWorks@BGSU BG News (Student Newspaper) University Publications 9-22-1995 The BG News September 22, 1995 Bowling Green State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news Recommended Citation Bowling Green State University, "The BG News September 22, 1995" (1995). BG News (Student Newspaper). 5887. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/bg-news/5887 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 4.0 License. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the University Publications at ScholarWorks@BGSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in BG News (Student Newspaper) by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@BGSU. Kilt 9& flttirt // Celebrating 75 years of Excellence rr 1995 Inside the News Sports Opinion • Peiffer discusses the merits of prostitution 2 The Falcon football team has CantpUS • Councils sponsor Greek Week a score to settle with Central Michigan. State • Accused rapist arrested in Troy Page 7 Nation* "Kid dumping " becoming common NEWS Friday, September 22, 1995 Bowling Green, Ohio Volume H4, Issue 16 On the clock Police search Officer awaits expired meters for missing Juli Schackow The BG News out to make students' days horri- ble. mother, kids Working in Parking and Traf- "People think we are out to get fic may have its share of horror them," Rath said. Aaron Gray she believes James may have stories, but it also can be a great Actually, Rath said that he The BC News have coerced Kristina to go deal of fun, according to Robert takes it easy on students.
    [Show full text]
  • Grizzly Si Plifies Complex Obstacles Gets More Time to Gather Facts
    _ II~ range: TA 250 instructors help them- Volume 9 Number 10 Published in the interest of the personnel at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri Thursday, March 7, 1996 Home on the - ------------------ selves to a new shelter. See page 3A ----------------- -- BRAC on track Luncheon features Ann Crossley Q Maneuver Support struction facilities, NCO academy The Officers and Civilians Center transformation accommodations, range modifica- Women's Club luncheon fea- tions and housing conversions. turing Ann Crossley, author of proceeding smoothly "We're adequately funded for the 'Army Wives Handbook," the design of all projects and have is on March 21, 11:30 a.m., By Jacqueline Guthrie been approved for construction," not March 12 as previously pub- ESSAYONS Staff he added. Contractors will start lished. See complete story on breaking ground early next year. page lB. Fort Leonard Wood is well on "We also have a very solid start- its way to becoming the Maneuver up on the environmental impact Joint Endeavor troops Support Center as the Base Re- statement," Johnson said. This get tax extension alignment and Closure statement is part of the legal re- The Internal Revenue Ser- Commission transition office here quirements of the National vice has granted an automatic celebrate its one-year anniversary. Environmental Policy Act of 1969 extension to Dec. 15 to file The BRAC team has the job of that requires all federal agencies 1995 Federal Income Tax Re- moving of the Military Police and to complete one for activities that turns to soldiers serving in Chemical Schools from Fort could affect the environment. Operation Joint Endeavor on McClellan, Ala., to Fort Leonard Officials began preparing the in- or after March 15.
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. IDgher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & HoweU Information Compaiy 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 OUTSIDE THE LINES: THE AFRICAN AMERICAN STRUGGLE TO PARTICIPATE IN PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL, 1904-1962 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State U niversity By Charles Kenyatta Ross, B.A., M.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Class with Andrea Martin: Selected Filmography 1 the Higher
    Master Class with Andrea Martin: Selected Filmography The Higher Learning staff curate digital resource packages to complement and offer further context to the topics and themes discussed during the various Higher Learning events held at TIFF Bell Lightbox. These filmographies, bibliographies, and additional resources include works directly related to guest speakers’ work and careers, and provide additional inspirations and topics to consider; these materials are meant to serve as a jumping-off point for further research. Please refer to the event video to see how topics and themes relate to the Higher Learning event. Films and Television Series mentioned or discussed during the Master Class 8½. Dir. Federico Fellini, 1963, Italy and France. 138 mins. Production Co.: Cineriz / Francinex. American Dad! (2005-2012). 7 seasons, 133 episodes. Creators: Seth MacFarlane, Mike Barker, and Matt Weitzman. U.S.A. Originally aired on Fox. 20th Century Fox Television / Atlantic Creative / Fuzzy Door Productions / Underdog Productions. Auntie Mame. Dir. Morton DaCosta, 1958, U.S.A. 143 mins. Production Co.: Warner Bros. Pictures. Breaking Upwards. Dir. Daryl Wein, 2009, U.S.A. 88mins. Production Co.: Daryl Wein Films. Bridesmaids. Dir. Paul Feig, 2011, U.S.A. 125 mins. Production Co.: Universal Pictures / Relativity Media / Apatow Productions. Cannibal Girls. Dir. Ivan Reitman, 1973, Canada. 84 mins. Production Co.: Scary Pictures Productions. The Cleveland Show (2009-2012). 3 seasons, 65 episodes. Creators: Richard Appel, Seth MacFarlane, and Mike Henry. U.S.A. Originally aired on Fox. Production Co.: Persons Unknown Productions / Happy Jack Productions / Fuzzy Door Productions / 20th Century Fox Television. Club Paradise. Dir. Harold Ramis, 1986, U.S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Racing, Region, and the Environment: a History of American Motorsports
    RACING, REGION, AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A HISTORY OF AMERICAN MOTORSPORTS By DANIEL J. SIMONE A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Daniel J. Simone 2 To Michael and Tessa 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A driver fails without the support of a solid team, and I thank my friends, who supported me lap-after-lap. I learned a great deal from my advisor Jack Davis, who when he was not providing helpful feedback on my work, was always willing to toss the baseball around in the park. I must also thank committee members Sean Adams, Betty Smocovitis, Stephen Perz, Paul Ortiz, and Richard Crepeau as well as University of Florida faculty members Michael Bowen, Juliana Barr, Stephen Noll, Joseph Spillane, and Bill Link. I respect them very much and enjoyed working with them during my time in Gainesville. I also owe many thanks to Dr. Julian Pleasants, Director Emeritus of the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program, and I could not have finished my project without the encouragement provided by Roberta Peacock. I also thank the staff of the Samuel Proctor Oral History Program. Finally, I will always be grateful for the support of David Danbom, Claire Strom, Jim Norris, Mark Harvey, and Larry Peterson, my former mentors at North Dakota State University. A call must go out to Tom Schmeh at the National Sprint Car Hall of Fame, Suzanne Wise at the Appalachian State University Stock Car Collection, Mark Steigerwald and Bill Green at the International Motor Racing Resource Center in Watkins Glen, New York, and Joanna Schroeder at the (former) Ethanol Promotion and Information Council (EPIC).
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of STREET GANGS in the UNITED STATES By: James C
    Bureau of Justice Assistance U.S. Department of Justice NATIO N AL GA ng CE N TER BULLETI N No. 4 May 2010 HISTORY OF STREET GANGS IN THE UNITED STATES By: James C. Howell and John P. Moore Introduction The first active gangs in Western civilization were reported characteristics of gangs in their respective regions. by Pike (1873, pp. 276–277), a widely respected chronicler Therefore, an understanding of regional influences of British crime. He documented the existence of gangs of should help illuminate key features of gangs that operate highway robbers in England during the 17th century, and in these particular areas of the United States. he speculates that similar gangs might well have existed in our mother country much earlier, perhaps as early as Gang emergence in the Northeast and Midwest was the 14th or even the 12th century. But it does not appear fueled by immigration and poverty, first by two waves that these gangs had the features of modern-day, serious of poor, largely white families from Europe. Seeking a street gangs.1 More structured gangs did not appear better life, the early immigrant groups mainly settled in until the early 1600s, when London was “terrorized by a urban areas and formed communities to join each other series of organized gangs calling themselves the Mims, in the economic struggle. Unfortunately, they had few Hectors, Bugles, Dead Boys … who found amusement in marketable skills. Difficulties in finding work and a place breaking windows, [and] demolishing taverns, [and they] to live and adjusting to urban life were equally common also fought pitched battles among themselves dressed among the European immigrants.
    [Show full text]
  • The Detroit Vol
    JULY 27-AUGUST 2, 1997 THE DETROIT VOL. 2 NO. 37 75 CENTS S unday Io u r n a l CONTINUING THE STRUGGLE FOR JUSTICE AND CONTRACTS ©TDSJ A SUNDAY JOURNAL EXCLUSIVE stated to MxfS". CRANCER she JOSEPHINE (Mrs. HOFFA) how sorry she was akcnXZ Hr. HOFFA'a i disappearance. Mrs. CRANCER was stunned by this telephone call JOSEPHINE PROVENZANO stated that her father was out in the yard Hi S i3 THE O H t / H o r s gardening so Mrs. CRANCER asked JOSEPHINE to give TONY PRO a message, "We want our father ba c k " . JOSEPHINE indicated she UJILL. R lF C /y ir p&nAHD AsH/Ll/a}) je message to her father. THE HCFFA FILES Suppressed FBI documents reveal a flurry of leads and new layers of intrigue By Michael Betzold down every possible lead in their Journal Staff Writer effort to find out what happened © Copyright 1997 Detroit Sunday Journal to Hoffa. Just the number of pages Secret FBI files on Jimmy demonstrates how extensive the Hoffa’s disappearance, long sup­investigation was: The files seen pressed by the federal govern­by the Journal total 1,704 pages - ment, have turned up 22 yearsand they cover only the first five after the legendary Teamsters months of the investigation. Many leader was reported missing. Andthousands of other pages also they show why investigatorsexist. never have been able to crack theYet, despite the massive federal case. investigation documented by The files, discovered in a filingthese files and a months-long cabinet and viewed by The Detroitgrand jury hearing, no one has Sunday Journal, show that FBIever been prosecuted for Hoffa’s investigators were confounded abductionby and apparent murder.
    [Show full text]
  • Our National Parks -- Overcrowded, Underfunded, and Besieged with a Myriad of Vexing Problems: How Can We Best Fund Our Imperiled National Park System?
    NATIONAL PARKS OUR NATIONAL PARKS -- OVERCROWDED, UNDERFUNDED, AND BESIEGED WITH A MYRIAD OF VEXING PROBLEMS: HOW CAN WE BEST FUND OUR IMPERILED NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM? RICHARD J. ANSSON, JR.[*] Copyright © 1996 Journal of Land Use & Environmental Law I. INTRODUCTION One hundred and twenty-six years ago, Congress established Yellowstone as this country's first national park.[1] By 1916, thirty-seven national parks had been established, and in that same year, Congress created the National Park Service to supervise and maintain these parks.[2] Congress mandated that the Park Service preserve each park's scenery, natural and historic objects, and wildlife for both present and future generations.[3] Since 1916, the national park system has grown to include over 376 units.[4] The National Park Service's holdings are remarkably diverse and include wilderness preserves, wild rivers, seashores, archaeological ruins, and historic sites.[5] Throughout this century, our national parks have come to embody and symbolize our country's rich cultural heritage. Our park system protects and preserves our historic and natural treasures. These parks encompass historic battlefields such as Gettysburg National Military Park and archaeological treasures such as Mesa Verde National Park. They encompass wild rivers such as the Buffalo National River and pristine seashores such as Gulf Islands National Seashore. In essence, our national parks have come to represent who we are as a nation and whence we came. Indeed, from the grandeur of El Capitan in Yosemite to the vastness of the Grand Canyon to the splendor of the Grand Tetons, our national parks epitomize the character of our nation and have come to embody the raw, unencumbered spirit of our youthful nation.
    [Show full text]
  • This Is a Test
    ‘LOVE’S CHRISTMAS JOURNEY’ CAST BIOS SEAN ASTIN (Mayor William Wayne) – Sean Astin is one of Hollywood's most respected young actors with a distinctive list of projects and credits. Astin starred as beloved Sam Gamgee in the Academy Award®-winning "The Lord of the Rings Trilogy." The three films have grossed over $3 billion worldwide and have entered the history books of classic cinema. Astin has just recently signed up for Nickelodeon‟s re-launch of “Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.” He will lend his voice to Raphael in the latest animated incarnation of the hugely successful franchise which premieres in fall 2012. Currently, he is lending his voice to Playhouse Disney‟s “Special Agent Oso.” Astin stars as a lovable, bumbling special agent-in-training who enlists viewers at home to help complete his missions. Premiering fall 2011, Astin heads an all star cast in “And They‟re Off,” an independent comedy about thoroughbred horseracing that also stars Kevin Nealon, Cheri Oteri and Martin Mull. Astin also has two other comedies in the can: “Stay Cool” about an older man‟s homecoming whose cast includes Winona Ryder, Chevy Chase, Hillary Duff and more, and “Demoted” in which Astin plays a mean-spirited prank whose victim becomes his boss. Adding to his seemingly boundless list of occupations, Astin released his acting memoir titled There and Back Again: An Actor's Tale. The book opened at #1 on the New York Times Best- seller list, putting him on the map as a true literary story-teller as well as the unabashed screen actor audiences fall in love with again and again.
    [Show full text]