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CWEX (Crop/Wind-Energy Experiment): Measurements of the Interaction Between Crop Agriculture and Wind Power Daniel Andrew Rajewski Iowa State University

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CWEX (Crop/Wind-Energy Experiment): Measurements of the Interaction Between Crop Agriculture and Wind Power Daniel Andrew Rajewski Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2013 CWEX (Crop/Wind-Energy Experiment): Measurements of the interaction between crop agriculture and wind power Daniel Andrew Rajewski Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Atmospheric Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Rajewski, Daniel Andrew, "CWEX (Crop/Wind-Energy Experiment): Measurements of the interaction between crop agriculture and wind power" (2013). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 13404. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/13404 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CWEX (Crop/Wind-Energy Experiment): Measurements of the interaction between crop agriculture and wind power by Daniel Andrew Rajewski A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Meteorology Program of Study Committee: Eugene S. Takle, Major Professor William A. Gallus, Jr. Raymond W. Arritt William J. Gutowski S. Elwynn Taylor Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2013 Copyright © Daniel Andrew Rajewski, 2013. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, king of the universe and the Lord of turbulence and of stability. I remember also our heavenly mother who is present in the wind guiding us along to her Son. Ave Maris Stella! The rushing wind of the Holy Spirit is ever upon the earth and all creation awaits the full realization of renewal. Maranatha! May these academic inspirations be used by all to promote the dignity of all of God‟s creation while improving the common good to prepare for the full realization of His kingdom. I offer a prayer of praise and thanksgiving in the words of Saint Francis of Assisi: Canticle of Brother Sun Most High Almighty Good Lord, Yours are praise, glory, honor and all blessings; To You alone! Most High, do they belong, and no man is worthy of speaking Your Name! Be praised, Lord, with all Your creatures, and above all our Brother Sun, who gives us the day by which You light our way, and who is beautiful, radiant and with his great splendor is a symbol to us of You, O Most High! And be praised, Lord, for our Sister Moon and the Stars. You created them in the heavens bright, precious and beautiful! And be praised, Lord, for our Brother the Wind and for the air and the clouds and for fair weather and for all other through which You sustain Your creatures. And be praised, Lord, for our Sister Water, so useful, and humble, and chaste! And be praised, my Lord, for our Brother Fire, through whom You light up the night and who is handsome, joyful, robust, and strong! And be praised, my Lord, for our Sister, Mother Earth, who supports and carries us and produces the diverse fruits and colorful flowers and trees! Praise and bless the Lord and give thanks to Him and serve Him with great humility! Be praised, my Lord, for our Sister, bodily Death from whom no living man can escape! Woe only to those who die in mortal sin; but blessed are those who have done Your most holy will; for the second death can cause them no harm! Amen. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... ii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... ix NOMENCLATURE .................................................................................................. xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. xvii CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION ...................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................................. 1 Dissertation Organization .................................................................................... 2 Literature Review ................................................................................................ 2 References ........................................................................................................ 18 Figures .................................................................................................... 32 CHAPTER 2. CWEX: CROP/WIND-ENERGY EXPERIMENT: OBSERVATIONS OF SURFACE-LAYER, BOUNDARY-LAYER AND MESOSCALE INTERACTIONS WITH A WIND FARM 33 Abstract ........................................................................................................ 33 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 34 Site Description ................................................................................................... 36 CWEX measurement design ............................................................................... 37 Detection of turbine-induced surface flux differences ........................................ 39 Turbine wake influences on wind and turbulence profiles: a case study, night of 16-17 July 2011 .............................................................................................. 44 Turbine influences on fluxes of heat and carbon dioxide ................................... 46 Remaining science questions and future campaigns .......................................... 47 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 50 References ........................................................................................................ 50 Figures ........................................................................................................ 54 Tables ........................................................................................................ 65 iv CHAPTER 3. CHANGES IN FLUXES OF HEAT, H2O, AND CO2 CAUSED BY 69 A LARGE WIND FARM Abstract ........................................................................................................ 69 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 70 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 73 Theory/Calculation .............................................................................................. 74 Results ........................................................................................................ 79 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 86 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 88 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 90 References ........................................................................................................ 90 Figures ........................................................................................................ 95 Tables ........................................................................................................ 102 CHAPTER 4. AIR TEMPERATURE AND HEAT FLUX MEASUREMENTS WITHIN TWO LINES OF TURBINES IN A LARGE OPERATIONAL WIND FARM 112 Abstract ........................................................................................................ 112 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 113 Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 115 Analyses procedures ............................................................................................ 116 Results ........................................................................................................ 119 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 127 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 129 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................. 130 References ........................................................................................................ 130 Figures ........................................................................................................ 135 Tables ........................................................................................................ 143 CHAPTER 5. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ........................................................... 158 General discussion ............................................................................................... 158 Recommendations for Future Research .............................................................. 161 References .......................................................................................................
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