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Southern Illinois University Carbondale OpenSIUC Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 8-1-2012 "Was Anyone Out There Watching Last Night?": The rC eation and Early History of New England Sport Network, 1980-1989 Tanya Lee Lovejoy Southern Illinois University Carbondale, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations Recommended Citation Lovejoy, Tanya Lee, ""Was Anyone Out There Watching Last Night?": The rC eation and Early History of New England Sport Network, 1980-1989" (2012). Dissertations. Paper 546. This Open Access Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at OpenSIUC. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of OpenSIUC. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “WAS ANYONE OUT THERE WATCHING LAST NIGHT?”: THE CREATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND SPORTS NETWORK, 1980-1989 by Tanya L. Lovejoy B.A., University of Southern Maine, 2001 M.A, San Francisco State University, 2006 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree Department of Mass Communication and Media Arts in the Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale August 2012 Copyright by Tanya L. Lovejoy, 2012 All Rights Reserved DISSERTATION APPROVAL “WAS ANYONE OUT THERE WATCHING LAST NIGHT?”: THE CREATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND SPORTS NETWORK, 1980-1989 by Tanya L. Lovejoy A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the field of Mass Communication and Media Arts Approved by: Dr. William Babcock, Chair Dr. William Freivogel Dr. Jacob Podber Dr. Deborah Tudor Dr. Bobbi Knapp Graduate School Southern Illinois University Carbondale April 25, 2012 AN ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION OF Tanya L. Lovejoy, for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in Mass Communication and Media Arts, presented on April 25, 2012, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: “WAS ANYONE OUT THERE WATCHING LAST NIGHT?”: THE CREATION AND EARLY HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND SPORTS NETWORK, 1980-1989 MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. William Babcock In the United States, regional sports networks broadcast games of home teams to audiences in specific communities, or geographical areas. Ownership of regional sports network by sports teams presents a unique type of vertical integration. Regional sports networks use distinctive programming to connect to local sports culture. This dissertation explores the historical significance of New England Sports Network (NESN), a team created, owned and operated regional sports network, which broadcasts Boston Red Sox baseball games and Boston Bruins hockey games throughout the New England region. Using elements of cultural studies, specifically political economy and textual analysis, this dissertation examines the impact of the ownership structure of NESN on NESN programming and how NESN uses programming to connect to local sports culture. This dissertation employs the theoretical frameworks of the sports/media complex and the base and superstructure model to support the argument that regional sports networks function not only on an economic level, but on a political economic and cultural level as well. Historically, NESN is the first successful team created, owned and operated regional sports network. NESN’s creation established a new form of sports media ownership where sports team owners could essentially form private media corporations to increase earnings and extend operations across industries. NESN utilizes specific visual and aural techniques to differentiate NESN programming from other national and regional sports broadcasters. NESN also uses the i same techniques to connect to local sports culture and to the everyday lives of sports consumers. The televised sports text offers NESN a space where the network can function on both a political economic and cultural level. Additionally, NESN presents a real world example of how the sports/media complex has become a more intricate theoretical framework. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this dissertation to my grandfather, Leslie L. Hurd. Although he passed away nineteen years ago, he was the most passionate and devoted Boston Red Sox fan I ever knew. Like many Red Sox fans of his generation, he was unable to see his beloved team win the 2004 World Series after an eighty-six year deficit. Also, to the best of my knowledge, because my grandfather never subscribed to cable, he never watched NESN and always remained a loyal viewer of WSBK-TV. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge those who were involved in guiding and supporting me through the dissertation process. First and foremost, I would like to thank my dissertation advisor, Dr. William Babcock. While most of our conversations focused on this project, we always seemed to end up discussing baseball. Being a Cleveland Indians fan he was able to sympathize with a Boston Red Sox fan, and as a dissertation chair, he always made sure I was heading in the right direction with this project and with my academic career. Second, I would like to thank my committee members – Dr. William Freivogel, Dr. Jacob Podber, Dr. Deborah Tudor, and Dr. Bobbi Knapp. I also wish to express gratitude to the professors whose guidance in the classroom helped contribute to the completion of this project – Dr. Eileen Meehan, Dr. Novotny Lawrence, and Dr. Michele Torre. Throughout the dissertation process, there have been many other professors, colleagues and faculty members who have assisted me in a number of ways, from humorous conversations to discussions on surviving the academic world. I would especially like to thank Ms. Linda Gassel, who without her assistance I think I would have spent more time being lost and confused during the entire process. I would also like to thank my family, particularly my parents, who have always supported me and encouraged me to do what I love. Last, but not least, I would like to thank my husband, Chris, for his immense patience and endless support. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................i DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .......................................................................................................... iv CHAPTERS CHAPTER 1 – Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 2 – Literature Review .................................................................................. 14 CHAPTER 3 – Methods ................................................................................................ 44 CHAPTER 4 – The History: Cable, Satellite, Sports, and NESN ................................... 57 CHAPTER 5 – Analysis & Findings: NESN and the Sports/Media Complex................113 CHAPTER 6 – Conclusion .......................................................................................... 151 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 161 VITA .................................................................................................................................... 179 v 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION On March 21, 1984, New England Sports Network (NESN), a regional sports network created, owned and operated by the Boston Red Sox baseball team, the Boston Bruins hockey team, and local television broadcaster, WSBK, went on the air (Craig, 1984b). Since 1984, there have been seven team owned and operated regional sports networks on the air in the United States (Walker & Bellamy Jr., 2008). NESN is the first team created, owned and operated regional sports network, and, as of today, continues to televise Red Sox and Bruins games, as well as other sports related programming, to cable subscribers in Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont. What is the historical significance of NESN? More specifically, how has the ownership structure of NESN impacted NESN programming? Additionally, how has NESN used its programming to connect to local sports culture? Sports teams may have created regional sports networks solely for economic reasons. However, the creation of regional sport networks by sports teams has had an impact on the overall sports media industry. Regional sports networks utilize programming to connect to local communities or specific geographical areas, and are usually associated with a particular team, or teams. For most sports consumers, those teams are already an important part of local sports culture. A team that creates and maintains a regional sports network in a specific community is connecting to the everyday lives of sports consumers through television programming that centers on the home team, or teams. NESN will serve as a case study for this dissertation. This dissertation focuses on the creation and early history of NESN from 1980 to 1989. These years cover the creation of the network prior to its debut in 1984 as well as the first five 2 years of operation. To establish an historical context for the creation of NESN, this dissertation begins with a brief overview of the history of the cable television and satellite industries beginning in the 1940s through 1989. Focusing on pay television
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