ILEJE DISTRICT BASELINE REPORT 2013 - REVISED
INTERGRATING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT-GENDER OBJECTIVES IN DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLANS
FOR ACCELERATING ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY Prof. A.V.Y. Mbelle
2013
Department of Economics; University of Dar es Salaam ii | P a g e
ILEJE: A DISTRICT OF CONTRASTING ECOLOGICAL ZONES
TRADE-OFF: ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION VERSUS GOOD HOUSING CONDITION
OPPORTUNITIES Tree planting Bee keeping Tourism
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS i
List of Tables Iv
List of Figures iv
Abbreviations and Acronyms v
Acknowledgement Vi
Executive summary vii
I BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1
II ILEJE DISTRICT ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY 2
III PEOPLE, POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT 5
IV ILEJE DISTRICT PRIORITY SECTORS FOR POVERTY ERADICATION 10
V ILEJE DISTRICT PRIORITIES IN EACH PRIORITY SECTOR 10
VI ILEJE DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND BUDGET 15
VII ILEJE DISTRICT HUMAN RESOURCES, TOOLS AND COORDINATION 18 MECHANISMS FOR MAINSTREAMING POVERTY REDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES STRATEGIC PLAN AND BUDGETS IN THE SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FORESTRY
VIII WOMEN AND YOUTH PARTICIPATION/INVOLVEMENT IN PLANNING 19 AND BUDGETING IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FOREST SECTORS IN ILEJE DISTRICT
IX KEY GEOGRAPHICAL SITES (VILLAGES OR AREA/LOCATION IN A 19 VILLAGE) IN THE DISTRICT FOR IMMEDIATE ACTIONS /INTERVENTIONS IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FORESTRY FOR iv | P a g e
ACHIEVING “BIG RESULTS NOW”
X SUGGESTIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS FOR INTEGRATING AND 20 IMPLEMENTING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS IN THE DISTRICT
XI PROPOSED POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT BASELINES, TARGETS AND 20 INDICATORS
X11 CONCLUSION 24
REFERENCES 24
ANNEXES 27
List of Tables, Figures
Table Description Page
2.1 Resource Potential of Ileje District 4
2.2 Population of Ileje District by Ward, 2012 5
4.1 Ileje District Poverty Indicators 8
6.1 Ileje District: Own Source Revenue 15
7.1 Ileje District: Human Resource Shortfalls in Water Sector by Qualification 18
11.1 Objectives, Baselines, Targets & Indicators
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Description
1.1 Ileje District Map 3
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ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
BRN Big Results Now
CCM Chama cha Mapinduzi
CSC Capacity and Sustainability Centre
MDG Millennium Development Goal
MTEF Medium Term Expenditure Framework
NAIVS National Agricultural Inputs Voucher System NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NMB National Micro Bank
O&OD Opportunities and Obstacles to Development
PEI Poverty Environment Initiative
SACCOS Savings and Credit Cooperative Society
TASAF Tanzania Social Action Fund
UNEP United Nations Environmental Management Programme
URT United Republic of Tanzania
PFM Participatory Forest Management
VICOBA Village Community Banks
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Acknowledgement
Production of this report was made possible with the support of United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Dar es Salaam Local Office which funded the field work. The Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam ably serviced the work.
Special thanks go to Ileje District Commissioner and Ileje District Development Director for their utmost support and guidance during field work. District technocrats were exemplary in the areas of their expertise in providing the required information. In same vein, the candidness and openness of respondents deserves special mention.
Dr. Innocent Karamagi of the Department of Economics, University of Dar es Salaam provided valuable support during field work and contributed some paragraphs to this report. Economist Jerome Maganga Ndomba led in handling both field logistics and actual co-administration of interviews. The support of the two is greatly acknowledged.
While those acknowledged helped shape this report, errors and omissions remain mine.
Prof. A.V.Y. Mbelle
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Executive summary
Introduction and background
The overarching objective of this report is to present baseline information that aims at establishing current status and future targets, milestones and indicators to measure and assess poverty-environment-gender nexus in Ileje District, Tanzania; with a view to improving development planning in terms of ability to integrate poverty-environment-gender objectives for sustainable economic development.
The expectation is that district capacities to mainstream and implement environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, gender and climate change linkages into district and sector development plans will be enhanced, starting with agriculture, forestry and fishery as well as develop financial mechanisms.
Poverty –Environment Indicators are used in order to facilitate the development of tools for integration of environment into development plans and budget processes as well as assisting in monitoring the linkage between bio-capacity and human poverty. When the environment is degraded by 1%, poverty increases by 0.26%.
Economic geography The diversity of agro – economic zones supports a variety of economic activities and offers greater opportunities for development. The 18 wards of Ileje district exhibit wide differences in terms of size and population characteristics. This is an opportunity for targeting programmes such as poverty reduction and empowerment of women.
People, Poverty and Environment
Over 85 percent of the 124,451 inhabitants (58,463 or 47 percent males and 65,988 or 53 percent female) of Ileje population, are predominantly agriculturalists. Immense business opportunities exist locally as well as international through cross border trading with people of Malawi. Ileje district is poorly served with financial services infrastructure to support such opportunities.
About 31.4 percent of the district‟s inhabitants live below the basic needs poverty line (compared to Mbeya regional incidence of 23.8 percent; though slightly better than the national average of 35.7 percent (2000/01 latest district level data). The depth of poverty in Ileje is the highest in Mbeya region meaning that it will take more efforts to lift Ileje people out of basic needs poverty than any other district in Mbeya region. About T.Shs 358,677,489 or USD 221,405.9) per month. This is the monthly amount of money needed to bring the poor population of Ileje District to the basic needs poverty line as of 2011/12. viii | P a g e
Non-income measures of poverty, such as housing condition, access to education and health place the district at a better position.
Deforestation is the main environmental challenge. Notable improvements in housing condition are achieved at the expense of forest cover mainly due to weak enforcement of stipulated by- laws protecting forest resource.
The main challenge with respect to trans-boundary resources (forests and river Songwe is how to operationalize common laws that should apply to both Tanzania and Malawi.
District priorities in each priority sector
In agriculture, the top five are productivity improvement, processing, marketing, storage and irrigation projects. Other priorities included use of non- chemical fertilizers, enforcement of bylaws guarding against encroachment of river sources and river banks, and introduction/scaling up of sunflower as a new cash crop.
With regard to forestry, finding alternatives to wood as source of fuel was ranked first. Further, afforestation/reforestation, enforcing bylaws; environmental education and awareness. Other identified areas are enforcement of land use plans, apiary farms (bee keeping), and investment in forestry products. Lastly preservation of trans boundary resources (river Songwe basin and woodlands) was suggested.
District Development Plan and Budget
Ileje district relies for about 96.1 percent of its budget on Central Government (own source revenue is only about 3.9 percent. There has been a general decline in own source revenue collection. A number of measures need to be taken to improve collection. These include widening tax base, improving infrastructure in order to attract investments, tax payer education, etc. District development plans and budget do integrate poverty reduction, gender and environment management objectives.
Human Resources, tools and coordination mechanisms for mainstreaming poverty reduction and environmental conservation objectives Strategic Plan and budgets in the Sectors of agriculture, fishery and forestry
Capacity in agriculture (number of staff, skill levels, knowledge, tools, coordination mechanism etc.) was assessed adequate. With respect to water, capacity especially in terms of staff is inadequate. ix | P a g e
The challenges that limit integration are inadequate number of staff in key areas and financial constraints leading to failure to implement the intended plans.
Youth and women participation/involvement on plan and budget in agriculture, fishery and forest sectors
Participation of women is ensured through requiring representation in committees such as irrigation committees, to constitute at least 40 percent while male representatives are not to exceed 60 percent. Through their groups, women and youth have been able to raise their voices and have their ideas integrated in district plans.
Key geographical sites (villages or an area/location in a village) in the District for immediate actions /interventions in agriculture, fishery and forest for achieving Big Results now
The main suggestion was improving tradition irrigation system at Ibingu and Kalembo villages.
Suggestion/recommendation for integrating and implementing poverty-environment nexus
The recommended areas are:
Dealing with poverty first: Stakeholders view poverty to be the cause of environmental degradation. Addressing poverty will have many positive impacts on environmental quality. One of the most suggested solutions is expanding financial services (number of banks, SACCOs; VICOBA, etc.
Agriculture: soil and water conservation; introduction/scaling up new cash crops especially sunflower and soya beans
Forestry: afforestation and forest conservation as well as apiary farms (bee keeping) at water sources
Fishery: maintaining and improving fish ponds
Water: improving access to piped water. In fact people were able to link access and environmental conservation “improving access to piped water will minimize gradation of water sources”.
Conclusion
Ileje district has all what it takes to unleash growth potential and reduce poverty fast. There are challenges that need to be addressed at both the national level and at the district level. Upgrading Mpemba-Itumba road to tarmac condition will stabilize both production and movement as well x | P a g e as open the district to further investments. This is a national task (President‟s promise has to be followed up more incessantly).
At the district level, environmental education and awareness are important in addition to finding alternatives. Community local- based solutions such as afforestation, overseeing implementation of by-laws, etc. should be encouraged. ILEJE DISTRICT BASELINE SURVEY REPORT 2013:
INTERGRATING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT-GENDER OBJECTIVES IN DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR ACCELERATING ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY
1.0 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
This is the second draft of the report. The report was first presented at a stakeholders‟ workshop on December 20th, 2013. Comments received from the stakeholders have been fully incorporated in this report.
This report presents the findings of the mission that visited Ileje District with the objective of undertaking a survey to fulfill three key objectives; namely, to: (i) finalize the concept note including clarifying objectives, implementation approach and results expectations among key implementers of PEI project (ii) carry out a rapid baseline information that aims at establishing current status and future targets, milestones and indicators to measure and assess poverty- environment-gender nexus (iii) review existing resource materials such as MTEF and District Strategic Plan, prepare and produce the relevant contents of the project particularly for Ileje District. The main objective of the survey was to derive information that would help improve development planning in Ileje district, in terms of ability to integrate poverty-environment- gender objectives for sustainable economic development.
Specific objectives
Carry out a rapid baseline information that aims to establish current status and future targets, milestones or indicators to measure progress of poverty-environment-gender nexus carry out a rapid baseline information that aims to establish current status and future targets, milestones or indicators to measure progress of poverty-environment- gender nexus
Review existing resource materials such as MTEF and Strategic Plan, prepare and produce the relevant contents of the project
Expected outcome
“Enhanced national and district capacities to mainstream and implement environmental sustainability, poverty reduction, gender and climate change linkages into district and sector development plans (Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery) and develop financial mechanisms in Tanzania. 2 | P a g e
Context of baseline study
The context of the baseline study is provided by broad definition of the concept of sustainable development that incorporates four elements.
a) Generic concept of sustainable development
Sustainable development is defined as “pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for future generations” (World Commission on Environment and Development 1988). In this regard then environmental sustainability seeks to maintain a stable resource base, avoiding over- exploitation of renewable resource systems or environmental sink functions, and depleting non- renewable resources only to the extent that investment is made in adequate substitutes
b) Social sustainability: this is ability to achieve distributional equity, adequate provision of social services including health and education, gender equity, and political accountability and participation c) Economic sustainability is the ability to produce goods and services on a continuing basis, and to avoid extreme sector imbalances which damage agricultural or industrial production. d) Institutional sustainability revolving around predictability of “rules of the game”
Poverty –Environment Indicators (PEI) facilitate the development of tools for integration of environment into development plans and budget processes. Further they assist in monitoring the linkage between biocapacity and human poverty. CSC and UNEP 2007, for example estimate that when the environment is degraded by 1%, poverty increases by 0.26%. It is thus important for Ileje district to monitor environmental quality.
2.0 ILEJE DISTRICT ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Ileje District occupies the South – Western part of Mbeya region, Tanzania. The district lies between latitudes 9◦ 141 and 9◦ 371 and longitudes 32◦ 801 and 33◦ 451 East. It is bordered by Kyela District in East, Rungwe District in the North – East, Mbozi District in the North – West and Mbeya District in the North. Songwe River in the South marks the boundary with the Republic of Malawi.
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Figure 2.1: Ileje District Map
Ileje District covers an area of 1,908km2 and is divided into two divisions: Bulambya and Bundali, further subdivided into 18 Wards, 71 villages and 317 Hamlets. As per Local government reforms, the district is governed through District Council, established in 1984 by Local government Act No. 7 (District Authorities) of 1982. The Council headquarters is Itumba, located about 147 kilometres from Mbeya city, turning off the TANZAM highway at Mpemba on rough road for about 54 kms before reaching Itumba; which is also about eight kilometres from the border with Malawi.
Ileje district has a total road length of 974.57 km of which 254 km regional road network served by TAN ROADS, and 720.57 km served by District council.
The rough road is poorly supported by bridges some of which get swept away by floods during the rainy season, thereby creating infrastructural constraints to Ileje people in terms curtailing the movements of people and goods from Ileje to the rest of Mbeya Region and the country in general in addition to discouraging potential investors.
The Mpemba-Isongole stretch stands to benefit from “Presidential promise” of improving the road condition to tarmac.
Topography Ileje District can be divided into three agro – economic zones. First is agro – economic zone of the North – Eastern Highlands. The zone lies between 1,500 and 1,600 meters above sea level, with temperatures ranging between 160 and 200 C and annual rainfall ranging from 900 to 1,200mm. It has clay soil, which is relatively fertile, allowing cultivation of crops such as coffee, pyrethrum, maize and potatoes. The second is middle zone which lies between 1,300 and 1,500 meters above sea level and it is largely occupied by Bulambya Division. The zone has 4 | P a g e temperatures ranging from 260 – 320C and receives annual rainfall of 750 – 1,000 mm per annum. The soils of the zone are sandy and relatively poor but suitable for annual crops such as maize, finger millet, groundnuts and beans.
The third ecological zone is the Highlands which lies between 1,600 and 2,500 meters above sea level. It receives average annual rainfall of between 1,500 – 2,000mm. Temperatures range between 180 and 220 C.
The green belt of the district starts at Malangari village.
Land Area and Land Use The district has 101,600 ha. which are suitable for agriculture currently only 82,881 ha. (81.5%) of the area is under cultivation. The area under food crops production is 46,519.5 ha. while the area under cash crops production is 10,298.5 ha.(Table 2.1).
Table 2.1: Resource Potential of Ileje District
S/No Resource Potential Utilized Unutilized (Ha) (Ha) % (Ha) %
1 Arable Land 101,600 82,881 81.5% 18,719 18.5%
2 Forestry 89,000 57,000 64 32,000 36
Source: Planning Department – Ileje District Council 2009
Population According to 2012 Population and Housing Census, Ileje District has 124,451 inhabitants (58,463 or 47 percent males and 65,988 or 53 percent female), a sex ratio of 89. An average family size had four members as shown in Table 1.2.
As presented in Table 2.2, the 18 wards of Ileje exhibit wide differences in terms of size and population characteristics. Itumba, is the largest populated with 10,186 inhabitants while Kalembo with 3,573 inhabitants is the least populated. Ibaba has the lowest sex ratio of 84 while Ngulugulu with a ratio of 98 is highest. The largest household size averaged 4.4 members (Luswiswi and Ngulilo) while the smallest average of 3.7 members was recorded in Ikinga and Malangali wards.
These diversities have implications in terms of targeting and delivery of interventions. For example, if the intention is to lift many people out of poverty, with the assumption of poverty levels being same across wards, then Itumba ward should be targeted. On the other hand, if the intention is economic empowerment of women relative to men then Ibaba should be targeted. 5 | P a g e
Table 2.2: Population of Ileje District by Ward, 2012
S/No. Ward Population (number) HH size Sex ratio Total Male Female 1 Itumba 10,186 4,688 5,498 4.0 85 2 Itale 7,609 3,542 4,067 4.2 87 3 Ibaba 8,058 3,686 4,372 4.0 84 4 Ndola 6,820 3,175 3,645 4.1 87 5 Luswiswi 4,632 2,175 2,457 4.4 89 6 Ngulilo 4,659 2,232 2,427 4.4 92 7 Lubanda 8,582 4,071 4,511 4.3 90 8 Ngulugulu 4,927 2,434 2,493 3.9 98 9 Sange 4,757 2,296 2,461 4.4 93 10 Ikinga 7,824 3,694 4,130 3.7 89 11 Kafule 7,450 3,432 4,018 3.8 85 12 Malangali 6,485 3,037 3,448 3.7 88 13 Bupigu 6,145 2,935 3,210 4.0 91 14 Isongole 9,893 4,650 5,243 3.8 89 15 Chitete 8,673 4,052 4,621 3.9 88 16 Mbebe 9,282 4,426 4,859 4.2 91 17 Mlale 4,896 2,256 2,640 4.2 85 18 Kalembo 3,573 1,682 1,891 4.0 89 TOTAL ILEJE 124,451 58,463 65,988 4.0 89 Source: URT (2013) Table 12.5 p.116
3.0 PEOPLE, POVERTY AND ENVIRONMENT
Economic activities
The people of Ileje are predominantly agriculturalists. About 34,194 households have agriculture as the main means of livelihood.
The main cash crops are cofee, parethrum, sunflower, cadamon and cocoa on a small scale in Kapeta village.
The main food crops grown are mainly maize, paddy, beans, and groundnuts; the first three also sold when there is surplus. Other food crops include round potatoes, sweet patoes, millet, plantains, cassave, and horticultural produce.
Farmers do receive input subsidy vouchers through the National Agricultural Inputs Voucher System (NAIVS). During 2012/2013, for example, about 5,424 households benefited. Use of chemical fertilizers enabled production of maize to increase from 71,250 tonnes during 2009/10 to 96,872 tonnes during 2011/2012. Ileje Council derives highest revenue from maize dealings “significant source of district revenue”. The importance of maize revenue from Isongole market is likely to decline after Malawi established own maize market in 2012. 6 | P a g e
Maize at Isongole market Maize Storage facility overwhemed
Business opportunities
Local opportunities
Apart from the traditional opportunities such as shops, food stalls, etc. cattle keeping is also gaining ground. Every Saturday sellers and buyers meet to transact and in the process, Ileje Council has a source of revenue.
Cattle market at Katengere, Potential water bottling from natural Kalembo village spring in Kalembo
Cross-border opportunities
Apart from local opportunities, entrepreneurs in Ileje have the added advantage of cross-border trading with Malawi. There is one official crossing point, the bridge, with immigration departments of the particular country on each side (bridge was built by Malawi). However along the flow of Songwe river any point can be crossed (evidence of many make shift “bridges” some just a log or two strong, with breadth of the river at less than five metres and depth of no more 7 | P a g e than a foot during dry season). Apparently river Songwe, which has its source near Ileje-Mbozi districts border is fed by Tanzanian rivers only and none from Malawi. The river empties into Lake Nyasa and Lake Rukwa).
The common merchandise originating from Tanzania comprise of building materials and from Malawi, maize, coffee and sugar. Intermarriages between Tanzanian and Malawians are not uncommon probably growing out of mutual trust in business.
Bridge connecting Ileje and Malawi Cross-border trade
Ilondo market on the Tanzanian side on one of the many porous borders sis the “official” market for cross-border trading and operates on Sundays, drawing sellers and buyers from both Malawi and Tanzania. Ileje Councils collects various forms of taxes at this market “mnada” from both Tanzanians and Malawians.
Availability of financial services
Ileje district is poorly served with financial services infrastructure. There is only one commercial bank, National Micro Bank and few not-so-strong Savings and Credit Cooperative Societies (SACCOs and Village Community Banks, VICOBA).
Stakeholders ranked services provided by financial institutions as unsatisfactory (compared to demand, see Annex; Sq 5ii). Further, such financial services did not take environmental and gender issues into consideration (see Annex; Sq5vi). Expanded availability of financial services was seen as one of the ways to improving peoples‟ lives (see Annex; Sq 7i).
Poverty Poverty data are produced through Household Budget Survey (HBS). There have been four such surveys for Tanzania: 1991/92; 2000/01; 2007 and 2011/12. The most common measure of poverty is the Head count ratio “Po” = N/H where N = number of households below a defined poverty line and H= total number of households. In order to assess the depth of poverty, poverty gap index “P1” is used (average shortfall of per capita consumption in the population relative to the poverty line). The larger the poverty gap index, the deeper in poverty. 8 | P a g e
Table 3.1: Ileje District Poverty Indicators Poverty attribute Score Mbeya region average National average Basic Needs Poverty head 31.4 23.8 (max. 31.8; min 12,4) 35.7.0 (max 68; min 11) count (Po) (%)
Poverty gap (P1) (%) 9 6.6 (max 9; min 2) n.a Number of poor per km2 17 36 (max 130; min 2) 150 (max 299; min 1) Gini coefficient 0.30 (max 0.36; lowest 0.30) 0.35 (max 44; min 17) Source: URT 2009
P1 has implication on interventions as it can quantify the amount of money transfer in absolute terms that would be needed to lift the poor out of poverty. For example, using HBS 2000/01 and population size for Ileje (by then 110,194 inhabitants) this yields as follows:
Restoring the poor to poverty line in Ileje District Poverty gap x (0. 090) x population (110,194) x Basic needs Poverty line (rural areas T.Shs 6,996,00 per month) = T.Shs 69,382,550.16 per month. This is the amount needed to bring the poor population to the basic needs poverty line during 2000/01.
Restoring the poor to poverty line in Ileje District, 2011/12
Poverty gap rural areas (0. 079) x population (124,451) x Basic needs Poverty line (T.Shs 36,482 per month) = T.Shs 358,677,489 or USD 221,405.9) per month. This is the monthly amount of money needed to bring the poor population of Ileje District to the basic needs poverty line as of 2011/12.
Non income poverty indicators Though Ileje district is not faring well in income poverty, the same cannot be said of non-income measures. Housing condition, for example is a good reflection of non-income poverty. In addition, access to education and health places the district at better scores. Areas with many people - urban areas - have the highest poverty density, have larger numbers of poor people per square kilometre, even though these areas are not the areas with the highest proportion of their population who are poor. So the score for Ileje does necessarily show good results.
State of the natural environment and challenges
Deforestation is the main environmental challenge. Notable improvements in housing condition are achieved at the expense of forest cover. This is detrimental to the environment, as it may be contribute to climate change, of which the apparent dryness of the land and decimated vegetation could be the early warning signals. Brick making is the main cause of deforestation and increased barrenness of the land because trees continue to be the sole source of fuel for burning 9 | P a g e bricks at present. One kiln produces about 7,000 bricks in the whole production process that takes about seven days. Charcoal making is another contributor to deforestation in Ileje District.
Agriculture is rain-fed and supports mainly maize in the dry, less fertile lowlands and the fertile and greenly forested uplands. In the fertile uplands, there are more crops grown, including as well fruits and vegetables. A part of the land in this zone is the forest reserve. Illegal tree-felling has proliferated due to failure by communities to enforce the stipulated bylaws to protect the forest reserve. There is also encroachment of agricultural activities closer to the banks of River Songwe, thus continuing to affect negatively the balance of the ecosystem.
A brick burning kiln at “full throttle” River Songwe bank cleared for agriculture
Uncontrolled forest fires and intensified unplanned harvesting of forest trees are linked to climate change in terms of reduced rainfall over time and depleted water sources; with little ability of the people to contain such effects. Without serious actions to salvage the deteriorating environment, environmental quality will continue to deteriorate. There are isolated locally-based solutions with Nakalulu hillock protection providing an example. The local community took a self-motivated decisive action to protect the trees using village resources, without any interventions from outside. The results are that the trees have regenerated and are growing.
Mount Chabu, once upon a time forested and source of rivers; now “shaven bear”
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Trans-boundary environmental resources
Sharing a border with another territory brings with it environmental issues that need to be considered. Ileje district shares with Malawi, forest cover and river Songwe. Apparently on both sides of the river deforestation has been intense. River Songwe is not stable in the sense that some sections of the river course shift between Tanzania and Malawi creating a diplomacy challenge as well on the international boundary.
The main challenge in this respect is how to operationalize laws that are common and apply to both Tanzania and Malawi.
Views from groups
The five groups that responded in Focus Group Discussion (FGD) acknowledged deterioration in the state of the environment (see Annex sq4c) and that the state has been caused by rampant deforestation (see Annex, sq4c). The groups singled out enforcement of law as the overarching measure.
Views from households
Households also associated deterioration in environmental quality due to uncontrolled deforestation (see Annex; HHMzd). Households as well singled out enforcement of laws as the solution to environmental degradation.
4.0 ILEJE DISTRICT PRIORITY SECTORS FOR POVERTY ERADICATION
The following sector are considered a priority. We briefly highlight the situation in each of them.
Agriculture
Ileje district covers an area of 190,800 ha, out of which 101,600 ha (53.2 percent) are suitable for agriculture. However, only 72,997 ha are cultivated (about 71.8 percent of total arable land). About 2,875 ha are suitable for irrigation agriculture. However, only 1,560 ha are under irrigation (about 54.3 percent). Where irrigation is practiced, productivity increases have been realized, for example increased paddy production from 3,250 tonnes per year during 2009/2010 to 6,670 tonnes in 2012.
Health
Ileje district is served by two hospitals, one health center and 23 dispensaries, making a total of 26 health service delivery points. Common diseases include malaria, worms, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. 11 | P a g e
Inadequate health personnel pose a formidable challenge to health services delivery. Out of human resources requirement of 467, the district had only 255 (54.6%).
Water
Access to clean and safe water in the urban settings of Itumba-Isongole is estimated at 72 percent (11,391 out of 15,821 inhabitants).
Access to in rural areas is estimated at about 43.3 percent (15,059 households out of district total of 35,103 households). Access is much poorer in Chitete, Ibaba and Mbebe wards. The main challenge facing this sector is with respect to human resources.
In order to improve management of water resource, the Council has plans to establish and strengthen “water communities” with Chabu na Ilulu as pilot and roll-over to Luswisi and Mbebe schemes.
Education
Ileje district has at least one primary school in each administrative ward. The district has a total of 83 government primary schools. Net enrolment in 2012 had reached 100 percent. During 2011/2012, a total of 2,201 pupils (1,213 girls or 55.1 percent and 988 boys or 44.9 percent) were selected to join Form I. The selection rate is equivalent to 44.4 percent.
The Council has 21 secondary schools (two government and 19 private-owned), enrolling 5,861 students.
During 2011 and 2012 the district achieved good results in Form six examinations with all candidates passing at highest Divisions, I to III only.
All said: “elimu ni mwanga” (education is “light”)
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Infrastructure
Ileje district is served by road network only. The district has no tarmac road.
Environmental conservation
The state of natural environment in the district is fragile, except in the forested part of the district. Evidence of intensive deforestation that took is vivid in many areas.
5.0. ILEJE DISTRICT PRIORITIES IN EACH PRIORITY SECTOR
Section three pointed out the areas of priority. This section delineates the priorities within each of the identified priority areas.
Agriculture
The suggestions with regard to agriculture were ranked in order of priority, The top five are productivity improvement, processing, marketing, storage and irrigation projects (in order to reduce dependence on rain and be able carry on with farming activities throughout the year).
Other priorities included use of non- chemical fertilizers, enforcement of bylaws guarding against encroachment of river sources and river banks, so as to protect water sources. Further priority was introduction/scaling up of sunflower as a new cash crop.
Fishery
The suggested priorities in fishery are construction of fish ponds, construction of fish processing plants, sustainable fishing (in order to maintain production) and maintenance of fish ponds
Forest
In forestry, alternative to the wood as source of fuel was ranked first. The first consideration was afforestation/reforestation. What was required in this respect were availability of plots, seeds and seedlings for tree-planting as well as organized protection of existing natural forests through actions that involve communities in the vicinity of the forest, which should be supported by enforcing the existing bylaws. Secondly, some suggestions indicated that environmental education and awareness hasn‟t been well delivered, given that the problems of cutting trees still persist. Hence, increased education and awareness about the environment was seen as necessary. With regard to alternatives to wood fuel, it was suggested that projects need to be undertaken to use rice husks for brick making and coal for cooking. With regard to the latter, it would reduce to 13 | P a g e exploiting the market potential of the two coal mines in the district. Moreover, afforestation efforts are constrained by lack of tree nurseries; hence they suggested that projects should be undertaken to establish them. Lastly, laws should be invoked to prosecute those causing deforestation.
Alternative energy sources: construction of small dams was also recommended where rivers flow perennially.
Trapping Chijya river water for electricity supply to Isokwe Mission Hospital
Conservation of forests
Laws and Regulations Tree seedlings at Isokwe 14 | P a g e
Other identified areas are enforcement of land use plans, apiary farms (bee keeping), and investment in forestry products.
Preservation of Trans-boundary environmental resources
Construction of Songwe river dam/s
Songwe river basin as a trans-boundary resource has many potentials for both Tanzania (Ileje in particular) and Malawi. Three dams have been proposed, one near Ibungu village (height about 100 meters – see photo) and two others (one close to Kyela and onother mid-way).
Proposed Dam site along Songwe river near Ibungu Preserving Mtakata Forest Reserve village
These dams will serve many purposes including:
Stabilization of river Songwe course; Generation of electricity; 15 | P a g e
Fish rearing; Irrigation; Tourism.
Preservation of forest cover
There are a few initiatives for preserving forestry as a trans-boundary resource.. Songwe river trans-boundary Catchment management Project is among such initiatives. Apparently onl Command and Control (CAC) instruments are applied (see photo).
6.0 ILEJE DISTRICT DEVELOPMENT PLAN AND BUDGET
Ileje District has both a Strategic Plan and a Development Plan. Both have included poverty and environment and gender objectives.
The District (LGA) budget includes resources and activities to achieve poverty reduction and environmental conservation objectives. The District (LGA) has M&E framework that includes indicators for poverty-environment-gender.
The latest versions of these documents date 2013/14.
In planning, priorities of the district are identified through Opportunities and Obstacles to Development (O&OD) process being guided by Tanzania Development Vision 2025; Millennium Development Goals and CCM manifesto. 16 | P a g e
At the village level, both plans and budget for the identified priorities are delineated. After identification of priorities estimates of both community contribution and government funding are set. For example, in Agriculture sector 20 percent of the project is to be contributed by farmers and 80 percent contributed by the government.
Ileje district relies for about 96.1 percent of its budget on Central Government (own source revenue is only about 3.9 percent. There has been a general decline in own source revenue collection.
Table 6.1: Ileje District Own Source Revenue
Year Estimate Actual collection %
2008/2009 127,840,000 129,401,006 86
2009/2010 104,500,000 142,331,700 98
2010/2011 142,950,000 202,638,546 142
2011/2012 864,349,000 453,278,385.17 52
2011/12 557,730,000 228,234,000 (up to February 2013) 59.
Source: Ileje district Financial Report 2011/12
A number of measures need to be taken to improve collection. These include widening tax base, improving infrastructure in order to attract investments, tax payer education, etc.
District development plans and budget do integrate poverty reduction, gender and environment management objectives.
How the district sets targets
Integration of poverty – environment-gender objectives in plan
The district sets these targets by considering potential areas for implementing and dissemination of the knowledge regarding poverty, environment and gender.
Integration of poverty –environmental- gender objectives in budget
PLAN REP, the programme used in budgeting is set in such a that it takes up poverty, environment and other issues related to development generally.
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Current indicators that the district uses
Integration of poverty environment-gender objectives in plan.
Agriculture: (indicators), fishery and forestry.
(i) % of farming households receiving advice from extension officers; (ii) Average number of hectors per farming household; (iii) Number of villages receiving food aid; (iv) Number of irrigation schemes; (v) Number of cooperative societies; (vi) % of people in the village with modern bee hives; (vii) Amount of honey harvested in liters per one modern bee hive; (viii) Number of natural forests reserved in the village. (ix) Number of trees planted per year; (x) Number of fish ponds; (xi) % of households owning ox-plough; (xii) % of households with iron sheet roof; (xiii) % of households owning no land.
Integrating poverty environment-gender objectives in budgets
Use of PLAN REP program
New indicators the district plans to set
Integrating poverty –environment gender objectives in plan.
Number of youth enrolled in environment conservation clubs Environmental clubs established
How the district sets indicators with respect to:
Integrating poverty environment-gender objectives in plans
The indicators for integrating poverty environment-gender objectives in plan will be set in such a way that output and outcome can be measured. 18 | P a g e
Integrating poverty-environment-gender objectives in budget
However, indicators for integrating poverty-environment-gender objectives in budget are not set at the district level.
7.0 ILEJE HUMAN RESOURCES, TOOLS AND COORDINATION MECHANISMS FOR MAINSTREAMING POVERTY REDUCTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OBJECTIVES STRATEGIC PLAN AND BUDGETS IN THE SECTORS OF AGRICULTURE, FISHERY & FORESTRY
Agriculture
Capacities (number of staff, skills levels, knowledge, tools, coordination mechanism etc.) are adequate. There are 45 staff in agriculture (of whom two each in irrigation and cooperatives. One holds a Masters degree; four are first degree holders and 18 certificate holders.
Fifteen of the staff are knowledgeable in computer applications.
Water
Water sector is important for both production and consumption. It is thus an important ingredient in environmental conservation. Of the 15 required staff only three are available (a shortfall of 12 or 80 percent). Since water has been singled out as one of the priority areas, this situation needs fast action.
Table 7.1: Human Resource Shortfalls in Water Sector by Qualification
Degree Diploma FTC FORM IV TRADE TEST 19 | P a g e
Requirement Available Shortfall Requirement Available Shortfall Requirement Available Shortfall Requirement Available Shortfall
3 1 2 6 0 6 5 1 4 1 1 0 4
Coordination
There is an elaborate coordination mechanism for integrating or mainstreaming poverty – environment objectives in agriculture, fishery and forestry. This is done through use of PLANREP programme in planning and budgeting preparation in conjunction with division of responsibilities and feedbacks.
Barriers or challenges between national level and district level plans
The challenges that limit integration are inadequate number of staff in key areas and financial constraints leading to failure to implement the intended plans.
Environment
The modalities or mechanisms for the district environment staff to provide technical inputs to agriculture fishery and forestry sections development plans and budget is through enforcement of guidelines to projects initiated in terms of Environmental Impact Assessment of the projects.
Agriculture
The village input committee oversees that guidelines are followed.
8.0. ILEJE YOUTH AND WOMEN PARTICIPATION/INVOLVEMENT ON PLAN AND BUDGET IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FOREST SECTORS
In agriculture sector the consideration gender i.e. males and females but not specific to youth it only consider males and females regardless of their age. 20 | P a g e
Irrigation committees and other key committee are required to ensure that women members make up at least 40 percent while male representatives are not to exceed 60 percent.
Ileje district has a total of 65 women groups with 785 members engaged in production. There are also a number of youth groups. Through their groups, women and youth have been able to raise their voices and have their ideas integrated in district plans.
9.0. KEY GEOGRAPHICAL SITES (VILLAGES OR AN AREA/LOCATION IN A VILLAGE) IN THE DISTRICT FOR IMMEDIATE ACTIONS /INTERVENTIONS IN AGRICULTURE, FISHERY AND FOREST FOR ACHIEVING BIG RESULTS NOW
The local ecosystems within the district are very diverse and require exceptional attention to maintain them in good quality.. In terms of local ecosystems based solutions i.e. poverty reduction and environmental conservation together the key geographical sites in the district for immediate action and for achieving big result now impact.
The suggested actions and places are improving traditional irrigation system at Ibingu and Kalembo villages.
Traditional Irrigation in Kalembo
10.0. SUGGESTION/RECOMMENDATION FOR INTEGRATING AND IMPLEMENTING POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT NEXUS IN THE DISTRICT
Dealing with poverty first 21 | P a g e
Stakeholders view poverty to be the cause of environmental degradation. Addressing poverty will have many positive impacts on environmental quality. One of the most suggested solutions is expanding financial services (number of banks, SACCOs; VICOBA, etc.
Agriculture
Soil and water conservation
Introduction/scaling up new cash crops especially sunflower and soya beans
Forestry
Afforestation and forest conservation
Bee keeping at water sources
Fishery
Maintaining and improving fish ponds
Water:
Improving access to piped water. In fact people were able to link access and environmental conservation “improving access to piped water will minimize degradation of water sources”.
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11. PROPOSED POVERTY-ENVIRONMENT BASELINES, TARGETS AND INDICATORS
Table 11.1 Objectives, Baselines, Targets & Indicators Objective: To increase income per capita. Baselines Population: Ileje District has 124,451 inhabitants (58,463 or 47 percent males and 65,988 or 53 percent female respectively) a sex ratio of 89. An average family size has four members (NBS, 2012). Targets Population growth maintained at or below national levels and the size matches the productive capacity of the District. Indicators % growth of population, size in absolute figures, and District GDP. Objective: To reduce income poverty. Baselines About 31.4% of the district’s population live below the national basic needs poverty line (PHDR 2005). Targets Reduce population below the basic needs poverty line to 16% by 2015. Indicators National basic needs poverty line. Objective: To shift employment to sectors other than agriculture Baselines Agriculture employs more than 85% of the total district population. Targets develop other sectors of the economy i.e. tourism, business, trading, and beekeeping Indicators % decline in people employed in agriculture Objective: To increase employment growth in tourism, beekeeping and trading Baselines Majority of population in Ileje district (over 85%) depend on agricultural crop production as the main source of income and livelihood. Targets Increase employment in other sectors of the economy i.e. tourism, trading, and beekeeping. Indicators Relative % increase in people employed in tourism, beekeeping and trading. Objective: To establish and increase irrigation infrastructure. Baselines Irrigation infrastructure that has been built to its completion; irrigation technologies are not practiced on large scale; rudimentary traditional irrigation in Ileje district. Targets Number of irrigation schemes completed and operational Indicators Number of irrigation schemes that are completed and are operational; hectors irrigated. Objective: To reduce dependence on charcoal and firewood. Baselines Inability to provide alternative source to charcoal and firewood for cooking and few number of staff and low budget to support Environment office meet its objectives; no alternative building technologies to replace burnt bricks Targets Introduce alternative technologies to conserve forests, more staff and increase; introduce interlocking bricks technology 3 | P a g e
Indicators Number of innovative projects formulated and implemented as alternative sources to charcoal and firewood; number of staff and increase in budget; schemes for interlocking bricks. Objective: To incease access to clean and safe water. Baselines Access to clean and safe water in Itumba-Isongole “towns” is 72% and rest of the district 9rural) is 43.3% Targets Increase access in Itumba-Isongole to 82% and rural areas to 61% Indicators % of people accessing clean and safe piped and boreholes water. Objective: To coordinate forest management. Baselines Weak institutional set up in coordination of forest management Targets Quarterly joint meetings and increased resources for coordination. Indicators Number of joint meetings per quarter. Objective: To ensure that District Development Plans (DDPs) and MTEF aremaintained and include p-e objectives. Baselines Existence of Strategic Plan & Medium Term Expenditure Framework Plan and Budget for Financial Year 2013/14-2015/2016 (MTEF) for Ileje Targets High quality SP & MTEF by 2016. Indicators # PE Objectives in each sector, # of activities in each sector, level of resources allocated (TShs and %). Objective: To integrate p-e-g objectives Baselines Ileje District development plans and budgets explicitly integrate poverty reduction and environment management objectives. The integration of poverty- environment gender objectives has been clearly expressed Targets P-E-G objectives explicitly integrated and implemented. Indicators Number of objectives in each sector, number of activities in each sector, level of resources allocated (TShs and %). Objective: To promote best practices for forest management in order to increase household food security and income generation and conservation of forests. Baselines Cutting trees and no compliance to Forest Act No. 20 Targets Reducing the rate of cutting trees by 20%, in order to conform to Forest Act No. 20 and ensure forest cover by implementing reforestation through establishing tree nurseries. In addition, to facilitate 5 District Council staff to conduct Forest Patrols throughout the year Indicators % of forest cover, frequency or number of forest patrols per annum; Objective: To promote and implement best practices in land management, with the aim of improving access, quality and equitable land management services Baselines Key offices have bad working conditions and inadequate skills on land law. Targets Ensuring staff skills and office working conditions are improved by June 2016, land staff to conduct land allocation meetings and to conduct 20 training sessions on land law by June 2016.
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Indicators Number of equipment for land office, facilities for land office, staff trained Objective: To promote natural resources conservation for reducing environmental degradation. Baselines Fast and high rates of environmental degradation in all forms (deforestation, soil degradation and water pollution) Targets Reducing environment destruction by 80% and natural resources conserved by June 2016, conducting environmental education and awareness in 71 villages and 83 primary schools and 21 secondary schools by June 2016, to carry out natural resources monitoring to establish the natural resources status in the district by June 2016. Indicators % reduction in degradation, number of awareness and education sessions, number of trees planted and monitored. Objective: To promote environmental conservation for Household food security and income generation in the district through increased agriculture production. Baselines Farming systems using traditional practices; farming households receiving agricultural input vouchers Targets To establish contour farming in 12 wards (9 in Bundali division and 3 in Bulambya division) by 2016 Indicators Number of wards covered by contour farming; number of households accessing agricultural input vouchers Objective: To ensure fisheries is improved. Baselines 234 fish ponds Targets To maintain and improve fish ponds by June 2016. Indicators % fish ponds improved. Objective: To improve policy, planning and monitoring by facilitating planning staff with skills and means to conduct monitoring and evaluation. Baselines Inadequate skills in planning and absence of monitoring and evaluation as required. Targets By June 2014, facilitating/retooling 5 staff from planning department office to conduct monitoring and evaluation; facilitating daily operations of district office by June 2014. Indicators Number of staff facilitated/retooled, number of monitoring and evaluation conducted and reports Objective: To strengthen participatory planning, implementation monitoring and evaluation system Baselines No regular socio-economic and environment data collection Targets Facilitating collection, processing and analysis of socio-economic data by June 2016 Indicators % increase in types of data collected. 5 | P a g e
12. Concluding remarks
Ileje district has all what it takes to unleash growth potential and reduce poverty fast. There are challenges that need to be addressed at both the national level and at the district level. Upgrading Mpemba-Itumba road to tarmac condition will stabilize production and movement as well as open the district to further investments. This is a national task (President‟s promise has to be followed up more incessantly).
At the district level, environmental education and awareness are important in addition to finding alternatives. Community local- based solutions such as afforestation, overseeing implementation of by-laws, etc. should be encouraged.
References
Asheim, Geir B., Wolfgang Buchholz and Bertil Tungodden (2001). "Justifying sustainability." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, Vol 41 No 3, 252-268.
Barbier, E. B. (1987). The concept of sustainable economic development. Environmental Conservation, 14(2), 101-110.
Bossell, Hartmut, ed. (1999). Indicators for Sustainable Development: Theory, Method, Applications: A Report to the Balaton Group, p.2. Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
Capacity and Sustainability Centre/United Nations Environmental Programme, 2007. Poverty and Environment Indicators 2007-2013.
Daly, Herman E. (1994). “Operationalizing Sustainable Development by Investing in Natural Capital,” in AnnMari Jansson et al. eds., Investing in Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
Department of Economics (2013). “Sustainable Local Ecosystem-based Solutions to Poverty- Environment Problem: Case Study of Lake Victoria Basin” Report to Environment for Development project, University of Dar es Salaam
Ileje District Council, 2013. “Taarifa ya Wilaya ya Ileje kwa Mheshimiwa Naibu Waziri wa Maji Mhe. Binilithi Mahenge (Mb) tarehe 9/3/2013
Jonathan M. Harris, (2000). Basic Principles of Sustainable Development. G-DAE Working Paper No. 00-04: Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University 6 | P a g e
Juhudi Development, 2012 – Risk Assessment Study in the Forestry and Fishery Sectors for Tanzania Revenue Authority
Linn, JF, A. Hartman, H.Kharas, R. Kohl and B. Massler (2010). “Scaling up the fight against rural poverty, An institutional Review of IFAD‟s approach” Report to IFAD
NORAD,2009. “Norwegian Environmental Action Plan Baseline Study” Report.
Norton, B. G and Toman, M.A.(1997) „ Sustanability: Ecological and economic perspectives‟, Land Economics, 73(4), 553-568.
Republic of Kenya,2011. Poverty and Environment Indicators Report, Nairobi
United Nations (UN), 2000. Millennium Declaration, New York
UNDP (2012): Support to Implementation of Catalytic Actions for the MAF – Tanzania, Project Proposal Document, UNDP, Dar-es-Salaam
UNDP (2013). “The Challenge We Face” MDG Gap Task Force Report 2013.
United Republic of Tanzania (URT) 1999. Tanzania Development Vision 2025, Planning Commission, Dar es Salaam
URT, (1999). Proposed National Action Programme to Combat Desertification, Vice President‟s Office, Dar es Salaam, 59 pages.
URT. 2000.Composite Development Goal for the Tanzania Development Vision 2025, Planning Commission, February URT, 2005. Poverty and Human Development Report 2005, Mkuki na Nyota Publishers, Dar es Salaam URT (2005) National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, Ministry of Finance Dar es Salaam
URT,2009. Kilimo Kwanza, Tanzania’s Green Revolution, Dar es Salaam
URT (2010): Millennium Development Goals Report, PO-PC, Dar es Salaam
URT (2010) National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty, Ministry of Finance, Dar es Salaam
URT (2010). Tanzania: Millennium Development Goals Report, Ministry of Finance, Dar es Salaam 7 | P a g e
URT (2011). Tanzania Long Term Perspective Plan, President‟s Office, Planning Commission, Dar es Salaam
URT (2011). Accelerating Progress Toward the MDGs: Country Action Plan 2010-2015, Dar es Salaam
URT (2012). 2012 “Population and Housing Census: Population Distribution by Administrative Areas” National Bureau of Statistics, URT(2013). “Public Expenditure Review for the National Agriculture Input Voucher System” (NAIVS), Draft Report, MAFC, Dar-es-Salaam
World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1988) 8 | P a g e
ANNEXES
1. Examples of Poverty-Environment Nexus
Poverty Issue Potential Influence on Environmental and Natural Poverty Indicators Related Resource Issue to Environment
Agriculture, Forestry & Fishery: Economic Access/tenure to productive land and common property Percent population suffering status and resources; from hunger Opportunities Robust farming and forestry practices/techniques. Foods derived from own lands, common lands, forest products and fisheries Strength of farmers’ organizations Population increase Out or in-migration of Population
Food Security Drought or flood coping mechanisms, water Frequency of food insecurity.
Harvesting. Percentage of rural children under five who are underweight, wasted, stunted
Use of adapted plants and other species
Proper forest management and strategies to fight pests
Water & Education Time required to collect water and firewood Proportion of boys and girls
completing primary school
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2. Generic Output and Impact Framework
Objectives Outputs, Activities and Outcomes: Impacts Assumptions/Risks Participation Impacts Knowledge
Assumptions/ Institutionalization
1.. Increase knowledge about and Activities Performed Knowledge Created Behaviour change of Conducive national and local appreciation of good local, 1.Participatory studies/surveys Awareness/technical/ policies (see Annex 4) in line functioning ecosystems national and international 2. Demonstration for and coaching operational insights with national goals, plans and 2. Reduce degradation of local participants private and institutional Bolstered motivation actors which yields international agreements/ through conservation and 3. Media-exposure of positive impacts of sustainable use acceptance and support for different kinds: obligations and the Millennium environmental/ changes 3. Increase yields and higher value • Environmental Development Goals. sustainable production development efforts to bolster Institutionalization taken place: support • Economic International economic 4. Institutionalize Formalization of environmental 4. Development of high value, efforts through agreements, • Social situation may worsen improvements via legislation, tradable products or creation permits, sign-ups for voluntary work, • Civic Consider various scenarios of enforcement and changing local of other income streams national and local budgets. norms • Technical climate change, 4. Involve new participants Laws passed and enforced. • Cultural etc. from various sectors Non-compliance punished
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STATISTICAL ANALYSIS RESULTS
Aina ya kikundi
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Viongozi (makatibu tarafa) 1 20.0 20.0 20.0
NGO'S-IRDO,IECA n.k 1 20.0 20.0 40.0
Upendo (ufugaji) 1 20.0 20.0 60.0
Shitupoka na Tuweze 1 20.0 20.0 80.0
(Ukombozi-nguruwe,Jaribu- 1 20.0 20.0 100.0 kuku,Amani-ushonaji)
Total 5 100.0 100.0 11 | P a g e
sq3aii_2chMazingara=Changamoto zilizopo katika kuzingatia masuala ya mazingira katika wilaya
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Sheria 3 60.0 60.0 60.0
Idadi ya wataalam 2 40.0 40.0 100.0
Total 5 100.0 100.0
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Tarafa
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Bundali / Bulambya 2 40.0 40.0 40.0
Bulambya 3 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 5 100.0 100.0
HHs
HHM3 Aina ya kilimo
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Kawaida 7 100.0 100.0 100.0
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HHM13 Je kaya inazingatia masuala ya mazingira katika bajeti ya kaya
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid ndiyo 2 28.6 28.6 28.6
hapana 5 71.4 71.4 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
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HHM1a_1 Je kadiri ya mtazamo wako, kumekuwa na mabadiliko yoyote katika hali ya maisha ya jamii kwenye kijiji hiki katika miaka mitatu iliyopita?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Ndio - Hali imeboreka 3 42.9 42.9 42.9
Ndio - Hali imekuwa mbaya 2 28.6 28.6 71.4 zaidi
Hapana - Hakuna mabadiliko 2 28.6 28.6 100.0
Total 7 100.0 100.0
HHM3d_1 Je nini tathmini yako juu ya mazingira na hali ya maisha/kipato kutokana na kilimo
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Ni chanzo kikuu cha kipato 1 14.3 14.3 14.3 kwa jamii lakini kinachangia kuharibu mazingira kutokana na kukata miti hovyo 15 | P a g e
Kutokana na uharibifu wa 1 14.3 14.3 28.6 mazingira uzalishaji unapungua
Imekuwa mbaya na kipato 1 14.3 14.3 42.9 kimepungua
Upungufu wa mvua umeathiri 2 28.6 28.6 71.4 kilimo
Hakuna ufanisi katika utumiaji 1 14.3 14.3 85.7 wa mbinu mpya za kilimo
Kipato kimeongezeka kiasi ila 1 14.3 14.3 100.0 mazingira yameharibiwa kwani wanalima hadi kwenye vyanzo vya maji
Total 7 100.0 100.0 16 | P a g e
HHM3d_2 Je nini tathmini yako juu ya mazingira na hali ya maisha/kipato kutokana na misitu
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Mazingira yanaharibiwa 3 42.9 42.9 42.9 kutokana na ukataji hovyo misitu na uchomaji moto
Imehariwa kwa kiwango 1 14.3 14.3 57.1 kikubwa na mazao ya misitu yamepungua
Uharibifu umeongezeka 2 28.6 28.6 85.7 kutokana na shughuli za kibinadamu
Maisha/kipato kimeongezeka 1 14.3 14.3 100.0 kwa upande wa misitu wa kupandwa
Total 7 100.0 100.0
sq3aiii_2changamoto= (sheria) Nini kifanyike ili kukabili hii changamoto 17 | P a g e
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Usimamizi uwe wakutosha 3 60.0 60.0 60.0
Kata ziwekewe sheria za 1 20.0 20.0 80.0 mazingira
Uhamasishaji 1 20.0 20.0 100.0
Total 5 100.0 100.0
sq3aiii_2changamoto= (Wataalam) Nini kifanyike ili kukabili hii changamoto
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Wataalam waongezwe 3 60.0 100.0 100.0
Missing System 2 40.0
Total 5 100.0
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sq4c_mazMsitu=Hali ya mazingira katika misitu ikilinganishwa na miaka iliyopita
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Inaridhisha kiasi 1 20.0 20.0 20.0
Hairidhishi 4 80.0 80.0 100.0
Total 5 100.0 100.0
sq4cv_mazMsitu1=Kama hairidhishi nini kimesababisha hali hiyo?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Ukataji miti ovyo na 5 100.0 100.0 100.0 uchomaji-kwa ajili ya mkaa na matofali
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sq5ii_huduma=Utoaji wa huduma wa asasi za fedha
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Upo sawa 1 20.0 20.0 20.0
Hauridhishi 4 80.0 80.0 100.0
Total 5 100.0 100.0
sq5vi_hudMaz=Je asasi hizo zinatoa huduma kwa kuzingatia masuala ya mazingira?
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Hazizingati 4 80.0 100.0 100.0
Missing System 1 20.0
Total 5 100.0 20 | P a g e
sq6ai_mpkezoKlimo=Mapendekezo ya miradi i(kilimo)
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Kahawa 1 20.0 20.0 20.0
Umwagiliaji 4 80.0 80.0 100.0
Total 5 100.0 100.0
sq6ci_mpkezoMsitu
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Vitalu vya miti 5 100.0 100.0 100.0
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sq7i_uborMaisha=uboreshwaji wa hali ya maisha (maoni ya ziada)
Cumulative Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Kuongeza vyombo vya kutoa 1 20.0 20.0 20.0 huduma za kifedha kama vile benki,SACCOS,VICOBA n.k
Ufugaji wa nyuki kwenye 1 20.0 20.0 40.0 vyanzo vya maji
Yaongezwe mazao ya 3 60.0 60.0 100.0 biashara kama alizeti,soya n.k
Total 5 100.0 100.0