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3.8.5.Post0+Ug.Gdd887c5.D20201118 InVEST User’s Guide, Release 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 InVEST User’s Guide Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs Version 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 Editors: Richard Sharp, James Douglass, Stacie Wolny. Contributing Authors: Katie Arkema, Joey Bernhardt, Will Bierbower, Nicholas Chaumont, Douglas Denu, James Douglass, David Fisher, Kathryn Glowinski, Robert Griffin, Gregory Guannel, Anne Guerry, Justin Johnson, Perrine Hamel, Christina Kennedy, Chong-Ki Kim, Martin Lacayo, Eric Lonsdorf, Lisa Mandle, Lauren Rogers, Richard Sharp, Jodie Toft, Gregory Verutes, Adrian L. Vogl, Stacie Wolny, Spencer Wood. Citation: Sharp, R., Douglass, J., Wolny, S., Arkema, K., Bernhardt, J., Bierbower, W., Chaumont, N., Denu, D., Fisher, D., Glowinski, K., Griffin, R., Guannel, G., Guerry, A., Johnson, J., Hamel, P., Kennedy, C., Kim, C.K., Lacayo, M., Lonsdorf, E., Mandle, L., Rogers, L., Toft, J., Verutes, G., Vogl, A. L., and Wood, S. 2020, InVEST 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 User’s Guide. The Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, University of Minnesota, The Nature Conservancy, and World Wildlife Fund. 1 InVEST User’s Guide, Release 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 2 CONTENTS 1 Introduction 5 1.1 Data Requirements and Outputs Summary Table............................5 1.2 Why we need tools to map and value ecosystem services........................5 1.2.1 Introduction...........................................5 1.2.2 Who should use InVEST?...................................5 1.2.3 Introduction to InVEST..................................... 10 1.2.4 Using InVEST to Inform Decisions.............................. 12 1.2.5 A work in progress....................................... 15 1.2.6 This guide............................................ 15 1.3 Getting Started.............................................. 15 1.3.1 Installing InVEST and sample data on your Windows computer............... 15 1.3.2 Using sample data........................................ 16 1.3.3 Formatting your data...................................... 17 1.3.4 Running the models....................................... 17 1.3.5 Support and Error Reporting.................................. 18 1.3.6 Working with the DEM..................................... 19 1.3.7 Installing InVEST and sample data on your Mac....................... 20 2 InVEST Models 23 2.1 Supporting Ecosystem Services:..................................... 23 2.1.1 Habitat Quality......................................... 23 2.1.2 Habitat Risk Assessment.................................... 35 2.1.3 Pollinator Abundance: Crop Pollination............................ 57 2.2 Final Ecosystem Services:........................................ 66 2.2.1 Forest Carbon Edge Effect................................... 66 2.2.2 Carbon Storage and Sequestration............................... 71 2.2.3 Coastal Blue Carbon...................................... 85 2.2.4 Annual Water Yield....................................... 102 2.2.5 NDR: Nutrient Delivery Ratio................................. 118 2.2.6 SDR: Sediment Delivery Ratio................................. 133 2.2.7 Unobstructed Views: Scenic Quality Provision........................ 150 2.2.8 Visitation: Recreation and Tourism............................... 156 2.2.9 Wave Energy Production.................................... 163 2.2.10 Offshore Wind Energy Production............................... 177 2.2.11 Marine Finfish Aquacultural Production............................ 196 2.2.12 Fisheries............................................. 208 2.2.13 Crop Production......................................... 235 2.2.14 Seasonal water yield...................................... 239 3 InVEST User’s Guide, Release 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 2.3 Urban Ecosystem Services:....................................... 253 2.3.1 Urban Cooling Model...................................... 253 2.3.2 Urban Flood Risk Mitigation model.............................. 261 2.4 Tools to Facilitate Ecosystem Service Analyses:............................ 266 2.4.1 Coastal Vulnerability Model.................................. 266 2.4.2 InVEST GLOBIO Model.................................... 284 2.5 Supporting Tools............................................. 294 2.5.1 RouteDEM........................................... 294 2.5.2 DelineateIt........................................... 296 2.5.3 Scenario Generator: Proximity Based............................. 298 2.5.4 InVEST Scripting Guide and API............................... 303 3 Acknowledgements 305 3.1 Acknowledgements........................................... 305 3.1.1 Data sources........................................... 305 3.1.2 Individuals and organizations.................................. 305 4 CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Data Requirements and Outputs Summary Table 1.2 Why we need tools to map and value ecosystem services 1.2.1 Introduction Ecosystems, if properly managed, yield a flow of services that are vital to humanity, including the production of goods (e.g., food), life support processes (e.g., water purification), and life fulfilling conditions (e.g., beauty, recreation opportunities), as well as the conservation of options (e.g., genetic diversity for future use). Despite its importance, this natural capital is poorly understood, scarcely monitored, and—in many cases—undergoing rapid degradation and depletion. To bring understanding of nature’s values into decisions, the Natural Capital Project is developing models that quantify and map the values of ecosystem services. The modeling suite is best suited for analyses of multiple services and multiple objectives. The current models, which have low data requirements relative to more complex tools, can identify areas where investment may enhance human well-being and nature. We are continuing to refine existing models and to develop new ones. We use the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) definition of the term ecosystem services: “the benefits people obtain from ecosystems.” Ecosystems incorporate both biotic and abiotic components and we thus consider “ecosys- tem services” and “environmental services” to be equivalent. Natural capital is the living and non-living components of ecosystems that contribute to the provision of ecosystem services. Capital assets take many forms including man- ufactured capital (e.g., buildings and machines), human capital (knowledge, experience, and health), social capital (relationships and institutions), as well as natural capital. 1.2.2 Who should use InVEST? InVEST is designed to inform decisions about natural resource management. Essentially, it provides information about how changes in ecosystems are likely to lead to changes in the flows of benefits to people. Decision-makers, from governments to non-profits to corporations, often manage lands and waters for multiple uses and inevitably must evaluate trade-offs among these uses. InVEST’s multi-service, modular design provides an effective tool for exploring the likely outcomes of alternative management and climate scenarios and for evaluating trade-offs among sectors and services. For example, government agencies could use InVEST to help determine how to manage lands, coasts, and marine areas to provide a desirable range of benefits to people or to help design permitting and mitigation programs that sustain nature’s benefits to society. Conservation organizations could use InVEST to better align their missions to protect biodiversity with activities that improve human livelihoods. Corporations, such as consumer goods companies, renewable energy companies, and water utilities, could also use InVEST to decide how and where to invest in natural capital to ensure that their supply chains are sustainable and secure. InVEST can help answer questions like: 5 InVEST User’s Guide, Release 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 6 Chapter 1. Introduction InVEST User’s Guide, Release 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 1.2. Why we need tools to map and value ecosystem services 7 InVEST User’s Guide, Release 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 8 Chapter 1. Introduction InVEST User’s Guide, Release 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 1.2. Why we need tools to map and value ecosystem services 9 InVEST User’s Guide, Release 3.8.5.post0+ug.gdd887c5.d20201118 • Where do ecosystem services originate and where are they consumed? • How does a proposed forestry management plan affect biodiversity, water quality and recreation? • What kinds of coastal management and fishery policies will yield the best returns for sustainable fisheries, shoreline protection and recreation? • Which parts of a watershed provide the greatest carbon sequestration, biodiversity, and tourism values? • Where would reforestation achieve the greatest downstream water quality benefits while maintaining or mini- mizing losses in water flows? • How will climate change and population growth impact ecosystem services and biodiversity? • What benefits does marine spatial planning provide to society in addition to food from fishing and aquaculture and secure locations for renewable energy facilities? 1.2.3 Introduction to InVEST InVEST is a tool for exploring how changes in ecosystems are likely to lead to changes in benefits that flow to people. InVEST often employs a production function approach to quantifying and valuing ecosystem services. A production function specifies the output of ecosystem services provided by the environment given its condition and processes. Once a production function is specified,
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