BIOTROPIA Vol. 22 No. 2, 2015: 120 - 128 DOI: 10.11598/btb.2015.22.2.450

DIVERSITY OF EPIPHYTIC ORCHIDS AND HOST TREES (PHOROPHYTES) IN SECONDARY FOREST OF COBAN TRISULA, MALANG RE GE NCY, E AST JAVA, INDONE SIA

SITI NURFADILAH

Purwodadi Botanic Garden – Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Jalan Surabaya-Malang Km. 65 Purwodadi , Pasuruan , E ast Java 67163 ,

Received 19 December 2014/Accepted 18 November 2015

ABSTRACT

Epiphytic orchids are an integral component of forest ecosystems that contribute to a high proportion of diversity. The aim of this study was to investigate the diversity of orchids and their host trees (phorophytes) in a secondary forest of Coban Trisula (the Trisula waterfall) of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park in Province, Indonesia. Two line transects were established.E ach transect was 150 m long and composed of fifteen 10 x 10 m plots, resulting in the total number of 30 sampling plots at the study site. The following data were recorded in each plot: species name and individual numbers of epiphytic orchids, species name and individual numbers of the phorophytes and vertical distribution of the orchids on the phorophyte. There were 15 epiphytic orchid species found from 13 genera in the secondary forest of Coban Trisula. Appendicula angustifolia was the most abundant epiphytic orchid species (Relative abundance = 52. 4%), followed by Trichotosia annulata (29 . 9%). All recorded orchids grew on 21 individuals from nine phorophyte species. Castanopsis javanica (mean = 589.5 individuals/tree) and E ngelhardia spicata (mean = 425 . 67 orchid individuals/tree ) were phorophytes hosting the largest number of individual orchids, respectively. The greatest abundance of epiphytic orchids was on the basal and the middle part of phorophyte branches (zone 3 and zone 4). This study indicated that orchid conservation management is required in the Coban Trisula to protect the survival of orchids in this area from potential human disturbances, as Coban Trisula is one of tourist destination.

Keywords: Coban Trisula, diversity, epiphytic orchid, phorophyte, secondary forest

INTRODUCTION is one of the biggest families containing around 25, 000-35 , 000 species Epiphytes are known as one of important (Dressler 1981; 1993), representing 1/10 of the components in forest ecosystems, contributing to total species. However, a high proportion to floral diversity (Wolf 2005). Orchidaceae is also one of the threatened plant The role of epiphytes is vital as the habitat for families (IUCN/SSC Orchid Specialist Group canopy invertebrates and as nutrient sources in the 1996; Mondragon & Elliott 2013), due to forest canopies (Nadkarni et al.& 2004; Cardelus overexploitation, overcollection, deforestation Mack 2010). Contribution of epiphytes is also and fire (Koopowitz & Dixon 2003). Orchids are important to the total biomass and nutrient pools high ly sensitiv e to environmental changes in the forest ecosystems (Nadkarni et al. 2004). (Newman et al. 2007) and highly dependen t on The family Orchidaceae is among the most other organisms (mycorrhizal fungi and insects as dominant groups of vascular epiphytes pollinators) for their survival (Swarts & Dixon (Johansson 1974; Gentry & Dodson 1987; 2009). Orchid conservation efforts need to be Annaselvam & Parthasarathy 2001; Kromer et al. done by considering the biology , ecology and the 2005; Zotz & Schultz 2008) . nature of threats towards the orchids .

* Corresponding author : siti.nurfadilah@ lipi.go.id;

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Coban Trisula is a waterfall in Bromo Tengger MATE RIALS AND ME THODS Semeru National Park (BTSNP), which is administratively located in Ngadas Village, Study Site Malang Regency, East Java Province . This This study was conducted along the pathway waterfall is a frequent tourist destination in East to Coban Trisula located in the secondary forest , Java, usually visited as part of regular tours to Village Ngadas, Malang Regency, East Java Mount Bromo and Mount Semeru. Coban Trisula o Province, Indonesia ( 08 00'213" S and can be reached through a pathway in a secondary o 112 87'82" E) , with elevation of 1475 , m above forest lined by epiphytic orchids growing on trees sea level (asl). The site is under the management (host trees or phorophytes), making the orchids in of Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park this area vulnerable to human disturbances due to (BTSNP). The dominant trees in this forest are illegal orchid collection by visitors/tourists. Some Macropanax dispermus (pampung), L ithocarpus studies showed the negative impact of tourism sundaicus (pasang) and E ngelhardia spicata (danglu). and recreation on various vascular , especially on orchids family (Orchidaceae) Data C ollection (Pickering && Hill 2007; Ballantyne Pickering 2013; Rankin et al. 2015). Rankin et al . (2015) Records of diversity of epiphytic orchids and reported that more than 45 plant families have the phorophytes were conducted in two line- species listed as threatened, in which orchids were transects. Each transect was 150 m long and the most common species listed as at risk from composed of 15 plots (each plot's size is 10 x 10 threats. The most common threat is plant m), resulting in the total number of 30 sampling collection by visitors in protected areas. The aim plots at the study site (Annaselvam & of this study was to investigate the diversity of Parthasarathy 2001; Focho et al. 2010). Species epiphytic orchids and the phorophytes along the name and individual number of the epiphytic pathway to Coban Trisula to develop conservation orchids and the phorophytes were recorded. management of orchids in that area. Further, the vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids on the phorophytes within the five zones determined by Johansson (1974) was recorded (Fig 1)..

Vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids on the host tree in five zones:

Zone 1 : the bottom part (1/3) of the main stem Zone 2: the upper part (2/3) of the main stem Zone 3: the bottom part of the branches Zone 4: the middle part of the branches Zone 5: the outer part of the branches.

(Johansson 1974)

Figure 1 Division of the phorophyte into five z ones determined by Johansson (1974)

121 Diversity of epiphytic orchids and host trees (Phorophytes) – Nurfadilah

Data A nalysis RE SULTS AND DISCUSSION Parameters measured and analy z ed were The Or ccur ence of E piphytic O rchids on the relative frequency of phorophyte (% Ft), relative Phorophytes abundance of orchids (% Fo), the average number of individuals of orchids of each phorophyte There were 15 epiphytic orchid species and 9 species (Ji/Jt), the average number of epiph ytic phorophyte species recorded (Table 1). The orchid species on a phorophyte species (Js/Jt), results of the present study showed that the and the vertical distribution of the orchids on the number of phorophyte species hosting each phorophytes (Yulia & Budiharta 2012a; 2012b). epiphytic orchid varied from 1 to 5 phorophyte species (Table 1). Some epiphytic orchid species a. Relative f requency of phorophyte (% Ft) occur red on a single phorophyte species; such as Nt A ppendicula elegans (100 individuals) were found % Ft = x 100% exclusively on phorophyte L ithocarpus sundaicus ; Total number of all phorophytes Bryobium hyacinthoides (10 individuals) were where: Nt = the number of trees in the plot recorded only on phorophyte E ngelhardia spicata ; hosting a particular orchid species and Dendrobium luxurians (50 individuals) were b. Relative a bundance of orchid (% Fo) only observed on phorophyte Castanopsis javanica (Table 1). Other epiphytic orchid species

No occurred on multiple phorophyte species; such as % Fo = x 100% A ppendicula angustifolia grew on four phorophyte Total number of all orchid species species (Macropanax dispermus , L ithocarpus where: No = the number of individual s of a sundaicus, Drypetes sumatrana and Castanopsis particular orchid species within the plot javanica). Parapteroceras odoratissimum was hosted by c. The average number of orchid individuals on a 5 phorophyte species in the study site i.e. phorophyte species = E ngelhardia spicata, Ficus sp,. Syzygium sp, . Ji L ithocarpus sundaicus and Drypetes sumatrana (Table Jt 1). The results of the present study were similar to where: Ji = the number of orchid individuals other studies which showed that the number of Jt = the number of individual s of each phorophyte species hosting epiphytic orchids phorophyte species varied from a single to multiple phorophyte d. The average number of orchid species on a species. Adhikari et al. (2012) reported that the phorophyte species = orchid Dendrobium nobile occur r ed on one phorophyte species, while the orchid Rhynchostylis Js retusa was found on many different phorophyte Jt species. Rosa-Manzano et al. (2014) also reported where: Js = the number of orchid species that most epiphytic orchids in tropical dry forests Jt = the number of individual of each of Yucatan, Mexico occur red on a single tree phorophyte species species. Tremblay et al. (1998) also showed a e. Vertical distribution of epiphytic orchids on Puerto Rican orchid, L epanthes caritensis hosted by the phorophyte specie s were determined by one phorophyte species, while o ther epiphytic mapping vertical distribution of each epiphytic orchids were reported to occur in many orchid species on the phorophyte, from the phorophyte species. Annaselvam and trunk to outer branches in five zones (zone 1, Parthasarathy (2001) reported that epiphytic zone 2, zone 3, zone 4 and zone 5) and by orchids in tropical evergreen forest at Varagalaiar, calculating the average number of individuals Western Ghats, gre w on many phorophyte of epiphytic orchids in each zone. species. Trapnell and Hamrick (2006) also showed 33 phorophyte species hosting epiphytic orchid L aelia rubescens at one site.

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Table 1 The epiphytic orchid species and the phorophytes in the secondary forest of Coban Trisula Number of No Epiphytic orchids phorophyte Phorophyte species species 1 A ppendicula angustifolia Blume 4 Macropanax dispermus (Blume) Kuntze L ithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder Drypetes sumatrana (Miq.) Pax & K.Hoffm Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC.

2 A ppendicula elegans Rchb.f 1 L ithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder

3 Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) 1 E ngelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Y.P.Ng & P.J.Cribb Valeton

4 Bulbophyllum odoratissimum 1 E ngelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall. Valeton

5 Ceratostylis brevibrachiata 2 E ngelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. &

J.J. Sm . Valeton

A ctinodaphne procera

6 Cymbidium sp. 1 E ngelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton

7 Dendrobium luxurians J.J.Sm. 1 Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC.

8 Dendrobium spathilingue J.J.Sm. 2 L ithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC.

9 Dendrochilum abbreviatum Blume 1 E ngelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton

10 Mycaranthes oblitterata Blume 1 Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC.

11 Parapteroceras odoratissimum 5 E ngelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & (J.J.Sm.) J.J. Wood Valeton Ficus sp. Syzygium sp. L ithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder Drypetes sumatrana (Miq.) Pax & K.Hoffm

12 Schoenorchis juncifolia Reinw. Ex Blume 3 E ngelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. &

Valeton

L ithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder

Ficus grossularioides Burm.f.

13 Thrixspermum subulatum (Blume) Rchb.f 1 Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 14 Trichotosia annulata Blume 4 E ngelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton L ithocarpus sundaicus , (Blume) Rehder Drypetes sumatrana (Miq.) Pax & K.Hoffm Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 15 tricolor Lindl. 2 E ngelhardia spicata var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC.

E piphytic O rchids been caused by the difference in ecosystem types in which Coban Trisula is secondary forest, while The present study showed that the secondary Resort Senduro is a primary forest. The difference forest of Coban Trisula contained 15 epiphytic of primary forest and secondary forest in terms orchid species, in which the diversity was lower of their plant diversity has been widely studied. compared to the diversity of epiphytic orchids in Primary forest has higher plant diversity than that other areas within the Bromo Tengger Semeru of secondary forest, including epiphytic orchid National Park; such as in Resort Senduro that had diversity (Barthlott et al. 2001; Kubota et al . 2005). 42 epiphytic orchid species (Utama 2005). The Studies in the Venezuelan Andes and Japan lower diversity of epiphytic orchids in Coban comparing the diversity of vascular epiphytes in Trisula compared to Resort Senduro may have

123 Diversity of epiphytic orchids and host trees (Phorophytes) – Nurfadilah

Table 2 The epiphytic orchid species in Coban Trisula and the parameter values

No Epiphytic orchid species Nt No % Ft % Fo

1 Appendicula angustifolia Blume 6 2,056 15 52.4

2 Appendicula elegans Rchb.f 1 100 2.5 2.55

3 Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) 1 10 2.5 0.25 Y.P.Ng & P.J.Cribb 1 120 2.5 3.06 4 Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. ex Wall.

5 Ceratostylis brevibrachiata 2 50 5 1.27 J.J. Sm. 6 Cymbidium sp. 1 2 2.5 0.05 7 Dendrobium luxurians J.J.Sm. 1 50 2.5 1.27 8 Dendrobium spathilingue J.J.Sm. 2 16 5 0.41 9 Dendrochilum abbreviatum Blume 1 75 2.5 1.91 10 Mycaranthes oblitterata Blume 1 100 2.5 2.55

9 74 22.5 1.89 11 Parapteroceras odoratissimum (J.J.Sm.) J.J. Wood

12 Schoenorchis juncifolia Reinw. Ex 4 41 10 1.05

Blume

13 Thrixspermum subulatum (Blume) 1 50 2.5 1.27

Rchb.f

14 Trichotosia annulata Blume 5 1,172 12.5 29.9

15 Vanda tricolor Lindl. 4 7 10 0.18

Notes: Nt = the number of trees in the plot hosting a particular orchid species No = the number of individuals of a particular orchid species within the plot % Ft = relative frequency of phorophyte s % Fo = relative abundance of orchids primary forests and secondary forests showed that abundance of A ppendicula angustifolia at the study primary forests had higher diversity of epiphytic site. Comber (1990) also reported a tree covered orchids compared to secondary forests (Barthlott by high density of A. angustifolia. In Indonesia, et al. 2001 ; Kubota et al . 2005). A ppendicula angustifolia is widely distr i buted and The present study also showed that the most found all over Java and Sumate ra, from 800 to abundant epiphytic orchid was A ppendicula 1, 700 m asl elevation (Comber 1990). angustifolia with relative abundance (% Fo) of 52. 41%, followed by Trichotosia annulata with % Host T ree (Phorophyte) S pecies Fo of 29 . 9% (Table 2). The most abundant The results of the present study also showed orchid in this study site, A ppendicula angustifolia is a that there were 9 phorophyte species in Coban sympodial orchid, that has continuous lateral Trisula, which the diversity is lower than that in growth of the the stems through rhizome, which Resort Senduro located within the same national is an effective vegetative reproduction to grow a park (Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park) . large number of individuals. A ppendicula Utama (2005) reported 16 phorophyte species in angustifolia also has many flowers along the stems, Resort Senduro. The lower diversity of with each rachis bears 10–15 flowers (Comber phorophyte in Coban Trisula compared to Resort 1990; 2001). The large number of A. angustifolia Senduro may have been caused by different flowers increase the chance for the fruit and seed ecosystem types (secondary forest in Coban sets to produce large population. All these Trisula and primary forest in Resort Senduro). characters of A. angustifolia support the high Other studies also showed similar results.

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Table 3 The phorophyte species in Coban Trisula and the parameter values

No Phorophyte species Jt Js Ji Js/Jt Ji/Jt

1 A ctinodaphne procera Nees 1 1 15 1 15 2 Castanopsis javanica (Blume) A.DC. 4 7 2,358 1.75 589.5 3 Drypetes sumatrana (Miq.) Pax & 2 3 13 1.5 6.5 K.Hoffm . 4 E ngelhardia spicata 3 8 1,277 2.67 425.67 var. colebrookeana (Lindl. ex Wall.) Koord. & Valeton 5 Ficus grossularioides Burm.f. 2 1 30 0.5 15 6 Ficus sp. 1 1 10 1 10 7 L ithocarpus sundaicus (Blume) Rehder 5 6 175 1.2 35 8 Macropanax dispermus (Blume) Kuntze 2 1 35 0.5 17.5 9 Syzygium sp. 1 1 10 1 10

Notes: Jt = the individual number of each phorophyte species Js = number of orchid species Ji = number of orchid individuals Js/Jt = the average number of epiphytic orchid species on a phorophyte species Ji/Jt = the average number of epiphytic orchid individuals on a phorophyte species

Barthlott et al. (2001) reported that the diversity 2001). The thickness of organic substrates layer of phorophytes in the secondary forest was lower on the tree bark varied within the vertical than that of the primary forest in the Venezuelan distribution of a single tree species from bare bark Andes. (thin substrates < 1 cm) to 5 cm thick substrates. The individual number of orchids growing on The variety of substrate thickness covering the a phorophyte ranged from 6.5 to 589.5 phorophyte was also observed by Johansson individuals/tree (Ji/Jt) (Table 3). The largest (1974) in West African rainforests and Barthlott et individual numbers of epiphytic orchids were al. (2001) in the Venezuelan Andes. found on Castanopsis javanica (Ji/Jt = 589.5 In our study the highest abundance of orchids individuals of orchids/tree), followed by occurr ed on thick substrates. This is consistent E ngelhardia spicata (Ji/Jt = 425.6 individuals of with the results of the study conducted by orchids/tree). Castanopsis javanica and E ngelhardia Annaselvam and Parthasarathy (2001) showing spicata not only had a large individual number of that most thick branches were densely covered epiphytic orchids, but also had the highest species with vascular epiphytes, accumulating substantial richness of epiphytic orchids. Eight orchid species amounts of humus, nutrients and moisture. Rosa- had been recorded growing on the phorophyte Manzano et al. (2014) also reported that bark E ngelhardia spicata and seven species on the roughness and substrate area were the most phorophyte Castanopsis javanica . Other important phorophyte characteristics affecting phorophytes such as Actinodaphne procera and the epiphytic orchids abundance. Macropanax dispermus only hosted one orchid species. Vertical DEO istribution of piphytic rchids on All recorded phorophytes were specialized on Phorophyte Species sub-montane and montane areas (Hardyanti & The present study showed a range of vertical Hakim 2014). Most of them such as Castanopsis distribution of epip hytic orchid species from javanica, E ngelhardia spicata, Macropanax dispermus zone 2 to zone 5 (Table 4). The most abundant and L ithocarpus sundaicus had rough or fissured orchid, Appendicula angustifolia, was found to have bark. This bark structure might support litter the widest vertical distribution ranging from zone accumulation and therefore, build a nutrient and 2 to zone 5. The ability of A. angustifolia to occupy humidity reservoir providing a comfort habitat for a large area and different zones supported epiphytic orchids (Annaselvam & Pathasarathy population growth resulting in the abundance of

125 Diversity of epiphytic orchids and host trees (Phorophytes) – Nurfadilah

Table 4 Zones of the occur r ence of epiphytic orchids on their phorophytes and the number of o rchid individuals in each zone

No Epiphytic orchid species Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 Zone 5

1 A ppendicula angustifolia Blume 20 796 800 200

2 A ppendicula elegans Rchb.f 10 100 Bryobium hyacinthoides (Blume) Y.P.Ng & 3 P.J. Cribb 10 Bulbophyllum odoratissimum (Sm.) Lindl. Ex. 4 Wall. 20 100 5 Ceratostylis brevibrachiata J.J. Sm. 45 5 6 Cymbidium sp. 2 7 Dendrobium luxurians J. J. Sm. 50 8 Dendrobium spathilingue J. J. Sm. 11 5 9 Dendrochilum abbreviatum Blume 30 10 Mycaranthes oblitterata Blume 33 33 33 Parapteroceras odoratissimum (J. J. Sm.) J.J. 11 Wood 5 34 35 12 Schoenorchis juncifolia Reinw. Ex Blume 25 6 10 13 Thrixspermum subulatum (Blume) Rchb.f 50 14 Trichotosia annulata Blume 152 1,020

15 Vanda tricolor Lindl. 3 77 2 Total number of orchid individuals 0 25 1,129 2,271 297

the orchids. Cymbidium sp. and Dendrobium better light intensity nearby the tree crown luxurians were observed to occur in zone 5 only (Johansson 1974; Kromer et al. 2005 ; Rosa- (Table 4). Most epiphytic orchid species grew on Manzano et al. 2014). zone 3 and zone 4. A small number of orchid species occur red on the trunk (only two orchid Implications for C onservation species grew on zone 2 and no orchid species grew Coban Trisula is one of tourist destination on zone 1. within the area of Bromo Tengger Semeru The pattern of vertical distribution of National Park. The tourist number to Bromo epiphytic orchids in the forest of Coban Trisula Tengger Semeru National Park was very high was similar to that of other regions i.e. in Africa, (Table 5). The number of visitors increased South America and Mexico where vascular sharply from 2011 to 2014, with the peak of epiphyte abundance were higher in zone 3-5 ( tree tourist number reached 551, 644 visitors in 2013 crown) than in zone 1-2 ( along the trunk ) due to (Table 5).

Table 5 The number of visitors to Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park

Visitors Year 2011 2012 2013 2014 Domestic 103,091 249,577 518,746 512,887 Foreign 22,380 26,297 32,898 23,451 Total visitors 125,471 275,874 551,644 536,338 Source: Balai Besar Taman Nasional Bromo Tengger Semeru

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Management of orchid conservation is Barthlott W, Schmit-Neuerburg V, Nieder J, Engwald S. required to protect the orchids in Coban Trisula 2001. Diversity and abundance of vascular epiphytes: a comparison of secondary vegetation and other places within Bromo Tengger Semeru and primary montane rain forest in the Venezuelan National Park f rom population decrease and loss Andes. Plant Ecol152: 145–56. of diversity. This is related to the impact of Cardelus CL, Mack MC. 2010. The nutrient status of tourism and recreation activities on the survival of epiphytes and their host trees along an elevational plants, especially orchids (Pickering & Hill 2007; gradient in Costa Rica. Plant Ecol 207:25–37. et al Rankin .T 2015). he most common type of Calderon-Aguilera LE, Rivera-Monroy VH, Porter-Bolland threat in the tourism and recreation area is plant L, Martinez-Yrizar A, Ladah LB, Martinez-Ramos collection by visitors which can decrease plant M, Alcorer J, Santiago-Perez AL, Hernandez-Arana species diversity (Rankin et al . 2015; Calderon- HA, Reyes-Gomez VM, Perez-Salicrup DR, Diaz- Aguilera et al. 2012). A recommendation to Nunez V, Sosa-Ramirez J, Herrera-Silveira J, Burquez A. 2012. An assessment of natural and protect the epiphytic orchids in this area from human disturbance effects on Mexican ecosystems: human disturbances is required. current trends and research gaps. Biodivers Conserv 21:589–617. Comber JB. 1990. Orchids of Java . Surrey (UK): Bentham – CONCLUSIONS Moxon Trust Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Comber JB. 2001. Orchids of Sumatra . Surrey (UK): The Fifteen epiphytic orchid species from 13 Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. genera were found in the secondary forest of Dressler RL. 1981. The OH rchids: Natural istory and Coban Trisula, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Classification.Cambridge (US): Harvard University Park. Nine phorophyte species were found to be Press. the host of the epiphytic orchid species in Coban Dressler RL. 1993. Phylogeny and C lassification of the O rchid Trisula. The most abundant orchid species was Family.Cambridge (UK): Cambridge University A ppendicula angustifolia and the phorophyte species Press. hosting the largest number of orchids was Focho DA, Fonge BA, Fongo AGN, Essomo SE. 2010. A Castanopsis javanica. Management of orchid study of the distribution and diversity of the Family conservation is required to protect the survival of Orchidaceae on some selected lava flows of Mount orchids in Coban Trisula. Cameroon. Afr J of Environ Sci Technol 4(5): 263- 73. Gentry AH, Dodson CH. 1987. Diversity and ACKNOWLE DGE ME NTS biogeography of n eotropical ve ascular piphytes. Ann Missouri Bot Gard 74 (2) : 205-33 . The present study was funded by DIPA. My Hardyanti SA, Hakim L. 2014. Pengetahuan Masyarakat sincere thanks went to Pak Tarmudji and Pak Desa Ranupani t erhadap Pohon d i Hutan Tropis Pegunungan Tengger-Ranupani. J Biotropika 2(1): Tatang (Purwodadi Botanic Garden) and Pak 1-7. Sukiyono (Bromo Tengger Semeru National IUCN/SSC Orchid Specialist Group. 1996. Orchids-Status Park) for the assistance in the field. Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Cambridge (UK): IUCN, Gland Switzerland and Cambridge. Johansson D. 1974. Ecology of vascular epiphytes in West REFERENCES African rain forest. Acta Phytogeogr Suec 59: 1–136. Adhikari YP, Fischer HS, Fischer A. 2012. Host tree utilization by epiphytic orchids in different land-use Koopowitz H, Dixon KW. 2003. The nature of threats to intensities in Kathmandu Valley, . Plant Ecol orchid conservation. In: Dixon KW, Kell SP, Barrett 213:1393–412. RL, Cribb PJ, ed itors. Orchid C onservation : History Publications (Borneo). Kota Kinabalu (MY). p: 25-42. Annaselvam J, Parthasarathy N. 2001. Diversity and distribution of herbaceous vascular epiphytes in a Kromer T, Kessler M, Gradstein SR, Acebey A. 2005. tropical evergreen forest at Varagalaiar, Western Diversity patterns of vascular epiphytes along an Ghats, India. Biodivers Conserv 10: 317–29. elevational gradient in the Andes. J Biogeogr 32: 1799–809. Ballantyne M, Pickering CM. 2013. Tourism and recreation: a common threat to IUCN red-listed vascular plants Kubota Y, Katsuda K, Kikuzawa K. 2005. Secondary in Europe. Biodivers Conserv 22 (13): 3027-44. succession and effects of clear-logging on diversity

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