SUPPLEMENTARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (SEIA) STUDY OF UPPER MARSYANGDI-2 HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT (327MW), MANANG AND LAMJUNG, GANDAKI PROVINCE, NEPAL
Submitted to Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE)
Through Investment Board of Nepal (IBN)
Submitted By: Prepared By: M/s Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd. Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services (P) Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. GPO Box 7301, JitjungMarg-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Ph: 4247237977-1-4784026 Nepal Fax: + 977 1-4780994 Tel: 977-1-4244989/4241001; Fax: 977-1-4226028 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]; Web: www.ness.com.np
May, 2021
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) sfo{sf/L ;f/fz+ !=) k[i7e"ld dflyNnf] d:of{ª\bL–@ hnljB't cfof]hgfsf] k|:tfjs lxdtfn xfO{8«f]kfj/ sDkgL k|fO{e]6 lnld6]8 /x]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)!@ sf] :jLs[t jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg cg';f/ of] cfof]hgfsf] Ifdtf ^)) d]ufjf6 lyof] . xfnsf] ;DefJotf cWoog / cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] lgSof]{naf6 of] cfof]hgf Ifdtf #@& d]ufjf6 dfq sfod ul/Psf] 5 . o; k"/s jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg k|ltj]bgdf xfnsf] kl/jlt{t cfsf/, k|sf/ ;+/rgf, Ifdtf, k|efjx? cflbnfO{ k"j{ :jLs[t jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg k|ltj]bg;Fu bfFh]/ tof/ ul/Psf] xf] . dflyNnf] d:of{ªbL –@ hnljB't cfof]hgf 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu kfgL y'gL aGg] cfof]hgf xf] . of] cfof]hgf (Peaking Run of River with diurnal storage) klZrd g]kfnsf] cGgk'0f{ kbdfu{ cGtu{t d:of{ª\bL vf]nfsf] lsgf/fdf l:yt 5 . ^)) d]=jf=af6 #@& d]=jf= df cfof]hgfsf] pTkfbg Ifdtf 36fP tfklg of] cfof]hgf k"j{ :jLs[t rf/ lsNnf aLrdf g} /x]sf] 5 t/ cfof]hgfsf] ;+/rgf / tLgn] rlr{g] hldgsf] If]qkmndf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 . Dimension
@=) cfof]hgfsf] cjl:ylt / kx'Fr If]q M dflyNnf] d:of{ªbL @ hnljB't cfof]hgf 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu kfgL y'gL aGg] – (Peaking Run of River with diurnal cfof]hgf xf] . o; cfof]hgfsf] x]8js{ u08sL k|b]zsf] dgfË lhNnfsf] gf;f]+ uf=kf j8f g= ! storage) (headwork) tfn ufpFdf / ljB'tu[x ndh'Ë lhNnfsf] d:of{ª\bL uf=kf j8f g= $ :ofªu] ufpFdf cjfl:yo x'g]5 . cfof]hgfsf] rf/ lsNnf @*)@@ )$ @*)@( #% / *$)@! #) *$)@% )# /x]sf] 5 . ’ ”– ’ ” N ’ ”– ’ ” E of] cfof]hgf sf7df08f}af6 s/Lj @!% lsnf]ld6/ klZrddf kb{5 . cfof]hgf :yn;Dd k'Ugsf] nflu k[YjLdfu{df kg]{ 8'd|]af6- h'g sf7df8f}Faf6 !#) ls ld / d'lUngaf6 @% ls ld /x]sf] 5 _$# ls ld a];L;x/;Dd hf]8\g] af6f] / . . . a];L;x/af6 @& ls ld sRrL df]6/af6f] x'b} :ofªu] ufpF ;Dd -hnljB't u[x_ / ToxfF af6 cfem !% ls ld . . df]6/af6f] x'b} l;/fg tfn;Dd -afFw :yn_ k'Ug ;lsg] 5 .
#=)= cfof]hgfsf] ljj/0fM ljBdfg dflyNnf] d:of{ªbL @ hnljB't cfof]hgf xf] . – high head Peaking Run of River with diurnal storage o; cfof]hgf !)( d]=jf pTkfbg Ifdtf ePsf] tLgj6f OsfO{df ljeflht 5g\ h;sf] s'n hl8t Ifdtf #@& d]=jf /xg] 5 . jflif{s laqmL of]Uo phf{ !*)^ sf] /xg] 5 . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f cjlwsf] nflu % aif{ nfUg] ck]Iff GWh ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;'Vvf ;dodf b}lgs klxnfsf] !=^^ 306f kfgL ;+rfng ug{ cw{ hnfzoo'Qm cfof]hgf xf] / cfjZos hnfzosf] dfqf ) @% /x]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfdf #^ ld6/ . MCM concrete barrage with a spillway of /xg] 5 . ljB'tu[x ;+/rgf d:of{ªbL vf]nfsf] bfofF lsgf/fdf :ofªu] ufpF glhs three radial gated openings /x]sf] 5 . tflnsf g+=!: cfof]hgfsf] t'ngfTds ljj/0f ljz]iftf -#@& d]=jf=_ k"/s jf=k|=d" cWoog -^)) d]=jf=_ O{=cfO{=P @)!@ @)@) != ;fwf/0f cfof]hgfsf] gfd dflyNnf] d:of{ËbL @ xfO8«f] O{n]lS6«s k|f]h]S6 - – gbL d:of{ËbL vf]nf cfof]hgfsf] k|sf/ cw{ hnfzoo'Qm cjl:ylt
k|b]z u08sL lhNnf dgfË / ndh'Ë cfof]hgfsf] rf/ lsNnf
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited i SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
cIffz+ ) ) ) @* @@’)$” pm b]lv @* @(’#%” pm @* @@’)$” pm b]lv ) @* #)’))” pm b]zfGt/ ) ) *$ @!’#)” k" b]lv *$ @%’)#” k" glhsdf /x]sf] dfgjj:tL a];Lzx/, ndh'Ë 8'd|] a];Lzx/ ;8s v08, k[YjL /fhdfu{ kx'Fr af6f] - @= ;+:yf k|j4{s QYEC International Co., Ltd. Tractebel Engineering S.A. #= hn lj1fg÷k|jfx hnfwf/ If]q @@^* !!)$ ls=dL@ @@&^ !!)^ ls=dL@ (total/snow) / / l8hfOg jxfa %( ^ !!# . m3/s (Q40) m3/s ;/b/ jflif{s k|jfx ($ # . m3/s jflif{s lyu|fg b/ @(#( @%)) t/km2 t/km2 $= e"–ue{ If]lqo e" ue{ – From North to South, STDS, MCT & MBT d'Vo r§fgsf] k|sf/ gneiss
%= ;+/rgfx? afFw (dam) afFwsf] k|sf/ Non-overflow concrete gravity dam Rock fill dam with gated spillway
afFwsf] nDafO{ !!^ dL= !$% dL= k"0f{ Ifdtf ljGb" !&@) !&)@ masl masl afFwsf] prfO{ #& dL= #@ dL= j9L kfgL aUg] af6f] (spillway) pRrtd ljGb" !&@@ !&)% masl masl j9L kfgL aUg] af6f]sf] cfsf/ * dL= x ( dL= ( dL= x !@=% dL= ;+Vof @ #
d'xfgsf] ;+/rgfx? (Intake) k|sf/ Submersible hole afFw;Fu}sf] 5]psf] d'xfgsf] ;+Vof ! # cfsf/ ^ dL= x @& dL= %=% dL= x !$ dL= O{Ge6{ ljGb" !^(% masl !^*@ masl !&@@ !^&& Sill Level masl masl lyu|fg ;+/rgf k|sf/ e"ldut ;+Vof @ cfsf/ D- cfsf/sf] lyu|fgsf] cfsf/ )=!% mm ;'?Ë k|sf/ 3f]8f h'Qf cfsf/df pTvgg\ 3f]8f h'Qf cfsf/df pTvgg\ cfGtl/s Jof; #=(* $=** dL= %=#$ %=^( dL= ^=& dL= (W x H) – x – nDafO{ (=@ ls dL= !@.)& ls dL= lgdf{0f cl86 ;+Vof ^ ;+Vof $ ;h{ zfˆ6
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited ii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
k|sf/ Two-compartment e"ldut cfl/lkm; Jof; !! dL= prfO{ &! dL= (& dL= cl86sf] ;+Vof @ k]g:6s ljeflht x'g' cl3sf] nDafO{ *#) dL= (*(.$ dL= #=* dL= ^=&) dL= cfGtl/s Jof; (m) No.of adit ! @ k|sf/ l:6n ljB't u[x k|sf/ e"ldut cfsf/ ^# @$ $$ (^ dL= !@$ @@ @@=%) dL= (L x W x H) x X . x x k|lt OsfO{ hl8t Ifdtf !)( d]=jf !%) d]=jf . . OsfO{ # $ 6]n/]z k|sf/ ;'?Ë Jof; & dL= %=% dL= cfsf/ ^=& % dL= & & dL= (B x H),D-shaped X X nDafO{ ^*$ dL= ^#(.)@ dL= n]jn !)^*=@ masl !)^*=%) masl ^= 6/jfO{g k|sf/ k]N6g ;+Vof # $ x]8 ^!%=* dL= ^)!=&% dL= k|lt OsfO{ k|jfx !(=*% @*=@% m3/s m3/s 6/jfO{gsf] n]jn !)&)=$) masl !)&@ masl bIftf (! Ü ().% Ü &= h]g]/]6/ k|sf/ Vertical Shaft, synchronous, suspended Ifdtf !)( d]=jf= !%) d]=jf= kfj/ ˆofS6/ )=*% )=( ef]N6]h !#.* s]=le cfa[lt (Hz) %) Hz
O{sfO # $ pT;fx k|0ffnL l:y/ k|sf/ l:k8 ### ## . rpm *= 6«f;km/d/ k|sf/ OFWF Oil-immersed # ! Number of phase O{sfO{ ;+Vof !) !# ( 1 spare) ( 1 spare) ef]N6]h cg'kfn @@)÷!#=* -s]=le_ $))÷!#=* -s]=le_ cfa[lt %) (Hz) Hz 6«f;km/d/ bIftf ((Ü (*Ü !)= k|zf/0f nfOg ef]N6]h :t/ @@) s]=le $)) s]=le ;'? cGTo g]kfn :ofªu] ef/t ~ Switchyard of UM2HEP ~ ~
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited iii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
ljB't k|lws/0fsf] k|:tfljt v'bL ;a :6]zg !!= zlQm / phf{ Hl8t Ifdtf #@& d]=jf $)) d]=jf Gross head ^$(=^ dL= ^#) dL= s"n jflif{s phf{ !*)%=^! @@*@ GWh GWh ;'Vvf dlxgfsf] phf{ %^@=** GWh $*& GWh jvf{ dlxgfsf] phf{ !@$@=&# GWh !)*# GWh !@= hldgsf] cfjZostf ;/sf/L #&.$@ x] %&.&@ x] lghL @*=(%* x] @*.)* x] c:yfoL #%.&% x] @!.@& x] :yfoL @(.&% x] ^%.$@ x] cfof]hgfn] k|efljt kl/jf/ -3/w"/L_ !$@ !^# cfof]hgfn] k|efljt hg;+Vof &%( ($$ !# h}ljs jftfj/0f cfof]hgfsf] nflu sfl6g] ?vsf] ;+Vof @#^! #@^& jgIf]qsf] hldg cfjZostf #&.@^ x] $(.@$ x] !#= ljlQo ;'rs s_ s"n nfut Aofh afx]s -cd]l/sg 646 millions - 8n/df_ Debt / capital ration 80:20 - Project internal rate of Return 11.14 % - IRR on capital 15.2 % - Cost per kWh (NPR @ 110) 40 NPR/kWh - Cost per kW (NPR @ 110) 221,713 NPR/kW -
$=) t'ngfTds ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo cjl:yltM ef}lts jftfj/0f g]kfnsf] If]qLo ef}uf]lns ;+/rgfsf] b[li6sf]0fjf6 cfof]hgf If]qx? kxf8L If]q x'b} pRr kfxf8L If]q ;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qx?sf] prfO{df lgs} ljljwtf 5 h;sf] prfO{ !%)) ld6/ b]lv ^))) ld6/ ;Dd /x]sf] 5 . hldg sRrf / lg/Gt/ ?kn] km]/jbn e}/xg] vfnsf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] df};d pk pi0f b]lv ;dzLtf]i0f leq kb{5 . cfof]hgf If]q j/k/sf] jflif{s ;jf{lws tfkqmd qmdz @% l8u|L /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf] jftfj/0f lr;f] 5 / cf};t dfl;s ;fk]lIft cfb|tf && b]lv !)) k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cf};t dfl;s ;jf{lws jfo"ult * * lsdL . k|lt 306f /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf :ynsf] cf};t jflif{s jiff{ @%))–#))) ld=ld sf] ljrdf /x]sf] 5 / *) k|ltzt jiff{ dg;'gsf] dlxgfdf x'g] ub{5 . d:of{ªbL gbL cfof]hgf :ynsf] d"Vo gbL k|0ffnL xf] h'g rflx ;Kt u08sL gbL k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f ;xfos gbL xf] . of] gbLsf] d"Vo ;|f]t lxdfnsf] lxpm tyf dg;'gL jiff{ xf] . of] gbL jif{e/L juL/xg] gbL xf] / jxfjsf] lgsfzsf] k|s[lt rflx d"Vo?kdf 8]g8«Ll6s lgsfz k|s[ltsf] 5 . cfof]hgf :yndf gbL rflx ;fFu'/f] vf]r lt/ ;d]l6Psf] 5 / ulx/f] If]q ePsf] 5 . hxf d'n gbLnfO{ e]6\g] ;xfos gbLx? ;+u gbLsf] ;+ud x'g' eGbf clnslt dfly em/gfsf] ?k wf/0f ub{5g\ . d:of{ªbL gbLsf] k|Tofnf]lvt cf}ift dfl;s jxfjn] df km]j|'j/Ldf / dfr{df Go"g jxfj Damsite tyf lxpm kUn]kZrft clk|ndf jxfjsf] j'l4 x'g] u/]sf] tyf cui6df jxfj ;a}eGbf pRr x'g] b]vfpb5 . o;n] gbLsf] hnk|jfxnfO{ dg;'gL jiff{ / lxpmsf] kUnfO{n] k|efj kfg]{ b]vfpFb5 .
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited iv SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) cfof]hgf e"sDkLo lqolzn If]q xf] . hxfsf] lxdfno If]qjf6 y'k|} e"sDkx? lrq0f u/LPsf 5g \ . t/ cfof]hgf If]q h'g rflx glhssf} cfof]hgf If]qsf] e"sDkLo >f]t xf], pQ/ tkm{ kb{5 . To;}n] e"sDkLo k|s[lt cfof]hgf MCT, :yn eGbf tnsf] If]qdf km}lnPsf] 5 . cfof]hgf4f/f k|ToIf ?kdf k|efljt If]qdf hDdf u/]/ ^ k|sf/sf] e"-pkof]u b]lvPsf] 5 h;dWo] s[lif hGo e"dL, 3fF; d}bfg / h+un rflx] cfof]hgf k|efljt If]qsf d'Vo e" pkof]u x'g\ . – h}ljs jftfj/0f cfof]hgf If]q tNnf] ;dl;tf]i0f -!))) –!%)) ld_ b]lv dflyNnf] l;tf]i0f -!%)) –@))) ld_ If]qdf kb{5 eg] :6]g6]g -!(&@_ juL{s/0f cg';f/ cfof]hgf If]q dWo ld8Nof08 If]qdf kb{5 .
tflnsf g+=@ :6]g6]g / juL{s/0f cg';f/sf] ;f/fz+ : TISC
cfof]hgf If]q / o:sf jl/k/Lsf If]qdf d'Votfof $ k|sf/sf -s_ lrnfpg] s6'; v_ ;fNnf] - – - Abier pine u_x]nnf]s cf]s nfnLu'/fF; / -3_ pi0f kxf8L cf]s h+unx? kfO{G5 . cfof]hgf :ynsf] (Hemlock)– (Oak) – tNnf] efudf lrnfpg] s6'; h+un kfO{G5 h;nfO{ dfly uP/ cf]s nfnLu'/fF;sf] h+unn] k5\ofpb} hfG5 . cfof]hgf :yn / o;sf jl/k/L If]qdf !&! k|hflt -%&– ?v, $)– a'6\ofg / &$ j6f h8Lj'6L_ sf jg:kltx? kfOG5g\ . h;dWo] !$ k|hfltsf jg:kltx? eg] g]kfn ;/sf/sf] $ k|hflt / !! k|hflt sf] ;+/If0f ( ) IUCN / CITES ( ) ;'lr leq k/]sf 5g\ . To:tf ;'lr leq k/]sf k|fo h;f] k|hfltx? cfof]hgf If]q tyf g]kfnsf c? If]qx?df k|fo kfO{g] x'gfn] ltlgx?sf] Ifltn] ;+/If0f ;'lrdf k/]sf k|hfltx?nfO{ Tolt vt/f k}bf ub}{g . s[lif hGo ljljwtfsf d"No tf]s]sf ^( k|hfltx? cfof]hgf If]q / o;sf j/k/sf If]qdf kfO{Psf 5g\ . oL ;a} k|hfltx? cfof]hgf If]q / j/k/sf If]qdf ;femf ?kdf kfO{G5g\ . To:t} u/L cfof]hgf If]q / o;sf j/Lk/L kfO{g] !%# k|hfltx? dWo] && k|hfltx? -@$ cf}iflwo, ( 8fn]3fF;, !( sf7 vfg] , @# ;hfj6, ! wfld{s / ! kmnkm"n _ /}yfg] k|hfltsf jg:kltx? 5g\ .
To:t} u/L :yn / o;sf jl/k/Lsf If]qdf !)! k|hfltsf :tgwf/L hgfj/x?, $&* k|hfltsf r/fx?, ^$ k|hfltsf peor/x? h;dWo] $) k|hfltsf :tgwf/L, *# k|hfltsf r/fx? / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;+/If0f ;'rLdf kb{5g\ CITES
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited v SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) . To;dWo] lrt'jf, /t'jf, 3f]/n, yf/, xl/0f, :ofn, afFb/, b'D;L, dn;fk|f] O{TofbL cfof]hgf If]qdf k|fo kfO{G5g\ . To:t} kG5Ldf e+u]/,lkp/f, sflnh, sf}jf, sfnf] lu4, k/]jf O{TofbL cfof]hgf If]qdf kfO{G5g\ . o:t} peor/df ;k{x?, 5]kf/f], Eofu'tf, O{TofbL kfOPsf 5g\ . o;/L kfOPsf k|hfltx? dWo] !# k|hfltx? sf] IUCN / CITES vt/fsf] ;'rLdf kb{5g\ . d:of{ªbLsf] dflyNnf] efu -tfn_ df kfgLsf] ult al9 / kfgLsf] tfkqmd sd x'g] ePsf]n] df5f kfO{b}g . d:of{ªbL gbLdf df5f kfOg] dflyNnf l;df DofbL{ / d:of{ªbL gbLsf] bf]efg xf] hxfF c;nf, sfq] / j'b'gf k|hfltsf df5fx? kfO{G5g\ hjls d:of{ªbL gbLsf] :ofË] b]lv RofDr] ljr / DofbL{ ;Dd 6«fp6 df5f k|d'v df5fsf] ?kdf ljj/Lt ul/Psf] 5 .
;fdflhs –cfly{s jftfj/0f o; cfof]hgf dgfË lhNnfsf]] gf;f]+ uf=kf / ndh'Ë lhNnfsf]] d:of{ªbL uf=kf df kb{5 . gf;f]+ uf=kf sf] hg;+Vof !(#* / 3/w'/L $%$ /x]sf] 5 eg] d:of{ªbL uf=kf sf] hg;+Vof !^(*# / 3/w'/L $))& /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf k|efljt If]qdf hg;+Vofsf] (%.^ k|ltzt hghftLsf] /x]sf] 5 . hjls blntx?sf] hg;+Vof # k|ltzt 5 / afFsL rflx hg;+Vof afx'g / If]qLsf] /x]sf] 5 . a'l4:6, lxGb" / hLjjfb o; cfof]hgf If]qdf dflgG5g\ . (animism) $%=$ k|ltzt afl;Gbfn] u'?Ë efiff af]Ng] of] If]qdf g]kfnL -#(=( k|ltzt _ / tfdfª efiff -!!=& k|ltzt_ klg af]lnG5 . d'Vo k]zfx? qmdz s[lif, Jofkf/÷Joj;fo, j}b]lzs /f]huf/ / ;]jf x'g\ . cfly{s ?kdf dlxnfx? k'?if eGbf jl9 lqmoflzn 5g\ . Jofkf/ ÷Joj;fo / ;]jf If]qdf eg] k'?if / dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf eg] sl/j j/fj/ /x]sf] 5 . ;j} 3/w'/Ln] jlQ jfNg ljB'tsf] k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . To;df klg s]xL 3/w'/Ln] d§Lt]n, ;f]nf/ jf jfFof]Uof; klg k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . vfgf ksfpgsf] nflu k|foM h;f] 3/n] bfp/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ ub{5g\ . tfklg s]xL 3/x?df Pn lk Uof;sf] klg k|of]u ul/G5 . o;/L :yfgLo txsf] k"g;+/rgf x'g' afx]s ;fdflhs cj:yfdf ;d]t vf;} kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5}g .
%=)= jftf/0fLo k|efj / Go"lgs/0f %=!= ef}lts tyf /;folgs jftfj/0f ef}lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|lts'n k|efjx? lgDg /x]sf 5g\ f e" pkof]u kl/jt{g ;DaGwL c;/ . - e" Ifo, e" :yfloTj tyf e" y]u|fgdf kg]{ c;/ . - - - . WjgL k|b'if0f jfo" k|b'if0f . . ;txL tyf ulx/fOsf] hlno rqmdf cfpg] kl/jt{g . kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df cfpg] kl/jt{g . df6f]sf] clDnokg / /;folgs dfqfdf cfpg] kl/jt{g . df6f]sf] g'lgnf]kgfdf kg]{ c;/ . vf]nfsf] ;+/rgfdf cfpg] kl/j{tg . cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qdf kg]{ c;/ . vfgL tyf pT;h{gaf6 kg]{ c;/ . 9'Ëf df6f] Joj:yfkg ubf{ kg{] c;/ . k|d'v dfu{df kg]{ c;/ y]u|fgsf] 3gTjn] kg]{ c;/ .
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited vi SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. kfgLsf] jxfj 36\gfn], kfgL 5f]8\g] If]qdf, kfgLsf] u'0f:t/df cfpg] kl/jt{g . y''nfuL lxdtfndf kg]{ c;/ . ;'?8Þ dfu{ dfly kg]{ kfgLsf d'xfgx?df kg]{ k|efj . :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffdf kg]{ c;/
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Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited vii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
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;+efljt k|lts'n c;/nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{ / kmfObfhgs c;/nfO{ clea[l4 ug{ cfof]hgfn] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? h:t} :yfoL ?kdf clwu|x0f ul/g] hUufx?sf] b'j} kIf larsf] ;xdlt cg';f/ Ifltk"lt{, c:yfoL ?kdf lnOg] hUufsf] nflu pTkfbg a/fa/sf] ef8f tyf hUufsf] k'g;+/rgf, jfnL jfkt ahf/ efp a/fa/sf] Ifltk"lt{, k|efljt tyf clt k|efljt kl/jf/nfO{ /f]huf/L x'g] k|fyldstf, :yflgo ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f dfly cfb/, k|efljt uf=kf df cfjZos k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt, :jf:Yo If]qdf ;'b[l9s/0f / cGo ;fd'bflos ;r]tgf ;DaGwL sfo{x? ;Dkfbg ul/g] 5 . cfof]hgfaf6 x'g ;Sg] kmfObfhgs c;/x? lgDg /x]sf 5g\ M :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf x'g]5 . /f]huf/Ldf of]Uotf / l;ksf] cfwf/df :yfgLonfO{ k|yldstf lbOg]5 .
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited viii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
:yfgLo JolQm cfof]hgf ;Da4 sd{rf/L÷sdbf/x?sf] l;kdf clea[l4 x'g]5 . :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO Jojf;flos cj;/x?sf] ;[hgf x'g]5 . cg'Tkfbs hUuf k/]sf v08df ;d]t d'cfAhf k|fKt x'g]5 . u|fld0f ljB'tLs/0f dfkm{t :yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ ljB't ;]jfdf kx'Fr k'Ug]5 . df]6/ af6f] oftfoft ;'ljwf / ;8ssf] :t/f]Q/Ln] oftfoftdf ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{5 . :yfgLo txsf] /fh:jdf clea[l4 x'g]5 . ko{6g ljsf;df o; cfof]hgfsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/x?n] 7f]; 6]jf k'¥ofpg] 5 . cGgk'0f{ kbdfu{sf] lj:tf/ / ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5 . :yfgLo kmnkm'n, hl8a'6L, s[lif pkhsf] k|aw{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5 . ;dflhs ;xof]u sfo{qmdx? dfk{mt :yfgLo :t/sf] ljsf; -lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, a[If/f]k0f jf cflbdf ;xof]u k'Ug]5 .
^=) jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf o;/L dfly pNn]lvt k|efj d"NofÍg tyf Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?nfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] of]hgfa4 9+un] nfu' ug{ jftfj/0fLo of]hgf tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] of]hgfn] cfof]hgfsf jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf pkfox? / k|s[ofx?nfO{ kl/eflift ub{5 . o;n] cfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0f tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ of]hgf nfu' ug{ ;+u7lgs ;+/rgfsf] ?k/]vf klg k|:t't ub{5 . cfof]hgfsf] ljsf; tyf ;+rfngsf] qmddf k|fs[lts tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0fsf] /Iff ug{ cfof]hgfdf ;+nUg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lsf] ;d]t afF8kmfF8 ub{5 . :yflgo ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] u'gf;f] ;'Ggsf nflu Ps ;+oGq ;d]t ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo k|efj Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? ;do l;dfdf nfu" ul/Psf 5g\ eGg] ;'lglZrttf ug{ /]sl8{Ësf ;fy} ko{j]If0f, cg'udg / ;Dk/LIf0fsf] nflu Ps k|f]6f]sn :yfkg ul/g]5 / jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgsf] ah]6 tn tflnsfdf :ki6 pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . tflnsf g+=# nfut : EMP SN Particulars EIA 2012 SEIA 2019 1 Enhancement Cost - 40,450,000 1.1 Socio-economic and Cultural 31,100,000 1.2 Biological 5,000,000 1.3 Physical 4,350,000 2 Mitigation Cost 1001655186 970245194 2.1 Socio-economic (Construction +Operation) 695,530,256 449882000 2.2 Biological (Construction +Operation) 120,304,930 519418194 2.3 Physical (Construction +Operation) 185,820,000 945000 3 Monitoring Cost 348,236,950 7,110,000 4 Audit Cost 4,700,000 1,000,000 Total (1+2+3+4) 1,354,592,136 1,018,810,194
&=) lg:sif{ tyf ;'emfax? klxrfg ul/Psf ;sf/fTds k|efjx? pNn]vgLo 5g\ . gsf/fTds k|efjx? :yfgLo If]qdf tyf lgdf{0f cjlwe/ dfq l;ldt /xg] k|s[ltsf 5g\ . oL k|efjx? vf; u/L lgdf{0f sfo{;Fu ;DjlGwt 5g\ . klxrfg ul/Psf k|fo gsf/fTds k|efjx? o; k|ltj]bgdf k|:tfljt Go"gLs/0f pkfox?sf] sfo{Gjogaf6 /f]syfd jf Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|:tfljt cfof]hgf sfo{Gjogn] :yfgLo jftfj/0fdf kg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efjx?sf] /f]syfd jf Go"gLs/0f ug{ g;lsg] k|ToIf tyf :yfoL tj/n] kg]{ k|efjx? 5}gg\ . gsf/fTds k|efjx?nfO{ ;lx / ;/n tl/sfn] Go"lgs/0f / lg/fs/0f ug]{ tyf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?nfO{ a9f]Q/L ug]{ pkfox? k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited ix SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) k|:tfjsf] sfof{Gjog ubf{ k|ltj]bgdf pNn]lvt jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg sfo{ of]hgfnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf nfu' u/LPdf To;n] cfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs tyf ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf bL3{sflng gsf/fTds k|efj gkfg]{ b]lvG5 ;fy} ;sf/fTds k|efjdf pNn]vgLo /xg d2t ug]5 . /fhZjsf] j[l4, pBf]u tyf cfo cfh{gsf lqmofsnfkx?sf] k|jb{g, tyf ;du| cfly{s, jftfj/0fLo tyf ;fdflhs If]qsf] ljsf; eO{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u/LaL lgjf/0f ug]{ nIfdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'Ug] b]lvG5 . o; cWoog k|ltj]bgn] k|:tfljt cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog ug{ ;fGble{s /x]sf] l;kmf/L; ub{5 .
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited x SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.0 Project Background The proponent of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (UM-2 HEP) is Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. During EIA in 2012, this project had installed capacity of 600 MW. Updated feasibility report led to the project to the capacity of 327 MW. This SEIA has been carried out as per the changed footprints and the ancillary facilities by comparing it with the approved EIA of 2012.The Upper Marsyangdi-2 project is a peaking run of river project with diurnal storage located on the bank of Marsyangdi River on the Annapurna trekking route in west Nepal. Although the project has the reduced capacity change as compared to the previous capacity from 600 MW to 327 MW, still since the project components of the projects lie in the changed (smaller) project boundary and the locations of the different project components are altered and there will be changed land use by the project component.
2.0 Project Location and Accessibility The Upper Marsyangdi-2 project is a high head; PRoR scheme project on Marsyangdi River. The project headwork is located near Tal village of Nashong RM, Manang district and powerhouse in Syange village of Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung district, Province Gandaki. The project area is located between Latitude 28°22’04”to 28°29’35”N and Longitude 84°21’30” to 84°25’03” E. The project area lies nearly 215 km West of kathmandu and is accessible from Dumre at Prithvi highway, (which is approximately 130 km from Kathmandu and 25 km from Muglin), via.43 km long link road to Besisahar, the nearest township and the headquarter of Lamjung district. Thereafter, an earthen road of 27 km long leads to Syange village and another 15 km long to Tal village.
3.0 Project Description The existing Upper Marsyangdi-2 HEP is a high head, PROR scheme with storage capacity envisaged for installation of three generating units of 109 MW each giving a total installed capacity of around 327 MW. The annual salable energy is estimated at 1,806 GWh. Construction is expected to take 5 years. 1.6 hours of peaking is provided during the dry months and the corresponding necessary reservoir volume is 0.25 MCM. The scheme consists of a 36 m (measured from deepest bed excavation level) concrete barrage with a spillway of three radial gated openings. The powerhouse complex is located on the right bank of Marsyangdi River near village Syange.
Table no. 1: Comparative Salient Features Features SEIA 2020 (327 MW) EIA 2012 (600 MW) 1. GENERAL Name of Project Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydro-Electric Project Name of River Marsyangdi Nadi Type of Scheme PROR Project Location Province Gandaki (or No. 4) District Manang & Lamjung Licenses Boundary coordinates Latitude 28º22'04" ~ 28º29'35" N 28º22'04" ~ 28º30'00" N
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xi SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Features SEIA 2020 (327 MW) EIA 2012 (600 MW) Longitude 84º21'30" ~ 84º25'03" E Nearest Settlement Beshisahar, Lamjung Access road name Dumre - Besisahar link road off Prithvi Hwy (F036)
2. ORGANIZATION Developer Tractebel Engineering Consultant QYEC International Co., Ltd. S.A.
3. HYDROLOGY & SEDIMENT Catchment area at intake 2268/1104 km2 2276/1106 km2 (total/snow) Design discharge 59.6 m3/s (Q40%) 113 m3/s Mean annual discharge 94.3 m3/s 94.3 m3/s Annual Sedimentation rate 2939 t/km2 2500 t/km2
4. GEOLOGY Regional Geology From North to South, STDS, MCT & MBT Major rock type in headwork’s gneiss waterways gneiss powerhouse gneiss
5. STRUCTURES a. Dam/Weir Non-overflow concrete Type gravity dam with gated Rock fill dam spillway Length 116 m 145 m Full supply level 1720 masl 1702 masl Maximum dam height 37 m 32 m
b. Spill Way Spillway crest elevation 1722 masl 1705 masl Spillway gate size (W x H) 8.0 x 9.0 m 9 x 12.5 m No of spill way opening 2 3
c. Intake Structure Type of intake Submersible Hole Side No of opening 1 3 Size of intake (W x H) 6 x 27 m 5.5 x 14 m Intake invert level 1695 masl 1682 masl Intake top sill level 1722 masl 1677 masl
d. Desilting Arrangement Type Underground, Continuous operation No of chamber 2 Shape D-Shaped Particle size to be removed 0.15 mm
e. Headrace Tunnel
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Features SEIA 2020 (327 MW) EIA 2012 (600 MW) Type Horse shoe shaped Horse shoe shaped Length 12.07 k m 9.2 km (3.98 ~ 4.88) x (5.34 ~5.696) Diameter 6.7 m No of Adit 6 4
f. Surge Shaft Underground restricted Type Two-compartment orifice Diamter 11 m Height 71 m 97 m No of adit 2
g. Penstock Material Steel Length (m) 989.4 830 Internal Diameter (m) 3.8 6.7 No of adit 1 2
h. Power house Type Underground Underground Dimensions (L x W x H) 63 x 24 x 44.96 m 124 x 22 x 22.5 m Rated unit capacity 109 MW 150 MW Number of unit 3 4
i. Tailrace Type Tunnel Diameter 7 m 5.5 m Size (B x H), D-Shaped 6.7 x 5 m 7 x 7 m Length 639.02 m 684 m Normal tail water level 1065.20 masl 1068.5 masl
6. TURBINE Type Pelton Number of Turbine 3 4 Rated net head 615.8 m 601.75 m Rated Discharge per unit 19.85 m3/s 28.25 m3/s Turbine Axis elevation 1070.4 masl 1072 masl Turbine efficiency 90.50 % 91%
7. GENERATOR Types of generator Vertical shaft, synchronous, suspended Number of unit 3 4 Rated output per unit 109 MW 150 MW Generation voltage 13.8 kV Frequency 50 Hz Power factor 0.85 0.9, Lagging Excitation system Static type Speed 333.33 rpm
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xiii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Features SEIA 2020 (327 MW) EIA 2012 (600 MW) 8. TRANSFORMER Type OFWF Oil-immersed Number of phase 3 single Number of units 10 (1 spare) 13 (1 spare) Frequency 50 Voltage ratio 220 / 13.8 kV 400 / 13.8kV Transformer efficiency 99% 98%
9. SWITCHYARD Type GIS Voltage level 220kV 420kV
10. TRANSMISSION LINE Transmission voltage 220 kV 400 kV Conductor type ACSR XLPE Switchyard of UM2HEP ~ From ~ to Syang ~ India Khudi NEA’s SS
11. POWER BENEFITS Installed capacity 327 MW 600 MW Gross head 649.6 m 630 m Total Annual Energy 1,805.61 GWh 2,282 GWh - Dry season energy (Dec ~ May) 562.88 GWh 487 GWh - Wet Energy 1242.73 GWh 1,083 GWh
12. LAND REQUIREMENT (ha) Government Land 37.42 57.72 Private Land 28.08 28.958 Temporary Land 35.75 21.274 Permanent Land 29.75 65.42 Project Affected Families (HHs) 142 163 Project Affected Populations 759 944 13. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT No. of trees to be felled for the project 2361 3267 Forest Land Required 37.26 ha 49.24 ha
13. FINANCIAL PARAMETER Total investment 647.16 m.US$ Not shown in DPR Debt / capital ration 80:20 - Project internal rate of Return 11.14 % - IRR on capital 15.2 % - Cost per kWh (NPR @ 110) 40 NPR/kWh - Cost per kW (NPR @ 110) 221,713 NPR/kW -
4.0 Description of Environmental Baseline Condition A. Physical Environment In the regional physiographic framework of Nepal, the project areas expand through the Middle Mountains and High Mountain Physiographic Zone. Topographically, the project areas are highly diverse varying in altitude from less than 1500m to over 6000m. The land forms are young and
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xiv SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) constantly changing. The climate of the project area falls under subtropical to temperate climate with severe cold varying with altitude. The annual maximum and minimum air temperature of the project area ranges from 25oC to 29oC (May) and –1.9oC to 3oC (Feb-Jan) respectively. The atmosphere is humid with average monthly relative humidity (RH) ranging from 77 to 100 %.The average monthly maximum wind speed at the site is 8.8 km/hour.
Marsyangdi River, one of the tributaries of the Sapta Gandaki River system, is the major river system of the project area. The river is fed by monsoon rains; snow melts and spring. The projected average monthly flows of the Marsyangdi River at the Dam site showed lowest discharge in the months of January through March and maximum average discharge occurs from July through September. This shows that the river hydrology is greatly influenced by the monsoon rains and snow melts.
The project area is seismically active as several earthquakes are reported from the Himalayan region. However, the project the site lies north of northward dipping MCT, the nearest seismogenic sources to the site. Therefore, it is considered that the seismogenic feature extends beneath the project site. Altogether 6 types of land uses were found in the project directly affected area. Out of 6, the most dominant land uses in the project affected area are agricultural, grassland and forest.
B. Biological Environment According to Dobremez(1976), the sites for the hydropower construction fall under the Lower sub- tropical (from 1000-1500m) to Upper tropical (1500-2000m) zone while in the classification made by Stainton(1972), the project area lies in the ‘Central Midlands’ among five major divisions. Table no.2: Summary table of stainton and TISC classification is presented below
Four dfferent types of forest namely i) Schima- Castanopsis, ii) Fir-Blue Pine, iii) Hemlock-Oak – Rhododendron and iv) Temperate Mountain Oak Forest are found in and around the project. Schima- Castanopsis forest is dominant at the vicinity and lower side of the project area. The forest is succeeded by oak-rhododendrons forest where oak is dominated by Quercus while rhododendron by Rhododendron. However, at the adjoining side slopes, Quercus lamellose and R. campanulatum is
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xv SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) more common. The region is rich in floral diversity. In total 171 species of wild vegetations (57 tree species, 40 shrub species, and 74 herb species) are recorded from the project area and its vicinity in the project area. Out of 171 species, 14 floral species of different threat category have been identified of which 4 are under government protection list and 11 under various threat category of IUCN and CITES. Most of the conservation/protected species reported and observed in the project area are common in the projet development sites and in the other areas of Nepal. Thus, any loss of one or two species number in the project area is not expected to threaten the species in the area.
Nearly 69 vegetation speices of agrobiodiveristy value are present in the project site. All of these species are quite common in the area and in the region. Likewise, of the total 153 floral species recorded in the project region about 77 floral species (24 species: medicinal value, 9 species: fodder, 19 species: timber, 23 species: ornamentals, 1 species: religious and 1 species: fruit value) has an ethno-botanical value.
Similarly, 101 species of mammals, 478 species of birds, 64 species of reptiles are reported in the project area and its vicinity. Out of 101 species of mammals, 40 species are under government protection list and under various threat category of IUCN and CITES and out of 478 species of birds, 83 species have been identified under government protection list and under various threat category of IUCN and CITES. Leopard (Panthera pardus), Ratuwa (Muntiacus muntjak), Ghoral (Naemorphedus ghoral), Thars (Hemitragus jemlahicus), Jackal (Canis aureus), Langurs (Semnopithecus entellus), Porcupine (Hystrix indica), Malsapro (Martes flavigula) etc are some of the common mammalian species recorded in the project area. Similarly, Sparrow (Passeridae), Piura (Sphenopsis piurae), Crow (Corvus), Kaliz (Lophura leucomelanos), Kalchaude (Myophonus caeruleus), Dove (Columba livia), etc are commonly found avi-fauna of the area. The area also marked by the presence of herpeto-fauna like nonpoisonous snake (Serpentus), lizards (Lacertilia), common frog (Rana tigrina) and toad (Bufo melanostictus). Out of the total species recorded in the area, 13 species falls under the various threat category of IUCN and CITES
The upper stretch of the Marsyangdi i.e Tal is devoid of fish due to high current and low water temperature. The upper limit of the fish in the Marsyangdi river is the confluence between Myardi and Marsyangdi which showed the presence of a number of fish species i.e. Chuche Asala (SchizothoraichthysProgastus), Kabre (Pseudecheneis sulcatus), Chepe/Buduna (Garra gotyla) while in the stretch between Syange to Chyamche and probably upto Myardi, snow tourt is recorded as the dominant fish species.
C. Socio-economic Environment The project area, in lower Manang and Lamjung District, covers two rural municipalities, namely Nashong RM and Marsyangdi RM. The population of Nashong RM is 1,938 and the number of households is 454, while the population of Marsyangdi RM is 16983 in 4007 households. In the project area, 95.6% of the population is Adibasi/Janajati population while Dalit hold 3% of the population. The remaining are Brahmin and Chhetri (B/C). Buddhism, Hinduism, and Animism are practiced in the project area. , the largest proportion of the population speaks the Gurung language (45.4%), followed by Nepali (39.9%), and Tamang (11.7%). Economically, women are more active
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xvi SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) than men. In trade, business and services, the participation of men and women is almost equal. All households use electricity to light their lamps. Some households also use kerosene, solar or gas. Most households use firewood for cooking. However, LP gas is also used in some homes.Tourism, Agriculture, livestock and business are the main source of income. There has been change in the baseline environment data due to change of the local administrative bodies.
5.0 Environmental Impact and Mitigation A. Physical/ Environment The key adverse physical/Chemical environmental impacts of the project are: Change of Land Use Sedimentation, Soil Erosion and Land Instabilities Noise and Vibration Air Quality Change in Surface and Subsurface Hydrology along Tunnel Alignment Change in Water Quality of Surface and Subsurface Water Bodies Changes in soil pH and Chemical Composition Change in Soil salinity Change in River Morphology Impact on Annapurna Conservation Area Impact due to Quarry Site and Stock Pilling Impact due Muck Disposal Impact on Main Trail Impact due to Sedimentation Load Impact from Desander Sedimentation and Sediment Flushing Change in Water Quality due to Reduce Flows in Dewatered Zone GLOF Risk Impact on the water sources above the Tunnel alignment. Impact on health and security
Mitigation Measures River bank protection measures such as gabion walls should be constructed at strategic locations in the project area, including at the weir site and immediately downstream. Spoil should be deposited at the designated spoil area. Following the placement of spoil, the area should be properly graded and provided with drainage channels, and vegetated with indigenous species of trees. Maintain of e-flow in the downstream flow. Air quality due to emission can be mitigated through regular maintenance of engines, and in the case of the crushing plant, isolating the crushing operation and spraying water regularly can control the dust emission. Regular sprinkling of water on the road can minimize dust from roads.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xvii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Microclimate of the project area will not be altered because of the insignificant impoundment at the reservoir site. Significant loss of vegetation during construction affecting the microclimate will not take place, as the construction area is located in a section, which contains lmited vegetation cover. During the implementation phase of the project construction and/or operation; the minimum loss of vegetation should be considered in the project planning and minimum forest land should be used only for the required purpose. Unnecessary use of forest land should be avoided. For this purpose, demarcation of forest land, which will be disturbed during the project construction and/or operation phase, should be assessed clearly before the project implementation.
B. Biological Environmental The key adverse Biological environmental impacts of the project are: Loss of Forest and Forested Areas Loss of 3361 pole and 2361 tree belong to 37 species and worth of NRs 517568194 Loss of Rare and Endangered or Protected Flora Loss of Wildlife Habitat Loss of Aquatic Habitat Impact on Biodiversity and Habitat of Annapurna Conservation Area Increase Access to Forest Encroachment in Conservation Area Illegal Hunting and Poaching by the Construction Workforce Illegal Harvesting of Forest Resources including NTFP by the Construction workforce Micro-level changes in Forest and Vegetation Patterns and Bio-diversity Minimum Downstream River Flow Impact due to Sedimentation Load Risk to Terrestrial Wildlife and Aquatic Wildlife due to Sudden Release of Water from Diversion Weir
Mitigation Measures To minimize the impact on biodiversity and habitats apart from the afforestation program in area equivalent to project occupied area and afforestation of felled trees in 1:25 ratio in adjoining areas. Division Forest Office should be contacted for supplying the project's needs of forest products, including saplings. Restriction of fuel wood use, prohibition of construction workforce to roam in the forest and wild habitat area. Employing people to monitor the offsite activities of work force, Prohibition of unauthorized disposal of spoil, waste and spent oils etc. in the river flood plain and water body. Release of minimum of 10 % environmental flow in the dewatered section throughout the operation period etc. will be implemented.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xviii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
C. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment The key adverse Socio-economic and Cultural environmental impacts of the project are: Previously the project requires 21.274 ha of temporary land and 65.42 ha of permanent land and now the Project requires 35.75 ha of temporary land and 29.75 ha of permanent land. Compensation to Project Affected People (PAF) and Seriously Project Affected People (SPAF) Change in social structures, cultural and traditional practices of local people due to in migration of outside workforce. Excessive burden of outside workforce on existing infrastructure facilities such as health post, Schools, local market, communication, water supply etc. Excessive burden of the outside workforce on the other community resources (forest, NTFP, community grounds etc) Impact on tourism Disturbance in Social Harmony and Settings Degradation of law and order Occupational Health and Safety Hazards Community Health and Safety Hazards Impact on Annapurna Conservation Area Prostitution and issues related with STD Impact due to withdrawal of economic activities Impact on foot trail and movement of the people Impact on agricultural production and local economy due to land acquisition of agricultural land Impact on local people and domestic animals due to sudden release of water from the reservoir
To minimize the envisaged impacts and to maximize the beneficial impacts, the project has originated a various mitigation measures. The provisions for compensation and rehabilitation have been made for the households losing land permanently. The loss of temporary land during the period of construction will be compensated through land rentals while the price of the standing crops will be compensated at the market price. Employment preferences will be given to the SPAF family member with priority to vulnerable HH – Dalit and women headed HH. In case of construction workforce related impacts on local culture, strict instruction will be given to the workforce to respect the local culture and traditions. Further, the project will assist support the health post, schools, communication and water supply system of the project affected RMs. Additionally, the project will establish health service facility, water supply system, telecommunication system, and grocery and consumable item shops within the camps. Further, the project will establish coordination with regional and district security authorities to increase the numbers of security personnel in the project sites. Besides, it will also co-ordination with the local level authorities on the security situation of the area. The project will stabilize health care medical facility in the project area along with standby ambulance. Additionally, Signs of various risks shall be placed at appropriate locations and the construction workers will be provided with personnel safety gears. Speed of the construction vehicle in the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xix SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) construction area will be controlled and Traffic signs will be placed in all locations as required for the safe driving and safety of the community.
Beneficial impacts The Key beneficial impact of the project are: The project will generate employment opportunities for local people Enhancement of skills and knowledge of people in hydropower and associated construction activites Priority hiring to project affected people based on skills and qualifications Off sping development and generation of business opportunity for Local People Project may require land which are unproductive , difficult for cultivation and barren The project infrastructures and support will help in rural electrification of villages and settlements in project vicinity The section of Besisahar-Manang road will be upgraded by the project which will ease to ply transportation and movement of pedestrians The project will work in close coordination with ACAP and local stakeholders in conservation of biodiversity in the area. Community support program will support several community development activities in project affected rural municipalities Local government will obtain royalty from the project Benefit due to Royalty
6.0 Environmental Management Plan Environmental Management Plan (EMP) prepared for the Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydropower Project defines project environmental management measures and procedures. The EMP outlines the organizational structure, and describes the main roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in project environmental management to safeguard the natural and social environments during the project development and operation. To handle the grievance of the local people and other stakeholders, a robust grievance handling mechanism is inbuilt with the EMP. To ensure that the environmental and social measures are implemented in time bound fashion a protocol for supervision, monitoring and auditing has been established with an inbuilt recording and reporting system. The EMP budget clearly mentioned in EIA report has been presented in the table below. Table no. 3: EMP Cost SN Particulars EIA 2012 SEIA 2019 1 Enhancement Cost - 40,450,000 1.1 Socio-economic and Cultural 31,100,000 1.2 Biological 5,000,000 1.3 Physical 4,350,000 2 Mitigation Cost 1001655186 970245194 2.1 Socio-economic (Construction +Operation) 695,530,256 449882000 2.2 Biological (Construction +Operation) 120,304,930 519418194 2.3 Physical (Construction +Operation) 185,820,000 945000 3 Monitoring Cost 348,236,950 7,110,000 4 Audit Cost 4,700,000 1,000,000 Total (1+2+3+4) 1,354,592,136 1,018,810,194
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xx SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
7.0 Conclusion Most of the identified environmental adverse impacts are locally confined, and limited mainly to the period of construction. These impacts are typically associated with the nature of construction works. With the set of proposed mitigation measures, most of the identified impacts can be minimized or even set off. Once the measures outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are implemented, there is no risk for residual impacts that may affect the bio-physical, socio-economic and cultural environs of the Project Area. The electricity facility will open up several opportunities for economic development of poor local peoples and will significantly contribute towards the goal of poverty reduction of GoN. Thus, based on this Study, it is recommended that the Proposal is relevant for implementation.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxi SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
ABBREVIATION / ACRONYMS
ACAP Annapurna Conservation Area Project AD Anno Domini AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BPC Butwal Power Company BS Bikram Sambat CAMC Conservation Area Management Committee CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CBOS Community Based Organizations CC Construction Contractor CDC Compensation Determination Committee CDO Chief District Officer CF Community Forest CFT Cubic Feet CFUGs Community Forest User Groups CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CKSHP Chino Khola Small Hydropower Project CM Centimeter COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CSP Community Support Program Cumecs Cubic Meter per seconds dBA Decibels DBE Design Basis Earthquake DBH Diameter at breast height DCC District Coordination Committee DFO Division Forest Office DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology DIA Direct Impact Area DLRO District Land Revenue Office DO Dissolved Oxygen DoED Department of Electricity Development DoEnv Department of Environment DoF Department of Forest DoR Department of Road DSO District Survey Office D/S Downstream EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EL Elevation EMP Environmental Management Plan EMS Environmental Management System
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
EPA Environmental Protection Act EPCC Engineering Procurement Construction Contractors EPR Environmental Protection Regulation ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESO Environmental and Social Officer ESS Environment and Social Safeguard ESSD Environment and Social Safeguard Department ETD Engineering Technology Department FCHVs Female Community Health Volunteers FDC Flow Duration Curve FGD Focus Group Discussion FM Frequency Modulation FSL Full Suply Level GIS Geographic Information System GMPICU Grievance Management and Public Information Centre Unit GRC Grievances Redress Committee GRMPIC Grievance Redress Management and Public Information Centre GLOF Glacier Lake Outburst Flood GoN Government of Nepal GW Giga Watt Ha Hectare HEPs Hydro Electric Projects HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus HHPCL Himtal Hydropower Company Private Limited HRT Headrace Tunnel h Height IBMP Issue Based Management Plan IBN Investment Board of Nepal IDC Interest during Construction IEE Initial Environment Examination IIA Indirect Impact Area IPPs Independent Power Producers Ips Inch per second IRR Internal Rate of Return IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature Km Kilometre KM2 Kilo Meter Square kV Kilo Voltage kW Kilo Watt L Length LARGMO Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Grievance Management Officer LARRAP Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Plan LARU Land Acquisition and Resettlement Unit
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxiii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
LdoF Landslide Dammed Outburst Flood LLRs Lands and Land Resources LMMHEP Lower Manang Marsyangdi Hydro Electric Project LPG Liquified Petroleum Gas Ltd Limited m Meter m3/s Meter cube per second masl Meters above Sea Level MBT Main Boundary Thrust MCM Million Cubic Meter MCT Main Central Thrust MDDL Minimum Draw down Level mm Millimeter MMHEP Manang Marsyangdi Hydro-electric Project MoALD Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development MOEWRI Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation MoFE Ministry of Forests and Environment MoHA Ministry of Home Affairs MoLMCPA Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation MW Megawatt MT Metric Tons N/E North/East NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standard NEA Nepal Electricity Authority NESS Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services NGOs Non-government Organizations NPWC National Parks and Wildlife Conservation NRs. Nepalese Rupees NTFPs Non Timber Forest Products NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation OC Other Contractors OET Owner’s Engineer Team PAF Project Affected Family PDA Project Development Agreement PDCC Project District Coordination Committee PDPs Project Displaced Persons PGA Peak Ground Acceleration PMO Project Management Office POE Pannel of Experts PPA Power Purchase Agreement PPEs Personnel Protective Equipments Ppm Part Per Million PR Peaking Reservoir
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxiv SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
PRM project Rural Municipality PRoR Peaking Run-of-the River Pvt Private RM Rural Municipality RMR Rock Mass Rating ROR Run- of- the River RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal SE Supervising Engineers SEIA Supplementary Environment Impact Assessment SLC School Leaving Certificate SPAFs Seroiusly Project Affected Families STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases STDFS South Tibetan Detachment Fault System TDS Total Dissolved Solid ToR Term of Reference TRT Tailrace Tunnel TSP Total Suspended Particles Ugs User Groups UM-2 HEP Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project U/s Upstream V Volt VAT Value Added Tax VDC Village Development Committee W Width WHO World Health Organization
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxv SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
TABLE OF CONTENTS sfo{sf/L ;f/fz+
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... XI ABBREVIATION / ACRONYMS ...... XXII CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. BACKGROUND ...... 1 1.2. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE PROPONENT...... 2 1.3. NAME AND ADDRESS OF THE INSTITUTION PREPARING THE REPORT...... 2 1.4. RATIONAL FOR THE CAPACITY CHANGE ...... 3 1.5. RATIONAL OF SEIA STUDY ...... 3 1.6. OBJECTIVE OF STUDY ...... 4 1.7. SCOPE OF STUDY ...... 4 1.8. TIME SCHEDULE ...... 5 1.9. FORMATION OF STUDY TEAM ...... 5 CHAPTER II: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ...... 6 2.1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 6 2.2. PROJECT LOCATION ...... 6 2.3. ACCESSIBILITY ...... 10 2.4. PROJECT LAYOUT ...... 10 2.5. COMPARATIVE PROJECT SILENT FEATURES ...... 11 2.6. PROJECT KEY STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS ...... 14 2.7. LAND REQUIREMENT ...... 22 2.8. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ...... 24 2.9. INTERNAL ACCESS ROAD TO PROJECT STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES ...... 24 2.10. QUARRY AND BURROW AREAS (AGGREGATES, SAND, CLAY) ...... 25 2.11. BORROW AND SPOIL DISPOSAL AREAS ...... 26 2.12. CAMPS (AREA OCCUPIED AND NUMBER OF THE SITES, LOCATIONS) ...... 26 2.13. AGGREGATE CRUSHING AND BATCHING PLANT AREA ...... 27 2.14. ENERGY GENERATION ...... 28 2.15. CONSTRUCTION POWER ...... 32 2.16. CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT ...... 32 2.17. PROJECT AREA DELINEATION ...... 33 2.18. HUMAN RESOURCES ...... 34 2.19. PROJECT COST ...... 34 CHAPTER III: DATA REQUIREMENT AND STUDY METHODOLOGY ...... 37 3.1. DESK STUDY AND LITERATURE REVIEW ...... 37 3.2. DATA REQUIREMENT, COLLECTION METHODS, AND ANALYSIS ...... 37 3.2.1. Physical Environment ...... 37 3.2.2. Biological Environment ...... 38 3.2.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ...... 39 3.3. IMPACT IDENTIFICATION AND PREDICTION ...... 41 3.4. PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT ...... 42 CHAPTER IV: REVIEW OF PLANS / POLICIES, LEGISLATIONS, GUIDELINES, STANDARDS AND CONVENTIONS ...... 44 4.1. CONSTITUTION OF NEPAL ...... 44 4.2. PLAN AND POLICIES ATTRACTED BY THE PROJECT ...... 44 4.2.1. 15th 5 years Plan (2076/77-2080-81)...... 44 4.2.2. Nepal National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2020) ...... 45 4.2.3. Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2072 ...... 45 4.2.4. Hydropower Development Policy, 2058 ...... 45 4.2.5. National Forest Policy, 2076 ...... 46 4.2.6. Land Use Policy, 2072 ...... 46
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxvi SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
4.2.7. National Environment Policy, 2076 ...... 46 4.2.8. National Energy Crisis Reduction and Electricity Development Decade Plan, 2072 ...... 46 4.2.9. Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 2055 ...... 47 4.2.10. National Water Plan, 2062 ...... 47 4.2.11. National Climate Change Policy, 2076 ...... 47 4.2.12. Working Policy for Construction and Operation of Physical Infrastructure within Conservation Area, 2065 ...... 47 4.2.13. Rangeland Policy, 2069 ...... 47 4.3. ACTS ATTRACTED BY THE PROJECT ...... 48 4.3.1. Environment Protection Act, 2076 ...... 48 4.3.2. Electricity Act, 2049 ...... 48 4.3.3. Performance Based Social Security Act, 2074 ...... 48 4.3.4. Muluki Aparadh Samhita, 2074 (Criminal Code) ...... 48 4.3.5. Muluki Debani Samhita, 2074 (Civil Code) ...... 48 4.3.6. Soil and Water Conservation Act, 2039 ...... 48 4.3.7. Water Resource Act, 2049 and Water Resource Regulations, 2050 ...... 49 4.3.8. Land Acquisition Act, 2034 ...... 49 4.3.9. Ancient Monument Protection Act, 2013 ...... 49 4.3.10. Labour Act, 2075 ...... 49 4.3.11. The Sexual Harassment at Workplace Prevention Act, 2071 ...... 50 4.3.12. Explosive Act, 2018 ...... 50 4.3.13. Land Reform Act, 2021 ...... 50 4.3.14. Aquatic Animal Protection Act, 2017 ...... 50 4.3.15. National Foundation for Upliftment of Aadibasi/Janjati Act, 2058 ...... 50 4.3.16. National Forest Act, 2076 ...... 51 4.3.17. National Trust for Nature Conservation Act, 2039 ...... 51 4.3.18. National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 ...... 51 4.3.19. Solid Waste Management Act, 2069 ...... 51 4.3.20. Control International Trade in Endangered Wild Fauna and Flora, 2073 ...... 51 4.3.21. Right to Information Act, 2064 ...... 52 4.3.22. Local Government Operation Act, 2074 ...... 52 4.3.23. Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 2074 ...... 52 4.3.24. Land Use Act, 2076 ...... 53 4.4. RULES AND REGULATIONS ...... 53 4.4.1. Environmental Protection Rule 2077 ...... 53 4.4.2. Forest Rules, 2051 ...... 53 4.4.3. Electricity Regulation, 2050 ...... 53 4.4.4. Labor Regulation, 2075 ...... 54 4.4.5. Wildlife Reserve Rules, 2034 ...... 54 4.4.6. Conservation Area Management Regulation, 2053 ...... 54 4.4.7. Explosives Regulation, 2020 ...... 54 4.4.8. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Rules, 2062 ...... 54 4.4.9. Contributions Based Social Security Regulation, 2075 ...... 54 4.4.10. Electricity Regulatory Commission Regulation, 2075 ...... 55 4.5. MANUALS / GUIDELINES ...... 55 4.5.1. Hydropower Environmental Impact Assessment Manual, 2075 ...... 55 4.5.2. Guidelines for Issuing Survey license for Hydropower Projects, 2075 ...... 55 4.5.3. Department of Electricity Development Manuals ...... 55 4.5.4. EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector, 2052 ...... 56 4.5.5. Environmental Management Guidelines (Road) 2056 ...... 56 4.5.6. National Health Care and Waste Management Guidelines, (2002) ...... 56
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxvii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
4.5.7. EIA Guidelines for Water Resource Sector, 2050 ...... 56 4.5.8. Conservation Area Management Guidelines, 2056 ...... 56 4.5.9. Conservation Area Management Directives, 2056 ...... 56 4.5.10. Social Security Schemes Operation Directives, 2075 ...... 57 4.5.11. Electricity Licensing Directive, 2075 ...... 57 4.5.12. Working Procedures for the Utilization of National Forest along with standard for the National Priority Projects, 2076 ...... 57 4.5.13. Forest Products Collection, Sale and Distribution Guidelines, 2073 ...... 57 4.6. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES ...... 57 4.6.1. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) . 57 4.6.2. Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 ...... 58 4.6.3. Convention (No.169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries ... 58 4.6.4. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007 ...... 58 4.6.5. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 ...... 58 4.7. STANDARDS ...... 59 4.7.1. National Indoor Air Quality Standards (NIAQS), 2066 ...... 59 4.7.2. Exhaust Emission Standards for Diesel Generating Sets, 2069 ...... 59 4.7.3. Nepal Noise Standards, 2069 ...... 59 4.7.4. Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2063 ...... 59 4.7.5. Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard, 2069 ...... 59 4.7.6. Nepal Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2069 ...... 59 CHAPTER V: DESCRIPTIONS OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTS ...... 60 5.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 60 5.1.1 Physiography and Topography ...... 60 5.1.2 Geology and Soil ...... 61 5.1.3 Climate ...... 69 5.1.4 Drainage Basin and Hydrology ...... 70 5.1.5 Dam Break Analysis ...... 74 5.1.6 Erosion Land Stability and Sedimentation ...... 76 5.1.7 Air Quality ...... 78 5.1.8 Water Quality ...... 78 5.1.9 Noise Level ...... 79 5.1.10 Water Uses and Water Rights ...... 79 5.1.11 Land Use ...... 80 5.1.12 Glacier Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) ...... 81 5.1.13 Seismicity of the Project Area ...... 82 5.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 85 1.2.5 Forest and Vegetation ...... 85 5.2.2 Biodiversity and Ethnobotany ...... 91 5.2.3 Floral Species of Conservation Value (rare, endangered, threatened etc) ...... 92 5.2.4 Forest Management ...... 92 5.2.5 Forest and Vegetation Current Status and Future Trends ...... 93 5.2.6 Terrestrial Wildlife ...... 94 5.2.7 Conservation Status of the Terrestrial Wildlife ...... 101 5.2.8 Wildlife Habitat Status ...... 102 5.2.9 Aquatic Life (Fish)...... 102 5.2.10 Annapurna Conservation Area ...... 104 5.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 105 5.3.1 Socio-Demography of Project District and Project RMs ...... 105 5.3.2 Caste/Ethnicity ...... 106 5.3.3 Mother Tongue ...... 107 5.3.4 Age and Sex Structure ...... 108
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxviii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
5.3.5 Religion ...... 108 5.3.6 Quality of Life in the Project Areas ...... 108 5.3.7 Modes of Livelihood...... 111 5.3.8 Sources of Energy ...... 113 5.3.9 Project Affected Households (PAFs) ...... 113 5.3.10 Project Related Perception and Requirements ...... 121 5.3.11 Vulnerability Assessment ...... 124 CHAPTER VI: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS ...... 125 6.1 SELECTION OF DAM SITE ...... 125 6.1.1 Layout of Upper Dam ...... 126 6.1.2 Layout of the Lower Dam Site ...... 131 6.1.3 Dam Site Selection ...... 132 6.1.4 Project Cost ...... 134 6.1.5 Power and Energy Energy Indies ...... 134 6.1.6 Conclusion of the Dam Site Selection ...... 135 6.2 HRT ROUTING SELECTION ...... 135 6.3 SELECTION OF POWERHOUSE...... 136 6.3.1 Option 1: Underground Powerhouse ...... 137 6.3.2 Option 2: Suface Powerhouse ...... 139 6.3.3 Comparison of Powerhouse Options...... 140 6.4 OPTIMIZATION OF RESERVOIR ...... 142 6.4.1 Full supply level ...... 142 6.4.2 Dead Storage Level ...... 145 6.4.3 The Operation Level during flood ...... 145 6.5 OPERATION MODE OF RESERVOIR AND POWER STATION ...... 147 6.5.1 Operation Mode of Reservoir ...... 147 6.5.2 Operation Mode of Power Station ...... 147 6.6 OPTIMIZATION OF CONVEYANCE SYSTEM ...... 147 6.6.1 Energy and Financial Calculation ...... 148 6.7 OPTIMIZATION OF INSTALLED CAPACITY ...... 148 6.7.1 Hydropower computation ...... 149 6.7.2 Installed Capacity Selection ...... 149 6.8 ALTERNATIVES TO HYDROPOWER ENERGY ...... 150 6.9 NO FOREST ALTERNATIVE ...... 151 6.10 ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT MEASURES ...... 151 6.11 WHETHER OR NOT THE RISKS RESULTING FROM THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROPOSAL CAN BE ACCEPTED ...... 151 CHAPTER VII: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...... 152 7.1. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 152 7.1.1. Construction Phase ...... 152 7.1.2. Operation Phase ...... 161 7.2. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ...... 166 7.2.1. Construction Phase ...... 166 7.2.2. Operation Phase ...... 173 7.3. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 176 7.3.1. Construction Phase ...... 176 7.3.2. Operation ...... 185 7.4. BENEFICIAL IMPACTS ...... 188 7.4.1. CONSTRUCTION PHASE ...... 188 7.4.2. Operation Phase ...... 189 7.5. CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ...... 191 7.6. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF APPROVED EIA AND SEIA ...... 191 CHAPTER VIII: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES ...... 196
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxix SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
8.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 196 8.1.1 Construction Phase ...... 196 8.1.2 Operation Phase ...... 200 8.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENTAL ...... 202 8.2.1 Construction Phase ...... 202 8.2.2 Operation Phase ...... 205 8.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 206 8.3.1 Construction Phase ...... 206 8.3.2 Operation ...... 214 8.4 BENEFICIAL IMPACTS ...... 216 CHAPTER IX: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 220 9.1. OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGIES...... 220 9.2. GUIDING PRINCIPLES ...... 220 9.3. STATUARY LEGAL REQUIREMENTS...... 221 9.3.1 Environmental and Social Legislative Framework ...... 221 9.3.2 Environmental and Social Permits and Approval ...... 221 9.3.3 Environmental Standards ...... 223 9.4. ESMP ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND IMPLEMENTATION RESPONSIBILITY ...... 223 9.5. PLAN COMPONENTS AND STRUCTURE ...... 228 9.5.1. Level 1 EMP ...... 229 9.5.2. Issue Based Management Plans (IBMP) ...... 248 9.5.3. Site Specific Management Plans (SSMP) ...... 251 9.5.4. Social Action Plan...... 253 9.6. GRIEVANCE REDRESS ...... 253 9.7. CAPACITY BUILDING AND TRAINING ...... 255 9.7.1. Project Management and ESSD ...... 256 9.7.2. Contractors (CC) and Other Contractors (OC) ...... 256 9.8. ESMP MONITORING REVIEW ...... 257 9.8.1. Review of the ESMP...... 257 9.8.2. Control and Update of the EMP ...... 257 9.9. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR ESMP...... 258 9.9.1. Additional Baseline Monitoring ...... 258 9.9.2. Other Additional Studies ...... 258 9.9.3. Official Field Verification of the Affected Land Plots and Affected Households ...... 258 9.9.4. Cumulative Impact Assessment ...... 258 9.10. ESMP IMPLEMENTATION PLAN SCHEDULE ...... 259 9.11. IMPACT OF THIS PROJECT ON OTHER PROJECT: ...... 261 CHAPTER X: ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING ...... 262 10.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT FRAMEWORK ...... 262 10.2 USE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT ...... 263 10.3 AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR AUDITING ...... 263 10.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING PLAN ...... 263 CHAPTER XI: PROJECT COST AND BENEFIT ...... 266 11.1 ECONOMIC BENEFIT IN NEPALI CONTEXT ...... 266 11.1.1 Direct Revenue Generation ...... 266 11.1.2 Other Project Benefits ...... 266 11.2 PROJECT COSTS ...... 267 11.2.1 Resource Loss ...... 267 11.2.2 Environmental Mitigation, Monitoring and Environmental Enhancement Costs ...... 267 CHAPTER XII: CONCLUSIONS ...... 268 CHAPTER XIII: REFERENCE ...... 269 CHAPTER XIV: ANNEXES ...... I ANNEX I: SURVEY LICENSE DETAILS
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxx SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
ANNEX II: CONSENT LETTER FOR SEIA FROM MOFE ANNEX III: FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION ATTENDANCE SHEETS AND PHOTOS ANNEX IV: PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE AND 7 DAYS PUBLIC NOTICE ANNEX V: PUBLIC HEARING NOTICE PASTING LETTERS WITH PHOTOS ANNEX VI: PROCEEDING OF PUBLIC HEARING ANNEX VII: ATTENDANCE SHEETS OF THE PUBLIC HEARING ANNEX VIII: WATER QUALITY TEST REPORT ANNEX IX: LAND REQUIREMENT DETAILS FOR THE PROJECT ANNEX X: RECOMMENDATION LETTERS FROM CONCERNED AUTHORITIES ANNEX XI: DECLARATION SHEETS FOR THE SEIA ANNEX XII: LIST OF PAFs ANNEX XIII: PROJECT LAYOUT
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxxi SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1-1: SEIA SCHEDULE FOR UM-2HEP ...... 5 TABLE 1-2: LIST OF STUDY TEAM WITH THEIR QUALIFICATION ...... 5 TABLE 2-1: CHANGE OF THE NAMES OF LOCATION ...... 8 TABLE 2-2: COMPARATIVE UPPER MARSYANGDI-2 HEP SALIENT FEATURES ...... 11 TABLE 2-3: COMPARATIVE LAND REQUIREMENT OF THE PROJECT ...... 22 TABLE 2-4: LAND REQUIREMENT FOR THE PROJECT (UM-2HEP, 327 MW) ...... 23 TABLE 2-5: MAJOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND THEIR UNIT PRICES...... 24 TABLE 2-6: ON-SITE TRANSPORTATION ...... 24 TABLE 2-7: RESERVE ESTIMATION OF THE QUARRY SITE AND BORROW AREAS ...... 25 TABLE 2-8: DESCRIPTION OF SPOIL/MUCK DISPOSAL SITES ...... 26 TABLE 2-9: CAMP SITES WITH THE AREA OCCUPIED AND LOCATIONS ...... 27 TABLE 2-10: DETAILS OF AGGREGATES AND CRUSHER PLANT SITE ...... 28 TABLE 2-11: ESTIMATED ENERGY CALCULATION TABLES ...... 29 TABLE 2-12: KEY CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT REQUIRED ...... 32 TABLE 2-13: DIRECT AND INDIRECT IMPACT AREA FOR THE PROJECT ...... 33 TABLE 2-14: HUMAN RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR PROJECT ...... 34 TABLE 2-15: SUMMARY OF COST ESTIMATE...... 35 TABLE 5-1: QUALITY OF ROCKS IN DAM SITE, TUNNEL ALIGNMENT AND POWERHOUSE ...... 69 TABLE 5-2: FLOW SERIES DATA AT THE INTAKE ...... 70 TABLE 5-3: CATCHMENT AREA DETAILS ...... 71 TABLE 5-4: AVERAGE MONTHLY FLOW AT BARRAGE SITE ...... 72 TABLE 5-5: AVERAGE MONTHLY FLOW RATIO AT DAM SITE ...... 72 TABLE 5-6: ESTIMATED FLOOD FREQUENCY AT THE DAMSITE ...... 73 TABLE 5-7: MAJOR TRIBUTARIES OF PROJECT AREA ...... 73 TABLE 5-8: STIMATED SEDIMENT LOAD AT THE DAM SITE ...... 77 TABLE 5-9: AVERAGE SEDIMENTS INFLOWS ...... 77 TABLE 5-10: PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS ...... 78 TABLE 5-11: LAND USE OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 80 TABLE 5-12: LAND USE AFFECTED BY THE PROJECT COMPONENTS IN DIFFERENT PROJECT RMS ...... 81 TABLE 5-13: PEAK GROUND ACCELERATION ...... 83 TABLE 5-14: PEAK ACCELERATIONS AT SITE-5 FOR DIFFERENT RETURN PERIOD FOR 5 % DAMPING AND DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS...... 83 TABLE 5-15: PEAK ACCELERATIONS AT SYANGE FOR DIFFERENTRETURN PERIOD FOR 5 % DAMPING AND DIFFERENT TIME PERIODS...... 84 TABLE 5-16: PLANTS UNDER DIFFERENT PROTECTION CATEGORIES ...... 92 TABLE 5-17: ACA REPRESENTED FAUNA (MAMMALS) ...... 94 TABLE 5-18: THE ANIMALS ARE LISTED FOR BOTH SIDE OF MARSYANGDI, SYANGE ...... 100 TABLE 5-19: LIST OF MAMMALS FOUND AROUND PROJECT AREA ...... 101 TABLE 5-20: SAMPLING SITES AND FIST SPECIES AND NUMBER ABUNDANCE ...... 102 TABLE 5-21: SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILES OF THE PROJECT DISTRICT AND THE PROJECT RMS ...... 106 TABLE 5-22: PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BY ETHNICITY AND CASTE IN THE PROJECT RMS ...... 107 TABLE 5-23: PERCENTAGE OF POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE IN THE PROJECT RMS AND DISTRICT ...... 107 TABLE 5-24: HOUSEHOLD AND POPULATION SIZE ...... 114 TABLE 5-25: PROJECT AFFECTED HOUSEHOLD AND POPULATION BY CASTE AND ETHNIC GROUPS ...... 114 TABLE 5-26: AGE STRUCTURE OF POPULATION (%) ...... 114 TABLE 5-27: PROJECT LOCATION OF THE AFFECTED HOUSEHOLDS ...... 115 TABLE 5-28: LAND OWNERSHIP STATUS ...... 117 TABLE 5-29: LAND OWNERSHIP TYPES ...... 117 TABLE 5-30: AVERAGE SIZE OF LANDHOLDING DIFFERENTLY OWNED (HA/FAMILY) ...... 118 TABLE 5-31: HOUSEHOLDS REPORTING SOURCES OF FOREST PRODUCTS ...... 120 TABLE 5-32: NUMBER AND PERCENTAGE HOUSEHOLDS AWARE OF THE PROJECT...... 121 TABLE 5-33: PROJECT-RELATED POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE PERCEPTIONS ...... 121 TABLE 5-34: PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS REPORTING TYPES OF VULNERABILITY DUE TO PROJECT ACTIVITIES ...... 124 TABLE 6-1: COMPARISON OF THE HEADWORKS AND WATERWAYS ...... 133 TABLE 6-2: COMPARISON OF COST OF UPPER & LOWER DAM SITES ...... 134 TABLE 6-3: POWER & ENERGY PARAMETERS FOR UPPER & LOWER DAM SITES ...... 134 TABLE 6-4: QUANTITIES OF THE MAJOR CIVIL WORKS OF THE UPH AND SPH ...... 140 TABLE 6-5: PROJECT ENERGY INDICES OF THE UPH AND SPH ...... 141 TABLE 6-6: ENERGY TARIFFS FOR PROR HEPS ...... 142 TABLE 6-7: SELECTION OF FULL SUPPLY LEVELS ...... 143 TABLE 6-8: OPERATION RESERVOIR LEVEL FOR SEDIMENT FLUSHING ...... 146 TABLE 6-9: ENERGY UNDER SEDIMENT FLUSHING SCHEMES ...... 146 TABLE 6-10: COST AND ENERGY COMPARISON OF HRT OPTIONS ...... 148
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxxii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
TABLE 6-11: OPTIMIZATION OF INSTALLED CAPACITY ...... 149 TABLE 7-1: LAND USE CHANGE ...... 152 TABLE 7-2: ESTIMATION OF POLLUTION LOADS AT DIFFERENT SITES FROM THE CAMPS ...... 156 TABLE 7-3: SUMMARISED IMPACT PREDICTION MATRIX; PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATIOIN PHASES ...... 165 TABLE 7-4: LOSS OF FORESTED AREA DUE TO PROJECT STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES ...... 166 TABLE 7-5: COST FOR FELLING, PLANTATION AND CARETAKING FOR THE LOST TREES ...... 167 TABLE 7-6: TOTAL LOSS IN TERMS OF PLANT SPECIES ...... 167 TABLE 7-7: LIST OF CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE ...... 170 TABLE 7-8: SUMMARIZED IMPACT MATRIX FOR THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 175 TABLE 7-9: LAND REQUIREMENTS FOR DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF THE PROJECT ...... 176 TABLE 7-10: RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION REQUIREMENTS ...... 178 TABLE 7-11: THE MAIN FOOT TRAILS THROUGH THE PROJECT DISTRICTS ...... 181 TABLE 7-12: SUMMARIZED IMPACT MATRIX FOR THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT ...... 186 TABLE 7-13: BENEFICIAL IMPACT MATRIX OF THE PROJECT ...... 190 TABLE 9-1: ENTITLEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR RESETTLEMENT AND REHABILITATION SPAF AND PAF HOUSEHOLDS ...... 209 TABLE 9-2: BENEFICIAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS DUE TO UM-2 HEP ...... 216 TABLE 9-1: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PERMITS AND APPROVALS ...... 221 TABLE 9-2: PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS...... 223 TABLE 9-3: RESPONSIBILITIES AND DELIVERABLES OF THE PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE ESMP IMPLEMENTATION .. 224 TABLE 9-4: ESTIMATED COST FOR THE PRESCRIBED MITIGATION MEASURES AGAINST THE IMPACTS PREDICTED . 230 TABLE 9-5: ENHANCEMENT MEASURES DURING OPERATION PERIOD ...... 234 TABLE 9-6: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING FRAMEWORK ...... 238 TABLE 9-7: ISSUE BASED MANAGEMENT PLANS (IBMP) ...... 250 TABLE 9-8: ESMP IMPLEMENTATION PLAN ...... 259 TABLE 10-1: COST ESTIMATES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION, MONITORING AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT ...... 267
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxxiii SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2-1: LOCATION OF THE PROJECT COMPONENTS WITH RESPECT TO ANNAPURNA CONSERVATION AREA ...... 7 FIGURE 2-2: LOCATION MAP OF THE PROJECT DISTRICTS AND RMS ...... 9 FIGURE 2-3: ACCESSIBILITY MAP FROM KATHMANDU TO SIRAN TAAL, MANANG ...... 10 FIGURE 3-1: WATER SAMPLING DONE DURING FIELD VISIT, 2019 ...... 35 FIGURE 3-2: AIR SAMPLING DONE DURING FIELD VISIT, 2019...... 35
FIGURE 3-3: BIOLOGICAL FIELD SURVEY, 2019 ...... 38 FIGURE 3-4: SOCIO-CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC ASSESSMENT DURING FIELD SURVEY, 2019 ...... 40 FIGURE 5-1: TOPOGRAPHIC VARIATION MAP OF THE PROJECT DISTRICTS (LAMJUNG AND MANANG DISTRICTS) ..... 61 FIGURE 5-2: GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE PROJECT SITE AND SURROUNDING AREAS (SOURCE: DMG) ...... 62 FIGURE 5-3: SITE PHOTO OF THE PROPOSED DAMSITE (TAL SIRAN, NASHONG RM) ...... 64 FIGURE 5-4: FIELD PHOTO OF SURGE SHAFT (SYANGE VILLAGE, MARSYANGDI RM, LAMJUNG DISTRICT) ...... 67 FIGURE 5-5: POWERHOUSE AREA IN SYANGE VILLAGE, MARSYANGDI RM ...... 68 FIGURE 5-6: ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE UM-2 HEP PROJECT AREA ...... 69 FIGURE 5-7: MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE MARSYANGDI REGION ...... 70 FIGURE 5-8: UPPER MARSYANGDI CATCHMENT AREA ...... 71 FIGURE 5-9: ADJUSTED RATING CURVE AT TAL ...... 72 FIGURE 5-10: DISCHARGE DURATION CURVE AT DAM SITE ...... 73 FIGURE 5-11: INFLOW PMF HYDROGRAPH USED FOR DAM BREAK ANALYSIS ...... 74 FIGURE 5-12: BREACH HYDROGRAPH FOR SCENARIO 1 ...... 75 FIGURE 5-13: BREACH HYDROGRAPH FOR SCENARIO 2 ...... 75 FIGURE 5-14: MICRO-HYDEL PROJECTS WITHIN THE PROJECT AREAS AND WATER USES FROM THE SIDE TRIBUTARIES OF MARSYANGDI ...... 79 FIGURE 5-15: HYDROPOWER STATIONS UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM OF THE PROJECT ...... 79 FIGURE 5-16: LAND USE MAP OF THE PROJECT AREAS...... 80 FIGURE 5-17: DONA GLACIAL LAKE ...... 82 FIGURE 5-18: THULAGI GLACIER LAKE AS SEEN FROM LANDSAT IMAGERY ...... 82 FIGURE 5-19: UNIFORM HAZARD SEISMIC RESPONSE SPECTRA NEAR TAL ...... 84 FIGURE 5-20: UNIFORM HAZARD SEISMIC RESPONSE SPECTRA AT SYANGE ...... 84 FIGURE 5-21: FOREST TYPES OF THE PROJECT AREAS ...... 87 FIGURE 5-22: GENERAL HABITAT STATUS TAL AREA AT THE START ...... 96 FIGURE 5-23: GENERAL HABITAT STATUS THE IMPOUNDMENT AREA BEYOND TAL BAZAR; CROW FLOCKS LAMMERGIER IN TAL AREA ...... 97 FIGURE 5-24: GENERAL HABITAT CONDITIONS: CROPLAND AND GORGE FOREST PATCHES AREAS OF JITE-JAGAT .... 97 FIGURE 5-25: HABITAT CONDITIONS LABOR CAMP AT THE NORTH OF RAM BAZAR AREA...... 98 FIGURE 5-26: HABITAT CONDITIONS AT SYANGE AND NEAR TRT OUTLET ...... 99 FIGURE 5-27: SCHIZOTHORAICHTHYS PROGASTUS AT SITE A AND SCHIZOTHORAICHTHYS PROGASTUS ...... 103 FIGURE 5-28: GARRA GOYTLA ...... 103 FIGURE 5-29: PROJECT LOCATION IN RELATION TO ANNAPURNA CONSERVATION AREA ...... 104 FIGURE 5-30: PRECIPITATION AND LAND USE DISTRIBUTION - ANNAPURNA CONSERVATION AREA ...... 105 FIGURE 5-31: PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS REPORTING COLLECTION OF VARIOUS FOREST PRODUCTS ...... 120 FIGURE 5-32: PERCENT OF HOUSEHOLDS REPORTING SOURCES OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE PROJECT ...... 121 FIGURE 5-33: % OF HHS FAVORING COMPENSATION TYPES ...... 123 FIGURE 6-1: PROFILE OF RIVER CHANNEL OF PROJECT AREA ...... 125 FIGURE 6-2: LOCATIONS OF UPPER & LOWER DAM SITES ...... 126 FIGURE 6-3: LAYOUT OF UPPER DAM SITE HEADWORKS ...... 128 FIGURE 6-4: LAYOUT OF LOWER DAM SITE HEADWORKS ...... 132 FIGURE 6-5: MYARDI KHOLA ...... 136 FIGURE 6-6: OPTIONAL POWERHOUSE SITES ...... 137 FIGURE 6-7: LAYOUT OF UNDERGROUND POWERHOUSE ...... 139 FIGURE 6-8: OPTIONAL SURFACE POWERHOUSE ...... 140 FIGURE 7-1: ENTRY AND EXIT OF TOURIST FROM THE PROJECT AREA ...... 181 FIGURE 9-1: ESMP IMPLEMENTATION ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ...... 224 FIGURE 9-2: LEVEL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 228
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxxiv SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
LIST OF BOXES
BOX 0-1: PEOPLES PERCEPTION TOWARDS AND EXPECTATION FROM THE PROJECT ...... 122 BOX 0-2: DESIRE FOR SKILL AND LIVELIHOOD MEASURES ...... 124
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited xxxv SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background Nepal has an enormous potential of generating electric energy from its water resources. About 200 billion cubic meters of water is being discharged every year through 6,000 large and small rivers of Nepal. Nepal is endowed with economically exploitable hydro-power potential to the tune of 42,000 MW of installed capacity out of total hydro potential of 83,000 MW and half of which is economically feasible for development. Nepal’s immense hydropower potential needs to exploit in broadening the market that is developing in the domestic and regional areas. Energy consumption is one of the main indicators of development of a country and hydropower is one of the cleanest and most reliable sources of energy.
More than a century ago (1911 AD), Nepal has initiated to harness the hydroelectric energy when the first Pharping Hydroelectric Plant was installed to electrify the selective houses in the capital city Kathmandu. Further development was at a slow pace and the irony is that the country was facing severe “load shedding” since more than a decade, till last years.
The larger portion of the energy demand is being supplied by the traditional sources such as fuel wood, agricultural residues, and animal dung. The contribution of petroleum fuel to energy supply could be considered after those of traditional sources. Through the power generation, especially Hydro- electric power generation capacity of the country has increased substantially and by April 2019, government has issued survey license (above 1 MW) for 18,193 MW of electricity generation throughout the country. It has to be admitted that the achievement in this area has always lagged far behind the power generation targets specified by the periodic plans. But, at the same time, it also has to be recognized that the gaps between the specified targets and the actual achievements have narrowed down progressively over the years. Looking at the supply situation of power, inability to increase the supply was affecting adversely the developments of the industrial, agriculture, commercial and domestic sectors. Hence, the government invited independent power producers (IPPs) from the private sector are now influential players for hydropower generation in Nepal with total installed capacity of around 540 MW (52 %, from DoED website, April 2019). Besides, over a dozen small hydropower projects that are in different stages of progress have been cleared to interconnect with the NEA grid and sell all their generation to NEA. In 1992, GON introduced Electricity Development Policy (2049), along with endorsement of Water Resource Legislation (2049), Electricity Act (2049) and Electricity Regulation (2050), which paved the way for private sectors in developing hydroelectric projects in Nepal. The objective behind such a move of the government is to rationally maximize harvesting of the water resource for electricity production. Furthermore, it has become necessary to reduce, to the extent possible, the outlays involved in the production of electric power, its transmission and distribution.
The state owned Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) is responsible for the electricity supply through the national grid. Economic Survey by Ministry of Finance in 2018/19 mentioned 77.8 percent of the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 1 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) population have access to electricity. By the same point of time, total electricity production has reached to 1142 MW, and 18 percent of the population have access to renewable energy. Beside the national grid, thousands of small installations (diesel gensets, solar home systems, small island mini grids etc.) are installed in Nepal. According to the published annual report of Nepal Electricity Authority, 2017/18, the peak power demand in the year fiscal year 2017/18 was 1444 MW and that of the fiscal year 2016/17 was 1385 MW. Of this peak demand power actually supplied was, 2305GWh was contributed by NEA hydro, 1777 GWh by IPP hydro and 2175 GWh was imported from India. The demand is characterized by the distinct peak load during evening and the comparatively small peak in the morning. Again these peaks become prominent in the winter season, when the river flow decrea considerably. Other recent studies have concluded that “Nepal has strikingly low levels of access and electricity consumption compared to many other developing countries.
Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project is one of the potential and strategic projects identified for the implementation in the Marsyangdi Basin.
1.2. Name and Address of the Proponent The proponent of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (UM-2 HEP) is Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. (Himtal). Previously, the Department of Electricity Development has awarded the survey license for the development 250 MW project to the Himtal on 4th June 2007 (B.S. 2064.02.21) which was subsequently upgraded to 600 MW capacity installed project on 30th Nov 2009 (BS. 2066.08.15) on the request of Himtal. Now, the capacity has been decreased to 327 MW. The Engineering and Consultancy services relating to the preparation of Detailed Project report for UM-2 was previously entrusted to M/s Coyne et Bellier, France. Now the updated detailed project report for Upper Marsyangdi-2 (UM-2) was prepared by QYEC.
M/s Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ph: +977-01-474026 Fax: + 977 1-4780994 E-mail: [email protected]
1.3. Name and Address of the Institution Preparing the Report Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Private Limited (NESS), an environmental consulting firm registered to the government of Nepal, has prepared this document. It is one of the pioneer consulting firms actively engaged in the consulting services since 1992. It has core staff of 25 permanent technical staffs supported by over 100 part time resource personals. The company central office is located in the Kathmandu on the following address:
Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Private Limited (NESS) GPO Box 7301, Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel: 977 – 1 – 4244989 / 4241001;
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 2 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Fax: 977 – 1 – 4226028 E-mail: [email protected]; Website: www.ness.com.np
1.4. Rational for the Capacity Change The project was previously conceived to produce energy that would be consumed in India market by an India head-quartered developer, or GMR group. The installation capacity of 600MW was found to be the most attractive one based on cost and benefit analysis. However, transmission of the energy from the project site to India has been found the biggest challenge in the perspectives of cross-border power trade issue, uncertainty of policies in India and so on. Bearing such challenge in mind, the previous shareholders of the same proponent decided to focus on Nepal market and follow NEA’s regulations for installed capacity of a hydropower project, namely the installed capacity shall be based on a design discharge of not more than 40% exceedance. Therefore, an updated feasibility study report was prepared and submitted to IBN in 2019.
The shareholders of the same proponent has been changed to other companies mainly coming from China, who is planning to develop all the three HEPs in partnership with a Nepalese company Butwal Power Company Ltd. The three HEPs, namely Manang Marsyangdi HEP (282MW), Lower Manang Marsyangdi HEP (LMMHEP, 140MW), and Upper Marsyangdi-2 HEP (UM2HEP, 600MW), have been re-looked into and an optimization study has been carried. Hydrology analysis was updated based on more availability of DHM data, especially the flow measurements near the headwork of LMMHEP which situates immediately upstream of UM2HEP. The location of powerhouse of LMMHEP is moved downstream about 1km and the headworks of this project, UM2HEP, is shifted some 700 m upstream from their previous locations, resulting in an increased gross head of the project. The updated hydrology analysis yields the flow at 40% exceedance of 59.6 m3/s. Energy table was worked out on the basis of updated hydrological study and a PRoR scheme. It was found out that an installed capacity of 327 MW was within the limitation of NEA’s regulation and also able to produce energy in the dry season in 6 month over 30% of the annual production.
1.5. Rational of SEIA Study At the time when the UM-2 HEP was initiated for study, the then Environment Protection Rule (EPR) 1997, schedules mandated EIA study for the project for the subsequent generation licensing because the capacity of the project has been reduced from 600 MW to 327 MW, the extension of the physical infrastructures and relocation of the structures lie inside the impact area defined in the approved EIA, the land requirement has gone to 65.50 ha from 86.69 ha and doesnot increase by more than 10%, and the project doesnot displace or relocate more than 100 number of people than the approved EIA and the development site lies inside the Annapurna Conservation Area. This SEIA for 327 MW is exclusively for the hydropower component and does not include the transmission line component of the project. Rationality for conducting the SEIA is further enhanced by following guidelines as adapted from the National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines 1993 AD (2049/50 BS) and as per the Clause 11, Sub-Clause (3) of the Environmental Protection Regulation (2077). The first phase of SEIA study was to obtain the consent from the MoFE. The SEIA study consent was obtained on 2076/07/17. The SEIA study outcomes are:
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 3 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Make UM-2 HEP environmentally sustainable and look for extra impacts if any. Identify environmental impacts on ecologically fragile landscape before the development of the amended project. Assess the effects of development pressures on the natural resources base as well as on the socio-cultural aspects due to amended capacity. Reduce adverse environmental impacts Reduce the overall environmental and economic costs of the project and Optimize project benefits
1.6. Objective of Study The main purpose of the presented Supplementary EIA is to access additional environmental issues (if any) that may arise due to the change in the project’s capacity and change in design of some structural components. The specific objectives of the supplementary EIA are to: To document change in baseline status of physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environment in the project affected area; To identify and predict new adverse and beneficial impacts due to current project layout ; To formulate mitigation measures for avoiding/reducing/compensating newly identified adverse effects and maximizing beneficial effects with compatible monitoring and environmental management plans and environmental costs involved; Inform decision makers/stakeholders about environmental implications of UM-2HEP project due to the amendment in the project’s capacity (reduced) and design and Obtain stakeholders concerns and inform them about measures to be implemented for minimization/compensation of adverse additional impacts and enhancement of additional beneficial impacts.
1.7. Scope of Study The project’s changed structural components and the ancillary facilities are included in the scope of the study. The scope for SEIA study includes; review of earlier approved EIA report, study of present FSR in detail, collection of physical, biological and socio-economic information of the project areas, impact identification, assessment, prediction and preparation of EMPs. During this process, the likely changes in physical, biological and socio economic impacts with respect to the existing capacity and project foot prints are compared with earlier approved EIA. The SEIA includes preparation of detail EMP. However, the SEIA doesn't include the transmission line for this project.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 4 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
1.8. Time Schedule The major project activities for undertaking SEIA are shown in the Table 1-1.
Table 1-1: SEIA Schedule for UM-2HEP Months Activities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Seeking Consent for SEIA Study Study of the Approved EIA Report Acquisition of the secondary Information Field Investigation and Surveys Consultation Comparative Study of the approved EIA and SEIA Draft Report Public Hearing Finalizing SEIA Report SEIA Report presentation Comments Incorporation and Approval
1.9. Formation of Study Team A multidisciplinary team of experts with expertise and experience in their respective fields were involved in the supplementary EIA study. The study team Table 1-2 comprised of following key professionals:
Table 1-2: List of study team with their qualification Capacity Name Qualification Contact Experience Number Team Leader Er. Dwarika B.E., M.Sc., 9843804151 10 years work experience, involved in Adhikari Environment (Water More than 35 Environmental Assesment Resources Projects Management) Biological Dr. Chitra B. Ph.D. Botany 9849421945 12 years work experience, involved in Expert Baniya More than 40 Environmental Assesment Projects Social Expert Dr. Jeevan Poudel Ph.D. Sociology 9841302522 15 years work experience, involved in More than 40 Environmental Assesment Projects Anthropologist Dr. Don Ph.D. Anthropology 01-4241001 25 years work experience, involved in Masserschmidt More than 25 Environmental Assesment Projects Water Er. Srijan Regmi B.E Environment, 9841167573 5 years work experience, involved in Resource Ms.c IWRM More than 15 Environmental Assesment Expert Projects Environmental Er.Laxman Khadka B.E Environment 9849159935 5 years work experience, involved in Expert More than 15 Environmental Assesment Projects Fishery Expert Mr. Rajkumar - - 10 years work experience, involved in Napit More than 35 Environmental Assesment Projects
Apart from the above key experts, other consultants, of different background were involved during the supplementary EIA preparation.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 5 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER II: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
2.1. Project Description The Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric project (UM-2 HEP) is a peaking run of river (PRoR) project.The gross head of the project will be 650 m. based on the hydrology result in the previous feasibility study, the design discharge shall be 60 m3/sec at 40% of probability of exceedance of flow. The installed capacity thus shall be 327 MW with 3 units. The annual average energy production is estimated at 1,730 GWh with approximately 30% in dry season and shall be evacuate to NEA's grid.
2.2. Project Location The Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric project (UM-2 HEP ) is located on the upper reach of Marsyangdi River on the Annapurna trekking route in Gandaki Province (No.4).The project headworks locates about 3 Km upstream of the Tal village of Manang district and powerhouse situates at Syange village of Lamjung district, Gandaki Province. Marsyangdi River rises from the southern slopes of the snow-clad peaks of Annapurna and Manaslu and joins the river Trishuli near Mugling. The project area is located between Latitude 28°22’04”to 28º 29’ 35” N and Longitude 84°21’30” to 84°25’03” E. The proposed project lies in the Annapurna Conservation Area as shown in the Figure 2-1.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 6 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Figure 2-1: Location of the Project components with Respect to Annapurna Conservation Area
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 7 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Table 2-1: Change of the Names of Location Description Previous Present District Manang and Lamjung Manang and Lamjung Province state - Gandaki Province Local Administrative Dharapani VDC of Manang Nashong RM of Manang and Body district, Taghring VDC and Marshyangdi RM of Lamjung Ghermu VDC of Lamjung district districts Geographical location Lat: 28º 30’ 00” N- 28º 22’ 04” N Lat: 28º 29’ 35” N – 28º 22’ 04” Lon: 84º 25’ 03” E- 84º 21’ 30” E N Lon: 84º 25’ 03” E- 84º 21’ 30” E Source: Nepal Rajpatra, 2017
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 8 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Figure 2-2: Location Map of the project Districts and RMs
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 9 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
2.3. Accessibility The project area lies nearly 215 km west of Kathmandu and is accessible from Dumre at Prithvi highway, (which is approximately 130 km from Kathmandu and 25 km from Muglin) via.43 km long link road to Besisahar, the nearest township and the headquarter of Lamjung district. Thereafter, an earthen road of 27 km long leads to Syange village and another 15 km long to Tal village. This project road is narrow and of high gradient and needs upgrade for the project development. The 15 km stretch of the road from powerhouse site to intake site is under construction by Nepal Army. The road is classified as ‘moderate’, although the last few kilometers between the intake and powerhouse are difficult. The nearest airfield is located in Bharatpur of Chitwan district which is approx 105 kms in the south and at Pisang in the Manang District, about 60 km to the north.
(Source: Google map, 2020) Figure 2-3: Accessibility map from Kathmandu to Siran Taal, Manang 2.4. Project Layout The determination layout of the project mainly encompasses: ● Determination of dam axis; ● Determination of tunnel route from intake to power house (which is located at the downstream limit of the concession); Figure 2-4 show the shematic layout of the project.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 10 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Fig2-4: Schematic Layout of the project
2.5. Comparative Project Silent Features The comparative salient features of the UM-2 HEP in an approved EIA 2012 & SEIA 2020 is shown in Table 2-2. Table 2-2: Comparative Upper Marsyangdi-2 HEP Salient Features Features SEIA 2020 (327 MW) EIA 2012 (600 MW) 1. GENERAL Name of Project Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydro-Electric Project Name of River Marsyangdi Nadi Type of Scheme PROR Project Location Province Gandaki (or No. 4) District Manang & Lamjung Licenses Boundary coordinates 28º22’04” ~ 28º30’00” Latitude 28º22’04” ~ 28º29’35” N N Longitude 84º21’30” ~ 84º25’03” E Nearest Settlement Beshisahar, Lamjung Access road name Dumre – Besisahar link road off Prithvi Hwy (F036)
2. ORGANIZATION Developer QYEC International Co., Tractebel Engineering Consultant Ltd. S.A.
3. HYDROLOGY & SEDIMENT Catchment area at intake (total/snow) 2268/1104 km2 2276/1106 km2 Design discharge 59.6 m3/s (Q40%) 113 m3/s (Q32%) Mean annual discharge 94.3 m3/s 81.5 m3/s Annual Sedimentation rate 2939 t/km2 2500 t/km2
4. GEOLOGY Regional Geology From North to South, STDS, MCT & MBT Major rock type in headwork’s gneiss waterways gneiss powerhouse gneiss
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 11 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Features SEIA 2020 (327 MW) EIA 2012 (600 MW)
5. STRUCTURES a. Dam/Weir Non-overflow concrete Type gravity dam with gated Rock fill dam spillway Length 116 m 145 m Full supply level 1720 masl 1702 masl Maximum dam height 37 m 32 m
b. Spill Way Spillway crest elevation 1722 masl 1705 masl Spillway gate size (W x H) 8.0 x 9.0 m 9 x 12.5 m No of spill way opening 2 3
c. Intake Structure Type of intake Submersible Hole Side No of opening 1 3 Size of intake (W x H) 6 x 27 m 5.5 x 14 m Intake invert level 1695 masl 1682 masl Intake top sill level 1722 masl 1677 masl
d. Desilting Arrangement Type Underground, Continuous operation No of chamber 2 Shape D-Shaped Particle size to be removed d > 0.15 mm
e. Headrace Tunnel Type Horse shoe shaped Horse shoe shaped Length 12.07 k m 9.2 km (3.98 ~ 4.88) m x (5.34 Diameter 6.7 ~5.69) m No of Adit 6 4
g. Surge Shaft Underground restricted Type Two-compartment orifice Diameter 11 m Height 71 m 97 m No of adit 2
h. Penstock Material Circular Steel Length (m) 989.4 830 Internal Diameter (m) 3.8 6.7 No of adit 1 2
i. Power house Type Underground Underground
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 12 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Features SEIA 2020 (327 MW) EIA 2012 (600 MW) Dimensions (L x W x H) 63.00 x 24.00 x 44.96 m 124 x 22 x 22.5 m Rated unit capacity 109 MW 150 MW Number of unit 3 4
j. Tailrace Type Tunnel Diameter 7 m 5.5 m Size (B x H), D-Shaped 6.7 m x 5.0 m 7 x 7 m Length 639.02 m 684 m Normal tail water level 1065.20 masl 1068.5 masl
6. TURBINE Type Pelton Number of Turbine 3 4 Rated net head 615.8 m 601.75 m Rated Discharge per unit 19.85 m3/s 28.25 m3/s Turbine Axis elevation 1070.40 masl 1072 masl Turbine efficiency 90.50% 91%
7. GENERATOR Types of generator Vertical shaft, synchronous, suspended Number of unit 3 4 Rated output per unit 109 MW 150 MW Generation voltage 13.8 kV Frequency 50 Hz Power factor 0.85 0.9, Lagging Excitation system Static type Speed 375.00 rpm 333.33 rpm
8. TRANSFORMER Type OFWF Oil-immersed Number of phase 3 1 Number of units 10 (1 spare) 13 (1 spare) Frequency 50 Voltage ratio 220 / 13.8 kV 400 / 13.8kV Transformer efficiency 99% 98%
9. SWITCHYARD Type GIS Voltage level 220kV 420kV
10. TRANSMISSION LINE Transmission voltage 220 kV 400 kV Conductor type ACSR XLPE Switchyard of UM2 HEP~ From ~ to Syang ~ India Khudi NEA’s SS
11. POWER BENEFITS Installed capacity 327 MW 600 MW Gross head 649.6 m 630 m
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 13 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Features SEIA 2020 (327 MW) EIA 2012 (600 MW) Total Annual Energy 1,805.61 GWh 2,282 GWh - Dry season energy (Dec ~ May) 562.88 GWh 487 GWh - Wet energy 1242.73GWh 1,083 GWh
12. LAND REQUIREMENT (ha) Government land 37.42 57.72 Private land 28.08 28.958 Temporary land 35.75 21.274 Permanent Land 29.75 65.42
13. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT No. of trees to be felled for the project 2361 3267 Forest Land Required 37.26 ha 49.24 ha
14. FINANCIAL PARAMETER Total investment 576.06 millions US$ Not shown in DPR Debt / capital ration 80:20 - Project internal rate of Return 11.14 % - IRR on capital 15.2 % - Cost per kWh (NPR @ 110) 40 NPR/kWh - Cost per kW (NPR @ 110) 221,713 NPR/kW - Source: Updated Detailed Project Report (UFSR), 2019 and approved EIA, 2012
2.6. Project Key Structural Components 2.6.1 Headworks Structures A. Diversion Dam and Protection structure The Concrete gated dam is located 50m downstream of the suspension bridge near to Tal village. The Concrete gated dam site has an average bed elevation at EL1, 690.00 m and an average water surface width of 17-25 m in dry season. To retain the original river bed flow pattern to facilitate the flood discharging and sediment flushing, an empirical method of "front discharging & flushing, lateral water diversion” has been adopted in the general layout of the Concrete gated dam. The concrete gated dam consists of spillway bays, undersluice section, and non-overflow dam sections.
The width of the two spillway bays and one undersluice section is 32.0 m. The sluice bay in flow direction is 50.0 m long in length. All the spillway bays and undersluice has a breast wall with flat invert slab at EL 1,690.00 m close to the average river bed level. The foundation surface is at EL 1,685.00m and the dam crest at EL 1,722.00m. The maximum dam height is 37.0m, foundation slab thickness is 5.0m, and foundation dental trench depth is 2.0m.
The spillway bay size is 8.0×9.0m (W × H). The undersluice gate size is 3.0×9.0m (W × H). Each gate has a radial gate and fixed wheel maintenance gate. The thickness of the side piers are 3.0 m each and the thickness of the mid piers are 3.5 m each. The dam body is incorporated with the left abutment rock mass with its width of 5.0 m at the top and 6.1 m at the bottom. An ecological flow pipe is placed at EL 1,705.00 m on the left non-overflow dam section. The upstream concrete apron is 25.0 m in length and 2.0 m in thickness. The downstream concrete slab is 60 m in length and 2.5 m in thickness and sloped at 1:30. The scouring cutoff trench at the end of the downstream concrete
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 14 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) slab is 7.7 m in depth downstream of which is a 40 m long rip rap of precast concrete blocks of 1.5 m in thickness. At the end of the rip rap is a 3.5 m deep scouring cutoff trench.
The RB non-overflow dam is concrete gravity type with dam crest at EL 1,722.00 m and length of 50.0 m, in which Dam Block No.1 is 17.0 m in length, Dam Block No.2 is 14.0 m in length, 8.0 m in crest width and the maximum height of the dam is 37.0 m. The foundation level of Dam Block No.1 is at EL1, 685.00 m with the bank excavation slope 1:0.2. The foundation level of Dam Block No.2 is at EL1, 706.00 m. B. Side Intake and Approach The intake is located on the right bank upstream of the undersluice, having an angle of 105º with the dam axis. The intake consists of trash rack section and transition section. The crest of the top platform is the same as the dam crest at EL 1,722.00 m. The intake structure is located on the overburden. The invert level of the trash rack is at EL 1,695.00 m, which is 5 m higher than that of the invert level of the undersluice. The intake width is 6.0 m which is determined considering the plant diversion discharge and flow velocity at the trash rack. The trash rack has an opening of 6.0×27.0m (W × H) each. The width of side pier is 2.5 m.
A single 5.0 m diameter of horse shoe shaped feeder tunnel is provided to convey water from intake into two underground desilting chambers. Invert level of the feeder tunnel at intake is EL 1695.0 and at end it is EL 1694.75 Feeder tunnel is provided at a slope of 0.28%, and the total length of the feeder tunnel is 95.42m. Feeder tunnel is designed for a design discharge of 59.6 m3/s including 15 % of silt flushing discharge providing flow velocity of 3.03 m/s. Feeder tunnel is provided with rock bolts of 22.0 mm diameter and 3.0 m long at spacing of 3.0 m centre to centre and a conventional cement concrete lining of 40~ 60 cm throughout the tunnel alignment.
C. Settling Basin Marsyangdi River is a mountainous river with an average annual sediment discharge of 6.67 million ton and an average annual sediment content of 2266 g/m3 at the dam site. The sediment discharge in monsoon season (Jun-Sep) accounts for 98.6% of annual sediment discharge. The maximum particle size of suspended sediment is 1 mm, the average particle size is 0.067 mm, and the annual bed load transport is 1.08 million ton.
The rated water head is 615.8 m, and the designed coarse particle size passing turbine is 0.15 mm. The design of the desanding basin will be based on the guaranteed 85-90 % settlement of particle size of d≥0.15mm at the plant discharge of 59.6 m3/s. Due to the high water head of the station, the primary task of the headworks layout is to solve the problems of diversion, sediment prevention and discharge. The project adopts the "front discharging & flushing, lateral water diversion" scheme.
There are two sediment barriers for sediment prevention and water diversion. The first barrier consists of a guiding wall, undersluice and trash rack of the intake. The invert level of the intake orifice is EL 1695.00 m which is 5.0 m higher that the upstream concrete slab. Downstream of the intake is the undersluice in front of which a narrowed channel is formed by the guiding wall to increase velocity and intensify sediment discharge. The gratings of trash rack can prevent bed load
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 15 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) from entering into the intake. The second barrier is the desanding chambers itself. Desilting chambers are designed to ensure that the water entering the HRT is free of sediments that can damage the penstock and turbines runner due to abrasion. This is achieved by reducing the turbulence level in the water flow to allow suspended sediment particles to settle out from the water body and deposit on the bottom of the basin. The project desilting chambers have been proposed on the right bank of the river and will comprise of two underground chambers. These chambers are designed for continuous flushing, which is achieved by continuously drawing water from the bottom of the desilting chamber during operation.
Figure 2-5: General Layout of Headworks
2.6.2 Water Conveyance Structures A. Headrace Tunnel (HRT) The HRT arranged on the right bank has its route relatively straight and smooth. At gully crossings HRT will have a top rock cover of 150 m. The total length of HRT is 12,070.367 m and D shaped with diameter of 5.0 m having plain concrete of 20 cm thick able to withstand water pressure of 0.70 MPa. Consolidation grouting in the perimeter has grouting holes 3 m into rock, 8 no. each row with staggered layout. Seven (7) construction adits have been planned. The maintenance gate has been set at the construction Aidt #1, Adit #3, Adit# 5 and Adit #7. A debris trap has been set at the end of the tunnel to prevent falling rocks from entering the units.
B. Surge Chamber For the water chamber type, the diameter of the shaft is 11.0 m, the length of the upper chamber (D shape) is 230 m, the net width is 7.0 m, the maximum surge water level is 1729.58 m, the lowest
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 16 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) surge water level is 1682.94 m, and the maximum internal water pressure of the HRT is about 69.6 m. The apex is at 1735.0m, the invert level of the surge chamber is about 1664.00m, and the height of the surge chamber is about 71.0m. The shaft is concrete lined of 1.2 m in thickness with sporadic rock anchor. The shaft structure is designed for limited crack with consolidation grouting. The consolidation grouting hole is 6 m deep into rock, 16 holes per row, and 3.0 m in row spacing. The upper chamber, with its invert level at EL1,725.00m, is 230 m in length and divided into two sections, one length is 100 m and another is 130 m, a longitudinal gradient of 1% inclining to the shaft and a D shape cross section with the net dimension 7.0×8.30 m (w × h) which will be concrete lined. The access tunnel to the upper chamber is 186.2 m having a D shape cross section with the net dimension of 3.7×5.40 m (W × H) and will be lined with shotcrete + full section of reinforced concrete according to the class of the surrounding rock.
C. Penstock Tunnel and Penstock Pipe A penstock with three bifurcation pipes will be used to feed the three units in the powerhouse. The penstock main section has a diameter of 3.8 m and a total length of 914.708 m. The bifurcation section has a net diameter of 2.3 m and length of 74.69 m and are lined by using 60 cm thick backfilling concrete on high strength steel plate withstanding pressure ≥600MPa.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 17 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Figure 2-6: General layout of HRT longitudinal profile
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 18 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
2.6.3 Powerhouse and Tailrace structure A. Layout of Powerhouse Area The underground powerhouse is arranged from south to north, including the auxiliary plant, machine hall and erection bay, with a total length of 98.34m.The main machine hall is 63.00m long, 24.00m wide and 44.96m high. Three conventional vertical axis Pelton turbines with the capacity of 109 MW each are installed in the plant. The installation elevation is 1070.40m.
There are three branch tailrace tunnels with a total length of 84.96m and a section of arched straight wall with a size of 2.5×5.0m(width × height). In order to lower the groundwater level, a 3.5m drainage gallery was set at 1101.62m elevation on the upstream side of the powerhouse.
B. Main Powerhouse According to the layout requirements of mechanical and electrical equipment, the machine halls are arranged in four floors from bottom to top. The first floor is ball valve floor; with an elevation of 1067.40m.The second floor is the turbine floor, with an elevation of 1072.70m. It is mainly equipped with speed governor and technical water supply equipment. The third floor is an electrical interfloor, with an elevation of 1077.70m, which is mainly used to arrange the side screen, cable tray, etc. The fourth floor is the generator floor. The elevation of the floor is 1082.70m, which is mainly arranged with excitation transformer cabinet and self-use electricity cabinet of the unit.
The erection bay is located at the north side of the machine hall, the same width as the machine hall, 21.15m long and 25.42m high. A permanent deformation seam of 2cm wide is arranged between it and the machine hall. There is only one floor in the erection bay. The elevation of the erection bay is 1082.70m, the same height as the generator floor. It is mainly used for unit installation and maintenance.
C. Auxiliary Powerhouse The auxiliary plant is located in the south of the machine hall, with a width of 24.00m, a length of 14.15m and a height of 24.70m. Five floors are arranged inside from the bottom to the top. The first floor is mainly arranged with oil tank room, oil treatment room, air compressor room and oven room. The second floor is a cable room with a elevation of 1077.70m.The third floor is mainly equipped with distribution equipment room and public distribution room, with the elevation of 1082.70m, the same height as the generator floor. The fourth floor is the central control floor, mainly equipped with central control room, computer room, conference room, etc. The fifth floor is the communication floor, which is mainly arranged with communication equipment room, communication power room, satellite communication room and data room etc., with the elevation of 1091.70m.
D. GIS Building The power station adopts the GIS building roof outlet mode. The GIS building is arranged on the ground. The ground elevation of the site is 1082.70m and it is arranged along the river. The GIS building is 45.0m long, 14.0m wide and 16.5m high. It is arranged in two floors. The lower floor is the cable floor. The upper floor is the GIS equipment floor with an elevation of 1087.70m, and the roof is the Switchyard with an elevation of 1099.20m.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 19 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
E. Tailrace Structures There are three branch tailrace tunnels with a total length of 84.96m and a section of arched straight wall with a size of 2.5×5.0m (width ×height). In order to lower the groundwater level, a 3.5m drainage gallery was set at 1101.62m elevation on the upstream side of the powerhouse. The tailrace tunnel has a total length of 639.02m and is composed of three branch tailrace tunnels. The tunnel section adopts circular arch straight wall type with a size of 6.7×5.0m (width × height).The end of the tailrace tunnel is connected to the Marsyangdi River.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 20 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Figure 2-7: General layout of surge shaft and penstock
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 21 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
2.6.4 Adits for Construction and Component Access The length of headrace tunnel, the topography and geological conditions along the tunnel, a total of five adits are planned for the construction of the headrace tunnel. a. Adit Tal: The adit 1, with a total length of 264 m, is located on the right bank of Marsyangdi Nadi, opposite to Tal village at El. 1673.54 m b. Adit Myardi khola: The adit 2, with a total length of 692 m, is located on the right bank of Myardi Khola, about 130 m upstream from the Besisahar- Chame Road. c. Adit Chyamche: The adit 3, with a total length of 815 m, is located above the Chyamche village and road is access through Chyamche through Purano Jagat village. d. Adit Purano jagat: The adit 4, with a total length of 385 m, is located just above the Purano Jagat village on the right bank of the Marsyangdi Nadi e. Adit Jitai: The adit 5, with a total length of 713 m approximately and is approached near Jitai village and road is access through access road from chyamche. f. Surge shaft adit: surge shaft adits are approached by the construction of 6.4 km internal access road from the exisiting Besisahar-CHAME road at chyamche. g. Pressure shaft Adit: pressure shaft adit is approached by the construction of 2.9 km internal access road from the exisiting Besisahar-CHAME road at chyamche.
Figure 2-8: Adit Portal Jagat (Left) and Adit Portal opposite to Tal Danda (Right) (Field Visit, 2019)
2.7. Land Requirement Approved EIA, 2012 envisaged the land use of 86.69 ha for the project development. The new study, as per the updated feasibility report suggests that a total of 65.50 ha of land is required for the project that is highlighted in Table 2-3 and Table 2-4. Table 2-3: Comparative Land Requirement of the Project S.N Land Type Approved EIA SEIA Remarks Permanent 1 Forest 37.39 20.33 Decreased 2 Cultivation Land 19.99 8.6 Decreased
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 22 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
3 River and Flood Plains 8.04 0.82 Decreased Sub Total I 65.42 29.75 Temporary 1 Forest 11.31 16.93 Increased 2 Cultivation Land 9.32 13.756 Increased 3 River and Flood Plains 0.64 5.06 Increased Sub Total II 21.27 35.75 Total (I+II) 86.69 65.50 Decresed by 21.19 ha Source: Approved EIA, 2012 and UFSR, 2019 (Arc GIS)
Component Wise Land Requirement Total land requirement for the project has been estimated to be 65.5 ha out of which 29.747 ha is required for permanent structures. Similarly 35.75 ha is required for temporary structures. Component wise land requirement is presented in Table 2-4. Table 2-4: Land requirement for the project (UM-2HEP, 327 MW) Land Type (ha) SN Project Component Forest Cultivated Flood Plain Total Area (ha) Gov pvt Gov Pvt Gov (Forest) Permanent 1 Reservoir Inundated Area 3.19 0.18 - 0.35 3.72 2 Headworks Site 1.119 - 0.19 1.31 3 Access Roads 9.9 3 - 5.41 - 18.31 4 Owner's permanent Camp 2.07 2.07 5 Switch Yard 1.09 - - - 1.09 6 Surge Shaft 0.089 0.089 7 Adit Portal 0.43 - - 0.52 - 0.95 8 Link Canal to LMMHEP 0.42 0.4664 - 0.16 0.22 1.2664 9 Camp at HW, LB 0.081 0.44 0.521 10 Tailrace Tunnel - - - - 0.061 0.061 11 Portal to Butterfly Valve 0.36 0.36 Sub-Total (A) 16.679 3.6474 8.6 0.821 29.75 Temporary 12 Quarry 2.3642 0.64932 4.11 2.17 9.29352 13 Batching Plant 0.15 - - 0.46 0.61 14 Camps 1.72 - - 1.49 - 3.21 15 Construction Yard 0.65 1.421 - 2.62 2.89458 7.58558 16 Miscelleous 0.14 - 0.28 - 0.42 17 Bunker 0.13 0 0 0.52 0 0.65 18 Aggregates 0.6 0.5 1.1 19 Water Supply - 0.84 0.84 20 Spoil Area 8.92 2.93 11.85 21 Coffer Dam 0.1858 0.006 0.1918 Sub-Total (B) 14.86 2.07032 0 13.756 5.06458 35.7509 Grand Total (A+B) 31.539 5.71772 22.356 5.88558 65.50 Source: UFSR, 2019
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 23 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Note: i.) 5.33 ha land of existing road shall be upgraded and maintained by the proponents ii.) 5.56 Ha. Land of construction yard shall be shared with LMMHEP project (M2), a project that lies above UM-2 HEP
2.8. Construction Materials The sand and aggregates are prepared locally at the project site by installing crusher. The cement will be purchased from local manufacturers in Nepal. The cement of at least three brands will be tested so that there will be options if any of the brand has shortage. The reinforcement steel will be purchased from the nearest market, Pokhara, approximately 154 km to the site. Diesel and other petroleum products will be purchased from Besisahar. The blasting materials will be supplied through local explosive suppliers on the guidance of Nepal Army. All kinds of building materials are transported by road to the site warehouse.
The transportation cost has been analyzed according to the current transportation conditions and construction of the internal access road. The transportation rate for the blacktopped road up to Besisahar is taken as US$0.17/t•km and from Besisahar to the project site is taken as US$0.40/t•km.
Table 2-5: Major Construction materials and their Unit Prices Name and Road Original Price with S.N. Specification of Units Place of Supply Transportation Price transportation Materials Distance (km) (US$) upto Site (US$) Hongshi-Shivam Cement OPC43 1 t Cement and other 219 141 193.38 (bagged) brands available Steel 2 t Pokhara 144 738 795.44 Reinforcement 3 Boards m3 Besisahar 32 310 400.73 4 Gasoline t Besisahar 32 1162 1214.71 5 Diesel t Besisahar 32 917 962.35 Emulsion 6 t 3260.00 explosive Source: UFSR, 2019 2.9. Internal Access Road to Project Structures and Facilities The project will require different sections of road to access various project structures and facilities. A total of 16km of the existing roads need upgrade and expansion. 10 km of new road will be built, and 2 Bailey bridge installed. Table 2-6 presents the details of the internal access road required for the project. Internal access roads will be constructed to approach various project structures and facilities, which will require 18.31 ha of land. Table 2-6: On-site Transportation Length Max S.N. Location Pavement Width (m) (m) gradient 1 upgrade to road from HW to PH 16,000 gravel 10 12% 2 new road to Adit 1 236 gravel 10 12% 3 new road to Adit 2 281 gravel 10 12% 4 new road to Adit 3 1312 gravel 10 12%
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 24 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
5 new road to Adit 4 879 gravel 10 12% 6 new road to Adit 5 5342 gravel 10 12% 7 New road to portal butterfly valve 1085 gravel 10 12% 8 New road to surge tank portal 1054 gravel 10 12% 9 New road to for penstock shaft 1594 gravel 10 12% 10 New road to Bunker at PH 946 gravel 10 12% 11 New road to Owner permanent camp 960 gravel 10 12% Upgrade of #13 road to #14A road and 12 #14B road new bailey bridge at switch yard to join 13 4 #18 Road new bailey bridge at PH to join #17 14 4 Road and #18 Road Source: UFSR, 2019 2.10. Quarry and Burrow areas (aggregates, sand, clay) The total volume of aggregate and other materials required for the project is approximately 0.819 million m3. It comprises 0.474 million m3 of granular and 0.345 million m3 of cohesive materials respectively. Most of the materials required for the given quality is expected from the excavations of tunnel, dam and powerhouse area, and it is proposed to maximise their use to minimise the spoil mnagement on one hand and minimise the extra quarry operation and land degradation on the other. However, if the quality of materials is not met from the expected sources, one quarry area has been identified upstream of the dam site. This would meet construction quality requirements of rock fill dam. The coordinates of the quarry site at Tal, Manang are 28o 27' 55.44"N, 84o 22' 25.23" E at the right bank of Marsyangdi River and 28o 27' 48.24"N, 84o 22' 32.34"E at the left bank of Marsyangdi River.
Table 2-7: Reserve Estimation of the Quarry Site and Borrow Areas Material Estimated Material Location Index Size Area (m2) Depth (m) Volume (m3) I. Granular Materials Siran Tal (HW 380 m x 70 m GA 64100 3.2 202556 Site) 250 m x 150 m GB Tal 550 m x 150 m 82500 3.3 268950 Chyamche, GC 130 m x 15.0 m 1950 1.2 2340 (PH Site) Total 473846 II. Cohesive Materials CA Bagarchhap 500 m x 150 m 75000 2.0 150000 CB Nachayo 150 m x 300 m 45000 1.0 45000 CC Khotro 100 m x 400 m 40000 1.5 60000 CD Gheran 300 m x 200 m 60000 1.5 90000 Total 345000 Source: UFSR, 2019
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 25 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
2.11. Borrow and Spoil Disposal areas The investigation shows that there is a large number of natural gravel in the riverbed near the headwork of UM-2 HEP. The concrete aggregate will be mainly processed by processing through river bed quarry and recovery from tunnel excavation. Sand will be harvested from the river channel in the heardwork area. Impervious soil is not available in the vicinity of the project area. Seepage control will be achieved by using geotextile membrane. The spoil areas scatter in headwork, desilting, 1# & 2# adit to HRT and powerhouse.
A total of about 1.94 million m3 spoil material is estimated from the excavation at dam site, headrace tunnel, surge shaft, powerhouse cavern and tailrace tunnel. The project will minimise the spoil generation from the access roads by balancing cut and fill. About 0.7 million m3 of the spoil generated from the tunnels and dam site will be utilised as construction aggregates and dam fill materials. The surplus of nearly 1.24 million m3 of the spoil will be safely disposed and managed at seven different locations. They will cover an area of over 11.84 ha (See Table 2-8).
Table 2-8: Description of Spoil/Muck Disposal Sites S. Description Area in Capacity Location DMS Coordinates N. Hectare (Cum) Easting Northing 1 Spoil disposal 1.31 102360 Siran Tal, Manang 84º22'21.00" 28º28'59.40" Area-1 2 Spoil disposal 0.39 30473 Tal village, Manang 84º22'23.38" 28º28'50.64" area-3 3 Spoil disposal 0.44 343804 Myardi Khola, 84º22'25.77" 28º28'1.92" Area-4 Lamjung 4 Spoil disposal 1.08 84388 Paune, Lamjung 84º22'10.77" 28º27'13.31" Area-5 5 Spoil disposal 0.90 70323 Jagat,Lamjung 84º23'17.49" 28º26'12.67" Area-6 6 Spoil disposal 1.25 97671 Taghring, Lamjung 84º23'46.73" 28º25'23.72" Area-7 7 Spoil disposal 0.52 54696 Ghermu, Lamjung 84º24'16.84" 28º24'25.439" Area-8 8 Spoil disposal 0.18 14064 Syange, Lamjung 84º24'12.44" 28º23'55.74" Area-8-1 9 Spoil disposal 0.68 53133 Syange, Lamjung 84º24'12.64" 28º22'55.84" Area-9 10 Spoil disposal 5.09 395374 Syange, Lamjung 84º24'15.86" 28º22'34.34" Area-10 Total 11.84 1246286 Source: UFSR, 2019 Excavated material from the Headworks, Headrace Tunnel, Adits, Pressure Shaft and other project locations is proposed for safe disposal in identified disposal sites. The spoil areas after completion of the project construction will be managed properly (merging into landscapes and covered by top soil as far as possible).
2.12. Camps (area occupied and number of the sites, locations) Permanent residential, office and other facilities will be established at key project locations, both for project staff and labour force. The permanent accommodation for the staff of the project and for the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 26 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) contractor will be built near the construction sites. The operational permanent quarters shall also include guest houses, laboratory, offices, hospitals, community centres, school, workshop, project stores and living quarters. During peak construction period the work force at the powerhouse and the headworks sites could be approximately 1500 persons.
Six sites with an approx. area of 5.80 ha have been identified for project site office/colonies other recreational facilities and hospital/health centres, at headworks and power House, and various adit portal sites respectively to accommodate the permanent and temporary staffs of the project during construction period. Only two of the camps, one at headworks and one at powerhouse will be developed and maintained in the operation period as well. Table 2-9 have been identified for project site office/colonies, labor camps and other facilities, at headworks and powerhouse, and various adit portal sites to accommodate the permanent and temporary quarters.
Table 2-9: Camp sites with the area occupied and locations Area DMS Coordinates S. N. Description Location (ha) Easting Northing 1 Headworks Camp A 0.22 Nigalghari, Manang 84º21'56.76" 28º29'29.65" 2 Headworks Camp B 0.43 Nigalghari, Manang 84º21'58.56" 28º29'23.96" 3 Camp at HW, LB 0.52 Taal, Manang 84º22'2.05" 28º29'20.61" 4 Owner Permanent Camp 2.074 Ghermu, Lamjung 84º24'23.92" 28º23'6.48" Syange, Lamjung 84º24'44.13" 28º23'28.19'' 5 Camp at Powerhouse 1.78
Temporary Camp at Rambazzar, Lamjung 84º24'27.13" 28º22'5.43'' 6 0.77 Rambazzar Total 5.80
2.13. Aggregate Crushing and Batching Plant Area Two aggregate crushing plant and three concrete batching plants for project are proposed. One batching plant will be established around the headworks and power house areas. Mobile concrete batching machine shall be provided at each portal of the construction adits. The facility area covers a total of 1.71 ha including that for aggregate storage at various stages of project development. A part of this area will be used to prepare aggregates for concrete and bituminous concrete production. According to the characteristics of the scattered buildings of the project, the concrete batching station is arranged in a spreaded out manner, namely, one station in the headwork area.
Figure 2-9: Aggregates and Crusher Plant Site at Taal Siran (Left) and Myardi Khola (Right)
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 27 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
The details of Aggregates crushing and concrete batching plants with their respective location and areas are tabulated in Table 2-10. Table 2-10: Details of Aggregates and Crusher Plant Site DMS Coordinates S.N Description Areas Location Easting Northing A.1 Batching Plant #2 0.21 Siran Taal, Manang 84º22'25.38" 28º27'57.31" A.2 Batching Plant #3 0.145 Myardi Khola, Lamjung 84º22'11.91" 28º27'11.26" A.3 Batching Plant #4 0.24 Taghrin, Lamjung 84º23'46.10" 28º25'31.32" Sum of A 0.60 B.1 Aggregate #2 0.332561 Taghrin, Lamjung 84º23'46.80" 28º25'31.53'' B.2 Aggregate #3 0.762717 Rambazar, Lamjung 84º24'16.74" 28º22'24.04'' Sum of B 1.095278 Total 1.71 Source: UFSR, 2019 2.14. Energy Generation The design energy is that generated with 95% plant availability and with due allowance for environmental compensation flow and silt flushing discharge. While calculating the design energy, 95% plant availability factor is applied only when all machines are operated i.e. during peaking operation or when the river discharge exceeds the design discharge. For installed capacity of 327 MW, the head losses in the water conductor system has been calculated as 25.9m.
The energy generated during months of December to May (i.e. 15th of Mangsir to 14th Jestha as per Nepali calendar) is dry energy and the energy generated in rest of the months wet energy. The total estimated annual energy is 1805.61 GWh of which 562.88 GWh is dry season energy and 1242.73 GWh is wet season energy. The summary of the computed energy is presented in Table 2-11.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 28 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Table 2-11: Estimated Energy Calculation tables A. Considerations Maximum level of operation: 1720.00 masl Dry season + Self consumption & Losses: 4.0% Lower level of operation: 1711.00 masl Wet season + Self consumption & Losses: 4.0% Type of Turbine: Pelton Dry period: December to May Turbine Center Line: 1070.50 masl Wet period: June to November Maximum gross head: 649.50 m Storage available for peaking: 242,000 m3 Turbine efficiency (max, 91.5% 90.0% Available peaking time: 1.65 hr rated) : Generator efficiency (max, 98.0% 97.0% 8.796627 Daily off-peak time: 22.35 Hr rated) : Transformer efficiency: 99.0% Peaking average operation level: 1715.5 masl Overall efficiency: 86.43% 8.478489 Off- peak average operation level: 1715.5 masl Max net head at design 624.21 m Monsoon operating level: 1711 masl discharge: Number of Units : 3 Acceleration of gravity, g: 9.81 m/s2 Design discharge: 59.60 Head Loss Per unit design flow: 19.87 m3/s Head loss in terms of discharge is given by: 7.12 Q2/1000 m
B. Calculation
Installed Capacity: 327 MW Time of Diverted flow for power generation Head loss Net Head Power generation Monthly total energy Net energy for revenue operation During Availabl off. Outage & Mean D/S Diverted Discharg During Off-peak Ope Dry Dry e flow Peak Off-peak Durin Peak Self monthl releas flow for e require off-peak Peak and During Off- n season Off. Month after d/s time time g dry Peakin Peak Off- peak Consumptio Wet y Flow e power for and time monsoo peak peak days peakin Peak release discharg discharg peak period g time Energy energy n Energy generatio peaking monsoo head n time time time g energ e e time and n storage n period head energy y wet period (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s) (m) (m) (m) (m) (kW) (kW) (hr) (hr) days (kWh) (kWh) (kWh) (GWh) (GWh) (GWh)
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 29 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
619. 313.15 102.13 22.3 16,019.60 Jan 24.0 2.40 21.56 21.56 2.81 59.60 18.75 25.29 2.50 642.5 1.65 31 70,765.950 3,471.422 15.38 67.94 7 0 8 5 8 619. 313.15 22.3 14,469.32 Feb 21.0 2.10 18.86 18.86 3.01 59.60 15.86 25.29 1.79 643.2 86.473 1.65 28 54,114.360 2,743.347 13.89 51.95 7 0 5 3 619. 313.15 22.3 16,019.60 Mar 21.0 2.10 18.94 18.94 3.00 59.60 15.93 25.29 1.81 643.2 86.894 1.65 31 60,203.672 3,048.931 15.38 57.80 7 0 5 8 619. 313.15 119.70 22.3 15,502.84 Apr 27.3 2.73 24.59 24.59 2.58 59.60 22.01 25.29 3.45 643.2 1.65 30 80,261.384 3,830.569 14.88 77.05 7 0 5 5 7 619. 313.15 188.91 22.3 16,019.60 130,886.80 May 40.8 4.08 36.71 36.71 1.69 59.60 35.02 25.29 8.73 641.6 1.65 31 2,876.256 15.38 125.65 7 0 2 5 8 2 313.15 310.87 24.0 223,830.68 Jun 114.1 11.41 102.72 59.60 - - 59.60 - 25.29 - 636.3 - 30 - 8,953.227 - 214.88 0 6 0 0 310.87 24.0 231,291.70 Jul 26.2 26.17 235.55 59.60 - - 59.60 - 25.29 - 615.2 - - 31 - 9,251.668 - 222.04 6 0 3 310.87 24.0 231,291.70 Aug 28.5 28.46 256.12 59.60 - - 59.60 - 25.29 - 615.2 - - 31 - 9,251.668 - 222.04 6 0 3 310.78 24.0 223,830.68 Sep 18.6 18.56 164.04 59.60 - - 59.60 - 25.29 - 615.2 - - 30 - 8,953.227 - 214.88 6 0 0 310.87 24.0 231,291.70 Oct 70.8 7.08 63.71 59.60 - - 59.60 - 25.29 - 615.2 - - 31 - 9,251.668 - 222.04 6 0 3 212.46 24.0 152,976.72 Nov 44.3 4.43 39.83 39.83 - - 39.83 - 11.29 - 629.2 - - 30 - 6,119.069 - 146.86 8 0 6 619. 313.15 138.63 22.3 16,019.60 Dec 31.0 3.10 27.88 27.88 2.34 59.60 25.53 25.29 4.64 640.4 1.65 31 96,049.118 4,482.749 15.38 92.21 7 0 0 5 8
Tota 94,050.60 1,786.794.48 1,242.7 365 90.29 472.59 l 2 0 3 Dry Season Energy Dry season peaking energy (GWh): 90.29 Dry season off-peaking energy (GWh): 472.59 Total dry energy (GWh): 562.88 31.17% Wet energy (GWh): 1,242.73 68.83% Total annual energy (GWh): 1,805.61
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 30 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 31 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
2.15. Construction Power The construction power will be required at the powerhouse location, head works location, adit tunnels, batching plant, crushing plant and camp area of UM2HEP for operating machinery and equipment. The existing NEA's 33kV transmission line connects the 4MW Radhi HEP to Tanchok and passes through the entire areas of the project. After study of the power needed for the three HEPs (Manang Marsyangdi (MM), Lower Manang Marsyangdi (LMM) and Upper Marsyangdi-2 (UM-2), owned, developed and operated by the same investor, the construction power will be supplied by building a substation at Chino Khola HEP (CKHEP, in the process of application for generation license).This substation will tap power from NEA's 33kV TL and supply to UM2 through a new 33kV TL in parallel to and independent of NEA's 33kV TL. The CKHEP may thus become the main source of power while that from NEA's 33kV TL may function as backup. Disel generator sets of 160 kW shall also be provided to serve as additional backup. The maximum distance from this new line to power demand point is estimated at 1.1 km, with step down transformers installed at end point.
2.16. Construction Equipment The key construction equipment required during the project construction period for the construction of the different key project components is presented in Table 2-12.
Table 2-12: Key Construction Equipment Required Qty. S/N Equipment Name Model Units Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 I. Machinery for earthwork & stonework 1 Backhoe 1.0-1.6m3 Set 10 10 6 2 Loader 1-2m3 Set 16 16 10 3 Dozers 118kW Set 4 4 2 4 Rolling machine 13.5t Set 4 4 2 5 Handheld pneumatic rock drill YT28 Set 30 30 10 6 Air-leg pneumatic rock drill 7655 Set 40 40 15 7 Raise-boring machine BMC400 Set 3 3 3 8 Axial fan 55kW Set 12 12 12 III. Machinery for concrete production 1 Concrete mixing station HZ60 Set 1 1 1 2 Concrete mixing station HZ90 Set 1 1 1 3 Concrete mixer JQ750 Set 5 5 5 4 Concrete pump HBT-60 Set 5 5 5 5 Shotcreting machine HPJ rotor type Set 30 30 10 6 Concrete vibrator Immersible 2.2kW Set 50 50 50 7 Horizontal tank 1-2m3 Nos. 4 4 4 III. Machinery for grouting treatment 1 Geological drilling rig XY-2PB Set 4 4 4 2 Grout pump TBW-200/40 Set 10 10 3 Drilling rig CZ30 Set 2 2 IV. Machinery for jack-up and transportation 1 Dump truck 5-10t Set 20 20 10 2 Dump truck 10-15t Set 40 40 30 3 Hoists 10t Set 4 4
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 32 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Qty. S/N Equipment Name Model Units Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 4 Tower crane 10t Set 2 2 2 V. Machinery for aggregate processing 1 Sieving machine 2YAH1842 Set 5 5 5 2 Sieving machine YAH1842 Set 7 7 7 3 Sieving machine YH1842 Set 4 4 4 4 Jaw crusher CE100120 Set 2 2 2 5 Jaw crusher CE80100 Set 4 4 4 6 Jaw crusher CE5580 Set 1 1 1 7 Cone crusher GX1000C Set 1 1 1 8 Cone crusher GX900C Set 3 3 3 9 Cone crusher GX900M Set 4 4 4 10 Vertical shaft impact crusher PL-9000 Set 2 2 2 11 Spiral classifier FC-15 Set 3 3 3 12 Spiral classifier FC-20 Set 2 2 2 VI. Construction of wind and water power systems 1 Pump IS80-50-200 Set 4 4 4 2 Pump IS80-50-250 Set 2 2 2 3 Pump IS65-40-200 Set 6 6 6 4 Pump IS65-40-315 Set 2 2 2 5 Pump IS100-65-200 Set 4 4 4 6 Pump IS125-100-400 Set 12 12 12 7 Pump (MD)D25-50 Set 7 7 7 8 Air compressor 4L-20/8 Set 24 24 4 9 Transformer S9-800/35 Nos. 6 6 6 10 Transformer S9-1000/35 Nos. 4 4 4 11 Diesel generator 200kW Set 10 10 10 Source: UFSR, 2019
2.17. Project Area Delineation For the purpose of baseline descriptions and subsequently for impact evaluation, the project areas (Syange, Nigalghari, Dharapani, Siran Tal) have been categorized into two levels namely i) Direct Impact Area (DIA), ii) Indirect Impact Area (IIA). The delineation of these areas is briefly defined in the sub-sections below. The baseline description detailed in this chapter is limited to the site specific areas with a prelude on the regional characteristics.
Direct Impact Area This area has been studied in greater detail regarding the impacts on physical, biological as well as socio-economic and cultural environment. Since most of the project related construction activities, and establishment of project facilities are confined to Nigalghari to Syange Village, they are defined as direct impact area. Similarly, the river stretch and the immediate areas about from the intake site to the powerhouse site, including the adit site has been categorized as direct impact area. Table 2-13 shows the Direct and Indirect impact area for the project.
Table 2-13: Direct and Indirect Impact Area for the Project Zone Direct Impact Area Indirect Impact Area u/s Dam site and impounding area, Nigalghari Immediate upstream area from dam site
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 33 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Zone village area of Nashong RM of Manang (Both side ofNigalghari and Siran Taal village), Nashong RM, Manang d/s Area between intake and desanding basin, Immediate downstream area, Nashong RMs zone Nigalghari Village to Syange and Nashong of Manang and Marsyangdi RM of RM, Manang, Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung Lamjung Site Area and settlements in the project Area and settlements around the project Area components or project facilities components or project facilities
Indirect Impact Area This category included the areas, which will not have direct impact of construction activities but may be influenced by the activities of the construction workers. As the route is one of the most important tourist destinations, the villages and settlements between Nigalghari and Syange village could be affected due to project activities. The area consists of forest areas and settlements within two to three hours
Walking distance from the project site including Annapurna Conservation Area, were also considered as Indirect Impact area. The physical and biotic environments in areas far from project structures will probably experience minimal impacts. However, some impacts may be felt in the socio-economic and cultural environment because such an area like surrounding villages may supply technical and labor force for the project. Overall, adverse impacts on such areas will be very low, hence such areas were considered as indirect impact areas.
2.18. Human Resources A peak demand of nearly 1500 for workers with various levels of skills will be required during construction period, as exhibited in Table 2-14: . About 20 ~ 25% of the workers shall be in levels of skilled and semi-skilled. SPAF, PAF and local affected people will have the priority in getting hired if the required skill levels are met. The priority of hiring workers will be as follows a) SPAF-PAF- Project affected, b) Project ward-Project c) Neighbouring ward-Rural Municipality and d) Project district. If such resources of workers are not available in above priority list, they will be outsourced from outside
Table 2-14: Human Resources Required for Project Sector Numbers Headwork Construction work Force 350 Underground Construction Work Force 300 Powerhouse Construction Work Force 250 Electro-mechanical Work Force 100 Others 500 Source: UFSR, 2019 2.19. Project Cost The total project cost including VAT and all taxes and IDC as estimated from this study has been found to be 647.16 Million USD. The details of the project cost estimate are available as shown in
Table 2-15.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 34 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Table 2-15: Summary of Cost Estimate Cots (mill. S.N. Works or Expenses USD) A Civil Works I Headworks 1 Spillway and undersluice works 21.51 2 Retaining dam works 18.59 3 Water intake works 0.55 4 Desanding chamber works 23.25 Sub-total of Headworks 63.91 II Waterways 1 Headrace Tunnel 63.37 2 Surge Chamber 4.73 3 Penstock tunnel and penstock civil Works 5.63 Sub-total of Waterways 73.73
III Powerhouse and switchyard works 1 Powerhouse works 28.97 2 GIS building works 11.86 Sub-total of Powerhouse and Switchyard 40.82 IV Tailrace Tunnels 11.7 V Miscellensous 5.57 Total of Main Civil Works 195.74
B Infrastructure Works 1 Roadway Works 19.72 2 Housing and Building Works 9.07 Auxiliary works for construction such as temporary camps, haulage road 3 33.94 construction, etc. Total of Infrastructure Works 62.73
C E & M equipment and installation Equipment Cost 58.6 Installation Cost 15.65 Total cost of EM Works 74.25
D HM structure equipment and installation works Equipment Cost 5.67 Installation Cost 12.96 Total cost of HM Works 18.63
E Transmission Line Works 5.18
F Environmental and Social Cost 6.74
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 35 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
G Land acquisition and resettlement cost 7.86
H Engineering Cost Project Study and Design Cost 18.17 Construction Supervision Cost 9.08 Other engineering cost 53.8 Total of Engineering Cost 81.06
I Taxes VAT Amount 49.41 Duties and other taxes 0.64 Total of Taxes 50.05
J Contingencies I Physical Contingencies 1 Contingencies in Civil Works 33.41 2 Contingencies in Infrastructure Works 7.09 3 Contingencies in EM Works 7.69 4 Contingencies in HM Works 2.04 Sub-total 50.22
II Price Contingencies 1 Price Contingencies in Civil Works 19.03 2 Price Contingencies in EM Works 3.61 3 Price Contingencies in HM Works 0.96 Sub-total 23.6 Total of Contingencies 73.83
K Total Project Cost without IDC (Total of A to J) 576.06
L Interest During Construction Period (IDC) 71.09
M Total Project Cost Including IDC 647.16 Source: UFSR, 2019
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 36 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER III: DATA REQUIREMENT AND STUDY METHODOLOGY
3.1. Desk Study and Literature Review Available literatures on the project area were collected and reviewed. The literatures include the detailed project report of the Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (UM-2 HEP), approved EIA of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (600MW), District profile of the Lamjung and Manang district, topographic maps, available metrological and hydrological records, forests and vegetation types, geological maps and reports etc. Lists of literatures reviewed are presented in section reference of this report.
3.2. Data Requirement, Collection Methods, and Analysis 3.2.1. Physical Environment 3.2.1.1. Data Requirement and Collection Methods The data required for the evaluation of the physical environment are based on same parameter as in the approved EIA which includes Topography and Geomorphology, Climate and Hydrology, Geology, Soil erosion and Land instability, Air quality, Water quality, Figure 3-1: Water Sampling done during Field Visit, 2019 Noise Level, Watershed conditions and Natural hazards. Of the above data required, information on topography and geomorphology were derived from the topographic maps. Important topographic and geomorphic features were mapped and located in the topographic maps during field survey for the key project facility sites. During the field study, special attention was given to the analysis of geomorphic feature, such as fan deposits, landslides, rock falls, and slope stability. Drainage characteristics and hydrological behaviors of the river and its tributaries were observed and noted down. Current geomorphic process was identified and their intensity and magnitude in the event of high flood loaded with sediments or sudden clouds bursts were assessed.
Geological investigations were conducted during the field investigation to verify the data obtained from literature review for the key project sites. Information on soil, Figure 3-2: Air Sampling done during Field Visit, 2019 erosion, and land stability were
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 37 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) obtained by direct field observations and mapping. The soil types, features of erosion, and areas of land instability were mapped in the field.
Air quality and noise levels were derived from the indirect inferences in the field. The key parameters noted for the evaluation of air and noise is the level of industrial development, and the key anthropogenic activities of the area. The water quality of the river is obtained by sampling the river water and analysis for key indicators of pollution in the laboratory. Watershed conditions and potential natural hazards were evaluated based on the field observation taking into account of the land usage, forest coverage, historical records of natural events and activities of the communities located in the project areas. Altered project components and its design are main points of considerations.
3.2.1.2. Data Analysis The data obtained from the approved EIA, literature review and the field investigations on the topography and geomorphology, Climate and hydrology, Geology, Soil, Erosion and Land instability, Air quality, Water quality, Noise level, Watershed conditions and Natural hazards were collated to generate comprehensive sets of database in the respective field. Geomorphic features were analyzed in the context of the geomorphic processes that led to the development of the geomorphic features. The climatic and hydrological records of the area were analyzed to generate spatial and temporal variations that characterize the area. Geologic maps were prepared to identify the weak geologic formations and zones that are critical in terms of geologic instabilities.The erosion and land stability features were analyzed in terms of the geology and geomorphologic process including climate and hydrological variations to activate the erosion and land instabilities.Based on the industrial and anthropogenic activities of the area, the air quality and noise levels of the project area were evaluated. The water quality of the Marsyangdi River was analyzed and the data obtained were evaluated in terms of key pollution indicators.
3.2.2. Biological Environment 3.2.2.1. Data Requirement and Collection Methods The study identified importance and urgency of baseline data regarding on the existing diversity, status of forest and their species, vegetation and their status, and their significance; wildlife diversity and their status and significance; aquatic biodiversity, habitat and ecological status. Each of these primary data of the project will help in an evaluation of both direct as well as indirect impacts on the biological environment. Figure 3-3: Biological Field Survey, 2019
The vegetation survey was carried out by random sampling through quadrat throughout the project’s direct and indirect impact areas. Type of vegetation and forest were identified based on the species
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 38 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) composition, their importance value indices as well as direct observation. Forest sampling (random sampling, and stratified random sampling) was carried out to collect quantitative baseline data on the forest structure, composition, density and dominance after establishing quadrat sampling plot of 20 × 25 m2 area each. All species occurred in the field were identified with the help of locals, standard field guides as well as experts. Ethno-botanical information was obtained by conducting Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA) method with the local people in the project area. The loss of trees, total biomass, carbon storage and list of protected animal and plant species (rare, endangered, threatened etc. as per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GON list) were enumerated and calculated based on comparing with standard list of species by those organizations.
Wildlife biodiversity, habitats, mobility ranges, migratory routes etc. were studied in the field through direct walk along transect and observation method and gathering information through community consultations and signs. The indicator wildlife and threatened or endangered species (as per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GON list) in the area were identified by direct observational surveys and consultation with the local communities as well as consultation with experts.
Birds in the area were studied by direct observation of sights and sounds. Bird calls, tracks, eggs and nests were referred in recognizing the presence of birds and the extent of their territory. The number of different kinds of birds including rare, endangered etc (as per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GON list) observed during transect walk within the specified time of specified length, direction were used as an indicator to estimate abundance, range and typical habitats for feeding, breeding and nesting requirements. Effects to the wildlife and the vegetation due to project design and components alterations are main points of analysis. To access the type and size of fish of Marsyangdi Khola, catch of fisherman in the project area has been observed and measured. Local people along with fisherman have been consulted for the information on fishes and other aquatic fauna.
3.2.2.2. Data Analysis The quantitative data from forest sampling plots were used for the analysis of frequency, density, basal area, relative basal area, crown coverage, and wood volume. These quantitative field data obtained on the sampling plots were used for the estimation of the loss of trees and vegetation and loss of vegetation diversity including the loss of rare and endangered species by the project implementation. Similarly, the data for wildlife, birds and aquatic life were used for the estimations of abundance, range, typical habitats for feeding, breeding and nesting requirements within the project area.
3.2.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 3.2.3.1. Data Requirement and Collection Methods The following data were envisaged to carry out the environmental evaluations of the project due to change in design and capacity. Land use and land capability of Project Impact RM.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 39 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Demographic characteristics (population, ethnicity, literacy, religion, health and sanitation, occupational status, income and expenditure, economic activities etc.) of Project Impact RM. Demographic characteristics (population, ethnicity, literacy, religion, health and sanitation, occupational status, income and expenditure, economic activities etc.) of Project direct impact Households Infrastructure and support service facilities of the Project Impact RM. Infrastructure and support service facilities of Project direct impact areas Agriculture practice and production of the Project Impact RM. Agriculture practice and production of Project direct impact areas Prevailing market price of land and property in the Project direct impact areas
Information on general socio-economic conditions of the people of the project area RM were collected through focus group discussions or informal public hearing at the RM level by the use of participatory rural appraisal methods. The information was collected through pre-designed checklists, which include key socio-economic characteristics of the people of all class, caste and economic categories. The information included demographic features of the households, migration pattern, employment, landholding size, agricultural production, food sufficiency, other productive resources, livestock, access to different social infrastructures such as drinking water, education, health-posts, general health, hygiene and sanitation condition etc.
All the land area to be permanently acquired was identified in field in the cadastral maps. The directly affected households were surveyed for their socio-economic conditions using structured questionnaires. The survey question included, the family size, education, health, religion, economic activities, land holding size, agricultural production, horticultural production, livestock, household income (farm and off farm), general household expenditures etc. to assess the status of the affected households. Information on social Figure 3-4: Socio-cultural and Economic assessment during field survey, 2019 infrastructures such as schools, health posts, drinking water etc. was collected from the RM or Ward offices, consultation with village elites and through focus group discussions at RM levels. All sites of religious, cultural
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 40 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) and historical importance on the directly project affected area were visited and observed in the area. The social, cultural and religious values and significance of these sites were noted through consultation with the communities. In a nutshell, the socio-economic and cultural environment effected due to the amended project was collected qualitatively and quantitatively. 3.2.3.2. Data Analysis The obtained data for the amended project due to change in capacity and design on the general socio- economic conditions of the project areas were tabulated statically in order to evaluate the social and economic status of the people of the project areas. The data derived from the socio-economic questionnaire surveys of the directly project affected households were tabulated using statistical tools to evaluate the current social and socio-economic status of the affected households. Similarly the primary data on the social infrastructures were analyzed statistically to assess the current situation of these facilities and the general sanitation status of the project area community.
3.3. Impact Identification and Prediction The environmental impacts of the project were identified by overlapping the project baseline with the project layout and the project activities. The expert judgment and the lessons learned from the past projects of similar nature were the key while identifying the project impacts. The project impacts were predicted in terms of direct/indirect impacts; extent of impacts, duration of impacts etc to assess the magnitude of the impacts. The assessment of environmental impacts in this study is based mostly on analogy methods, and Delphi technique taking into consideration of reversible, irreversible nature of impact and mitigation possibility of impacts. The environmental impacts of the project were identified by overlapping the project baseline with the project layout and the project activities. The expert judgment and the lessons learned from the past projects of similar nature were the key while identifying the project impacts. The project impacts were predicted in terms of direct/indirect impacts; extent of impacts, duration of impacts etc to assess the magnitude of the impacts. The assessment of environmental impacts in this study is based mostly on analogy methods, and Delphi technique taking into consideration of reversible, irreversible nature of impact and mitigation possibility of impacts. The identified impacts was systematically analyzed including its nature, duration, extent and magnitude. The maximum score will be 140 and a minimum 25, the score will help to know significance of the impacts based on cumulative results of magnitude, extent and duration. If the impacts range cumulative score below 45, they will be termed as Insignificant. For the impacts ranging cumulative score from 45 to 75 will be termed significant/ moderate while the impacts ranging cumulative score above 75 will be termed as highly significant. Table 3-1: Numerical scale for impact analysis Magnitude Numerical Extent Numerical Duration Numerical Scale Scale Scale High (H) 60 Regional (R) 60 Long Term 20 (LT) Medium (M) 20 Local (L) 20 Medium Term 10 (MT) Low (L) 10 Site Specific 10 Short Term 5 (SS) (ST)
Source: National EIA Guideline, 1993
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 41 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
3.4. Public Involvement Consultation with the project area communities is a must for this SEIA study. Site visit was conducted to the field from 4 November to 12 November 2019 for the public consultation and informing project about the SEIA. Public hearing was conducted in the project area on 18 and 19 January 2020 and the notice for informing the locals about the public hearing was published in the Aarthik Abhiyaan National daily on 15 January 2020. The comments received from the locals about the SEIA have been incorporated in the report and an updated report will be prepared and submitted to the MoFE through the IBN for approval. Table 3-2 shows the participation of local people in public consultation during the field visit of experts of SEIA study team.Table 3-2 shows the major issues raised during various consultations.
Table 3-2: Participation of local people in consultation S.N Date Consultation Rural Municipality/ Participants Type Municipality Male Female Total
1 2076/07/19 FGD Ghermu, Marsyangdi 4 4 8 RM, Lamjung
2 2076/07/22 FGD Siran Taal,Nasong 17 5 22 RM, Manang
3 2076/07/26 FGD Syange, Marsyangdi 12 8 20 RM, Lamjung
4 2076/10/04 Public Hearing Siran Taal,Nasong 194 130 324 RM, Manang
5 2076/10/05 Public Hearing Syange, Marsyangdi 173 128 301 RM, Lamjung
Table 3-3: Major Issues Raised during Consultations SN Issues Raised Comment Addressed
1 Free electricity must provide to local people. Section 7.4.2.2
2 Job opportunity must give priority to local people Section 7.4.1.1, 7.4.2.1 according to their skills.
3 Local agricultural and dairy product must be given Section 7.4.1.2 priority by this project for fooding
4 The project should not affect the springs that are located Section 8.1.1.5 and 8.1.1.6 below the tunnel of this project.
5 Share must be provided to local people As per norms of Hydropower
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 42 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
6 The project must support in health, education and Comes Under CSP, Section transport sector development in the project RM. 8.4, table 8-3
7 Skill enhancement training and capacity development Comes Under CSP, Section training should conduct focusing on women. 8.4, table 8-3
8 Upgradation of the road Comes Under CSP, Section 8.4, table 8-3, section 7.4.2.3
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 43 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER IV: REVIEW OF PLANS / POLICIES, LEGISLATIONS, GUIDELINES, STANDARDS AND CONVENTIONS
The key environmental policies, guidelines, and legislations triggered by the project implementation and operation are briefly described in this section. These key policy, guideline and legislative frameworks including cross- sectoral ones will be complied by the project at all times in the project lifecycle. The plan, policies, Act, rules, regulations, guidelines standards, directives conventions etc. that are attracted by the project are elaborated below.
4.1. Constitution of Nepal Article 30 of the Constitution of Nepal proclaims that: (1) "every citizen shall have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment; (2) the victim shall have the right to obtain compensation, in accordance with law, for any injury caused by environmental pollution or degradation; and (3) this Article shall not be deemed to prevent the making of necessary legal provisions for a proper balance between the environment and development, in development works of the nation. In order to meet this Constitutional right, EIA study provides impact-based measures to mitigate environmental pollution, facilitate environmental enhancement, and balance environment and development. Under Policies of the State, Article 51 (G) (policies relating to protection, promotion and use of natural resources) includes assertion to protect, promote, and make environmental-friendly and sustainable use of natural resources to make multi-purpose development of water resources, to conserve, promote, and make sustainable use of forests, wildlife, birds, vegetation and biodiversity, by mitigating possible risks to environment and to pursue the principles of environmentally sustainable development". 4.2. Plan and Policies Attracted by the project 4.2.1. 15th 5 years Plan (2076/77-2080-81) The plan focuses in developing modern, safe and sustainable cities and integrated settlements to manage the increasing migration and urbanization. Further, the plans emphasizes in construction of dense cities with modern infrastructure, urban corridors, specialized and mountain cities and systematic settlements with pollution free urban environment. The plan aims to construct necessary infrastructure for the management and treatment of drinking water and waste at the provincial and local level by constructing large scale projects in the drinking water sector. Enhancing integrated settlement development, construction of civic housing scheme as well as inter-rural and urban areas and building a new city to expand local economic activities and create employment opportunities is another key aspect of the plan related to the land use plan. The plan emphasizes on environmental conservation. The state will make such arrangements as may be required to keep the environment clean. The state will give priority to the prevention of adverse impacts in the environment from physical development activities, by increasing the awareness of the general public about environmental cleanliness, as well as to the protection of the environment. The plan also emphasizes the need of sustainable utilization of natural resources of Nepal.
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4.2.2. Nepal National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2020) The NBSAP provides a guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has been prepared to meet the national needs for managing biodiversity on a sustainable basis for the benefit of present and future generations, and also to fulfill the country’s international obligations. It has a long-term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short-term (up to 2020) strategies and priorities for action. The specific strategies and associated actions are grouped into six biodiversity themes and 15 cross- cutting subjects. The strategies for managing protected area and forest biodiversity aims at reducing or managing human pressure on natural resources, reducing human-wildlife conflict, controlling invasive alien species, mitigating climate threats to ecosystems, species and their habitats, and addressing economic and social concerns of local and indigenous communities through targeted programmes, enabling policy and legislative environment. Reducing rate of loss and degradation of forest habitats, improving biological connectivity, enhancing knowledge and understanding about forests, promoting conservation of species and genetic diversities, enhancement of forest-based livelihoods are some of its focused areas.
4.2.3. Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2072 Recognize the need for resettlement and rehabilitation plan to ensure the livelihoods of project- affected persons or households be at least above the pre-project conditions; Emphasize that the project development agency conducts meaningful consultation with project- affected persons, communities and sensitive groups, particularly poor, landless, senior citizens, women, children, indigenous / Janajati groups, disabled, helpless and persons having no legal rights on the operated land while preparing land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation plan; Employment opportunities to seriously project-affected households and Vulnerable groups (Dalit, Janajati or marginalized Indigenous, single women, helpless, disabled, senior citizens, etc.) based on their skills and capabilities, and Requires an adequate mechanism to listen to, register and resolve the grievances of the project-affected persons and communities.
4.2.4. Hydropower Development Policy, 2058 Over all policy goal is to develop environmental friendly hydropower to meet the country energy needs and to encourage private sector to invest in hydropower. The policy have a provision to make public the programs and measures identified by the IEE/EIA study for implementation to the local area people. The policy further states all developers to release at least ten percent of minimum monthly average discharges below the water diversion structure for all types of water resource projects. The private parties developing hydropower projects are encouraged to acquire the private land and property required for the project on their own costs. If the lands and houses are not available, the government ensures to acquire such property to the private developers according to prevailing laws. However, private developers will have to borne all expenditures for such acquisition, and resettlement and rehabilitation of affected people. The government lands shall be made available to the private developers on lease basis or according to the prevailing laws.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 45 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
4.2.5. National Forest Policy, 2076 The Forest Policy emphasizes the protection of soil, water, flora and fauna constituting the main element of forestry to sustain biodiversity. It recognizes that the sustainable forests management is only possible when it give adequate attention to meet the basic needs of the people, sustainable utilization of forest resources, participation in decision making and sharing of benefits and above all on socio-economic growth.
4.2.6. Land Use Policy, 2072 Land use Policy is a policy document relating to limits and protection of Land and Land Resources, optimum use and effective management thereto. Legal and institutional management for Lands and Land Resources (LLRs), and protection, use and management thereon are done under this Policy. This Policy shall bring about benefits of using Lands and Land Resources by creating a situation of distributing lands in a just manner. The National need of this policy is to ascertain of environment- friendly construction-works by making optimum use of Lands and Land Resources in keeping with a balance between the environment and development, to develop a hygienic, beautiful, well-facilitated and safe human settlement; to enhance a planned and sustainable urbanization of the country, and to achieve sustainable and inclusive economic boost up through devising and executing of all regional development plans of the country under a level-wise Land Use Plans. The vision of this Policy is to make optimum use of available Lands and Land Resources in pursuit of sustainable social, economic and ecological developments and prosperity of the country as well.
4.2.7. National Environment Policy, 2076 The objectives of the National Environment Policy are To prevent avoid, control, minimize and mitigate pollution in these sectors namely noise air, water, soil, electromagnetic waves, chemicals including radioactive substances. Manage solid waste originating from domestic, industrial and service sectors. To mainstream environmental issues in all development activities. To conduct research and capacity development in the field of environmental protection and management.
4.2.8. National Energy Crisis Reduction and Electricity Development Decade Plan, 2072 This plan was formulated for the institutional improvement related to energy sector. According to this plan, for the community development of the project area, it is proposed to separate 0.75% of total project cost in case of the project with installed capacity below 100 MW and 0.5% of total project cost of the project with the installed capacity greater than 100 MW for Community Support Program in IEE and EIA report. In this plan, it is mentioned that the recommendation letter from community forest is not required for the approval of IEE or EIA report. Supplementary IEE or Supplementary EIA is not recommended if significant impact on the environment is not expected due to the change in the project components or if there is change in the forest land requirement by 10%. It is planned to manage the 10% share of total capital of the project to the communities and personnel of the project affected district.
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4.2.9. Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 2055 Five policy principles apply, including: a) to manage efficiently and sustainably natural and physical resources; b) to balance development efforts and environmental conservation for sustainable ulfilment of the basic needs of the people; c) to safeguard natural heritage; d) to mitigate adverse environmental impacts of development projects and human actions; and e) to integrate environment and development through appropriate institutions, adequate legislation and economic incentives, and sufficient public resources.
4.2.10. National Water Plan, 2062 The National Water Plan emphasizes the need for Strategic Environmental Assessment. Section 7 of the NWP highlights the Environment Management Plan (EMP) as a strategic document for the implementation, monitoring and auditing of environmental protection programs.
4.2.11. National Climate Change Policy, 2076 The climate change policy includes climate adaptation and disaster risk reduction; low carbon development and climate resilience; access to financial resources and utilization; capacity building, peoples’ participation and empowerment; study, research, technology transfer, climate friendly natural resources management and institutional set up with legal provisions, and importance of monitoring and evaluation.
4.2.12. Working Policy for Construction and Operation of Physical Infrastructure within Conservation Area, 2065 This policy describes the terms and conditions required for implementing projects inside the National Park or buffer zone area. This policy states that no land will be made available for construction of any development works except of National priority within the conservation area and buffer zone area. It further states that if the hydropower utilizes the water flowing inside the National Park or along the boundary of the National Park, at least 50% or 10% respectively of monthly discharge or the discharge quantified by the SEIA report should be released. Implementation of mitigation measures, allocation of royalty for the protection of National Park, payment for use of natural resources and monitoring are some of the conditions mentioned in this policy.
4.2.13. Rangeland Policy, 2069 One of the objectives is to help maintain ecological balance by conserving, promoting, and sustainable utilization of rangeland biodiversity. Emphasizes sustainable utilization of biodiversity and natural resources and protection of such commodities by bringing them under the ambit of intellectual property rights legislation. Highlights studying and developing records / data of biodiversity and genetic differences of rangelands and updating them regularly. Promotes in-situ and ex-situ conservation of rangeland-based resources that are rare and on the verge of extinction. Plans carrying out research to learn the contribution of rangelands in carbon sequestration. Sets up a 13- member Steering Committee at the central level and a 15 member District Coordination Committee.
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4.3. Acts Attracted by the Project 4.3.1. Environment Protection Act, 2076 The act has been recently promulgated which has included additional layer for preparing and approving 'environmental study' report for the prescribed proposal in addition to IEE and EIA. Based on proposed definition, 'environmental study' includes: (i) brief environment study; (ii) IEE; and (iii) EIA reports. A section has been added for 'detailed alternative analysis' of any proposal that requires environmental study report. Similarly section 11 has been added for carrying out Supplimentary Environmental Impact Assessment (SEIA) of the project whose EIA report has already been approved.
4.3.2. Electricity Act, 2049 The act mandates to develop electric power by regulating the survey, generation, transmission and distributes the survey, generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity and to standardize, and safeguard the electricity services.
4.3.3. Performance Based Social Security Act, 2074 It ensures the social security rights of laborers based on their contribution. Every listed employer should deposit funds regularly as per their contract or deposit additional amount to the laborer's contributable income as mentioned in Article 7. According to sub-section 1, the amount should be deposited from the day the labor is listed to the last day of his/her employment. If a situation arises where the labor does not receive remuneration and cannot deposit the amount to be deposited by him/her then the listed employer should deposit the funds for a maximum of 3 months.The listed employer can deposit the amount by deducting from the laborer's remuneration, allowance or other facility as prescribed. If the employer does not deposit the fund within the cited period, then s/he will have to pay an interest of 10% of contribution amount in addition to the contribution amount.
4.3.4. Muluki Aparadh Samhita, 2074 (Criminal Code) The Criminal Code was adopted in 2017 alongside five other Acts, designed to replace the Civil Code, 2021. This act was issued, pursuant to Article 93 of the Constitution of Nepal, with great object to, inter alia, maintain peace and order in Nepal and to maintain harmonious relations between the people of various classes, castes, tribes and regions.
4.3.5. Muluki Debani Samhita, 2074 (Civil Code) This act came into action from 1st Bhadra, 2075. Clause 617 states that the tenure of lease contract lasts for fourty years for the construction, development and operation of infrastructure like electricity generation. Clause 640 states about the age of person engaging in the manual works. It states that a person under 16 years should not be forced to engage in physically challenging works. Clause 641 states that workers should not be liable to work more than 8 hours a day and 48 hours a week without extra time payments.
4.3.6. Soil and Water Conservation Act, 2039 Section 3 of the Act empowers government to declare any area a protected watershed area. Under Section 10 of the Act, power is extended to the Watershed Conservation Officer to grant permission
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 48 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) to construct dams, drainage ditches and canals, cut privately owned trees, excavate sand, boulders and soil, discharge solid waste, and establish industry or residential areas within any protected watershed. The Act outlines the essential parameters necessary for proper watershed management (including both rivers and lakes). The Act is applicable only to protected watersheds.
4.3.7. Water Resource Act, 2049 and Water Resource Regulations, 2050 The Act strives to minimize environmental damage to water bodies, especially lakes and rivers through environmental impact assessment studies and the proponents who wish to use water resources for various purposes should prepare EIA report before a license can be granted. The Act stipulates that soil erosion, flooding, landslides, or any significant impact on the environment should be avoided in all uses of a water resource. Under the Water Resource Regulation, it is mandatory under Rule 17(e) of the regulation that any person or corporate body, who desires to obtain a license for utilization of water resources must state in his application that appropriate measures will be taken to lessen the adverse effects due to the project on the overall environment. Measures are to be taken for the conservation of aquatic life and water- environment, and for mitigating social and economic effects of the project in the concerned area. Local labor should be utilized and the local people should get benefits after the completion of the project. The regulation also emphasizes training to the local people in relation to construction, maintenance and operation of the project. The mitigation plan should give details of people to be evacuated and a necessary plan for their rehabilitation. Rule 19 stipulates that the water resources committee shall publish a notice giving detail information about the project to the people. If any person finds that the construction and operation of concerned project is likely to cause adverse effects, he or she may furnish his/her reaction stating the reasons within the thirty-five days from the date of publication of the notice. If the committee is satisfied with the reason given by the people, the proponent will be asked to revise the plan.
4.3.8. Land Acquisition Act, 2034 Land Acquisition Act 2034 Amendment 2049 is the main legislation to guide the involuntary acquisition of land in the country. Government can acquire land at any place in any quantity by giving the compensation pursuant to the Act for the land required for any public purpose or for the operation of any development project initiated by government or government authorized institution (sections 3 and 4).
4.3.9. Ancient Monument Protection Act, 2013 Section 2 defines the ancient monuments; Sections 3, and 17 empower Government to declare any place or area as a monument site / area; Section 13 restricts transfer, transaction, export or collection of ancient monuments and archaeological objects or curio without prior approval of the government.
4.3.10. Labour Act, 2075 Describes classification of job postings; makes provision of appointment letter and prohibition on child labour and restriction on minors and women; Section 10 - job security; section 12 - retrenchment and re¬employment; Section 16, 17, 18 and 19 - working hours; Sections 20, 21, 22, 23, 25 and 26 - remuneration; Sections 27 to 36 - occupational health and safety; Sections 37 to 44 -
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 49 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) welfare arrangements; Section 46 - special arrangements for construction sites; Sections 50 to 60 - conduct and penalties; Sections 72 to 82 - settlements of labour disputes.
4.3.11. The Sexual Harassment at Workplace Prevention Act, 2071 The Act affords protection to employees, and workers employed by the entities (including contract workers), as also to customers (and persons accompanying such customers) who may visit the workplace to avail of any services.According to section 5, management of the company should make workplace free of any kind of harassment. It also describes that company should appoint grievance handling officer to deal with such kind of issues.
4.3.12. Explosive Act, 2018 The act defines the explosive matters and reserves the right to the government to define the explosive as to the requirement by publication of notice. Without holding the license from the government authorized person, individuals/institutions are prohibited to manufacture, use, sell, transport or import/export explosives defined by the government. The licensee has the obligation to report in case of accidents while manufacturing, using, selling, storing, and transporting of the explosive. Those not comply with the provisions are treated as offenders of the law and are punishable as per the law provisions.
4.3.13. Land Reform Act, 2021 The land reform act has set a ceiling on the landholding for individual or households. Land holding above the land ceiling could be confiscated as per the provisions of the act. However, with the permission of the authorized government officials, landholding ceiling could be increased for the organizations as per the requirement of the organizational works.
4.3.14. Aquatic Animal Protection Act, 2017 The Aquatic Animal Protection Act, 1961 provides the legislative protection of the aquatic habitats. The section three (3) of the Act renders punishment to any party introducing poisonous, noxious or explosive materials into the water source or destroying any dam, bridge or water system with the intent of catching or killing aquatic life. The section four (4) empowers the government to prohibit catching, killing and harming certain kinds of aquatic animals through notification in the Nepal Gazette.
4.3.15. National Foundation for Upliftment of Aadibasi/Janjati Act, 2058 The Act prescribes a number of provisions to overall improve the lot of the Aadibasi / Janjati by formulating and implementing programs relating to the social, educational, economic and cultural development through: Creating an environment for social inclusion of disadvantaged and indigenous people ensuring participation of disadvantaged groups in the mainstream of overall national development of the country, by designing and implementing special programs for disadvantaged groups; Protecting and preserving their culture, language and knowledge and promoting the traditional knowledge, skills, technology and special knowledge of the Aadibasi / Janjati and providing assistance in its vocational use.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 50 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
4.3.16. National Forest Act, 2076 The National Forest Act, 2076 defines forest area as the grass land, grazing land; snow covered and uncovered barren cliff, road, pond, lake, wetland, river, flood plain and unregistered land except the land under private ownership and land managed by prevailing laws. According to Section 3 of this Act, no one can change the land use pattern, use the forest land and take the land in lease without the permission of Nepal Government. Section 42 of this Act empowers the government to permit the use of any part of the National Forest for the implementation of a plan or project of national priority without significantly affecting the environment, if there is no alternative except to use the forest area. According to Sub Section 2 of Section 42, the project has to compensate the National forest land equivalent to the land occupied by the project. Instead the project can pay the cash amount for the land used by the project (Sub Section 5 of Section 42). According to Sub Section 6 of Section 42 of this Act, the project proponent itself will be responsible to plant the saplings take care and protect the planted tree for five years with the co-ordination with concerned forest office.
4.3.17. National Trust for Nature Conservation Act, 2039 The act guides to conserve and manage the nature and natural heritage. The act forms a trust under the guidance of Nepal government to conserve, promote and manage wildlife and other natural resources. Most importantly the trust aims to manage necessary arrangements related to the development of national parks. Therefore if any project takes its route from national parks the trust is to be consulted.
4.3.18. National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 Article 5, includes provisions to restrict damage to forest products and to block, divert any river or stream flowing through a national park or reserve, or any other source of water, or restrict the use of any harmful or explosive materials without obtaining written permission; Article 9 lists protected wildlife species that are prohibited from being hunting; Article 13 prohibits collection of samples from National parks and Reserves without obtaining a license.
4.3.19. Solid Waste Management Act, 2069 Solid Waste Management Act aims to manage solid waste and mobilize resources related thereto and ensure the health convenience of the common people by controlling the adverse impact on pollution from solid waste. The commercial or industrial establishments should adhere to the clauses mentioned in the act during the construction and operation phases of the projects.
4.3.20. Control International Trade in Endangered Wild Fauna and Flora, 2073 This act was formulated on the basis of Sub-Article 1 of Article 296 of the Constitution of Nepal for the implementation of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) 1973. The main objective of this act was to protect the endangered flora and faunal species and monitor and control the international trade of those species. According to this Act, the species enlisted in Appendix I of CITES is stated as RARE Flora and Fauna, Appendix II is stated as THREATENED Flora and Fauna and Appendix III is stated as PROTECTED Flora and Faunal Species.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 51 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Section 1 of this Act states that no one can transport, use, keep, plant, grow and have the captive breeding of the endangered flora and fauna cited in Appendix I and II of CITES. If anyone is interested to do research, training or plant and grow the endangered species, he/she has to take the consent letter from the concerned authority.
Section 8 of this Act states that interested person can keep, utilize and transport the protected species after getting the license from the concerned authority.
4.3.21. Right to Information Act, 2064 The aim of this act is to make the functions of the state open and transparent in accordance with the democratic system and to make it responsible and accountable to the citizens. It intends to make the access of citizens to the information of public importance held in public bodies simple and easy and to protect sensitive information that could have an adverse impact on the interest of the nation and citizens. Clause 3 of the act ensures the Right to Information. It says that every citizen shall, subject to this Act, have the right to information and they shall have access to the information held in the public Bodies unless confidentiality has been maintained by laws.
Clause 4 of the act describes the Responsibility of a Public Body to disseminate information. It mentions that each Public Body has to respect and protect the right to information of citizens. Public Bodies shall have the following responsibilities for the purpose of protecting the right to information of citizens: - to classify and update information and make them public, publish and broadcast to make the citizens' access to information simple and easy; to conduct its functions openly and transparently;0020to provide appropriate training and orientation to its staffs.
Public bodies may use different national languages and mass media while publishing, broadcasting or making information public. A Public Body shall arrange for an Information Officer for the purpose of disseminating information held in its office.
The clause 7 of the act prescribes the Procedures of acquiring information. It states that a Nepali Citizen, who is interested to obtain any information under this Act, shall submit an application before a concerned Information Officer by stating the reason to receive such information.
4.3.22. Local Government Operation Act, 2074 This Act states the roles of local bodies in Nepal. The jurisdiction, roles and responsibilities of personnel appointed in local bodies are clearly mentioned in this Act.
4.3.23. Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 2074 Electricity Regulatory Commission Act, 2074 has been formed by the constituent assembly in accordance with the Constitution of Nepal Article 296 Sub-Article (1) in order to maintain the balance of demand and consumption of the electricity, regulate the collection of electricity revenue, secure the rights of the electricity user, make the electricity market competitive and to make the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 52 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) electricity facility dependable, easy, qualitative and secured by making the generation, transmission, distribution and trade of electricity simple, regulated, managed and transparent.
4.3.24. Land Use Act, 2076 According to Section 2, 6 (1) before the formation of land use plan, Nepal government, province government and local government must study the increase in demand of the land for the wildlife, population growth rate, necessity of food and shelter, economic development and infrastructure construction. According to Section 3, 8 (1) Article 4 states the land use cannot be changed by using the land that has been classified for another purpose. According to Section 3, 8 (7) irrespective of the fact whatever is written in sub article 1, Nepal government can change the current land use of the places where national priority development projects, industrial area, special economic area, etc. are to be established.
4.4. Rules and Regulations 4.4.1. Environmental Protection Rule 2077 The newly formed regulation have included three types of environment examination concise environment study for project under schedule 1, Initial environment examination for the project that comes under schedule 2 and Environment impact assessment for the project that come under schedule 3. Section 4 of chapter 2 guides for the scoping works and section 6 guides for conducting the public hearing. Section 7 guides to develop the report with reference to annex 10 for concise environment study report, annex 11 for initial environment examination report and annex 12 for environment impact assessment report. Section 10 mentions about the strategic environment assessment. Section 16 mentions about the hazardous substance management. Chapter 3 mentions provision related to the pollution control. Schedule 1 includes thresholds to conduct concise environment study, schedule 2 includes thresholds of project to carry out initiation environment examination and schedule 3 includes thresholds of project to carry out environment impact assessment. 4.4.2. Forest Rules, 2051 Rule 7 prohibits forest cutting without obtaining a license; Rule 8 stipulates the procedures of licensing for forest products; Rule 65 makes a national priority project developer that uses national forest areas responsible for the compensation of the loss or harm to any local individual or community due to the project, and also makes the developer responsible to cover all expenses required for the cutting, milling and transporting the Forest Products in a Forest Area to be used.
4.4.3. Electricity Regulation, 2050 The Electricity Rules, 1993 has been formulated for the implementation of the provisions made in the Electricity Act, 1992. Rule 12 (f) and 13 (g) are related to environmental studies which emphasize that the environmental study report should include measures to be taken to minimize the adverse effects of the project on physical, biological and social environments and should also elaborate utilization of local labor, source of materials, benefits to the local people after the completion of the project, training to local people in relation to construction, maintenance and operation, facilities required for construction site and safety arrangements. This rule is mandatory and directly related to the implementation of the proposed project.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 53 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
4.4.4. Labor Regulation, 2075 Section 11 (3) of the Labor Act provides for the employment contract and the matters to be covered under the employment contract.The Labor Rules requires the Employer to provide notice to the Employees for lay off. The Notice should cover (a) reason of lay off and its duration, (b) details of Employee such as name, position, branch or division and job description, (c) information that mentions payment of half remuneration during lay off, (d) other matters as required by the Employer. The Labor Rules also requires the Employer to lay off the Employee on rotation if the layoff is partially enforced. The Labor Rules specifies the documents requirement for work permit. The application for work permit may be submitted by the Employer or by the foreign national in individual capacity.
4.4.5. Wildlife Reserve Rules, 2034 Rule 4 stipulates provision of entry pass to enter into the Parks or Reserve, Rule 6 stipulates restricted activities within the Parks and Reserves, Rule 11 stipulates prior approval for any research activities or study within the parks or reserves.
4.4.6. Conservation Area Management Regulation, 2053 The concerned conservation officer shall constitute a conservation area management committee in each Village Development Committee within the Conservation Area for the effective implementation of the construction works related to the community development activities in the Conservation Area, protection of the natural environment of that area and management program related to the balanced utilization of natural heritage.
4.4.7. Explosives Regulation, 2020 This regulates the Production, Storage, Use, Sale, Transportation and Import of Explosives.
4.4.8. Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Rules, 2062 This Rule was framed in exercise of powers conferred by section 27 of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2056. Before, employing a child as a Labor an application shall be filed in the Labor office to examine his /her health in relation to his/her ability and inability to do the work, mentioning about the nature of the work and the age of the child. A child working in an Enterprise shall get the monthly remuneration and allowance not less than prescribed by the Government of Nepal by publishing a notice in Nepal Gazette from time to time. A child working in an Enterprise shall get at least Thirteen days public holiday with full salary each year. A child who goes to school shall get Ten days educational leave during the annual examination in a year.
4.4.9. Contributions Based Social Security Regulation, 2075 The Government of Nepal has framed the Contribution Based Social Security Regulations, 2018 (2075) by exercising the power conferred to it under Section 69 of the Contribution based Social Security Act. The Social Security Regulations has been published in Nepal Gazette on November 19, 2018 (Mangsir 03, 2075) with immediate effect. The Social Security Regulations has prescribed certain matters as required by the Social Security Act. Such matters include (a) the procedure for
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 54 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) participation in Social Security Schemes (b) registration of the employer and employee with Social Security Fund (c) operation of fund, etc.
4.4.10. Electricity Regulatory Commission Regulation, 2075 The job of this regulation is to see that the grid made by the commission for distribution of electricity is within the international standard. This regulation will make sure that the revenue collected from the users is as per the criteria made by the commission in Rule 8. This regulation can also make necessary criteria and regulate it for the trading and specifying the rate of electricity for the licensed person or organization.
4.5. Manuals / Guidelines 4.5.1. Hydropower Environmental Impact Assessment Manual, 2075 The manual provide generic information on the procedures for EIA Scoping, ToR preparation, baseline environmental studies, information disclosure, public consultation, prediction and evaluation of impacts, mitigation prescriptions, monitoring and EIA report preparation in line with the EPA and the EPR.
4.5.2. Guidelines for Issuing Survey license for Hydropower Projects, 2075 This guideline states all the criteria, rules and regulation regarding the survey license who want to generate the electricity. This directive has been framed by the former Ministry of Energy utilizing the power conferred by the Electricity Regulation, 2050 and describes in details the procedural requirements for issuing or obtaining/amending/renewing/withholding survey license for electricity generation, transmission or distribution, electricity generation license and transmission or distribution license. It lists the information and document requirement for these processes.
4.5.3. Department of Electricity Development Manuals Department of Electricity Development (DoED) has made public a number of manuals to streamline the EIA studies in the hydropower sector as under: 1. Manual for Conducting Public Hearings in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process for Hydropower Projects, (DOED, 2004) 2. Manual for Addressing Gender Issues in Environmental impact Assessment/Initial Environmental examination for Hydropower Projects, (DOED, 2005) 3. Manual for Preparing Environmental management Plan (EMP) for Hydropower Projects, (DOED, 2002) 4. Manual for Developing and Reviewing Water Quality Monitoring Plans and Results for Hydropower Projects, (DOED, 2002) 5. Manual for Preparing Terms of References (TOR) for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Hydropower Projects, with Notes on EIA Report Preparation, (DOED, 2001)
The manuals set fort by DOED provide systematic details of methods and tools for the conduction of IEE/EIA public hearing, IEE/EIA level assessment of gender related issues, preparation of IEE/EIA level environmental management plans, review of IEE/EIA level water quality assessment, and preparation of IEE/EIA terms of reference.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 55 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
4.5.4. EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector, 2052 Within the framework of the National EIA Guidelines, GoN has prepared and implemented separate EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector which is also related with the project. These guidelines encourage the proponent to identify the likely impacts of the project on environment. The forestry sector EIA guidelines aim to facilitate the sustainable use of forest resources for the socio-economic development and to meet the basic needs of the communities for forest products. The positive and negative impacts of any development project in the forest area are to be identified and plans must be developed to minimize environmental damage, conserving genetic resources and bio-diversity. This guideline will be much helpful during the implementation of the project to control and minimize environmental hazards associated with the development project.
4.5.5. Environmental Management Guidelines (Road) 2056 The guideline for roads focuses on the major issues for environmental management while developing or upgrading a road corridor. It sets procedures for environmental assessment and highlights the potential impacts and mitigation measures for road projects.
4.5.6. National Health Care and Waste Management Guidelines, (2002) The guideline sets procedures for handling of health care waste. Which includes details of collection, separation, and final disposal of the waste for the safety of human health and hygiene Vis a Vis environmental contamination.
4.5.7. EIA Guidelines for Water Resource Sector, 2050 The guideline sets procedures for: a) identification of positive and negative impacts of water resource projects over both short-term and long-term periods on natural and human environments; b) development of mitigation management and monitoring plans; and c) public hearings and interaction with affected groups, NGOs, donors and relevant government agencies.
4.5.8. Conservation Area Management Guidelines, 2056 The conservation area management guideline is prepared based on the conservation area rules 2053. The objectives of this guidelines is to protect, conserve and rational use of biodiversity by the people and community living close and adjacent to the conservation area. For these the working procedures, formation of committees, roles and responsibilities of members of committees etc are clearly spelled out in the guideline.
4.5.9. Conservation Area Management Directives, 2056 This sets different guideline for the management of the conservation area. This policy ensures the protection and conservation of biodiversity in protected area. The policy ensures that the infrastructures for hydropower project constructed and operated within the protected area protect and conserve biodiversity. The policy stipulates the e-flow requirements within the protected areas, the mandatory requirement of the developer to send 10% royalty to be deposited in conservation area account. The compensatory plantation (1: 25) and substitute land for tree clearance areas should be provided by the developer on its own cost. The royalty for stone, gravel, sand and other resources
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 56 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) within conservation area should be paid directly to the concerned conservation area as per forest regulations. The compliance on EIA mitigation and commitments shall be monitored in a yearly basis by the Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation.
4.5.10. Social Security Schemes Operation Directives, 2075 The Social Security Fund has formulated the Social Security Schemes Operational Directives to operate the Social Security Schemes pursuant to Section 10 of the Social Security Act. The Directive has been approved by the Ministry of Labor, Employment and Social Security on November 22, 2018 and has been effective thereof. The Social Security Fund has introduced the following Social Security Schemes: Medical Treatment, Health and Maternity Protection Scheme, Accident and Disability Protection Scheme, Dependent Family Protection Scheme and Old Age Protection Scheme. The Employer and the Employees are required to contribute certain amount of the employee‟s basic salary each month to the Social Security Fund.
4.5.11. Electricity Licensing Directive, 2075 Section 2 determines the capacity of the hydropower projects; Section 3 determines the licensing of the project based on financial and technical capability; Section 5 determines the provision for the storage type project; Section 6 determines the project on the project bank.
4.5.12. Working Procedures for the Utilization of National Forest along with standard for the National Priority Projects, 2076 The guideline addresses conditions required to make forest lands available to development projects and required compensatory measures for the loss of forest land use and forest products. The proponent has to afforest the area equal to the forest area lost at the minimum, if the forest area occupied by the project is a barren land. The land area for afforestation will have to decide based on the discussion with the Division Forest Office. Or the proponent could deposit the required amount as per forest norm to the Division Forest Office. The proponent should plant 10 trees for every lost tree of above 30cm DBH in areas designated by the Division Forest Office and look after the plantation for 5 years to ensure their protection and growth of every planted tree. Or the proponent deposit the required amount for plantation and protection for five years to the Division Forest Office.
4.5.13. Forest Products Collection, Sale and Distribution Guidelines, 2073 The clauses 3 to 10 of the guidelines have specified various procedures and formats for getting approvals for vegetation clearance, delineation of lands for vegetation clearance, evaluation of the wood volume etc. and government offices and officials are responsible for the approval. These provisions have a direct relevance to the development of the project and need compliance to these provisions. 4.6. International Conventions and Treaties 4.6.1. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) The convention classifies species according to criteria where access or control is important (e.g. I - species threatened with extinction; II - species which could become endangered; III - species that are
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 57 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) protected; E - Endangered; V - Vulnerable, R – Rare (CITES 1983)). The project will have to minimize impacts to the CITES species as far as possible.
4.6.2. Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 Power projects that may be planned for lands that are designated as UN Biosphere Reserves, national parks, nature reserves or conservation areas will be affected by this UN Charter. Besides, the convention emphasizes on the conservation of biodiversity in any other sites.
4.6.3. Convention (No.169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal Peoples in Independent Countries The Article 7 of the convention provide right to the indigenous and tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. However, for the national development plans and programs, it mandates consultation with them in the formulation of the plans and programs. Article 12, 13, 14 and 15 safeguards rights of the indigenous people in the land and natural resources in territories traditionally occupied by them. In the event that the state retains the right of the natural resources in their territories, it mandates formulation of special provisions under the state legislation for participation in the decision making process and resettlement process with full compensation of the resulting loss or injury (Article 16).
4.6.4. United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 2007 The Declaration sets out the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples, as well as their rights to culture, identity, language, employment, health, education and other issues ( Article 1-4). It also "emphasizes the rights of indigenous peoples to maintain and strengthen their own institutions, cultures and traditions (Article 5) and to pursue their development in keeping with their own needs and aspirations (Article 23)". It "prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples" (Article 21), and it "promotes their full and effective participation in all matters that concern them and their right to remain distinct and to pursue their own visions of economic and social development" (Articles 25- 30).
4.6.5. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 Realising the scientific evidence on greenhouse gas emissions from human activities, the United Nations General Assembly established the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) in 1990 to prepare an international instrument on climate change. The INC drafted the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which was adopted on 9 May 1992 at the UN Headquarters in New York. The UNFCCC - a global treaty - provides the international framework for managing climate change. The Convention has the ultimate objective of achieving stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system; and of achieving such a level within a time-frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner. Nepal signed this Convention on 12 June 1992 and became Party to it in 1994.Article 4 (f) - impact assessment to avoid or mitigate or adapt to climate change.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 58 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
4.7. Standards 4.7.1. National Indoor Air Quality Standards (NIAQS), 2066
The time weighted (1~24hrs) standards are given for PM10, PM2.5, CO and carbon dioxide (CO2) for indoor environments. The units of measure for the standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, milligrams per cubic meter of air (mg/m3), and micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3). Monitoring of carbon dioxide is to ensure the adequacy of the ventilation of the monitoring sites. The provision for measurement of PM2.5 is preferred; the PM2.5 values can be converted to the corresponding PM10 values by application of a PM2.5/ PM10 ratio of 0.5.
4.7.2. Exhaust Emission Standards for Diesel Generating Sets, 2069 Emissions standards for exhaust emissions of Diesel plants / Generating sets.
4.7.3. Nepal Noise Standards, 2069 Noise levels for different land use categories and noise generating equipment.
4.7.4. Drinking Water Quality Standards, 2063 Quality of drinking water supply in the project camps and construction sites.
4.7.5. Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission Standard, 2069 Compliance to Type I to Type V tests for vehicles fuelled with gasoline and diesel while importing vehicles for a project.
4.7.6. Nepal Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2069 Limits of ambient air quality parameters around construction sites.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 59 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER V: DESCRIPTIONS OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENTS
This section describes the existing environmental status of the project area based on site specific information gathered during new field studies. The objective of this section is to provide basis for the identification and prediction of the environmental impacts of the project.
5.1 Physical Environment 5.1.1 Physiography and Topography The project areas lie in the upper stream of Marsyangdi River in Manang and Lamjung districts in higher Himalayan zone of western Nepal. The land surface is rugged with steep slopes to vertical cliff containing residual soil and exposed hard rock. And due to incision by the Marsyangdi River, the region has been deep valleys.
The Marsyangdi watershed can be divided into three physiographic regions: High Himalayas, High Mountains and the Middle Mountains, reflecting the underlying geology, continuous as linear belts along the length of the country. The middle Mountain has an average width of 60 km and the range of elevation is between 200 masl and 3,000 masl. High Mountain zone with an altitude of more than 3,000 masl is covered by forests. The hills of Middle Mountain and High Mountain rise to north to the snow-capped ranges of High Himalaya. This zone is covered by glaciers, snow peaks, conifer forests, rocky cliffs and colluvial deposits and devoid of cultivation. Most of the soil is made up of landslide, talus material and glacial till few fluvio glacier deposits along the river bank. The absence of agricultural land and cold climate contribute to a low density of population in this zone.
In an actively deforming orogen, maintenance of a topographic steady state requires that hill slope erosion, river incision, and rock uplift rates are balanced over timescales of 105 ~ 107 years. Over shorter times, < 105 years, hill slope erosion and bedrock river incision rates fluctuate with changes in climate. On 104-year timescales, the Marsyangdi River in the west Nepal Himalaya has oscillated between bedrock incision and valley alluviation in response to changes in monsoon intensity and sediment flux. All the engineering structure of this project lies in High Mountain Zone. Soils range from ancient river terrace to deeply weathered residual soil. The altitude point of dam site and power house is EL.1674 masl and EL.1072 masl respectively with river head of 600 m. Siran Tal, Tal, Chyamche, Jagat and Syange are the major populated areas. Figure 5-1 presents the topographic variations between the key project sites and across the Marsyangdi River in the districts of Manang and Lamjung.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 60 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Figure 5-1: Topographic Variation Map of the Project Districts (Lamjung and Manang Districts)
5.1.2 Geology and Soil In the regional geological framework, the project development area forms the part of the Higher Himalayan Zone (Figure 5-2).The Higher Himalayan Zone succeeds to the north to the sedimentary rocks of the Tibetan Tethys Zone whereas to the south it overrides the metasedimentary rock sequences of the Lesser Himalayan Zone tectonically along the Main Central Thrust (MCT). The UM-2 HEP located in the Inner Himalayan Domain of this basin which displays rugged topography, high relief, steep hill slopes and difficult approaches. The study concentrated on the high mountain physiographic region of west Nepal. The bedrock is structurally competent, composed of gneiss and schist, weathering to coarse textured soils. The higher valleys are glaciated and have experienced significant postglacial downcutting. The study sites are situated within the Marsyangdi and Bhuri Gandaki drainages, tributaries to the Trisuli and part of the Ganga River system. The UM-2 HEP is located in the Higher Himalayan zone of crystallines and the trace of MCT is located about 7 km south of the powerhouse site near Mipra. The rocks exposed are predominantly gneisses of garnet- kyanite metamorphic grade. The Higher Himalayan Zone in the project site is comprised of monotonous kyanite- sillimanite gneissic rocks with occasional interlayers of granitic and augen gneisses and passamitc units. The tectonic setting of the rock sequences in the project and surrounding area is depicted. Figure 5-2 shows the geological characteristics of the project area and its surrounding.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 61 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Figure 5-2: Geological Map of the Project Site and Surrounding Areas (Source: DMG)
The sequence represents a monotonous homocline of various gneissic rocks extending WNW- ESE and dipping at moderate to steep angles due NNE. The Main Central Thrust, a prominent structural feature extending thoughout the Himalayan belt, is located about 8 km to the south of the powerhouse site. Along this tectonic line crustal shortening of the order of 140 to 600km is estimated (Schelling and Arita, 1991). The investigations in the area so far reveal no significant mineral deposits of economic value.
Regional Geology and stability From North to South, the regional geology of the Marsyangdi River valley is characterised by the three major Himalayan tectonic units: Tethys Himalayan sedimentary succession, Greater Himalayan amphibolite-facies gneisses, and lower-grade metasediments of the Lesser Himalaya. The UM-2 HEP project is entirely found into the ortho- and para-gneisses of the Greater Himalaya, and it is located only 7 ~ 8 km north of the Main Central Thrust (MCT) system. The project site is affected by several important tectonic features within 60 km, close to zone II & III of seismic hazard map of Nepal. The site specific design earthquake parameter for Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) condition is estimated to be magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurring at MCT. The PGA values for MCE and Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) conditions and estimated to 0.36 g and 0.18 g respectively.
A. Reservoir In the reservoir area, no major faults or weak crushed zones have been identified during the geological mapping site activity.The rock mass that shape the banks in the river valley is therefore considered to be tight. The geology of the reservoir's banks is characterized by the fine-grained
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 62 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) gneisses of the Greater Crystalline Himalaya with a valley floor filled up with more than 50 m thick alluvial and lacustrine deposits made of medium sand.There is no economic minerals deposit observed in the area likely to be submerged nor around the proposed reservoir area.
B. Diversion Tunnel The diversion tunnel of length about 730 m and 6.50 m dia. horse shoe shaped is planned on the left bank of the Marsyangdi River. The entire tunnel passes through fine grained, massive gneisses. The inlet and outlet portal lie in an almost vertical rock wall. From inlet to outlet, the foliation dips with 300 to 350 towards tunnel excavation face. Some few unstable rock blocks will occur during tunnel excavation by gliding S2/S3 and S4/S5 or free falling. To minimize the loosening of rock mass and overbrake, and consequently the amount of necessary rock support as rock bolt and shotcrete, it is important to take precaution while excavating the diversion tunnel. Generally, buried depth in the diversion tunnel section is not very large, about 250m-350m, and the buried depth in only Chainage 0+470-0+800m and Chainage No. 4+760-6+700m sections is 350m- 480m, and the maximum value is 520m. Geological conditions for slight rockburst exist in the surrounding rock of this section, which has little influence on the construction. During excavation, effective monitoring on harmful gases shall be carried out, and handling measures for the tunnel sections where slight rockburst and water burst may occur shall be strengthened
C. Dam The geological setting at the dam site is constituted by alluvial and lacustrine deposit of about 100 m depth resulting from progressive filling of the lake formed by a rock avalanche, located 1.5 km downstream the proposed dam site. Such deposit is constituted by saturated fine to medium grained sands with mainly gneissic cobbles and horizons of fine to medium grained sand. The permeability of overburden ranges from 1.12E-04 m/sec to 6.33E-05. The major technical concern of the dam site is related to the potential liquefaction of the sandy foundation under seismic loads, which has been separately discussed in the report “Preliminary note on the liquefaction potential of the Tal sandy foundation”. From this preliminary potential liquefaction assessment and on the basis of the assumptions made, the sandy foundation needs a ground improvement treatment to increase relative density of the soils. Abutments are constituted by fine grained unweathered gneiss and the rockmasses look massive with local fracturing at both banks. On the right abutment and at high elevation, the mountain flank is interested by visible stress relief joints which trend is almost North- South, parallel to the valley. The permeability of rockmass ranges from 0.81 ~ 2.94 Lu. The gneiss rock mass shows a foliation towards North with a dip of about 35° ~ 38° and the following discontinuity sets: joint set S2 261°/88, joint set S3 069°/31°, joint set S4 208°/67° & joint set S5 279°/48°. Instability for wedge failure might occur along the LB slope (108°/48°) due to the joint sets J3/J4 intersection. Planar failure might also occur on both banks along dispersed joints in case the ultimate strength along the plain is reached. During excavation of the RB abutment and spillway slope excavation, smooth blasting techniques should be adopted to limit the disturbance of the rockmass and, according to real site conditions, rock support (shotcrete, wire mesh and spot bolting where required) installed as the excavation progresses. In case any excavation will be undertaken on the LB abutment, a stronger rock support will be needed to eventually stabilize the rock wedges
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 63 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) formed by the J3-J4 sets and to avoid instabilities. This will be done by installing shotcrete, wire mesh and anchor bolting.
Figure 5-3: Site Photo of the proposed Damsite (Tal Siran, Nashong RM)
D. Intake & Feeder Tunnel The intake is located on the right abutment of the diversion structure, lies on the sound rock gneisses. A single 6.7 m diameter of horseshoe shaped with 1425.0 m total length feeder tunnel is provided to convey water from intake into two underground desilting chambers. The gneiss rock mass shows a foliation towards North with a dip of about 35° ~ 38°. The other joints set are joint set S2 261°/88°, joint set S3 069°/31°, joint set S4 208°/67° & joint set S5 279°/48° Intake structure and feeder tunnel may intersect with rock discontinuities and the excavation may be difficult, due to unfavourable and unstable blocks in the roof and walls area. Suitable anchors and shotcrete can control the problem. In addition, reduced drill and blast length and systematic rock bolting may be necessary. Intake structure and feeder tunnel may intersection of rock discontinuities, the excavation may unfavourable, and unstable blocks will occur in the roof and walls. Suitable anchors and shotcrete can control the problem. In addition, reduced drill and blast length and systematic rock bolting will be necessary.
E. Desilting Chamber The desilting chambers are located on the right bank of Marsyangdi River, downstream of Lower Tal village. The two D-shape desilting chambers of 305 m length each and 15.2 m dia. The gneiss rock mass shows a foliation towards North with a dip of about 34° ~ 38°, other joints set are joint set S2 210°/65°, joint set S3 072°/68°, joint set S4 298°/69° & joint set S5 143°/73°. Cover above the cavern is in the range of 125 m to 200 m. The oreintaion of the power house and transformer cavern is aligned along North; which is about 75° with the prevailing foliation direction of the rock. As per surface geological investigation around low gradient slopes, both the de-silitng chambers seem to be driven through the massive and jointed gneiss across the foliation with few thin shear zones. The
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 64 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) geologically the location of desilting basin is much suitable due to sufficient rock covered with high- grade metamorphic gneisses.
F. Headrace Tunnel The the head race tunnel (HRT) 6.3 m in diameter, located on the right bank of the river Marsyangdi is 12.07 km long from the end of desilting chamber to surge shaft. The rocks occurring along the HRT generally strike in N 77º W ~ S 77º E direction and dip 30° ~ 40° towards the NE. However, variation in the strike of rocks is observed from N 60° W ~ S 60° E to N 85° W ~ S 85° E and the dip from 25° - 45° towards north-east. The maximum cover above HRT is 650 m for streach of 200 m and the minimum cover is about 35 m, (under Myardi Khola.) HRT from desilting chambers end to the bend provided at Myardi khola would have more favourable conditions for excavation. The normal fault may lie along the Myardi Khola, the traces of fault was not observed during site investigation. From Myardi Khola to Pone, the HRT passes through the massive rock gneiss in the direction towards N 220° ~ N 040° and its length of 1619 m. The direction of HRT alignment may lie 30° to 35° with the strike direction of foliation of the rocks. During excavation, it may be encountered some minor thin layered of shear zone. From Pone to upper hill slope of Jagat bazaar and the entire length 4409 m is driven into the different strata of rocks as massive gneiss and augen gneiss. The augen gneiss of about 1640 m thick bed is observed from R.D. 7700 m Ghatte khola to R.D. 9340 m around Purano Jagat village. The numbers of minor shear zones are encountered throughout the HRT from Pone to Jagat and some major shear zone with thickness from 20 cm to 60 cm are noticed near Chyamche uphill slope and Chahare Khola. The major problem is expected at the Ghatte Khola crushed zone (about 162 m thickness), when this zone is punctured by the tunnel. In this reach, tunneling by advance probe holes, drainage and supports is recommended. Lastly, from Jagat uphill slope to Surge shaft, the tunnel is driven through the massive rock augen gneiss and schistose gneiss having strike of the foliation direction N60°W ~ S60°E to N85°W ~ S85°E and dip towards 25° ~ 45° NE, i.e., the strike of the foliation is nearly perpendicular to the HRT alignment. Local water springs have been observed from Tal to Syange at different elevations as reported. The water flow in the rockmass is restricted to the open joints near the bedrock surface and along weak and fractured zones. Such discontinuities, during excavation, will be susceptible to drain rapidly the carrying water into tunnels' excavation.
G. Adits The length of headrace tunnel, the topography and geological conditions along the tunnel, a total of five adits are planned for the construction of the headrace tunnel. Adit 1 The adit 1, with a total length of 264 m, is located on the right bank of Marsyangdi River opposite to Tal village. The adit portal lies thin layered of colluvial and alluvium materials has to be removed, then it will be encountered massive Tal gneisses with foliation strike N70°W–S70°E to N85°W– S85°E and dip 35°-40° in NE direction. the general, interpreted condition along the Tal Adit alignment. Rock class gives as Class II – 15%, Class – III 55% and Class IV/V – 30% may encountered, may needs support and rock bolts. Adit 2
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The adit 2, with a total length of 692 m, is located on the right bank of Myardi Khola, about 130 m upstream from the Besisahar- Chame Road. Lithology of that area mainly consist gneiss of the Higher Himalyan crystalline. Gneiss present in this area is massive and normal direction with the strike and there is landslide on the opposite of the adit. Adit 3 The adit 3, with a total length of 815 m, is located above the Chyamche village and road is access through Chyamche through Purano Jagat village where same Tal gneisses are exposed dipping 30°- 40°in NE. The rock gneisses in this section are massive and normal direction with the strike, therefore, the constructing adit in the above reach would have more favourable conditions for the excavation and the rock masses lies on the good to fair with some few pockets of poor to very poor rock as Class II – 60%, Class III – 30% and Class IV/V – 10%. Adit 4 The adit 4, with a total length of 385 m, is located just above the Purano Jagat village on the right bank of the Marsyangdi River. The rock gneisses in this section are massive and normal direction with the strike, which is also lies in the Higher Himalyan crystalline zone. The gneisses with foliation strike N65°W–S55°E to N80°W–S75°E and dip 30°-40° in NE direction. Adit 5 This adit is about 713m long is located at uphill slope of Jitai Jagat where the massive gneiss is well exposed and meet the Head Race Tunnel alignment. The gneisses with foliation strike N65°W– S65°E to N80°W–S80°E and dip 30°-40° in NE direction. The location is suitable for the adit due to the adit excavation direction is nearly normal to the strike of the rock. The adit may encountered few thin shear zones, causes over-break during adit excavation. Interpreted condition along the Jitai Jagat Adit alignment. The rock mass class in this portion lies with in good to fair (Class II – 30% & Class III - 65) with some few pockets of poor to very poor rock (Class IV/ V – 5%), so necessary rock support is recommended. The two construction adits are located on hill slope of Surge Shaft area at the left bank of Syange Khola. The adits portal area is thinly covered by overburden or colluviums deposit about 2/5 m, to conform the thickness of the overburden masses and discontinuities, some geotechnical investigation should be done before adit excavation. The schistose gneisses with foliation strike N70°W–S70°E to N85°W–S85°E and dip 30°-45° in NE direction. Interpreted condition along the Surge Shaft Adit alignment. The Anticipated rock mass classification projected form the outcrop in the vicinity using RMR classification is Class II – 35%, Class III – 55% and Class IV/V – 10%. The location is suitable for the adit; due to the adit excavation direction is nearly normal to the strike of the rock. The adit may encountered few thin shear zone, causes over break during adit excavation, so necessary rock support is recommended
H. Surge & Pressure Shaft The vertical surge shaft (Figure 5-4) has an 11 m diameter and 71 m deep constructed underground restricted orifice type. The pressure shaft connects the lower end of the HRT with the surge shaft to the power house. The structure of surge shaft, partially located in the gneisses and then all other part part of pressure shaft lies in the schistose gneisses rockmasses. The section of the surge shaft area shows that it is covered by sufficient rock about 90 ~ 100 m and the surface rock seem fractured and
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 66 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) covered by thin debris materials. The part of the rock at the surge shaft, pressure shaft seems to be in fair rock condition.
Figure 5-4: Field Photo of Surge Shaft (Syange Village, Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung District)
I. Power House An under ground power house has been proposed due to natural conditions at the project area (Figure 5-5). The power house site is located within the steep walled massive rockmass found slightly upstream the Syange village on the right bank of the Marsyangdi River. Cover above the cavern is in the range of 340 ~ 390 m. The oreintaion of the power house and transformer cavern is aligned about 75° with the prevailing foliation direction of the rock. Drift log shows the welldeveloped shear zones intersect the rockmass with clayey infilling of averagely 5 cm of thickness and up to 50 cm. Such geological features if occured as parallel shear seams in the in cavern may affect the geomechanical characteristics of the rockmass decreasing its geomechanical characteristics and affecting deformability and stability during the excavation phases of the power house and the transformer caverns. It is recommended rock support for the vault, which is intended to be the definitive and permanent support as rock anchors and associated with a reinforced shotcrete. These pressure relief holes to be drilled after all support works achieved in to the rock.
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Figure 5-5: Powerhouse area in Syange Village, Marsyangdi RM
A large section of the headrace tunnel, surge shaft and powerhouse area shows good to fair RMR and good to fair Q- value. At the dam site the RMR of the geological formation is mostly good (75%) and fair (25%). The Anticipated rock mass classification using RMR classification for the intake tunnel is Class II – 25%, Class III – 60%, Class IV – 10% and Class V – 5%. The desilting basin excavation structure lies in the good to very poor rock (Class II – 40%, Class III – 55% and Class IV/V – 5%). The headrace tunnel show varying geological characteristics comprising of Quartz biotite Gneiss (6400m between o.00 km to 6.4 km), Crushed Materials (80 m from 6.4 km to 6.48km), Augen gneisses (2600m from 6.48km to 9.1 km), Quartz biotite Gneiss (400 m , from 9.1 km to 9.5 km) and Schistose Gneiss (2400m, from 9.5 to 11.9 km) and correspondingly differing RMR. The Anticipated rock mass classification using RMR classification for headrace tunnel is Class II – 30%, Class III – 55%, Class IV – 10% and Class V – 5%. The power house area would lie under the good to fair rock masses (Class II – 40% & Class III – 55%) and may encountered few weak zone of Class IV/V – 5%. The structure of surge shaft and pressure shaft lies in the good to very poor (Class II – 35%, Class III – 55% and Class IV/V – 10%) schistose gneisses rockmasses The Anticipated rock mass classification for surge shaft adit and pressure shaft adit is Class II – 35%, Class III – 55% and Class IV/V – 10%. Similarly, the rock mass classification of Paune adit is good to fair with few pockets of poor to very poor rock as Class II – 60%, Class III – 30% and Class IV/V – 10%. While that of Jital Jagat Adit lies within good to fair (Class II – 30% & Class III - 65) with some few pockets of poor to very poor rock (Class IV/ V – 5%). Table 5-1 presents the various rockmass classification categories observed in the major structural areas.
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Table 5-1: Quality of Rocks in Dam site, Tunnel alignment and Powerhouse Location RMR Q-Value Rock Type Rating 61 - 70 55 - 60 10 - 15 5 – 10 Headwork Class II III II III Gneiss Description Good Fair Good Fair Rating 60 - 70 50 - 60 40 - 45 10 - 15 5 - 10 3 – 5 Tunnel Class II III IV II III IV Gneiss Description Good Fair Poor Good Fair Poor Rating 60 - 70 50 - 60 41 - 48 10 - 15 5 - 10 2 – 5 Powerhouse Class II III IV II III IV Gneiss Description Good Fair Poor Good Fair Poor
Figure 5-6: Engineering Geological Map of the UM-2 HEP Project Area
5.1.3 Climate Tropical to alpine types of climatics observed in the project district, are controlled by altitudinal effects. The variation of elevation and land exposure dictates spatial air temperature in the project area. Three rainfall stations are located in vicinity of the proposed project and represent the project area. The Marsyangdi basin experiences cold, subtropical to temperate climate depending upon altitude. The catchment also experiences the effects of the southwest monsoon from June to the end of September. The region receives approximately 80 % of the annual rainfall during this period. Rainfall intensities vary throughout the basin with maximum intensity occurring on the basin’s lower parts. Since major portion of the Marsyangdi River basin lies in the rain shadow (north of Annapurna Himal) and receives lower monsoon precipitation. During the monsoon, relative humidity reaches the highest and temperatures are lower compared to the pre-monsoon period. The annual maximum air temperature in the project area occurs generally in month of May and ranges from 25 ~ 29ºC.
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Likewise, the minimum temperature occurs in January and February ranging from –1.9 ~ 3ºC. The maximum and minimum monthly relative humidity at the project area is 100% and 44% respectively (Data of station 0814). The atmosphere is humid with average monthly relative humidity (RH) ranging from 77~100 % in January. April is the driest month with relative humidity at 44%. The average monthly maximum wind speed at the site is 8.8 km/hour.
Figure 5-7: Minimum and Maximum Temperature distribution in the Marsyangdi Region
5.1.4 Drainage Basin and Hydrology Marsyangdi River rises from Tilicho Lake at an elevation of about 5000 masl on the southern slopes of the snow-clad peaks of Annapurna and Manaslu and joins the river Trishuli near Mugling. The total catchment area at the intake is 2,277 km2 among which 1,106 km2 is above altitude of 3,000 masl. Within the Marsyangdi River basin, DHM has four hydrological stations available, namely, Khudi (439.3) on Khudi Khola, Bhakundebesi (439.35) and Gopling ghat (439.8). BPC set up a dedicated flow and staff gauge station at intake of LMM started in 2011. Bhakundebesi maintain daily flow observation from year of 2000 ~ 2015 and may be selected as the base of flow analysis with reference to LMM, Khudi, and oneyear observation at Tal (in 2003). Nearest metrological observation station is at Chame (816) sitting at altitude of 2,680 masl. Another rainfall station is Khudi (802) at altidude of 823 masl. Both stations have over 30 years of records.
The annual average flow generated by the intermediate catchment is found to be 107 m3/s and 95% confidence maximum of 135 m3/s. The annual average flow at the intake, therefore, is the that at Golping ghat, 216 m3/s, deducted by the intermediate, resulting in 81 m3/s. Daily water level of year 2002~2003 was recorded at Tal and daily flow obtained based on by the adjusted rating curve. Coefficients of monthly average flows are used to derive the inflow series from Gopling Ghat to dam site, resulting in annual average of 81.4 m3/s.
Table 5-2: Flow Series Data at the Intake Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Average 25.06 20.39 20.89 27.94 54.37 99.09 177.30 217.05 178.49 72.76 43.39 32.37 90% 22.72 17.64 17.09 20.71 38.07 63.67 131.81 186.64 141.82 56.58 36.18 28.73
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Marsyangdi River is one of the tributaries of the Sapta Gandaki river system. The northern boundary of the catchment is delineated by higher Himalayas (Peri Himal) with Tibet (China), the eastern boundary delineated by Manasulu Himalyan range with the Budhi Gandaki River basin, the western boundary delineated by Mukti Nath Himal and Damodar Himal with the Kali Gandaki River basin and the southern boundary is delineated by the Annapurna Himalayan range with the Madi River basin system. Upper Marsyangdi Basin Catchment is presented in Figure 5-8.
Figure 5-8: Upper Marsyangdi Catchment Area
The total catchment area of the Marsyangdi River upstream of the diversion site is 2276 sq. km and that upto the powerhouse site is 2583 sq. km. (Table 5-3). The catchment area of project upstream of Dam axis as per survey licence boundary approved by DoED is 13.24 sq. km.
Table 5-3: Catchment Area Details Site Rain fed Snow fed Total Ratio of Rainfed area & Total Area Bimal Nagar 2867 1184 4051 0,71 Barrage Site 1170 1106 2276 0,51 Intermediate 1697 78 1775 0,96 Source: UFSR, 2019
Flows in the monsoon months are predominantly due to rain. Snow catchment area and rain-fed catchment area is almost equal. So, a sharp increase in flow in monsoon months warrants for appraisal. So, it is prudent to scale down the discharge in these 3 months by applying a correction factor of 0.9.
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Table 5-4: Average Monthly Flow at Barrage Site Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg. 30.12 25.12 24.29 27.32 37.95 91.69 195.92 214.86 162.73 76.42 58.54 29.96 flow
Finally, the ratio between the average monthly flows calculated at dam site and observed discharge at Bimal nagar is applied to the long term series available at Bimal nagar for transferring the series to dam site. Monthly flow ratio calculated is provided in Table 5-5. Table 5-5: Average Monthly Flow ratio at Dam site Months Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Avg. flow 0.60 0.58 0.57 0.48 0.37 0.36 0.34 0.34 0.36 0.39 0.57 0.44
The comparison of the discharge duration curves of 10 days inflow series at Dam Site is presented in Fig 5-9.
Figure 5-9: Adjusted rating curve at Tal
The floods are estimated using three approaches: frequency analysis (Stochastic), regional flood frequency analysis, and hydro meteorological analysis. Annual peak floods at Bimal Nagar define a 20-year sample with a mean of 1,520 m3/s, a coefficient of variation of 0.33 and a coefficient of skewness of 0.75. A reduction coefficient of 0.64 is used to derive the flood peaks at dam site from those of Bimal Nagar. The average annual peak, QP (2.33), as determined by Gumbel distribution fitted to the samples from six gauging stations under study. Making use of the Francou-Rodier's coefficient associated to the rain fed catchment area, the average annual peak at dam site was found to be 822 m3/s. Rainfall stations 820, Manang Bhot, is representative of the point rainfall within the catchment area. Gumbel distribution is applied to fit the observed rainfalls with an areal reduction factor of 0.85. The results from frequency analysis are recommended: QT=500 = 2,600 m3/s, QT=5,000 = 3,400 m3/s.
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Flow Duration Curve 800 750
700 650
600
550 500
450 400
350
Discharge (m3/s)Discharge 300
250
200 150
100 50
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % exceedence Figure 5-10: Discharge Duration Curve at Dam site
The analysis of the hydrological data available shows that the minimum monthly flow at the dam site occurs in the months of January through March and maximum average discharge occurs from July through September. Though maxium flow coincides with the monsoon season (June through October), Marsyandi hydrology also shows the influence of snow melt from March through May.
Review and analayis of the various flood frequency analysis methods using the regional flood data and meteriological data, the flood frequency at different return periods at the dam site is estimated as under for the design of the Dam, and the spill way.
Table 5-6: Estimated Flood Frequency at the Damsite Return Period - T (years) Qp (m3/s) at Dam Site 10 1411 20 1610 25 1675 50 1878 100 2086 200 2303 500 2602 1 000 2839 5 000 3396 10 000 3711
From Tal to Syange there are nine major tributaries in the Marsyangdi River, five are left sideand four are right side of Marsyangdi River which have contributed large amount water in Marsyangdi River. Table 5-7 shows the major tributaries of the Project Area.
Table 5-7: Major Tributaries of Project Area Right Side of Marsyangdi River Lamjung S.N Tributaries Location 3 Ghatte Khola Purano Jagat, Name Lamjung 1 Myardi Khola Tal Phedi 4 Syange Khola Lamjung 2 Galdu Khola Chyamche,
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Left Side of Marsyangdi River Lamjung S.N Tributaries Location 3 Koyeprokyu Mathilo Chipla, Name Khola Lamjung 1 Kawai Chaare Tal, Manang 4 Radhi Khola Tallo Chipla, Khola Lamjung 2 Chhare Khola Near to Chyamche, 5 Talwali Khola Syange, Lamjung Source: UFSR, 2019 5.1.5 Dam Break Analysis Model setup The study of dam break has been performed using software based on HECRAS 1D unsteady flow. The river valley was represented in the model by cross sections. Due to the highly unsteady nature of the flood, closely spaced cross sections were considered for the analysis.
Geometry The topographical map of the project area was collected from the digital contour data of National Topographic Database and the topographic survey. The river stretch of 102.1km downstream of dam axis was considered for the possible effect due to dam break. The Civil 3D tool is used for the preparation of surface with contour interval 1 m of the project study area. The cross sections are drawn with uniform spacing of 250 m covering the area of upstream inlet boundary at tail of reservoir and most downstream at 102.1km from the dam axis. The additional modification on geometric features is done using channel and cross section modification tools of HECRAS.
Boundary and Initial Conditions The boundary and initial conditions has been provided from the flow data. The upstream boundary condition was given as inflow hydrograph, which was obtained from hydrology of UM-2 HEP. The PMF (Probable Maximum Flood) was taken for the analysis. The worst scenario for hydrologic dam failure considered was due to PMF inflow which would result for the severe damage at downstream.
Figure 5-11: Inflow PMF hydrograph used for Dam Break Analysis
Result of Analysis The analysis has been done for the two different scenarios of dam break to estimate the peak flood. Breach parameter prediction comprises the highest uncertainty of estimating dam break flood. For the modelling dam failure, dam breach data were entered for cases under study. The failure mode is selected as overtopping with specified breach formation time. The breach formation process is taken as sine wave progression. Trigger mode is set as defined time to reach the maximum discharge of inflow hydrograph. Average top width of dam is 150m, weir coefficient is kept 1.4, upstream and
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 74 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) downstream slop of dam is kept 0.1V to 1H and 0.8V to 1H respectively. The inline structure profile is defined by broad crested. The breach flow hydrograph is obtained from the modelling itself.
Scenario I: Instantaneous Collapse of whole body during PMF event To model a dam failure in RAS, Failure mode has been selected by overtopping with specified time. The failure of dam section is complete with nonlinear breach progression within 0.25hrs. The whole dam body is assumed to be destroyed. Dam breach in this scenario may happen due to overtopping, abutment failure or the foundation failure of RCC gravity dam. The left and right-side slope is kept parallel to the slope of dam body. The breach flow hydrograph obtained shows the maximum peaking discharge of Figure 5-12: Breach Hydrograph for Scenario 1 around 1,798 m3/s and the time to reach the peak discharge is 10 minutes.
It can be clearly seen from the figure that the peak discharge decreases downstream of the dam axis. The value of the peak discharge decreases by about 9,000m3/s when the flood reached Upper Marsyangdi dam site, it decreases to 7,000m3/s, further reduces to 2,000m3/s when the wave reaches Marsyangdi 3 dam. Here, the breach is taken for monolith removal and the breach is smaller than half of the crest length. The failure mode is selected as overtopping with specified time. The breach size and breach time is entered based on National Weather Service (NWS), USA recommendations. The side slopes will be vertical to the failure plane. The breach width and breach formation time were selected as 50m and 0.2 5hrs respectively. The breach flow hydrograph obtained shows the maximum peaking discharge of around 2,036 m3/s and the time to reach the peak discharge is 10minutes as shown in Figure 5-13.
Comparative hydrograph for various identified hazard is shown. It can be seen from the figure that the peak discharge decreases downstream of the dam axis. The value of the peak discharge decreases to about 4,000 m3/s when the flood Figure 5-13: Breach Hydrograph for Scenario 2 reached Upper Marsyangdi dam area,
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 75 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) further it decreases to 3,000 m3/s, further reduced to 1,800 m3/s when reaching the Marsyangdi 3 dam area.
5.1.6 Erosion Land Stability and Sedimentation As elaborated before, the entire basin area of Marsyangdi is undergoing through a phase of tectonic movement. The higher Himalayas are rising at a pace of 2 to 10 mm/per year in relation to the Middle Mountains. The V shaped narrow gorge of Marsyangdi is the reflection of this tectonic uplift. It is therefore, erosion in the basin area river reach is many times higher than the transport of sediments. All forms of mass wasting phenomenons are at work in the basin. Apart from the water related erosion by the drainage networks of Marsyangdi enhanced by the monsoon precipitation, glacier and ice erosion is quite active and constantly etching the landscape of the basin. The gravitational force established by the deep cutting by the streams and rivers, in weak geological areas have been responsible for the large scale landslides (wedge and deep seated failures) as well as small scale block topplings. Marsyangdi Valley has been fragmented into different compartments due to the major landslides.
Less than 1 km upstream the Myardi Khola Valley, on the left bank of the Marsyangdi River, a massive mass wasting phenomenon has occurred damming the river most probably after the last glaciation period. The natural dam has formed a lake 2 km upstream that was progressively filled up by lacustrine and alluvial deposits over an inferred thickness of about 100 m. From superficial observations, the dam’s debris is constituted by grained-size very heterogeneous material from fine particles to gneissic boulders of tens and up to hundreds of cubic meters, belonging to the Greater Himalayan Crystalline. Mostly big boulders are contained in the dislocated mass as visible at site, suggesting that originally the rock avalanche was lacking in finely grained material. Later secondary cementation and compactation of the boulders with fine sediments left by flowing and seeping waters provided the most important influence on the stability after its event. The dam remained stable and the lake disappeared by progressive sedimentation into it. The spillway at the distal part of the deposit was successively cut down by erosion. The major issue of the Tal landslide is how this damming rock mass will behave in the future. In the Himalayan environment, geodynamics surface processes can evolve and progress very rapidly, an uncertainty is centred on how the natural dam may behave mainly during one of the next major potential event like for instance a peak of flood and, as a consequence, how the erosional equilibrium of the upstream plain may change.
Such phenomenon is not likely in near future at the dam and powerhouse location, however small scale block toppling is potential because of the steep nature of the terrain and presence of widely opened joints fragmenting the rocks in the steeper sections. The adit portal sites do not show any features of land slides and block toppling, however steeper section of the internal access roads, particularly the surge tank access road Alternative – I and Alternative –II are very steep, and further cutting of slope can distrurb the geologic stability of the slopes. The Alternative – I access through Syange to Mipra lies in a stabilised landslide are, now covered with vegetation. Vegetation clearance and disturbance of drainage might trigger the landslide in this area. The existing Besisahar – Syange road shows some features of debirs flows along the road cut. The small scale debris slides and instabilities were found to be associated with the activity of local populace in the alluvial and
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 76 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) colluvial deposits. The slope excavation for the formation width of the Besisahar – Chame road has inititated a number of small debris flows particularly in the colluvial deposits of the mountain slopes. The debris slide at Syange, Sirchaur is the result of such road excavations. One large landslide occurred near the Srichaur on the eastern flank of the Marsyangdi River. This landslide has not been shown in the topographic map of scale 1:25,000 published in 1996 from aerial photograph of 1992. This landslide does not pose any threat to the project structures in the powerhouse site.
There is limited sediment data at the Tal gauging station site. The suspended sediments records are available from July 28th to October 16th 2001, from May 15th to August 16th 2002 and from June 9th to October 17th 2003. The Table 5-8 and Table 5-9 summarize the measurements made at Tal gauging station as well as an estimation of the sediments inflows calculated as the average concentration multiply by the average discharges. Table 5-8: stimated Sediment load at the Dam site Sediment Period Concentration (ppm) Discharge(cumecs) inflows Yea Maximu Minimu Avera Maximu Minimu Avera Month (tons) r m m ge m m ge July 4,447.0 717.0 1,762.1 254.8 132.3 175.2 799,997
August 5,810.0 593.0 1,829.0 304.3 149.5 194.3 921,211 Septemb 2001 er 1,567.0 83.0 494.3 231.8 90.1 145.0 185,763 October 203.0 27.0 105.4 95.6 63.0 80.1 21,865 May 5,744.0 37.0 1,899.6 189.3 49.3 73.8 363,175 June 7,281.0 758.0 3,392.6 134.0 48.4 100.8 886,053
2002 July 10,272.0 1,340.0 4,720.2 212.1 125.8 162.4 1,986,448 August 7,197.0 1,670.0 3,587.1 205.7 132.3 163.3 1,517,873 June 16,998.0 814.0 3,861.5 201.5 60.8 121.7 1,217,996 July 14,716.0 1,101.0 3,524.2 245.5 116.3 151.9 1,387,732 August 22,836.0 1,032.0 4,884.8 240.9 129.0 185.5 2,348,568
2003 Septemb er 9,425.0 257.0 2,567.5 216.4 105.7 146.8 976,682 October 1,011.0 58.0 397.1 102.8 71.1 85.6 88,101 Source: UFSR, 2019
The calculated average sediment inflows during the monsoon period are depicted in Table 5-9.
Table 5-9: Average Sediments Inflows Month May June July August September October Total Average sediments 363175 1217996 1391392 1595884 581223 54983 5204653 inflows (tons) Source: UFSR, 2019
Based on the above table the sediments load is estimated to 5 M tons per year i.e 2500 tons/km²/year, which is consistent with published results.
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Particle size distribution (PSD) suspended sediment load of the five samples and their average is presented in Table 5-10. Above 90 % of the sediments in suspension are smaller than 0.2 mm. and will be difficult to be trapped in the desilting basin.
Table 5-10: Particle Size Distribution of the Suspended Sediments Percent Percent Average Percent Percent Percent Particle size finer PSD finer Percent finer PSD 4 finer PSD 7 finer PSD 8 1 PSD10 Finer 0.001 4 4 5 4 3 4 0.002 11 9 12 8 7 9 0.003 16 13 16 12 10 13 0.004 21 16 20 15 13 17 0.005 24 19 23 17 15 20 0.006 28 22 26 20 17 23 0.007 32 25 28 22 18 25 0.008 35 27 31 25 21 28 0.009 39 29 34 26 23 30 0.01 42 32 36 29 25 33 0.02 62 45 52 45 38 48 0.03 73 54 59 51 46 57 0.04 79 58 64 57 53 62 0.05 83 64 67 60 58 66 0.06 85 66 70 64 63 70 0.07 86 68 73 66 66 72 0.08 87 72 74 67 69 74 0.09 89 74 76 70 73 76 0.1 90 76 77 71 75 78 0.2 98 88 88 84 94 90 Source: UFSR, 2019 5.1.7 Air Quality There is no permanent environmental monitoring station in the project area. However, site specific expert judgment indicated that the air quality in the project area was good during the evaluation period. There are no industrial pollution sources in the project area, and transportation density is not high. The proposed Project area lies in hilly area with no point or ambient sources of air pollution such as industries, vehicular emission, etc. Summary of the ambient air quality measured at Tal (Headwork Site), by Sibata Low Volume Air Sampler Andersa Type, AN-200, on 2020 January 15 at 11:00 a.m. is given below: Total Suspended Particles (TSP) = 251/m3 Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10) = 82 µg/m3 Respirable Fine Particles (PM2.5) = 26 µg/m3
5.1.8 Water Quality Samples for water quality monitoring were collected from two sites along the Marsyangdi River and analysed for the various physical and chemical parameters. The samples from headworks have been collected at 8:45 a.m on 2076/08/18 and that of Powerhouse was taken at 7:30 a.m on 2076/08/19. Water of Marsyangdi River is slightly alkaline. This monitoring result of water quality is a one time snap results. To accertain the water quality of the Marsyangdi River further monitoring in the dry
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 78 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) season and wet season will be carried out in the pre-construction phase of the project. The results of the water quality monitoring are presented in Annex VIII.
5.1.9 Noise Level The Project is located in the Valley of Marsyangdi River and is surrounded by steep hills. No permanent roads exist in the project area; a seasonal road goes to the Syange region. The sources of noise in the project area are only natural such as animals, wind movement, flowing river and streams. Sound pressure level measured in Syange (Powerhouse site)by Reed Sound Level Meter with Data Logger SD-4023, H297250, Class-2 instrument on 2020 January 15 at 11:30 a.m., is given below: Daytime Average Sound Pressure Level (Ld) : 48 dB (A) Night time Average Sound Pressure Level (Ln) : 40 dB (A) Equivalent Sound Pressure Level (Leq) : 39 dB (A) to 54dB (A)
5.1.10 Water Uses and Water Rights There are ten cascade stations planned on the Marsyangdi River. They are Marsyangdi-7, Manang Marsyangdi, Lower Manang Marsyangdi, Upper Marsyangdi 2, Upper Marsyangdi 1, Upper Marsyangdi-A, Upper Marsyangdi-Besi, Mid Marsyangdi, Marsyangdi-3 and Marsyangdi (upstream to downstream order). Of all these schemes, planned on the Marsyangdi River, Upper Marsyangdi A (50 MW) was completed in 2016 and is currently owned by China Power. Mid Marsyangdi (70 MW) and Marsyangdi (69 MW) which was completed in 2008 and 1989 respectively, is owned by NEA. Whereas, Upper Marsyangdi B (Upper Marsyangdi-Besi) has an installation capacity of 50 MW and utilizing 92 m water head has not been completed yet. The development on the upstream reach of Marsyangi River is shown in the Figure 5-15.
(Source: UFSR, 2019) Figure 5-15: Hydropower Stations Upstream and Downstream of the Project
At the proposed area, the water of Marsyangdi River is not used by the inhabitants for consumptive purposes. Even the water mills within Figure 5-14: Micro-hydel projects the project areas do not use water from the Marsyangdi River. All the within the project areas and water uses from the side tributaries of Marsyangdi water mills source water from the side tributaries of Marsyangdi. The existing micro-hydel projects
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within the project areas also use water from the side tributaries of Marsyangdi. Also, use of Marsyangdi River water in the project areas is for recreation, cloth washing and animal feeding at Tal and in the Syange Area. In rest of the area, because of topographic difficulties even the recreational use of water is not possible. As most of the population of area is dominated by Gurung communities, even use of the Marsyangdi for dead body cremation is very limited. All the above features indicate that there will be no water use conflict in the area for foreseeable future.Some of the picture taken during site visit represents the water uses of the Marsyangdi River and its tributaries.
5.1.11 Land Use The project RMs is mountainous, bisected by the Marsyangdi River in both the upper and the lower valleys. The project lies in the lower region of Manang and upper region of Lamjung. The Department of Survey’s topographical map shows that the RMs consist of 11 types of land uses. Forest covers the largest area in the project RMs followed by grassland and barrenland. The forest is the dominating land use in ACAP areas within the project that covers about 65% of total land.
Figure 5-16: Land use Map of the project areas
Table 5-11: Land use of the Project area ACAP within Project areas ACAP within Project areas Land use Land use Sq. Km % Sq. Km % Barren land 0.30 0.38 Glacier 0.01 0.01 Bush 7.80 9.70 Grass 11.62 14.47 Cliff NA NA Pond 0.02 0.03 Cultivation 7.00 8.71 Rock cliff 0.53 0.65 Forest 52.61 65.50 Sand NA NA
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ACAP within Project areas ACAP within Project areas Land use Land use Sq. Km % Sq. Km % Snow NA NA Total 80.32 100.00 Water body 0.45 0.55 Source: Department of Survey’s topographical map, 2011
The land use of the project footprint is presented in Table 5-12. Table 5-12: Land Use Affected by the Project Components in Different Project RMs S.N Land Types Private (ha) Government (ha) Total (ha) 1 Forest 5.55 32.80 38.35 2 Riverine area 7.45 7.45 3 Agricltural land 19.92 - 15.071 Total 25.47 40.25 65.72 Field Survey and GIS, 2019
5.1.12 Glacier Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) In Nepal at least 12 GLOF events have been reported to date leading to great damage on local infrastructure and population, incurring loss of human life. Records of glacier lake outburst in living memory is not available for the the Marsyandi river. Thulagi Glacier terminates in a lake referred to both as Thulagi and Dona Lake. ICIMOD (2011) has identified this as a potential threat for a glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF). Landsat imagery of the Marsyangdi River shows a number of glacier lakes (Figure 5-18) within its catchment at the Higher Himalayan Zone. Marsyangdi basin has many inventories of glacial lakes. Dona Lake, located at about 14 km upstream of the barrage site, on the Dhana Khola, a tributary of Marsyangdi River and Thulagi Glacier Lake have been identified as a potential risk for UM-2 HEP. Dona Lake is located at an elevation of about 4146 masl at 28°30' N and 84°30'E. The lake is rectangular in shape and has a length of 2.58 km and a width of up to 260 m. Surface of the Lake has been evaluated based on most recent satellite imageries to be 0.87 km2. Approximate volume of the lake is about 35 million cumecs. The volume of the lake is increasing due to the fast retreat of the associated Dona Glacier (about 1.37 km in 30 years). Studies have shown that Dona Glacier Lake is estimated to be 45 years old and geophysical investigations reported that the lake is dammed by a huge mass of dead ice. Figure 5-17 shows the pictorial view of Dona Glacial Lake.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 81 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Figure 5-17: Dona Glacial Lake (Source: Urjakhabar.com)
The stability of the barrier depends on the melting rate of this ice body. This dead ice body can not be breached rapidly by water pressure of the lake or by erosion by the river from the lake to the valley. It can only be removed by a large scale melting of the huge ice mass, which would take hundreds to thousands of years. Therefore this lake is expected to be stable for the foreseeable future. Moreover, the duration of a surge wave occurring from breach of an ice-dammed lake may last for days unlike moraine dammed lake.
Based on Digital Elevation Model of the basin, a wave propagation study of the GLOF peak discharge from lake has been carried out along the river valley by using Mike 11 software. The hydraulic simulation of the outburst flood wave of the Thulagi glacial lake shows that: - the travel time of the outburst flood wave between the Thulagi glacial lake and the project’s dam site is equal to 15-20 minutes, corresponding to a flood wave velocity of about 15 m/s.
Figure 5-18: Thulagi Glacier Lake as seen from Landsat Imagery
5.1.13 Seismicity of the Project Area The project site is located north of MCT in the central part of the Himalayan orogenic belt affected by several important tectonic features are present around the site and a 60 x 60 km area bounded by latitude 25.4º N and 31.4º N and longitudes 81.4º E and 87.4º E around the site has been considered for the study of regional geotectonic set up of the region. Site specific seismic design parameter study was conducted through IIT Roorkee. In order to evaluate earthquake hazard for the Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric project site, various important earthquake sources around site have been considered. To explain the cause of occurrence of earthquakes and to understand the seismotectonics of the Himalayan collision zone, various models have been proposed for the evolution of the Himalaya. Of these, two models namely, Steady State Model and the Evolutionary Model have gained considerable importance. Nearest seismogenic sources to the site is MCT. The project area is seismically active as several earthquakes are reported from the Himalayan region. The MCT trends NW-SE and is located about 7/8 km south of the project site. The maximum observed earthquake magnitude which could be associated with MCT from the Himalayan region is 8.0. However, the MCT is a regional feature and is capable of generating higher magnitude earthquake. Further, as the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 82 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) site lies north of northward dipping MCT it is considered that the seismogenic feature extends beneath the project site. The features like MCT are the weak planes for future activity in the region. A magnitude 8.0 has been assigned to this regional feature for the assessment of seismic hazard using deterministic approach. A dip of 15º is assumed while estimating the distance to the zone of energy release. On the basis of the study of the complex tectonic and the high seismic activity in the region the seismotectonic sources with regard to the site are identified. Various geological features are taken into account and the seismicity is then correlated with these features based on the location of the events. Based on seismotectonic set up of the area around the project site and earthquake occurrence various seismogenic source are identified and earthquake parameters as listed below are considered for evaluation of peak ground acceleration at the project site. Table 5-13: Peak Ground Acceleration S.N Sources Magnitude Distance to zone of energy Maximum release (km) Acceralation (g) 1 Main Central 8.0 15 0.36 Thrust 2 Main Boundary 7.5 15 0.31 Thrust 3 Lineament L1 6.5 14 0.18 4 Fault F1 6.5 63 0.05 5 Indus Suture Zone 7.0 111 0.04 6 Main Frontal 6.5 121 0.04 Thrust 7 Mahabharat 7.0 127 0.05 Thrust 8 Fault F2 6.5 186 0.02
The relationship given by Wells and Coppersmith (1994) uses the moment magnitude which is approximately equal to surface wave magnitude in the range of 5.0 ~ 7.5 (Kanamori, 1983). Therefore, the same magnitudes are used to compute the rupture width. The magnitudes are assigned to the seismic sources based on the past seismicity associated with the individual seismogenic features. The maximum value estimated for horizontal peak ground acceleration (PGA) is 0.36 g. The surface wave magnitude Ms is used for the estimation of PGA values.
Table 5-14: Peak accelerations at site-5 for different return period for 5 % damping and different time periods. Peak acceleration (gal) Period (s) 63% (50 10% (50 5% (50 3% (50 2% (100 year) year) year) year) year) 0.00 94 235 312 386 549 0.05 117 305 421 503 719 0.10 188 472 621 761 1129 0.15 194 495 658 812 1201 0.20 189 482 641 791 1181 0.30 129 349 481 585 885 0.40 98 258 356 446 652 0.50 82 211 285 356 534 0.75 45 127 182 223 341 1.00 32 89 123 157 240 2.00 14 41 59 76 116
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3.00 8 26 37 47 77
Figure 5-19: Uniform hazard seismic response spectra near Tal
Table 5-15: Peak accelerations at Syange for differentreturn period for 5 % damping and different time periods. Peak acceleration (gal) Period (s) 63% (50 10% (50 5% (50 3% (50 2% (100 year) year) year) year) year) 0.00 98 248 333 413 581 0.05 124 325 447 531 765 0.10 196 499 661 811 1192 0.15 202 523 702 869 1273 0.20 197 509 683 847 1252 0.30 137 373 509 621 950 0.40 102 272 379 469 692 0.50 85 221 301 378 564 0.75 47 134 190 234 362 1.00 33 92 130 166 253 2.00 15 43 62 80 122 3.00 8 27 39 49 80
Figure 5-20: Uniform hazard seismic response spectra at Syange
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Headworks of UM-2 is away from the most strong earthquake sources, therefore, the PGAs is smaller where as Powerhouse area are close to strong sources and so is the higher PGAs.Time history of ground motion is worked out from the shape of target acceleration response spectra, which in turn depends on the parameters of the earthquake, the predominant period of the ground motion, and the amplification of spectral acceleration at various periods. Shape of design response spectrum is based on subjective judgment of local geology and bed rock conditions. For the present situation the maximum amplification is taken as 3,000 corresponding to 5% damping. This amplification corresponds to the mean level. The history of ground motion (accelerogram) has been generated for these parameters.
The project is located close to zone II & III of seismic hazard map of Nepal. The site specific design earthquake parameter for Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) condition is estimated to be magnitude 8.0 earthquake occurring at MCT
5.2 Biological Environment 5.2.1 Forest and Vegetation Regional Characteristics According to Dobremez (1976) Nepal’s vegetation types are distributed in six bio-climatic zones that cover from Tropical to Nival zone further sub-divided into eleven sub-zones. The project area fall within the range of 1050 m to 1700 m in altitude. It covers lower sub-tropical (from 1000-1500 m) to upper tropical (1500-2000 m) zone based on this altitudinal classification system. Stainton (1972) divided Nepal into five main regions, the project area falls into central midlands. The project area lies in the ‘Central Midlands’ (Stainton, 1972). Though there is clear distinction in vegetation pattern between eastern, central and western midlands, some pocket areas in central midlands resembe flora of humid eastern midlands owing to high precipitation. Stainton (1972) argues that in the country lying to the south of Annapurna and Himalchuli monsoon clouds make an unimpeded approach on the Madi and Marsyangdi valleys break with full force on the spurs of the snow range. Hence the vegetation pattern in this region is little different than other parts of central midlands. It is further mentioned that the sub-tropical level consists of Schima-Castanopsis forest, growing both on north and south faces. Tree ferns, Pandanus, and other species of sub-tropical semi-evergreen hill forest occur the damp gullies. Sal forest is not nearly as widespread as the Schima-Castanopsis, and is limited to dry south faces. Pinus roxburghii forest and sub-tropical deciduous hill forest, both common at these levels in the Central Midlands, are absent. TISC (2002) has made a synopsis of dominant riverine vegetation of Nepal. In the central part of Nepal and particularly in the sub-tropical zone the vegetation communities is represented by alder forest (Alnus nepalensis) and alder-birch (Betula alnoides) forest (mixed with Tooni and Albizzia). Though the sub-tropical zone (1000-2000 m) is differentiated between upper and lower, the vegetation of this zone has no sharp distinction, and in case of central Nepal this zone is represented by Schima-Castanopsis zone. This zone in the project development site has been under intense use for agriculture and human settlement. In this zone in the project development sites Schima wallichii occurs from 600 m to 2000 m. Below 1000 m, it is often associated with Shorea robustsa, Pandanus furcatus, tree ferns and other elements of deciduous forest. Schima-Castanopsis forest in the wettest parts of Nepal of Central Nepal (Annapurna - Dhaulagiri area) including the project development site
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 85 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) consists mostly of C. indica and Englehardtia spicata. Wet ravines remain rich in species with a number of other trees such as Duabanga grandiflora, Homalium napaulense and Lagestroemia parviflora.
The powerhouse site of UM-2 HEP is situated Marsyangdi River on the right bank close to Syange village. Prominent trees around this locality are Albizzia chinensis, Ficus cunia, Bombax ceiba and Schima wallichii. Component trees, shrubs and herbs usually confined to these slopes, especially close to the power house area are Tooni, Michelia champaca, Englehardtia spicata, Trichilia connoroides, Myrica esculenta, Plumeria rubra, Albizzia odorattissima Castanopsis indica, Litsea monopetala Boehmeria, Alnus (as a patch in landslide areas and/or moderate slopes with loose soil), Macaranga denticulata, Zizyphus jujuba, Valeris, Vitex negundo, Woodfordia fruiticosa, Pandanus furcatus, Maesa chisai, M. macrophylla, Casearia, Osbekia,, Jatropa curcus, Mussaenda, Inula cappa, Solanum xanthocarpum, Imperata, Pogonantherum, Eulaliopsis binata, Eupatorioum adenophorum, Onychium japonicum, Nephrolepis, Dryopteris cochleata, Pteris, Adiantum, Cassia tora, Heteropogon contortus, Themeda triandra and Ageratum conyzoides.
Kojima (1983) has recognized 8 biomes in central Nepal (round Annapurna) and 6 biomes fall into the Marsyangdi valley.The main biome falling to the project site is represented by Schima – Castanopsis zone between Khudi to Dharapani in the riverine areas. According to him in this zone natural vegetation is rarely left and is best represented by Schima wallichii, Castanopsis indica, C. tribuloides and Englehardtia spicata which are conspicuously observed in the project area. According to him other major species in the Marsyangdi valley include Albizzia sp., Mahonia napaulensis, Berberis asiatica, Woodfordia fruiticosa, Lantana camara, Rubus ellipticus, Colebrokia oppositifolia, Osbekia stellata, Melastoma normale, Vitex negundo, Pogostemon plectranthoides, Mussanda roxburghii and Callicarpa arborea. All the above species described by Kozima are fairly represented in the project sites as well.
Figure 5-21 presents the forest types of the project region. The riverine area from the powerhouse site to Paune is dominated by the the Schima- Castanopsis forest and further upstream towards the dam site it is mixed forest patches comprising of Fir-Blue Pine, Hemlock-Oak – Rhododendron and Temperate Mountain Oak Forest.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 86 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Figure 5-21: Forest types of the project areas
In general, Schima-Castanopsis forest is found as dominant vegetation type at the vicinity and lower side of the project area. The forest is succeeded by oak-rhododendrons and the representing species of oak is Quercus lanuginosa whereas Rhododendron arboreum represented among the Rhododendrons. Here it is to be mentioned that at the adjoining side slopes Quercus lamellose is more common and R. campanulatum is also common among rhododendrons. But due to the presence of rocky environment on the project sites species occurring on dry slopes are established. At the upper reaches of the project site, i.e. at adjoining slopes, the forest is succeded by few standing trees of Abies spectabilis and finally by Betula utilis. At the lower part of the project area Tooni (Cedrela toona), Tindu (Dyospyros sp), Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), etc are found. Other frequently met tree species are Ilex, Lyonia, Michelia, Litsea, Euraya, Cinnamomum tamala, Camelia kissi etc. Frequently found shrubs and herbs around the project area are Hydrangea heteromala, Mahonia napaulensis, Rubus paniculatus, Berberis aristata, Maesa chisia, Osbeskia stellata, Coriaria nepalensis Rosa sericea, Boehmeria macrophylla, Anaphalis busua, Arundinaria falcata, Aeschynanthus, Pieris Formosa, Ageratum conyzoides, Cressocephalum sp., etc.
An economic plant namely Girardinia palmata is commonly found here. Likwewise Myrica esculenta, Rubus ellipticus, Elaegnus conferta, are recorded as popular wild edible fruits in Nepalese society. Among the notable medicinal plants Valeriana jatamansi, Asparagus racemosus, Berginia ciliata, Berberis asiatica, etc. are frequently observed in the project locality.
Presence of steep and rocky environmental setting in the project area and its vicinities has been a strong barrier for the growth of tall and dense vegetation. Therefore presence of distinct forest type that one would expect in this area is very much limited though there is some dominance of particular tree species in certain pocket areas. However the sites and the surrounding localities are fairly represented by Schima-castanopsis forest in lower sub-tropical belt and Quercus lanuginosa, Rhododendron arboreum, Persea sp., etc in upper sub-tropical belts. Common tree species of this
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 87 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) area include Myrica esculenta, Alnus nepalensis, Englehardtia spicata, Zizyphus incurva, Albizzia spp., Erythrina stricta, Bombax ceiba, Toona ciliate, Macaranga pustulata, Lyonia ovalifolia, etc. Other species such as Rhus wallichii, R. javanica, Ficus spp., Sapium insigne, etc. are more common around the human settlements. The project area being located in the old tradition trade route the forest vegetation is in already degraded state and shows very low quantity in comparison to natural and undisturbed forests at similar climatic zones. Site Specific Characteristics Tal Area Quarry Area-1: Quarry site close to the dam site consisting of hard rocks is located in the almost vertical mountain slope. Due to the steepness of the rock there is no any significant vegetation and a part is covered by Arundinaria thickets. Some of the species with stunted growth form are represented by Reinwardtia indica, Maesa chisia, Hedychuium sp., Desmodium sp., Cissampelos sp., Rubus ellipticus, Cheilanths sp. etc. In some places clusters of orchids (Coelogyne sp.) are found hanging from the rocks. On the marginal lands near the river flood plain boarder Ficus sp., Rhus sp., Luculia gratissima, Phyllanthus sp. is observed. However on the flood plains below shrubs and herbs such as Pyracantha crenulata, Berbreis asiatica, Artemisia sp., Urtica dioca, Rumex nepalensis, Bidens pilosa, Fragaria sp., Cynoglossum sp. are noticed in moderate density.
Reservoir Area: The impounding area is situated in a rocky environment and hence the locality is mostly devoid of any significant vegetation except few sparsely distributed shrubs and some herbaceous species. Both the river banks in the reservoir area are occupied by agricultural lands (least productive), dwarf bushes and weeds, grasses, etc. However, in some depressed lands, especially on the left bank, area is filled with common flora and most of them are represented by Rhus wallichii, Sarcococca, Urtica, Senecio, Maesa chisia, etc. and considerable part of the area is covered by Arundineria thickets. Among dwarf shrubs Pyracantha crenulata, Berberis asiatica, Zizyphus incurva and Zanthoxylum armatum are found. An age old traditional route passing along the bank of the Marsyangdi valley falls in this area. Right bank is little bit narrow and the landscape is somewhat steep. Arundineria thickets are more gregarious in this site. Few individuals of shrub sized Rhododendron arboretum are met in this locality with abundance of Rubus ellipticus. Herbs such as Asparagus racemosus, Berginia ciliata and Cissampelos sp. are more frequent.
Dam Site: Considerable part of the Dam site is occupied by the river itself and the adjoining area of the dam on the left bank there is little extended agricultural area. Some part is covered by maize field. There are several newly planted and small sized fruit trees. Among the wild plants Elaegnus, Berberis asiatica, Berberis sp., Eriobotriya sp., Berginia ciliata, Asparagus racemosus, Urtica sp., etc. Among planted and fruit trees Prunus cerasoiides (4), Fraxinus floribunda (12), Michelia champaca (1), Juglans (7), Apples (3), Citrus sp.(Jyamir), Peach (2) and Banana (7) were observed.
Spoil Disposal Management Area-1: This site is mostly occupied by maize field and is located at left bank. However on the edges there are few individuals of Berberis asiatica, Urtica sp., Cythula sp. and grasses.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 88 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Spoil Disposal Management Area-4: Considerable part of this site is covered by Arundinaria thikets and shrubs such as Elaegnus, Berberis, etc. and by stout herb Asparagus racemosus.
Construction Facility area Spoil Disposal Management Area-3: This site is covered by mixed type of vegetation consisting of shrub sized trees of Michelia champaca, Zizyphus incurva, Rhus javanica and bushes of Berberis asiatica, Rubus ellipticus, Debregesia sp., Maesa chisia, sp., etc. Significant part of this site is filled with arundineria thickets. Among herbaceous plants Dioscorea sp., Asparagus racemosus and Coelogyne sp. are prominent.
Spoil Disposal Management Area-5: This site also is in heavily degraded state and is located at moderate slope. Maesa chisia is abundantly found in this locality and is followed by Arundinaria thickets in landscape coverage. Few standing trees of Myrica esculenta, Lyonia ovalifolia and Zizyphus incurva are noticed but their size is very small. Other occasionally found plant species are Rubus ellipticus, Randia sp., Artemisia sp., etc. At the lower side of the area there is a small patch of planted Pine (P. wallichiana) consisting around 100 individuals. The height range is found between 1.5-3m only. In addition to this few Junipers, Melia azadiractah and Prunus cerasoides are also grown. In this area too Arundinaeria thickets are abundantly found. Other plant species of this site include Schima wallichii, Urtica sp., Bidens pilosa, Cythula sp., etc. Spoil Disposal Management Area-6: The site allotted for Spoil Disposal management Area-6 is located at Raindu Dovan. The site is open field and currently used as grazing meadow. It is devoid of any significant vegetation. Common flora in and around the site are Artemisia sp., Maesa chisia, Eupatorium adenophorum, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Solanum xanthocarpum, Colebrokia oppositifolia, Rubus ellipticus, Pyracantha crenulata, Dryopteris cochleata, Imperata cylindrica Ageratum conyzoides , Bistorta capitata, Cynodon dactylon, osbekia sp., etc.
Spoil Disposal management Area-7: The site for Spoil Disposal management Area-7 is located between Raindu Khola and Ram bazaar area below the main road at the bank of Marsyangdi River. There consists degraded patch of vegetation adjacent to the disposal site but the main site allotted for it is having less number of trees and larger area is open with bushy vegetation. The sample plots taken at different locations reveal that the composition of trees is dominated by Erythrina stricta and other associated trees are Albizzia sp., Schima wallichii, Alnus nepalensis, Toona ciliata, Lyonia ovalifolia, Bombax ceiba, Sapium insigne, Atrocarpus lakoocha, etc. The tree density varies from 10- 12 trees in the sample plots resulting in 160-192 trees per hectare. The basal area percentage covered by the stem is found between 0.09 to 0.190% which shows a heavily degraded forest patch. At the vicinity of the area i.e. at further downstream side, the site is having only shrub land consisting of densely populated plants of Maesa chisia, Coriaria nepalensis, Mimosa sp., etc.
Paune and Jagat Area Paune Adit and access road/paune Adit: The Access road to Paune Adit passes from the degraded forest area, some agricultural field and relatively better forest patch in the depressed lands. The tree species are represented by Castanopsis tribuloides, Schima wallichii, Myrica esculenta and Rhus wallichii. The forest has moderate tree density. The optimum D and H reaches up to 0.62cms and 20m respectively. The basal area percentage (in relation to ground area) is found to be 0.307 which is
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 89 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) a moderate value for degraded forest patches. Canopy coverage is found relatively good (40%). Ground flora consists of Pogonantherum sp., Achyranthus bidentata, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Smilax sp., Asparagus racemosus, carex sp., Arundinaria sp., Diplazium sp., Inul cappa, Eupatorium adenophorum, Aeschynanthus sp., etc. Likewise the site for Paune Adit is situated in the steep slope with sparse vegetation. Main tree constituents are Englehardtia spicata, Schima wallichii, Castanopsis tribuloides and Myrica esculenta. The optimum D and H value reach up to 0.41 and 14m respectively. B. A. % is found to be 0.122 which reflects the site to be heavily degraded and stunted growth of trees with steep topography and dry slope conditions. Crown coverage is almost limited to 5%. Ground vegetation is covered by Imperata cylindrica, Themeda triandra, Artemisia sp., Arundinaria sp., etc. Few palm trees are also found close to this site.
Construction Facility Area for Paune Adit: The site for Construction Facility Area for Paune Adit is located in a cultivated terrace, mostly grown for maize, and with few houses. There are few fruit trees of Banana and Guava. There are about 20 clumps of Banana and individual stems exceed more than 200. Similarly parcel of the land is occupied by Sugarcane having around 150 stems. There are few fodder trees (Ficus spp.) and bamboos (Dendrocalamus spp.) in addition. The field is surrounded by forested area and some of the prominent wild plants on the edges of the field are represented by Euraya sp., Arundineria, Debregesia, Artemiisa etc.
Jite Jagat Adit and Access Road: The site for Jite Jagat Adit and Access Road is composed of degraded vegetation at the lower fraction of the road and passes from some part of agricultural fields and follows grooved parts made by seasonal streams. It ultimately goes up to the Adit site through steep landscape formed of vegetated areas of moderate growth form. Principal tree components of this site are Albizzia sp., Schima wallichii, Bombax ceiba, Castanopsis indica, Englehardtia spicata, Rhus wallichii, Persea sp., Cinnamomum sp., Erythrina stricta, Quercus lanuginosa, Sapium insigne, etc. Albizzia, Schima and Persea trees attain diameter up to 148cm, 235 cm and 230 cm respectively. Optimum height of the trees is attained by Albizzia species reaching up to 22m. Other trees have moderate growth performance both in diameter and height. Shrubs and herbs of this area are represented by Schlotzia sp., Baunninghausenia albiflora, Pteris sp., Artemisia sp., Casearia sp., Mimosa rubicaulis, Maesa chisia, Drynaria sp., Arundinaria thickets in patches, Zizyphus incurva, Indigiofera sp., Dioscorea bulbifera, Asparagus racemosus, Mahonia napaulensis, Sida sp. Hydrangea sp., Girardinia palmata, Boehmeria sp., Dryopteris cochleata, vitis sp., etc.
Construction Facility Area for Jagat Adit: The site chosen for Construction facility area for Jagat Adit lies in the agricultural field and hence there is no any significant vegetation. However some of the plants occurring in the field are represented by Ageratum conyzoides, Sonchus sp, Rubus ellipticus, Pteris, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Maesa chisia, on slope; Artemisia sp., and grasses. Access Road to Surge Shaft: The site for the proposed access road to access tunnel inlet portal is located between Syange bazaar and Mipra village and the existing vegetation is of poor quality and the tree species occurring there are preserved by the local community for domestic purposes. Therefore the floral elements commonly found on the ground vegetation are also devoid of natural forest characteristics is but are rather representative to invasive species and weeds. Prominent tree species of this site are Bombax ceiba, schima wallichii, Albizzia sp., Erythrina stricta, Ficus spp.,
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 90 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Toona ciliata, Myrica esculenta, etc. Maximum DBH in these plots vary from 38-50cms and the maximum H varies from 15-23m. Crown cover ranges from 7 to 30%. The basal area coverage is found between 0.154 to 0.237%. Undergrowth is covered by Maesa chisia, Pteris, Sida sp., Eupatorium adenophorum, Drayopteris cochleata, Artemisia sp., Hedychium sp., Rubus ellipticus, Lygodium sp., Cissampelos sp., Bistorta capitata, Colebrokia oppositifolia, urtica sp., Ageratum conyzoides, Artemisia sp., Achyranthus bidentata, Boenninghausenia albiflora, Cythula sp., Reinwardtia indica, Woodfordia fruiticosa,., Girardinia palmata, etc.
Power House Area: As the construction of Power House will be made underground and the entrance for it is adjacent to the Besishahar-Chame road there will be no significant loss of vegetation. Generally it is expected that the construction activities may have some adverse impacts upon the surrounding vegetation. But due to its location at the bottom of the rocky mountain base the impact, if any, will be minimal. Likewise from the evacuation of the old Syange bazaar also the adverse impact is thought to be insignificant as it has the similar situation with the power house area. Common flora around this area are noted as Onychium japonicum, Sapium insigne, Maesa chisia, Pteris, Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Sida sp.,, Butea minor, Eupatorium adenophorum, Cissampelos sp. Artemisia sp., Rhus javanica, Hedychium sp Woodfordia fruiticosa cassia sp. etc.
Swtichyard/Potyard site: The site for Swtichyard/Potyard is close to Syange bazaar and hence it is one of the heavily degraded sites of vegetation composition. The main tree components are Toona ciliata, Bombax ceiba, Ficus cunia, Bauhinia purpurea and Sapium insigne. Optimum D and H reach up to 42cms and 14m. However the crown cover % reaches up to 30% and the basal area coverage is found 0.184%. Considerable part of the ground area is covered by weeds. Commonly observed plants of the site are Cassia sp., Sida sp., Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Rubus ellipticus, Colebrokia oppositifolia, Woodfordia fruiticosa, etc.
TRT Outlet and Access Road to TRT Outlet: As the site for TRT Outlet and its Access road is little close to road side and Syange bazaar the vegetation around here is highly disturbed. There are few moderate sized trees of Bombax ceiba and Albizzia sp. in addition to some regenerating plants of Alnus nepalensis. Other tree species such as Myrica esculenta, Sapium insigne, Toona ciliata, Zizyphus incurva, and Premna species are only represented whereas Rhus wallichii makes significant presence. Optimunm H is gained by Bombax ceiba (21m) and optimum DBH value (54cms). Undergrowth floras are represented by Maesa chisia, Achyranthuds bidentata, Inula cappa, Ageratum conyzoides, Solanum xanthocarpum, Artemisia sp., Sida sp., Bidens pilosa, etc.
5.2.2 Biodiversity and Ethnobotany The region is rich in floral diversity, About 171 wild vegetation species have been recorded in the project area: 57 tree species, 40 shrub species and 74 herb species. Around project development area, the observed floral diversity is 1/2 of the regional diversity: around 90 floral species are represented. Of the floral species recorded at the local level, 45 are tree species, 12 shrub species, and 31 herb species.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 91 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Nearly 69 vegetation speices of agrobiodiveristy value are present in the project area. All of these species are common in the area and in the region and are planted for agricultural and agro-economic purposes. Of the total vegetation species used for agro-economic purpose nine are cereal species, six pulse, 24 vegetables, 4 spices, 2 cash crops, 13 furits, and 11 fodder species. Apart from the above local communities use 13 wild vegetation speices for agro-economic purposes. Of the total 153 floral species recorded in the project region about 89 floral species has an ethnobotenical value and used locally for various purposes. There area about 24 floral species with medicinal value Nine species are used as fodder, 19 as timber, 19 as edibles, 23 secies as ornamentals. One species each of religious and fruit value.
5.2.3 Floral Species of Conservation Value (rare, endangered, threatened etc) The project region has the following floral species of conservation value as per the protection lists of the Government of Nepal (Forest Act 1993 and article 70, restriction since 12th Feb 2001), IUCN Reddatabook, and CITES Appendieces. Table 5-16: Plants under different Protection Categories S.N. Scientific name GoN IUCN CITES 1. Dioscorea deltoidea - T II 2. Berginia ciliata - T - 3. Cythea spinulosa - - II 4. Oroxylon indicum - EN - 5. Crateva unilocularis - R - 6. Valeriana jatamansi P - - 7. Coelogyne sp.1 III 8. Coelogyne sp.2 III 9. Habenaria sp. III 10. Dendrobium sp. III 11. Spiranthus sp. III 12. Michelia champaca P EN 13. Bombax ceiba P 14. Shorea robusta P Note: IUCN Category: T- Threatened, EN-Endangered, R-Rare, CR-Critically Endangered, V- Vulnerable; CITES Category: Appendix I, II, III (Classified according to the threat due to trade); GoN Category: P- Protected
A total of 14 floral species of different threat category have been reported. Of the 14 floral species 4 are under government protection list of which 3 are based on the economic consideration are not listed under IUCN and CITES. Whereas the 11 floral species come under various threat category of IUCN and CITES. Of the 11 floral species 5 are listed in IUCN lists and 7 floral species under CITES. Most of the conservation/protected species reported and observed in the project area are common in the projet development sites and in the other areas of Nepal. Any loss of one or two species number in the project area is not expected to threaten the species in the area.
5.2.4 Forest Management The project area lies in the sub-tropical climatic belt of Nepal. Most of the part of the project area lies in the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACAP). The forests are managed by the local conservation area management committee formed in the RM levels under the guidance of the ACAP. The
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 92 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) committee protects and manages the forest as well as conducts local community development activities. The whole project area, including the project construction sites, is situated either in the rocky environment or in the little flat area formed by the river floodplain having degraded forest patches or bushy vegetation. However, a good forest is found at the top of the mountain as source of springs giving rise to small rivulets as minor tributaries of the Marsyangdi River.
5.2.5 Forest and Vegetation Current Status and Future Trends The presence of steep and rocky environmental setting in the project area and its vicinities is a strong barrier to grow tall and dense vegetation. The presence of distinct forest type one would expect in this area is limited though some dominance of particular tree species in certain pocket areas is seen.
Though broadly he project area falls in Schima-castanopsis zone, this forest is not conspicuous due to adverse topographic condition. The forest patches appear in the valley bottom with soil deposition. In general, the surrounding localities are fairly represented by Schima-castanopsis forest in lower sub-tropical belt and Quercus lanuginosa, Rhododendron arboretum and Persea sp.. However, analytical study of the project area shows the presence of some forest patches dominated by particular tree species as a site-specific case. In short, they can be categorised as 1) Schima- Castanopsis forest 2) Bombax –Toona association 3) Quercus-Rhododendron-Lyonia forest 4) Alnus patches 5) Albizzia-Schima-Bombax association, and 6) Mixed broadleaved forest.
Other common tree species of this area include Myrica esculenta, Englehardtia spicata, Zizyphus incurva, Erythrina stricta, Macaranga pustulata, etc. Some species such as Rhus wallichii, R. javanica, Ficus spp., Alangium salvifolium, Sapium insigne, etc. are more common around the human settlements. The project area being located in the old traditional trade route the forest vegetation is in already degraded state and the derived data upon the growing stock, based on volume (90.75 m3/ha average), and biomass estimation (8.7 T/ha average) shows very low quantity in comparison to natural and undisturbed forests at similar climatic zones. The tree density varies from 5 to 18 trees in the studied plots resulting in 80 to 288 trees per hectare. Likewise the basal area percentage covered by the stem (in relation to ground area) was found to be 0.237 in its maximum whereas the lowest value was 0.006 which is very low quantity virtually not qualifying the site as a part of the forest and least dynamic to provide any ecosystem services. Kanai et al. (1975) have found the basal area value varying from 0.25 to 0.9 in the natural forests in their studies in central Nepal which gives a comparative knowledge to judge the forest status of the project area. The project area, including the construction sites is rocky. There is limited expansion of alluvial/colluvial terraces and flood plains of flat character along the river valley. Along the river corridor and the tourist trecking route, vegetation cover is limited into patches and degraded due to human interference However, about 800 to 900 m above the river bed along relatively gentler colluvial slopes and along the mountain tops with moderate soil development a good forest cover is found. The steep rocky areas are, barren and show occasional patches of bushs. Otherwise mostly grasses cover the rocky area.
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There are limited areas (major tributary corridor) where the vegetation of the upper mountain slopes and the riverine zone are connected. The vegetation communities of the riverine zone and upper mountain slopes are unconnected and fragmented habitat of isolated nature. Even within the main river corridor, paeticularly along the trecking route connectivity of the forested areas is none due to human interference. The growing numbers of tourist and support facilities (hotels/tea stalls/restaurants) are degrading the existing forest coverage. This is likely to affect connectivity in the riverine corridor making the area unsuitable for wildlife habitat. The motorable road under construction that would connect the district headquater of Manang to the market centers of Nepal, has already impacted the existing forest and is further degraded riverine vegetation communities even in a scenerio without the proposed project.
5.2.6 Terrestrial Wildlife Regional Characteristics including ACA The proposal development area lies in the southeastern boundary fringe of the ACA and its characteristics is similar to ACA, The conservation area’s biological species and habitat are outcome of the ecosystem containing peaks mountains, high altitude pastures, trans-Himalayan valleys, forests, lakes, glaciers, rivers, and cultivated lands. ACAP is home to 101 species of mammals including the snow leopard (Uncia uncial), musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster), Tibetan argali (Ovis ammon), Tibetan wolf (Canis himalayensis), and Tibetan fox (Vulpes ferrilata). Nepal has 478 species of birds including 38 species of birds at risk, and six species of himalayan pheasants. It hosts 41 species of reptiles and 23 species of amphibians.
Twenty-seven species of mammals found in the ACA are protected under CITES appendices Thirteen species of mammals and three bird species are protected under Appendix I of NPWC Act 1973. Mammal species symbolic of ACAP are the snow leopard (Uncia uncial), musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster), Tibetan argali (Ovis ammon) and Tibetan wolf (Canis himalayensis). The bird species symbolic of the area are the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), demoiselle crane (Grus virgo), and various pheasants.
Most of the species of conservation significance reported in the ACA are part of the core habitat. Occasionally severe winter they visit the project area though the project area is not the habitat for mammals found in the area..
Table 5-17 List of key mammals’ speices reported in the ACAP.
Table 5-17: ACA represented Fauna (Mammals) SN Family/ Common Name Scientific Name GoN CITES IUCN 1. Chinese Pangolin Manis pentadacyla P II NT 2. Himalayan Water Shrew Chimarrogale himalayica LC 3. Elegant Water Shrew Nectogale elegans LC 4. Himalayan Shrew Soriculus nigriscens LC 5. House Shrew Suncus murinus LC 6. Indian Flying Fox Pteropus giganteus II LC 7. Fulvous Fruit Bat Rousettus leschenaulti LC
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SN Family/ Common Name Scientific Name GoN CITES IUCN 8. Intermediate Horseshoe Rhinolophus affinis LC Bat 9. Greater Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus ferrumequinum III NT 10. Whiskered Myotis Myotis muricola LC 11. Common Whiskered Bat Myotis mystacinus LC 12. Mandelli's mouse-eare Myotis sicarius VU
13. Himalayan whiskered bat Myotis siligorensis LC 14. Himalayan Noctule Nyctalus montanus NT 15. Indian pipistrelle Pipistrellus coromandra LC 16. Assamese Macaque Macaca assamensis P II VU 17. Rhesus Macaque Macaca mulatta II NT 18. Hanuman Langur Semnopithecus entellus I NT 19. Golden Jackal Canis aureus III LC 20. Grey Wolf Canis lupus P II LC 21. Asiatic Wild-dog, Dhole Cuon alpinus II EN 22. Bengal Fox Vulpes bengalensis III LC 23. Tibetan Sand Fox Vulpes ferrilata III LC 24. Red Fox Vulpes vulpes LC 25. Brown Bear Ursus arctos P I LC 26. Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus I VU 27. Red Panda Ailurus fulgens P I EN 28. Common Otter Lutra lutra I NT 29. Smooth Coated Otter Lutrogale perspicillata II VU 30. Stone Marten (Beech) Martes foina III LC 31. Yellow-throated Marten Martes flavigula III LC 32. Mountain Weasel Mustela altaica III LC 33. Masked Palm Civet Paguma larvata III LC 34. Common Palm Civet Paradoxurus hermaphrodites III LC 35. Spotted Lingsang Prionodon pardicolor P I LC 36. Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica III LC 37. Indian Mongoose Herpestes nyula LC 38. Crab-eating Mongoose Herpestes urva III LC 39. Jungle Cat Felis chaus II LC 40. Himalayan Lynx Lynx lynx isabellinus P II NT 41. Common Leopard Panthera pardus I LC 42. Snow Leopard Uncia uncia P I EN 43. Clouded Leopard Pardofelis nebulosa P I VU 44. Leopard Cat Prionailurus bengalensis P I LC 45. Tibetan Wild Ass Equus kiang II LC 46. Wild Boar Sus scrofa LC 47. Musk Deer Moschus chrysogaster P I NT 48. Barking Deer Muntiacus muntjak LC 49. Wild Yak Bos mutus P I VU 50. Himalayan Goral Naemorhedus goral I NT 51. Mainland Serow Capricornis sumatraensis I VU 52. Great Tibetan Sheep Ovis ammon P I VU 53. Bharal (Blue Sheep) Pseudois nayaur LC 54. Tibetan Gazelle Procapra picticaudata LC 55. Himalayan Squirrel Dremomys lokriah LC 56. Himalayan Marmot Marmota bobak LC
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SN Family/ Common Name Scientific Name GoN CITES IUCN 57. Particoloured Flying Hylopetes alboniger EN Squirrel 58. Lesser Giant Flying Petaurista elegans LC Squirrel 59. Wood Rat Apodemus sylvaticus LC 60. Lesser Bandicoot Rat Bandicota bengalensis LC
61. Himalayan Rat Rattus nitidus LC 62. Indian Crested Porcupine Hystrix indica LC 63. Indian Hare (Rufous- Lepus nigricollis LC tailed) 64. Woolly Hare Lepus oiostolus LC 65. Black-lipped Pika Ochotona curzoniae LC 66. Daurian Pika Ochotona daurica LC 67. Royle's Pika Ochotona roylei LC Sources: BPP (1995 No. 13), & KMTNC (2005) Local Characteristics in and around Construction Sites Tal Area The Tal area starts from the army camp or the narrow gorge of Marsyangdi at 1874 masl. The valley floor can be observed from here to the north corner where proposed dam site is located along with Tal Bazar. The area is with scattered vegetation and plantation parts among the big boulder of stones. The local people reported as the area provided the assemblage of wild animals and birds from eastern and western flanks of mountain with forested areas. Therefore it is a place where time and again Ghoral, Thars, Porcupine, Himalayan Black Bears, Mongoose, Foxes, Jackal, Yellow throated martin, small Bats, Rodents, etc., are seen. In its southern slope people said to have Apodemus Gurkha species also found. People also said the upper reaches of the mountains; the red panda, musk deer and wolf also are available. The bird seen here are black crow, rock pigeon, kite and vulture while plenty of river chat (start) along the Marsyangdi. The winter months forced the birds and animals to Figure 5-22: General Habitat Status Tal area at the start the valley floor and sometime there is chance of observing Lophura and other pheasant species around the mountain slopes.
The proposed dam site is at the northern part of Tal Bazar are with narrow gorge of river Marsyangdi. It consists of a small flat area too in river floor. The speculated submerged area will be
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 96 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) in the shrub land where not more than a few warblers can reside for some time. It seems no habitat for any animal and birds in the floor and also in the mountain slope as it is rocky cliff in both sides. Interestingly crow species are found in larger number around Tal area.
Figure 5-23: General Habitat Status The impoundment area beyond Tal bazar; crow flocks lammergier in Tal area
Paune and Jite Jagat Jite-Jagat Adit The camp site area lies in Jite-Jagat settlement (28°24`57.47``N 84°24`25.17``E) is a kilometer far west-south of Jagat. It is actually a cropland just above the present road and is an extensive terrace cropland. The area does not have forest patch but consist of a gully with some trees of Ficus, Macaranga and Alnus species trees. Some birds are using the gullies for stopover while nearby forest dwelling animals may fetch water of the streams. The presence of Ficus species and fruiting plants around the cultivated land suggest the possibility of crop raiding by primates and bird species.
Figure 5-24: General Habitat Conditions: Cropland and gorge forest patches areas of Jite-Jagat Chyamche Chyamche (28°26`40.7``N 84°23`43.7``E) is a small settlement and with larger portion of forested area. Along the river and the road side the forest patches left where some animal and birds are harboring. The animals can be seen is only monkey species while among the birds white eye, bulbul, crow and some babblers are noticed. The people confirmed the presence of barking deer, Assamese monkeys, langur monkeys, leopard, mongoose, porcupine and Himalayan black beers as an occasional visitor of the area.
Figure 5-25: Assamese, langur troop and a babbler around Chyamche forested area Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 97 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Paune Adit The adit area(28°26`58.0``N 84°22`53.4``E) is allocated a flattened slope called locally Mroche Pakho with some scattered trees in lower parts while forest patches stretches continuously to upper mountain forest. The proposed road is adjoining to the beneath of this part while rocky slope is extended to northern part to Myardi Khola confluence. Only the gorge part consists of some trees.
The Mrocha has the only one inhabitant Mr. Brish Bahadur Gurung from Chiple village. He reported that there is scarce population of wild animals but consists of a variety of representation in upper forest. The upper forest is outside the periphery of the adit part. The wild animals as he prescribed for the area are: Ghoral, Barking deer, Thar, Leopard, Clouded leopard, leopard cat, jungle cat, civet, mongoose, assameses monkey, Himalayan langur, brown squirrel, yellow throated Martine, small bats, porcupine, etc. The Himalayan langurs were in the field site during observation period. The avi- fauna includes Piura, Crow, Kaliz, Kalchude, Hadfora, Kalo Giddha, Warbler, Dove, Bulbull, Nyauli and babblers, etc. Sattale The Sattale settlement (28°26`64.4``N 84°22`89.9``E) is very unique in the sense that in each step of the slope there is a house and its courtyard for the cattle’s. Means actually, there are seven main houses which lie in seven steps of the terrain. The area is under cultivation either or rocky cliff. There is nothing to say as habitat of animals and birds. However, in the marginal areas as pines and some fodder trees are there people reported to have Figure 5-26: Sattale area and a Langur male some animals like barking deer and monkeys. The field visit team observed some small birds mostly warblers and langur around the village.
Syange and Ghermu Area Ram Bazar Camp The bazar area (28°21`98.13``N 84°24`16.0``E) already consists of camp which lies little bit north of the market place. It is a degraded river Figure 5-25: Habitat conditions Labor camp at the north of Ram Bazar area. bed and with
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 98 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) almost no vegetation. The forest patches lies in the opposite bank and only birds can utilize it. It has some stand poles that may provide some stop over for the shrubland bird. Due to the heavy human pressure one can speculate some rodents and mongoose species may harbor in the area. However, local people reported to have chance of listening jackal howling during the evening sometime and black kite is frequent visitor in the area. Sparrow, crow, bulbul, and some small kingfisher were seen along the settlement and rivers. The very common river bird here also river chat. This is envisaged at present and there may be changes of this particular camp location.
Syange TRT outlet The proposed TRT outlet (28°22`63.6``N 84°24`04.9``E) lies in between bunker area and Syange main bazar with a stream and vegetative parts. This area seems to be the refuse ground for the available wildlife and birds of the Syange region. The common animals as reported by locals are jackal, monkeys, porcupine, and mongoose and rodents species. Birds commonly seen are black thrush, warblers, bulbul, black kite, crow, etc. Figure 5-26: Habitat conditions at Syange and near TRT outlet
Syange The power house (28°23`12.0``N 84°24`09.1``E) lies in Syange along the west bank of Marsyangdi. On the way to Syange there are proposed community forests and scattered forests patches. However, the Syange area is much more utilized by human population. The forest patches are either confined to the down of road or up to the village farm with plants of sub-tropical to sub-temperate region such as Simal, Sal and Khair in some parts while Macaranga and Alnus species in some area. The fodder plants mostly saved for the domestic usage. The area with rocky cliff and scattered vegetation does not provide safe habitat for animals, birds and reptiles. The access road for Gurmu Figure 5-29: The scattered forests patches along rocky slope and a falls near Syange settlement colony of the project will impact a forest patch which is a courtyard bush of the area.
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Access Road including Surge Shaft Area The access road to surge shaft (28°22`96.3``N 84°23`98.3``E) leading to Mipra village consists of small degraded and open type forest patch south west of Syange market place at the elevation 1152m. It may be habitat of mongoose, porcupine and yellow throated martin. A troop of Himalayan langur is residing in upper part of mountain at the north side of Mipra village. A flock of black headed parakeet nearly 50 individuals were found flying along the bushes. The wood pecker, babblers and seasonally Kaliz pheasants are seen in the forest patches. The presence of Simal trees provides indicate the habitat for small finches and warblers as well as black kite in the area. However the human population in the Mipra village and vehicular road disturbances along the river with market place of Syange causing difficulties for the permanent nesting within the available forest patches. The dry sloppy terrain provides the opportunity for the common lizard and the snake species.
Syange Area in General The local people reported that frequent visitors of their village area are leopard, barking deer, jackal, langurs, rhesus monkeys, mongoose, porcupine, squirrel as well as other rodents. They are possible to find only in rainy season when their agriculture farm is dense by the maize crops. The bird species includes black headed parakeet, rock pigeon, Kaliz pheasant, Black bird, house sparrow, wood pecker etc. The herpeto-fauna consists of some non-poisonous snake and lizards as well as common frog and toad. The Tik-Tike Paha is delicacy for the local people which belong to toad family.
Table 5-18: The animals are listed for both side of Marsyangdi, Syange Common Local name Scientific Common Local name Scientific Name Name Name Name Leopard Chituwa Panthera Thrush paradus Common Baudai Falco Barking Ratuwa Muntiacus Kestrel tinnunculus deer muntjack Large- Kaalo Kaag Corvus Jackal Shyal Canis aureus billed Crow macrorhynchos Langur Langur Semenopithecu Asian Koel Koeli Eudynamys s entellus scolopacea Rhesus Badar Macaca Spotted Kurle Dhukur Streptopelia monkey mulatta Dove chinensis Mongoose Nyaurimuso Herpestus Himalayan Julfe Jureli Pycnonotus edwardii Bulbul leucogenys Porcupine Dumsi Hystrix sp Nepal Nepal Martine Squirrel Lokhake Funambulus sp Martine Kaliz Kaliz Lophura Crimsoned Crimsoned red pheasants leucomelanos red babbler babbler Rock Malewa Columba livia Common Common Bufo pigeon Asian Toad Asian Toad melanostictus Blue Kalchaude Myophonus Common Vyaguta Rana tigrina Whistling caeruleus frog Source: Approved EIA, 2012 and Field Survey, 2019
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The avi-fauna noticed are babblers, black birds, parakeet, falcon, black kite, black vulture (up in the mountain top), river start, martin, bulbul, etc., while riverside is harbored different sized birds mostly warbler.
Figure 5-30: River start, vulture, bulbul in the project area near Syange
5.2.7 Conservation Status of the Terrestrial Wildlife Table 5-19 lists the wildlife of conservation significance reported from the area. Table 5-19: List of Mammals Found around Project area Status Code S. Local IUCN Common Name Scientific Name Family CIT Abundanc N. Name Red ES e List 1. Chituw Common Leopard Panthera pardus Felidae I LR Common a &NT 2. Ratuwa Barking deer Montiacus Cervidae LR/L Common muntjak C 3. Thar Main land serow Capricornis Bovidae I VU Rare sumatraensis 4. Ghoral Ghoral Nemorhaedus I Common Ghoral 6. Badar Rhesus Monkey Macaca mulata Cercopithec NT Common idae 8. Mriga Himalayan musk Moschus Moschidae I LR/N Rare only deer chrysogaster T in high altitude 9. Dumsi Porcupine Hystrix indica Hystricidae LR/L C 10. Shyal Jackal Canis aureus Canidae III LC Abundant 11. Ban Jungle cat (swamp Felis chaus Felidae II Biralo Lynx) 12. Syal Fox Cenis aureus Felidae II VU Common 13 Malsap Yellow throated Martes flavigula Mustelidae III LR/L ro marten C Source: Approved EIA, 2012 Note: CITES Appendices I : Species threatened with extinction which are, or may be, affected by trade II : Species although not necessarily threatened with extinction, but may become so if the trade in these species is not subject to strict regulation. III : Species identified as being subject to regulation within its jurisdiction for the purpose of preventing or restricting exploitation IUCN Red List
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LR : Low risk NT : Near Threatened LC : Least concern VU : Vulnerable EN : Endangered CR : Critically endangered
Of the 13 species listed in the conservation list of CITES 4 are under appendix I, and 2 each under appendix II and III. Of the 13 species 9 are listed in the IUCN red list under different threat category.
5.2.8 Wildlife Habitat Status The project area in terms of wildlife habitat basically lies in the barren land, forest fringe, and cultivated fields. The forest area somewhat promising connected to the upland main forest is in Paune adit and represent the fringe forest. In the other areas, the existig forest within the project activity site is highly degraded and is under entense human and cattle pressure. Further existing habitat within the influence of the project area is a fragment vegetation patch and moslty of bushy nature. Apart from this, the forest patches that existing close to the project site site is already slashed and degraded during construction of Chame Manang road. Some parts of forest seem to be the daily usage forest of local people for firewood, fodder collection as well as exploitation of pebbles and stones. Therefore, the natural system in this area is coexisting with the anthropogenic activities and has a very insignificant contribution to the wildlife habitat of the ACAP area in this region. The wildlife seen or possible in this area is the wildlife that co-exists with the human settlement.
5.2.9 Aquatic Life (Fish) Fish sampling conducted at four sampling sites indicate that the stretch between Syange to Tal is not very productive for fish and is seldom used by the fishermen to catch the fish. Out of the four sampling station only 3 sampling station yield fish. The sampling in Tal area did not yield any fish. According to the local people, this stretch because of the high river current and very cold water, has fish only during the monsoon season, when the water temperature is relatively high compared to winter months. In the Tal area, the rapids below Tal seems to act as a barier for the downstream fishery to migrate upstream. According to the local people there is no fish in the Marsyangdi river above Tal. The sampling efforts also revealed that there are no fish in the Tal area. The upper limit of the fish in the Marsyangdi river is the confluence between Myardi and Marsyangdi, Upstream, the rapids in the Marsyangdi river prevent fish to move upstream. Table 5-20 : Sampling Sites and Fist Species and Number Abundance IUCN Fish Species No. of threats Station Fish Catagory caught Conservation Scientific Name Local Name Status A1 - Marsyangdi River at Schizothoraichthys Least concern Chuche Asala 4 Tal Wali Khola progastus Confluence Syange Pseudecheneis sulcatus Kabre 2 -
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Garra gotyla Chepe/ Buduna 1 - A2 - Marsyangdi River at Schizothoraichthys Least Chuche Asala 2 Jagat progastus Concern A3 - Marsyangdi River at Schizothoraichthys Least Chuche Asala 1 Chyamche progastus Concern A4 – Marsyangdi River - - - Tal Source: Field Survey, 2019 Fish sampling using caste net reveals the presence of snow tourt as the dominant fish speceis in the Marsyangdi rive between Syange to Chyamche and probably upto Myardi. Because of the water temperature, number of fish species in this stretch is less. Fishery studies in the downstram section have recorded a number of the fish species in the Marsyangi River (EIA study Middle Marsyangdi), however, the recorded species at the Middle Marsyangdi is seen to decline in the upstream section. Of the recorded fish species only the snow trout is the mid-distant migrant, while the other two species are the resident species.
Schizothoraichthys progastus (Chuche asala) It is a pointed head fish with tubercles on snout, dorsal profile convex, Barbels four, Uniform silvery with few spots. Fin –tips dark. It is a cold water fish and prefers the flowing oxygeneted waters, It spawns during
Spetember October Figure 5-27: Schizothoraichthys progastus at Site A and Schizothoraichthys progastus and in April May. It is midrange migrat with mobility range upto 25 km.
Garra gotyla (Nakata) This fish is locally known as ‘Nakata’ and the body is cylindrical with C-shaped mouth. The ventral adhesive disc is used for climbing over rocks and stones. This fish grown up to 150 mm and feed on algae. Gara gotyla spawn in May-June in the main river and its feeder streams. This species prefers backwater pools and rocky areas. It became mature after 2 years. It is a residnet fish with mobility rnge limited to less than 3 km. Figure 5-28: Garra Goytla Pseudechneis sulcatus (Kabre)
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It is commonly known as Kabre. It has conical and tapering body. General body color is greyish brown with about four yellowish brown patches on sides above the lateral line. It is a resident fish with a small mobility range. It preferes the rapid flow oxygeneted water.
5.2.10 Annapurna Conservation Area As mentioned earlier, the project site west of Marsyangdi falls within the Annapurna conservation Area. Geogrpahically, it forms the south eastern finge zone of the Annapurna Conservation Area along the lower valley section of the Marsyangdi River. The proposed project development site does not represent the core habitat area (flora and fauna) even of the fringe zone of the conservation area. Owing to the presence of motorable road (under construction) and scalleted settlements along the lower valley slopes, this part of the ACA is highly degraded and is already under the high human interference.
Project Area Figure 5-29: Project Location in relation to Annapurna Conservation Area
ACA is the Nepal’s largest protected area of 7629 sq. km established in 1992. The conservation area encompasses the Himalayan range of Annapurna range and is bounded to the north by the dry alpine deserts of Mustang and Tibet (China), to the west by the Kali Gandaki River, to the east by Marsyandi Valley and to the south by relatively gentler hills and mountains north of Pokhara. The ACA has an entire habitats gradient from sub tropical sal forest to perennial snow harboring 22 different forest types with 1226 plant species including 55 endemics, 30 mammals and 456 birds. Figure 5-29 above depicts the land elevation and land use management system, while Figure 5-30 presents the precipitation variation and distribution of land use in the ACA.
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Figure 5-30: Precipitation and Land Use Distribution - Annapurna Conservation Area Some of the key features of the Annapurna Conservation area are: Some of the world’s highest peaks (Annapurna I: 8,091m, Machhapuchhere: 6,993) World’s deepest gorge: Kali Gandaki and one of the world's highest altitude lake Tilicho Most popular trekking destination (76407 tracers in 2000) Two distinct climatic regions (3000mm annual rainfall in south (cis Himalayas) and <500mm annual rainfall in north (Trans-Himalayas) within a span of 120 km and altitude of 1000-8000m. 22 different forest types A total of 1226 species of plants (1140 species in the cis Himalayas) including 38 Orchid species and 9 Rhododendron species 101 species of mammals including snow leopard, Musk deer, Tibetan Argali, Tibetan wolf, Tibetan fox. 474 species of birds including 38 breeding species of birds at risk in Nepal, all six Himalayan pheasants found in Nepal. 39 species of reptiles and 22 species of amphibians. Nepal’s largest protected area and first conservation area with the entire habitat gradient from sub tropical sal forest to perennial snow. More than 100,000 inhabitants and more than 10 ethnic groups (Tibeto Burbese: Gurung, Thakali, Bhotia, Ethnic Tibetan and Magar and Indo Aryan: Brahmin, Kshetri, Kami, Damai and Sarki)
5.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment In this section, comparative analysis of socio-economic characteristics of the population at the project district, and the Project areas levels are discussed based on the 2014 census.
5.3.1 Socio-Demography of Project District and Project RMs The project is located in two Rural Municipalities, namely Marsyangdi RM of Lamjung district and Nashong RM of Manang district. The total households in Project RMs are 4,461 with 18,921
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 105 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) people including 8,752 (46.3%) males and 10,169 (53.7%) females.1 The average sex ratio is 86.07 and the average family size is 4.24. However, the distribution of household, population, average family size, and sex ratio is not the same across rural municipalities as well as project districts. Household, population and family size are higher in Nashong than Marsyangdi. The proportion of the male population is lower than the corresponding district’s figure whereas a very slightly higher in Marsyangdi than the respective district i.e., Lamjung. Likewise, the average family size is slightly lower in Nashong than the corresponding district and higher in Marsyangdi than the subsequent district.
Table 5-21: Socio-Demographic Profiles of the Project District and the Project RMs Population Househ Male Female Average sex Project RMs old Total Numb Numb Household size ratio % % er er 49. Nashong 454 1938 955 983 50.7 4.27 97.15 3 45. Marsyangdi 4007 16983 7797 9186 54.1 4.24 84.88 9 Total 4461 18921 8752 10169 Project
Districts Manang 1,480 6,538 3,661 56 2,877 44 4.42 127.25 45. Lamjung 42079 167724 75913 91811 54.7 3.99 82.68 3 174,26 94,68 Total 43,559 2 79,574 8 Source: CBS, 2014 5.3.2 Caste/Ethnicity The project is located in an area dominantly inhabited by Adivasi/Janajati people. They are Gharti/Bhujel, Gurung, Ghale,2 Hyolmo Lama,3 Magar, Newar, Rai, Tamang, and Thakali. The Gurung are the single largest group in the project area (Table 5-22). Besides Adivasi/Janajati people, hill origin caste groups (hill-Brahmin, Chhetri and Sanyasi)4 and hill Dalits are also found in the project area. The proportions of hill origin caste groups and hill Dalits are 22.2% and 16.4%, respectively. Though they belong to different ethnic or caste groups, they share a common approach to their economic and livelihood activities.
Brahmin, Chhetri, Sanyasi, Kami, Damai, and Sarki all follow the Hindu religion. Together they constitute 38.6% of the total population of the project areas. However, the numerical figures of hill origin caste groups and Hill Dalits are very small; in Nashong RM, for example, they constitute 1.2% and 4.3%, respectively. This means that the Adivasi/Janajati people are largely habituated in
1 All percentages in the discussion portions (text) of this report have been rounded to the nearest decimal point. 2 The Ghale are often counted within the Gurung ethnic group. Ghale is a Gurung clan, but it is often consider counted and lists separately. 3 The Lama is sometimes identified as ‘Bhote’, a term indicating Tibetan or Tibetan border area origins. The term Bhote has a negative connotation of 'hillbilly,' hinting of an unsophisticated people of rude manners. Accordingly, it is no longer used in face-to-face situations, although it may still be heard used behind peoples' backs. It is avoided here, and should avoid in everyday speech in the field. 4 In some parts of project affected lower Manang District, Hill Brahmins and other castes (such as Chhetri and Sanyasi) are only temporary residents, holding temporary positions in government job, as school teachers, or as project or NGO staff. In the MMHEP, for example, they tend to be employed in the district headquarters town of Chame. Here, in the Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (UM-2HEP) affected area, however, they are more likely to be permanent residents, and are considered as such in this report. Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 106 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) the project’s main activity sites. Unlike elsewhere in Nepal, the Hindu caste groups have no strong influence (numerical, social, or political) in the PRM. Instead, these caste groups are influenced by the cultural and religious traditions of local Adivasi/Janajati. Such influences can well be seen in language and ritual practices. Dalits5 were also influenced by Gurung language. Dalits in the project area can understand and communicate in Gurung language.
Table 5-22: Percentage of Population by Ethnicity and Caste in the Project RMs Marsyangdi RM Nashong RM Total Social Group Number % Number % Number % Ethnic (mixed Hindu, Buddhist, Animist) Gharti/Bhujel 164 1 0 0 164 0.9 Gurung 7223 42.5 1308 67.5 8531 45.1 Ghale 16 0.1 136 7 152 0.8 Hyolmo 14 0.1 0 0 14 0.1 Lama 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Magar 14 0.1 0 0 14 0.1 Newar 176 1 20 1 196 1.0 Rai 25 0.1 0 0 25 0.1 Tamang 2208 13 249 12.8 2457 13.0 Thakali 0 0 35 1.8 35 0.2 Others 126 0.7 84 4.3 210 1.1 Caste (all are Hindu) Brahman – Hill 631 3.7 23 1.2 654 3.5 Chhetri 3353 19.7 0 0 3353 17.7 Sanyasi/Dashnami 11 0.1 0 0 11 0.1 Damai/Dholi 603 3.6 29 1.5 632 3.3 (Dalit) Sarki (Dalit) 374 2.2 0 0 374 2.0 Kami (Dalit) 2045 12 54 2.8 2099 11.1 Total 16983 100 1938 100 18921 100 Source: CBS, 2014 5.3.3 Mother Tongue The 2011 census survey has documented nine lingual groups in the PRMS. However, the largest proportion of the population speaks the Gurung language (45.4%), followed by Nepali (39.9%), and Tamang (11.7%). This varies across the PRMs (Table 5-23). Culturally speaking, the Adivasi- Janajati speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages (Gurung, Tamang, Thakali and others) have been able to influence the native Nepali-speaking group to a great extent. Nepali, in fact, is the lingua franca across all communities. Table 5-23: Percentage of Population by Mother Tongue in the Project RMs and district Marsyangdi RM Nashong RM Total Mother tongue Number % Number % Number % Gurung 7174 42.2 1413 72.9 8,587 45.4 Nepali 7345 43.2 204 10.5 7,549 39.9 Tamang 2176 12.8 39 2 2,215 11.7
5 Dalits are defined as those castes of people of Nepal who were categorized as ‘Untouchable’ in the Old Civil Code of 1853 that prevailed until the promulgation of the New Civil Code of 1962. In the context of Nepal, however, the word Dalit has generally come to mean a 'community or a person who suffers from the illness of caste discrimination and belongs to the bottom of the caste hierarchy.' In the project-affected parts of the UM-2HEP, the Dalit groups are Hindus and include the castes of Damai (tailors), Kami (blacksmiths), and Sarki (leatherworkers). Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 107 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Sherpa 0 0 173 8.9 173 0.9 Others 116 0.7 47 2.4 163 0.9 Newar 133 0.8 14 0.7 147 0.8 Thakali 0 0 35 1.8 35 0.2 Magar 14 0.1 0 0 14 0.1 Kham 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Hyolmo/Yholmo 14 0.1 0 0 14 0.1 Sign Language 0 0 13 0.7 13 0.1 Bhojpuri 0 0 0 0 0 0.0 Rai 11 0.1 0 0 11 0.1 Total 16983 100 1,938 100 18,921 100 Source: CBS, 2014 5.3.4 Age and Sex Structure In Nepal, the population between 15 and 59 years of age is considered to be the economically active population, while those 0-14 year aged groups and 60 years and above are considered economically inactive or dependent populations (CBS, 2014). Slightly less than two-thirds of the population is economically active in Nashong RM, whereas slightly more than half of the population is economically active in Marsyangdi RM. If we look at the figure by sex segregation, the proportion of the active male population is slightly greater than their female counterparts in both PRMs. Moreover, there are more people aged 60 years and above and below age 14 years old in Marsyangdi RM than in Nashong RM. Males are proportionately more numerous than females in both age groups in both PRMs.
5.3.5 Religion The religious beliefs and ritual practices of the people of the project area reveal that their religious belief systems are rooted in three pillar ideologies: Hinduism, Buddhism, and Animism (what they prefer to call Bon). Tamang, Lama, and Thakali people believe in Tibetan Lamaism whereas Gurung, Ghale believe in nature worship/animism. Many cultural and rituals practices and religious activities are attached to places or natural objects through which they give meanings to the physical spaces. They worship large stones, trees, Rocky Mountains, spring of water, as nature deities. In addition, The Gurung and Ghale of Marsyangdi and Nashong rural municipalities also worship Hindu deities like Shiva, Krishan, Bishnu, Rama, Durga, Parvati, etc. and perform Hindu festivals like Dashain, Tihar, Krishna-Ashtami, Ramnawami, and Panchmi. Dalits, Newar, Magar, and Brahmin hill are Hindu. Krishna-Charita is one of the dominant dances of the Gurung and Ghale in the project area, reflecting the influence of Hinduism.
5.3.6 Quality of Life in the Project Areas 5.3.6.1 Education The total population of persons 5 years and above age is 17,269 in the PRMs, two-thirds of whom are literate. However, the female literacy rate is lower than male literacy in the two rural municipalities, and literacy overall is comparatively higher in Nashong than in Marsyangdi RM.
The data show that two-thirds of the population have attended basic level education (grades 1 to 8), and around one-fourth (24.4%) at school level (grades 9-12). Only 1.6% of the population has
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 108 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) attained graduate and higher levels of schooling. This low rate of advanced education may be due to a lack of higher educational institutions in the district as well as a lack of seeing a better future by providing higher education to their children, and by the influence of poverty. The proportion of females attending basic level schools is slightly higher but gradually declines at higher levels of education. The number of students who have attended school level education is higher in Nashong than Marsyangdi RM.
It is reported during the FGDs that the physical facilities of public schools in the project areas are not good due to financial constraints and poor management. There is also a shortage of classrooms with adequate physical facilities suitable to cold climatic conditions, a lack of safe drinking water and toilet facilities as well as a shortage of furniture and both teaching and sports materials. However, a few schools in the project areas have relatively better physical facilities due to their own resources, active community contribution/participation, and external support through (I) NGOs and donors. Even these schools are mostly lacking separate toilets for boys and girls and disabled- friendly physical facilities.
5.3.6.2 Drinking Water and Sanitation According to the 2011 census, about 95% of household in the PRM has access to piped water through a gravity-flow water supply system. The remaining households use spout water and other sources like natural springs, river and stream water to fulfill their demand for drinking water. Most of the households of the area use common/public taps in groups and few households have private taps. Drinking water sources are located about 2-3 km from the project component sites. Springwater is the main source of water supply in the communities of Bagarchhap, Danakyu, and Dharapani villages. A scarcity of drinking water particularly during summer (for one or two months) is reported in the project areas. During the shortage period, people minimize their use or collect water from nearest accessible sources (natural spring, river, and well).
As reported by most of the participants of the FGDs, the quality of drinking water in the area is good. However, some participants also mentioned that the intakes of some drinking water systems are open and unsafe, particularly during the rainy season due to the infiltration of polluted water.
Discussions with local people during FGDs indicate that most of the people of the project area are aware of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation. This is due in part to the work of the Annapurna Conservation Area Project (ACAP) initiatives, as well as to government programs and the work of local NGOs/CBOs in the project areas. The awareness level of local people regarding personal hygiene and environmental sanitation is high, particularly in the settlements located along the trekking route. It was reported that 100% of households have constructed and use toilets.
Though some people of the area manage solid waste by de-composting, burning, and sewerage by proper drainage, proper disposal of plastics and of beer and liquor bottles used by tourists and local people is a major problem in the project areas.
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5.3.6.3 Health In the project RMs, there are nine health posts. They are located at Tache, Dharapani, Toche, Taghring, Simpani, Khudi, Ghanpokhara, Bulbhule and Bahundanda. Some of them are outside of the project affected areas. The local people revaled that these health institutions deliver lower services due to inadequate supply of drugs, frequent absence of health technicians, poor physical facilities and equipment. Poor monitoring and supervision by concerned authorities are other limitation.
The diseases prevalent in the area are flu (influenza), fever, gastrointestinal disease, asthma, acute respiratory infection (ARI), skin disease, diarrhea, dysentery, pneumonia, jaundice, tuberculosis, gout, and uterus-prolepses. Intestinal worms and accidents and injuries are other common ailmemt in the area. About one-fourth people in the project area still prefer to treat sick at first with home remedies, herbs, and faith healers. After this type of treatment fails to cure the illness, do they seek diagnosis and treatment at local health posts, sub-health posts and hospital. Only in serious cases do the local people go to the district hospital or to Pokhara or Kathmandu for treatment. Seeking services of hospitals located outside of the district is out of reach of the general public of the project area due to their poor economic status.
A fairly high number of local people are aware of STDs and HIV/AIDS. The main sources of health information for local people are Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs), FM radio programs, friends/relatives, tourists, NGOs/CBOs and schools. No cases of HIV/AIDS and of STDs are reported in the project area.
5.3.6.4 Gender Aspects Women spend most of their time in household and farming activities such as collecting firewood and fodder, cooking, washing, cleaning houses, taking care of children, the sick and elderly and other family members, taking care of livestock, food processing, and seasonal agricultural and tourism-related activities. Apart from these activities, many women also contribute to the household income through wage labor, petty business, cottage industry (knitting/weaving), hotel/lodge operations, and other income-generating activities. Thus, women in the project area bear triple work responsibilities are reproduction, agricultural household work, and income- generation activities through tourism. The female work burden is highest (over 16 hours a day) during sowing and harvesting seasons. This coincides with the peak tourism season (NTNU, 2008).
Women in the area are organized into Mother’s Groups, Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs), various social services, local development, forest conservation, and savings and credit activities encouraged by ACAP and government line agencies. It is also reported that some women have taken training related to tourism, hotel business, cooking, natural resource management, and income generation provided in programs offered by ACAP, government agencies, and (I) NGOs.
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5.3.7 Modes of Livelihood 5.3.7.1 Economically Active Population About 60% population in the PRMs is economically active. By gender, the proportion of the active female population is comparatively more in the PRMs. If we see the figures across PRM, the proportion of the active female population is higher in Nashong than Marsyangdi RM.
5.3.7.2 Subsistence Pattern A. Farm Activities Like the project district, the overall economic structure of the PRMs is also characterized by a mixture of farm and non-farm activities. Farm activities include agriculture and livestock raising that are subsistence in nature and agriculture that is characterized by fragmented land-holding and low inputs. The main crops grown in the project sites are maize, barley, wheat, buckwheat, chilies, beans, and seasonal vegetables. Livestock is an integral part of subsistence farming. Most of the households keep livestock including Yak/nak, dzopa (a hybrid between yak-bull and cow), sheep, goats, and cattle for meat, milk, manure, and income. They also keep poultry for eggs, meat, and additional household income. Yak/nak and dzopa are commonly kept in Nashong Rural Municipality. B. Land and Livestock Ownership Ownership of agricultural land is common in the project areas, where more than 90% of the household own land (EIA Report, 2012). In the project area, people grow paddy, maize, millet, buckwheat, wheat, naked barley, potato, and green leafy vegetables. About 71% of households are involved in herding. Yak, dzopa, cow, buffalo, sheep, goat, horses and mules are the common livestock kept for different purposes like plowing fields, transportation, dairy products, meat, and wool. Those households without land and livestock earn their livelihoods from non-agricultural activities like businesses, tourism, and wage labor.
The landholding size of most households of the project area is small and of poor quality. Poor fertility of the lands, climatic constraints, lack of irrigation and agriculture inputs, and labor shortages have resulted in low productivity of crops and vegetables. Very few households in the area are able to grow enough food from their own fields.
Tourism-related business and services (trekking, hotel/lodge/tea shop), collection and sale of medicinal herbs, livestock raising, petty trade and business, remittance and collection and selling of NTFPs are the supplementary activities to cope with food insufficiency for food-deficit households in the project areas.
C. Non-Farm Activities In addition to farming, households in the project area are also engaged in non-agricultural economic activities. Foreign employment, seasonal migration, small trade and businesses, tourism, agro- and forest-based micro-enterprises, and daily wages are the major non-farm activities of the PRM. Many people also live on the collection and marketing of NTFPs and medicinal forest products.
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According to the EIA Report 2012, about 32% of the population is involved in off-farm sectors like service, trade and business, wage labor, and foreign employment for their livelihoods. 15.8% of the population is involved in trade and business, followed by services (7.6%) and foreign employment (7.1%). A very small proportion of the population is engaged in wage labor (1.3%).
D. Tourism Tourism is one of the most important income sources for many households in the project area. Two trekking routes pass through the PRM, the Round Annapurna Circuit and the Manaslu Circuit. Upper Manang and Bimthang are popular tourist destinations. Each year many people around the world came to visit these areas. Till now trek tourists use foot trails that pass through the project affected area north to Bimthang and west into upper Manang.
Accommodation is available for travelers along the trekking routes of the Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA). The many hotel/lodge/tea shops provide lodging, beverages, and food along these routes. Many men and women of the project affected areas along the trekking routes are engaged in hotel/lodge and other tourism-related services and businesses.
E. Industries, Trade, and Business There are few small scale cottage industries based on local raw materials, like making handicrafts from nigalo bamboo, herb processing, fruit processing, tailoring, bakery and noodle industry, etc., in the project areas. Natural medicinal herbs and animal products like mats and blankets (‘radi’ and ‘pakhi’) are the major export items of the area. Daily consumption goods, including food grains, are the major imports into the area.
No weekly or monthly markets like haat-bazaars were reported and observed during the field visit. Local vendors bring in items for daily usage from the town of Besisahar (the Lamjung District center) and other nearby market centers to sell locally. Grocery shops are commonly available throughout the trekking trail. Villagers from Tilche, Tachai, Ghelanchok, Odar, Thoche, Nache, and Khotro come to the trekking route to buy daily needs.
F. Use of Natural Resources The project areas are rich in natural resources due to the ACAP and local project activities. Forests, pastureland, natural landscape, and rivers are the main natural resources in the project areas. As elsewhere in rural Nepal, forests provide many basic natural resources for the livelihood of the people of the project areas. The forest products include fuelwood for cooking, timber for house construction and other structures (livestock sheds), fodder for animals, and litter or dry leaves for preparing compost. Households are also collect medicinal herbs and other forest products for both domestic uses and for sale. The forest resources, particularly through the collection and sale of natural herbs, are significantly contributing to the livelihood and economic development of the local people.
During focus group discussions (FGD) in Ghermu (northern Lamjung), householders reported that herbs (such as nirmasi, ban lasun, satuwa, jatamasi, and kudkic (Neopicrorhiza
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 112 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) scrophulariiflora) are collected from the Ghermu Forest and sold from this area of at least 15 to 20 metric tons per annum. The average price of the herbs is NRs 7,000/kg. The people remarked, however, that the date of granting permission by the Division Forest Office (DFO) is not appropriate for the sustainable harvesting of the herb. In Nashong RM, many men are reported to collect herbs (satuwa, sugandhwal, padamchal, gucchi cyau, and others) in the community forestry and high mountain area of the ACA. About 5% of the households also visit the high altitudes (lekh) of the Rural Municipality for herb collection such as nirmashi, kaduki, jatamashi, and panchaule (Dactylorhiza). In addition, the collection of yarsagumba in the high mountain pastures is also a source of livelihood in the study area. Almost all economically active population visit to the high altitudes to collect yarsagumba in season.
5.3.8 Sources of Energy Several sources of energy are available in the PRMs. Fuelwood is the main source of energy for cooking and heating in almost all households in the project areas. A small proportion of households also use LP gas and biogas for cooking energy. According to the 2011 census, 85.9% of households use electricity for lighting, 11% still depend on kerosene for lighting, and a very small proportion rely on solar energy for lighting.
5.3.9 Project Affected Households (PAFs) This section describes the socioeconomic baseline of the project affected households based on the finding of the household surveys. Project affected households are classified as Project Affected Families and Severely Project Affected Families, the definition of which is; Project Affected Family (PAF): A household, whose members reported a shared in the land impacted by the project and were thus subject to direct or indirect adverse or beneficial impacts on its social, physical, economic, cultural or natural environment due to land procurement of the project. All the project affectedfamilies are PAF. Severely Project Affected Family (SPAF): A Project Affected Family that is affected by the project such as: 1) There is a loss of land or income such that the affected family fall below the poverty line; and/or 2) There is a loss of residential house such that the family members are physically displaced from housing. The project doesnot have any SPAF. All the project affected households (142 households) from the PRM were surveyed to understand the demographic, economic, and cultural environment of the affected families, their perceptions regarding the project, expected compensation for the lost property, and types of resettlement package desired. These households were identified using cadastral maps prepared by the District Land Survey Office. All those households/persons whose land(s) or house or other assets are to be acquired were considered as project affected families (PAFs). The PAFs include householders located within the project component or project facility occupied areas, which will be displaced or adversely affected by the construction and dismantling of the project structures and project facilities including those who own land properties and/or conduct their economic activities within the project-affected areas.
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5.3.9.1 Population, Family Size, Ethnicity/Caste, and Religion The distribution of the affected households by project Rural Municipalities and project components are presented in Table 5-24. Of the total 142 affected households, the largest numbers of households (71.83%) are in Marsyangdi Rural Municipality and the remaining 28.17% are in Nashong Rural Municipality. These figures present the Project Affected Families who will lose lands and other assets due to project activities. Table 5-24: Household and population Size Description Households Population Av Family Size By Rural Municipality No % Marsyangdi RM 101 71.83 530 5.42 Nashong RM 41 28.17 229 5.59 Total 142 100.0 759 5.79 Source: Field Survey, 2019 5.3.9.2 Caste and Ethnicity Of the total 142 households taken for the survey, 93.64 % belong to Adivasi/Janajati, 3.55% belong to hill origin high caste and 2.81% belong to Dalits (Table 5-25). If we look at the figure by individual level, 95.12% belongs to janajati and the rest belongs to the hill origin caste group and Dalits.
Table 5-25: Project Affected Household and Population by Caste and ethnic groups Household Population Caste/ethnicity Nos. % Nos. % Ethnic Janajatis (all groups) 133 93.64 722 95.12 Caste High hill origin caste groups 5 3.55 23 3.04 Dalit castes 4 2.81 14 1.84 Total / Overall 142 100.0 759 100.0 Source: Field survey, 2019
5.3.9.3 Age and Sex The total population of the two project-affected rural municipalities is 759, in 142 households (101 HHS in Marsyangdi RM and 41 HHS in Nashong RM, respectively). Of the 759 population, 51.9% are male and 48.1% are female. The total affected populations are divided into four age categories; i.e., ages 0 to 5, 6 to 14, 15 to 59, and 60 and above. About two-thirds of the population are 15 to 59 years old and are considered to be an economically active population. The remainder of the population is classified as an economically inactive population; among them, 16.8% are 6 to 14 years old and are classified as the school-going age group. Likewise, 12% population belongs to 60 plus years old elderly population. The remaining 6.6% of the population is five years of age or below.
Table 5-26: Age Structure of Population (%) Age Group Male Female Total Below 5Yrs 5.9% 7.3% 6.6% 5-14 Yrs 16.3% 17.4% 16.8% 15-59 Yrs 66.5% 62.6% 64.6% 60 Yrs and Above 11.2% 12.8% 12.0% Total 51.9% 48.1% 100.0% Source: Field Survey, 2019
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5.3.9.4 Religion The households in both rural municipalities of the project areas follow Buddhism, Hinduism, Animism and combinations of all three. Of the surveyed households, 81% follow Buddhism and 21.5 % follow Hinduism. Even among the Janajati/Adivasi, about 18% of respondents claimed that they follow Hinduism. They and the Buddhists also follow Animistic beliefs, centering on sacred sites, nature spirits, and nature deities.
5.3.9.5 Household and Project Area Location Out of 142 surveyed households, 35.91% of households located along the project access roads (to be built) 16.20 % along the road to the headworks, 14.78 % along the adit access, 13.38 % on the road to the colony area 11.97% on the proposed powerhouse road, and 7.74 % along the quarry access road (Table 5-27). The distribution of the project affected household in terms of the project activities varies by household headship and caste and ethnic backgrounds of the populations.
Table 5-27: Project Location of the Affected Households Categories Head Adit Quarry PowerHouse Road Colony Total Works By Area 2 (1.9) 21 11 17 (16.8) 31(30.7) 19 101 Marsyangdi RM (20.79) (10.9) (18.81) (100.0) 21 (51.2) 20 41(100.0) Nashong RM (48.8) By Gender of Household Head 20 18 8(6.61) 17 (14.04) 48 10(8.26) 121(100.0) Men (16.52) (14.88) (39.70) 2 (9.5) 3 3 (14.3) 4 (19.0) 7 (33.3) 2 (9.5) 21(100.0) Women (14.3) By Caste/ Ethnicity of Household Head Brahmin/Chhetri 2 (40.0) 3(60.0) 5 (100.0) 18 21 9 (6.76) 23 (17.30) 49 13 133 Janajati (13.53) (15.78) (36.84) (9.78) (100.0) Dalit 2 (50.0) 1 (25.0) 1 (25.0) 4 (100.0) 23 21 11 17 (11.97) 51 19 142(100.0) Total (16.20) (14.78) (7.74) (35.91) (13.38) Source: Field Survey, 2019 5.3.9.6 Settlement History A majority of the project affected families interviewed (71%) have resided in the project area for over two generations, 9% for only one generation, and 10% settled here within the past one decade. Among those who have migrated recently, 17 households (85% of the population) reportedly came from adjacents rural municipalities, while 1 household (5%) came from a neighboring district, and 2 households (10%) came from far distance districts. They gave their reasons for migrating as the opportunity for better livelihood opportunities ion the project area.
5.3.9.7 Status of Citizenship Certificate The survey study reports that 8.6% of household heads in the project area are living without a Nepali citizenship certificate of which 7.4% are in Marsyangdi RM and 12.2% are in Nashong RM.
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The household heads/spouses having no certificate are only from Janajati groups. (Field Survey, 2019).
5.3.9.8 Educational Status Among the project affected people (PAFs), 76% are literate and 24% are illiterate. The ratio of the illiterate population is reported to be higher among women (31%) compared to men (18%). The ratio of the illiterate population is higher among Dalit (50%) and Janajati (24%) as compared to the upper caste (Brahmin/Chhetri) groups (17%). Among the literate population, almost a quarter (24%) is just literate. Many (20%) have completed class 1 to class 7 level educations, while almost a quarter fall within 8-10 class/SLC (School Leaving Certificate) completed category. A similar number of the population has completed intermediate (or +2) level education and above +2 level education (16% each). The ratio of just literate population is higher among Dalits (43%) and higher castes (16%), compared to Janajati (24%). Similarly, the ratio of intermediate and +2 and above education is highest among Janajati (32%) and upper castes (21%). The percentage of just literate population is significantly higher among women (31%) compared to men (18%) due mainly to adult education in the villages. In other education levels, the ratio of both men and women is more or less similar. The data also suggest that more women in the project affected area are more literate than the project RM people due to the urbanization process and flow of tourists. (Field Survey, 2019)
5.3.9.9 Economic and Livelihood Characteristics A. Occupation and Earning The main occupation/economic sources of the PAF are farming (46%), followed by trade/business (17%), foreign employment (8%), and service (7%). A significant number of economically active age people are students (18%) and other about 4% are economically inactive. In the economic earning cohort the contribution of women is higher than men, as 50% of women are involved in farming compared to 40% of men. Women (15%) and men 18% are almost equally involved in running trade/business (mainly hotels, restaurants, and tourist businesses). A similar ratio of men (7.0%) and women (7.3%) are engaged in the service sector. This suggests greater empowerment of women in the affected area compared to the PRMs in general.
B. Status of Migrant Workers The status of migrant workers among PAF was assessed by asking the present status of family members at home, and households having migrants’ workers. In response to the first question, 82% of the family members were reported to be currently at home and 18% were not at home. Households with family members currently not at home were highest among Janajati (19%) and among the higher castes (9%). No Dalit households interviewed reported household members to be absent from home. Absenteeism is recorded slightly higher among female-headed households (19.2%) compared to male-headed households (18.2%). (Field Survey, 2019)
In response to the second question, 12% of the households noted migrant workers away from home for earnings. Of the total migrant worker population, 85% were reported to be within the district and another 10% away in other districts. None of the affected households reported
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 116 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) household members working in or other countries abroad. The number of migrant workers is relatively lower in the project affected area than in the broader project area in general. A few project-affected households (7%) have adopted herb collection and sales as a livelihood option. Of the total herb collectors, 36% collect nirmasi, followed by ban lasun (forest garlic) (27.3%), jatamasi (Nardostachys grandiflora) (18.2%), and satuwa (18.2%). Among all ethnic and caste groups, the Janajati alone were reported to be involved in herbs collection and sale. Households involved in the collection and sale of herbs are earning a handsome amount of money from it. A collector/seller may earn above Rs.100, 000 for satuwa alone. The least earnings are from jatamashi (only Rs.18, 000 in a season).
C. Land Ownership and Food Sufficiency In totality, 83% (118 households) report land ownership, while 17.2% (24 households) own no land. By caste/ethnic group, 40% of the upper castes living within the project affected area own land, compared 85% Janajati, and 50% Dalit. The survey data show that very few recent migrants to the area own land.
Table 5-28: Land Ownership Status Do Not Have Access to Have Access to Land Total Categories Land No % No % No % By Area Marsyangdi 84 82.8 17 17.2 101 100.0 Nashong 34 82.8 7 17.2 41 100.0 Total 135 82.8 28 17.2 142 100.0 By Caste/ Ethnicity Upper castes 2 40.0 3 60.0 5 100.0 Janajati 113 85.1 20 14.9 133 100.0 Dalit 2 50.0 2 50.0 4 100.0 Total 117 82.40 25 17.60 142 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2019
Among PAF households claiming access to land (97.8%), own the land while a significant number of households have also rented-in land (17.8%) and rented-out land (20.7%). Similarly, 17.8% of households are using government land. Half of the Dalit households have rented-in land due to low landholding size while 50% of them have rented out-land to others due to the absence of male household members. Half of the Dalit households claiming access to land are using government land.
Table 5-29: Land Ownership Types Own Land Own Land By Districts/ Others Land Government At Least One Self Rented- RMs Rented-in Land Type Owned Cultivated Out Marsyangdi 100.0 19.6 21.6 19.6 100.0 RM Nashong RM 91.2 17.7 26.5 17.7 100.0 By Caste/Ethnic Groups Upper castes 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
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Janajati 97.7 17.6 20.6 17.6 100.0 Dalit 100.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 100.0 Total 97.8 17.8 20.7 17.8 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2019
The average size of the net operated landholding size of the project affected households is calculated to be 0.80 ha. The size of landholding is slightly higher in Marsyangdi Rural Municipality (0.81 ha) than in Nashong RM (0.66 ha). Among the three ethnic/caste groups, the Dalit have the lowest operated holding size (0.38 ha) while Janajati have the largest holding size (0.817) (Table 5-30). The net operated landholding size of the affected families is significantly higher than the average operating size of the project area (which is 0.70 hectares/hh), indicating their better position in the district.
Table 5-30: Average Size of Landholding Differently Owned (Ha/Family) Own Land Total Total Rented in Rented-out Government Self Owned Operated Land Land Land Categories Cultivated Land Land (hectare) (hectare) (hectare) (hectare) (hectare) (hectare) (B) (C) (D) (A) (A+C+D) (A+B+D) By District/ RM Marsyangdi 0.8147 0.0026 0.0104 0.0026 0.8277 0.8199 Nashong 0.7053 0.0063 0.0368 0.0527 0.7948 0.7643 By Caste/ Ethnicity B/CTs 0.8000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.8000 0.8000 Janajati 0.7978 0.0034 0.0210 0.0158 0.8345 0.8170 Dalit 0.3767 0.0016 0.0016 0.0016 0.3798 0.3798 Total 0.7875 0.0033 0.0198 0.0149 0.8223 0.8058 Source: Field Survey, 2019
Of the total PAF landowners, about 80% are growing crops. In the two rural municipalities, the ratio of landowners growing crops is higher in Nashong RM than in Marsyangdi RM; i.e., 82.9% and 74.6%, respectively. Commonly grown crops in this project area at Marsyangdi RM include maize (94%), paddy (70%), potato (54%) and other vegetables (19%), and pulses (18%). None of the project affected households reported growing of millet, buckwheat or barley, which are being grown in about a quarter of the households in the PRMs. Similarly, the number of wheat growing farmers in the affected area is also significantly lower (8.5%) compared to average growers in the PRMs (95%). 40% of the households sell agricultural produce on a small scale. Potato, maize, and pulses are the major crops sold. (NESS Household Survey, 2019)
The food deficit households have adopted various strategies to meet their needs, through wage- earning (37%) and seasonal services (34%), and 28% of them also sell livestock and other fixed assets to cope with the problem.
D. Borrowing of Loans
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Only 6% of households have taken out a loan. All the borrowers are from Janajati groups. 70% are from Nashong rural municipality and 30% from Marsyangdi rural municipality. 30% of the project affected household heads or spouses have opened bank accounts.
Because access to formal sources of credit is still poor in the project area, 60% of the households are borrowing from informal sources such as money lenders (20%) and relatives or friends (40%). Only 40% of the population is borrowing from formal sources such as banks (30%) and cooperatives (10%). A large proportion of the loans taken are for house construction and maintenance (30%) and for business purposes (30%). 10% of households are also borrowing for agriculture needs and social purposes. The average amount of borrowing is calculated to be Rs.11,111 per household. The amount borrowed is highest in Nashong Rural Municipality (NRs 36,000hh).
The vast majority of borrowers are from Janajati ethnic groups. The average rate of interest is 20%, though private lenders charge interest as high as 36% per annum. (NESS Household Survey 2019)
E. Livestock Holdings A large number of households (67%) are raising at least one type of livestock in the project area. Goat is commonly kept (83%). Oxen and buffalo are the second and third most common animals owned by 53% and 51% of households respectively. Water buffalo, however, was not recorded being raised in Nashong rural municipality due to the unsuitable climate for buffalo. Poultry are kept by 70% of households. The average number of animals raised per household is estimated to be: goat (6.3), buffalo (1.4), cow (1.1), and oxen (0.8). Among all residents of the project area, no Dalits interviewed reported rearing of large animals such as cows, oxen, buffalo, or swine. (NESS Household Survey 2019)
More than a third of livestock-raising households in Marsyandi RM (36%) report selling at least one animal per year — goat (70%), water buffalo (22%), poultry (27%), cows (8%), oxen (3.4%), and swine (1.7%). The average value of sale for all types of animals is estimated to be Rs.12,785 per household per yearA few farmers (5.6%) have also purchased animals — goat (44%), cows (33%), oxen and poultry (33%).
Milk, ghee, and eggs are the main livestock products produced and sold in the project area. 13% of households are producing at least one of these livestock products, though not on a commercial scale: 71% produce milk, 48% produce ghee, and 9% produce eggs, but not on a commercial scale; 93% of the milk and 76% of ghee produced is consumed by the household themselves, compared with 97% of the eggs produced which are sold.
F. Annual Income and Expenditure Pattern The average annual income of households sampled is estimated to be Rs.274,710. The households of Marsyangdi rural municipality earn the highest income (Rs.308,410 per household per year, compared with Hashong (Rs.272,389). The affected area being a touristic area, business/trade fetches the major income of a household (38%). Foreign remittances (22%) and service pensions
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(13%) are the second and third major sources of household income. The Dalit have the lowest annual income per household (Rs.157, 250) compared to Janajati (Rs.271,716) and upper castes (Rs.460,900). The upper caste households receive the major share of income from business and trade (83%); the Janajati from business (35%) and from remittances (24%), while Dalit income is largely from business and trade (83%).
The average annual household expenditure is estimated to be NRs 151,712. 33% of the expenditure goes to the purchase of food items. Education represents the second-largest household expenditure (19%). Each household spends on average between 5 to 7% of their income on consumer items such as oil/salt/spices, fish/meat/egg, and clothing.
G. Accesses to Forest Resources A large number of households (87%) are collecting at least one type of forest products from the nearest forest areas. Among the different forest products harvested, firewood is the highest (99.3%). A large mass of the population also harvests timber (96.8%) and grass for livestock feed (92.3%) from the forest. Almost 40% of households also reported collecting herbs from the forest (Figure 5-315).
Figure 5-31: Percent of Households Reporting Collection of Various Forest Products
Community forests (CFs) are the main source for collecting forest-related resources by 92% of the households. Another 7% of households have access to private forests while only 1% relies on government forests. None of the Dalit has access to private forests while 7% of the upper caste households and 7% of the Janajati households report having access to private forests.
Table 5-31: Households Reporting Sources of Forest Products Categories Private Community Government Total Forests Forests Forests By Area Marsyangdi RM 5.7 94.3 0.0 100 Nashong RM 9.4 86.0 4.7 100 By Ethnicity/Caste Upper castes 0 100 0 100 Janajati 7.3 91.6 1.1 100 Dalit 0 100.0 0 100
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Total 7.0 91.9 1.0 100 Source: Field Survey, 2019 5.3.10 Project Related Perception and Requirements Most people in the PRMs (84 %) are aware that the Project is being implemented in their area, although many of them (16%) do not know many of the details. A majority of them have a positive attitude towards the project and assume that it will bring new development opportunities and change in the area and provide income and employment opportunities. They were also concerned about the consultation process of the project. Table 5-32: Number and Percentage Households Aware of the Project Categories Yes No Total By RMs No. % No. % No. % Marsyangdi Rural Municipality 86 85.4 15 14.6 101 100.0 Nashong Rural Municipality 33 80.5 8 19.5 41 100.0 Total 119 83.80 23 16.20 142 100.0 By Caste/ Ethnicity Upper castes 5 100.0 0 15.6 5 100.0 Janajati 119 84.4 14 50.0 133 100.0 Dalit 2 50.0 2 16.0 4 100.0 Total 126 84.1 16 16.0 142 100.0 Source: Field Survey, 2019
Asked about their source of knowledge about the project, a large majority mentioned the public hearing (95.6%), the surveyors (92%), and other (60% friends, relatives, concern group member) (Figure 5-32).
Figure 5-32: Percent of Households Reporting Sources of Information about the Project
The people hold various positive and negative perceptions of the project (
Table 5-33). Their perceptions are reasonable and should be represented when prescribing the Social/Vulnerable Community Action Plan, Resettlement Plans, and other mitigations measures.
Table 5-33: Project-Related Positive and Negative Perceptions % of HHs % of Hhs SN Description SN Description Reporting Reporting Positive Perceptions Negative Perceptions 1. Better Employment Income 99.3 1. Loss of Property and Decreased 75.0 Income
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2. Increase in the Price of 98.0 2. Decreased Access to Resources 69.4 Property and Services 3. Increase Market for 98.6 3. Problems in Newly Settled 93.8 Agri/Livestock Products Place 4. Easy Access to Physical 98.6 4. Transportation of Goods and 95.8 Infrastructures Property 5. Quality Education 100 5. Decreased Social Harmony 94.4 6. Quality Health 99.3 6. Others 9.0 7. Others 4.8 7. Others 0.0 Total Reporting 90.2 Total Reporting 88.3 Source: Focus Group Discussion and public hearing, in the Project Rural Municipality, 2019
Box 0-1: Peoples Perception Towards and Expectation from the Project 1. The project will bring a lot of social evils and society will be polluted. 2. A lot of noise and dust pollution will be created during construction. 3. The land has been the key means of livelihood for the local people for generations. Due to the construction of roads and other infrastructure in their area they will lose farmland, pastureland, place of Goth (pasturage sites) and land fertility due to erosion. Therefore, appropriate land compensation with the consensus of the local people should be provided. 4. Land prices in the area to be decided by the Project based on the overall economic/livelihood assessment of the local people and the economic return to the project investor. 5. The local people should be made well aware of the different compensation and beneficial measures that the Project is going to provide. 6. As the law and order of the country is not working, this will accelerate social disorder during Project construction. 7. There will be a reduction in the flow of tourist which is the major source of income in the area. 8. If the affected households are not well addressed by the Project it will create both social and economic problems. 9. Compensation has to be paid even if a person is utilizing the public land for his livelihood. 10. Recruitment of all types of staff including Engineers should be made public and local people should be given priority. 11. Only one Public Relation Officer is not sufficient for dealing with all 2 RMs. As there are two stakeholders committee for two different districts two different Public Relation Officer are required for better coordination and understanding between the Project and communities. 12. If only cash is given as compensation to the affected families that could lead to misutilization so land-to-land measures are recommended. 13. Separate market/tourist centers are to be developed by the project if this area if captured by the Project. 14. The business houses should be well assessed on a case-by-case basis by evaluating their overall business activities. 15. Each of the activities of the Project to be briefed to the community through Stakeholders committee. 16. Any benefits to be provided to the community by the Project should be based on the population size of the area. 17. Clear modality on permanent or temporary lease. The compensation modality has to be developed by the Project Expert and discussed with Stakeholders Committee. Source: Focus Group Discussion and public hearing, in the Project Rural Municipality, 2019
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The households living in and around the project affected areas were also asked about their desire for compensation if their properties were taken by the project. In response, almost 90% (88.6%) preferred cash, 47% house for house, and 20% prefer land for land. With regards to the choice of resettlement, almost 40% desired the resettlement area in the nearby villages, 29% expressed their willingness to settle in a group within the project area, 9% noted that they can be resettled anywhere, while 25% were unable to express their desire.
Figure 5-33: % of HHS Favoring Compensation Types Figure 5-38: % of HH Desiring Area of Resettlement Source: NESS Household Survey 2019
In response to the question “What types of livelihood measures would be appropriate for the project-affected people?” a large majority (93%) recommended employment by the project to be the best measure. Other livelihood measures requested by the affected people are that they are given skill training (44%) and soft loans (40%).
Figure 5-39: Percent of Households Reporting Types of Measures for Project Affected Person
During focus group sessions, the stakeholders emphasized their desire for skill-oriented training and employment of local youth in the project on a sustainable long-term basis.
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Box 0-2: Desire for Skill and Livelihood Measures 1. Tourism promotional training among men and women including English language training is important for this area. When eating food, a tourist says “good food” and when writing his remarks he writes “not good food”. So, how to make the people of the area more civilized is our concern. Even the mother and older person require education. 2. Social mobilization training and awareness programs on the measures to be adopted by the project and community to reduce the negative effect of the project are also vital. 3. Skill oriented training for local youth and employment in the project on a sustainable/long- term basis are recommended. 4. Skill and employment-oriented training for women, such as in hotel management, commercial agriculture, vegetable growing, and carpet making (radi/pakhi), etc . 5. Seed money to Stakeholders Committee to run several awareness programs and conflict resolution/negotiations. 6. Long term benefit to two affected rural municipalities (royalty to rural municipalities). 7. Contact business-to-local business groups. 8. Support to 50-bed hospital. 9. Educational facilities for the children of project workers. 10. Support for higher education (10+2) establishment. 11. Support regular and sufficient drinking water supply, irrigation, and electricity. 12. Project activities-related training and employment. 13. Development of tourist/business center. 14. Agricultural promotional activities. 15. Attractive compensation and appropriate settlements for the affected families 16. River training work at Marsyangdi to protect the Tal Bazar (The market area is frequently affected by Marsyangdi flood). 17. Support to Mothers club for building its own house. (During the meeting the Group submitted a formal application requesting support for Office Building Construction Support) Source: Focus Group Discussion and public hearing, in the Project Rural Municipality, 2019
5.3.11 Vulnerability Assessment In response to the query “Who will be the most vulnerable families due to project-related activities?” 49% consider Adivasi/Janajati households to be the most vulnerable followed by households having an aged household head and marginal farmers (18% each), as well as female- headed households and Dalit households (11% each), as well as adult-disabled households (9%).
Table 5-34: Percent of Households Reporting Types of Vulnerability Due to Project Activities Marginal Women Adiba Aged Total Dalit Farmers Categories Headed si/Jan Hh Disabled Reportin Hh ( < 5 ropani Hhs ajati Head g land) Marsyangdi RM 14.7 11.9 46.3 6.5 11.9 6.5 26.2 Nashong 4.6 9.1 45.5 27.3 27.3 13.6 53.7 RM Total 10.9 10.9 49.1 18.2 18.2 9.1 33.7 Source: NESS Household Survey 2019
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CHAPTER VI: ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
UM2 is a peaking run-of-river (PROR) project. The Headworks is located 50m downstream of the suspension bridge near to Tal village. The water will be diverted through the Right bank (RB) headrace tunnel (HRT) to the underground powerhouse on the RB of Marsyangdi River which is 100 m upstream of the suspension bridge near to Syange village. The alternative analysis of the project was carried out for the stipulated boundary in latitude from 28º 30' 00" N to 28º 22' 04" N and longitude from 84º 25' 03" E to 84º 21' 30" E. The elevation of the riverbed is from 1750 m to 1050m and the height difference is 700m. The whole course of the channel is in the form of the upper section, the middle section is steep, the lower section is gentle, the vertical slope is 10-168%, and the average longitudinal slope is about 40.3 %.
Figure 6-1: Profile of River Channel of Project Area
6.1 Selection of Dam Site The dam site area selected in this stage is the canyon reach with a length of about 1.1 km from below the LMM powerhouse site to the end of the dam of the Tal village, and the riverbed elevation is 1670 ~ 1700m. After the site field investigation, the upper and the next two dam sites are initially proposed in the dam site area. The dam site area is 50m and 420m downstream of the Tal suspension bridge, and the two dam sites are 370m away from each other. Two options as below have been compared for the Headworks layout: Option 1: Upper dam site (UDS): Upper dam site headworks (UDSHW)+ RB underground desanding chamber (RBUDC) + RB headrace tunnel (RBHRT)+ RB underground powerhouse (RBUPH)
Option 2: Lower Dam Site (LDS): Lower Dam Site Headworks (LDSHW) + RBUDC + RBHRT + RBUPH
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Figure 6-2: Locations of Upper & Lower Dam Sites
The maximum backwater depth is 24 m at the Headworks site of the UM2HEP. The Marsyangdi River is featured with deep and narrow gorge, big discharge (check flood 1,311 m3/s), abrupt changes of water level, high sediment content of suspended load and bed load. Major factors considered in the dam type selection are low water depth, high discharge, water diversion and sediment prevention.
Due to the smaller scale of the dam height and relatively simple layout, the dam type with local construction materials will involve big construction equipment, big construction interference and big construction difficulty meanwhile high difficulty in flood discharging arrangement. Therefore the local materials dam type is not considered. In terms of concrete dam, RCC dam is not considered due to the smaller concrete volume of the Headworks which is not on the critical path of the general construction schedule.
As the past engineering experience and it’s been a usual practice that flood discharging facilities (spillway and undersluice) are arranged in the river bed for fully open and close which can meet the requirement for flood discharging, water diversion and sediment exclusion. Therefore the flat- invert-slab type spillway and undersluice become the first choice of the Headworks water retaining structures. The concrete dam is selected for the non-overflow dam on the both abutments having simple structure of easy construction and effective seepage prevention. Therefore the reinforced concrete dam/sluice is selected for the Headworks.
6.1.1 Layout of Upper Dam In Option 1, the upper dam site area is 50m downstream of the Tal suspension bridge. The Project consists of the Headworks, the water conveyance system and powerhouse complex.
A. Headworks
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The headworks consist of the undersluice, spillway, LB&RB non-overflow dam, RB intake and RBUDC. The width of the two spillway bays and one undersluice section is 32.0 m. The sluice bay in flow direction is 50.0 m in length. All the spillway bays and undersluice has a breast wall with flat invert at EL 1,690.00 m close to the average river bed level. The foundation surface is at EL 1,685.00m and the dam crest at EL 1,722.00m. The maximum dam height is 37.0m, foundation slab thickness is 5.0m, and foundation dental trench depth is 2.0m； The spillway bay size is 8.0×9.0m (W × H). The undersluice gate size is 3.0×9.0m (W × H). Each gate has a radial gate and fixed wheel maintenance gate. The thickness of the side piers are 3.0 m each and the thickness of the mid piers are 3.5 m each. The dam body is incorporated with the left abutment rock mass with its width of 5.0 m at the top and 6.1 m at the bottom. An ecological flow pipe is placed at EL 1,705.00 m on the left non-overflow dam section. The upstream concrete apron is 25.0 m in length and 2.0 m in thickness. The downstream concrete slab is 60 m in length and 2.5 m in thickness and sloped at 1:30. The scouring cutoff trench at the end of the downstream concrete slab is 7.7 m in depth downstream of which is a 40 m long rip rap of precast concrete blocks of 1.5 m in thickness. At the end of the rip rap is a 3.5 m deep scouring cutoff trench.
The RB non-overflow dam is concrete gravity type with dam crest at EL. 1,722.00 m and length of 50.0 m, in which Dam Block No.1 is 17.0 m in length, Dam Block No.2 is 14.0 m in length, 8.0 m in crest width and the maximum height of the dam is 37.0 m. The foundation level of Dam Block No.1 is at EL. 1,685.00 m with the bank excavation slope 1:0.2. The foundation level of Dam Block No.2 is at EL. 1,706.00 m.
The intake is located on the right bank upstream of the undersluice, having an angle of 105º with the dam axis. The intake consists of trash rack section and transition section. The crest of the top platform is the same as the dam crest at EL. 1,722.00 m. The intake structure is located on the overburden. The invert level of the trash rack is at EL. 1,695.00 m, which is 5 m higher than that of the invert level of the undersluice. The intake width is 6.0 m which is determined considering the plant diversion discharge and flow velocity at the trash rack. The trash rack has an opening of 6.0×27.0m (W × H) each. The width of side pier is 2.5 m.
A single 5.0 m diameter of horse shoe shaped feeder tunnel is provided to convey water from intake into two underground desilting chambers. Invert level of the feeder tunnel at intake is EL. 1695.0 and at end it is EL. 1694.75 Feeder tunnel is provided at a slope of 0.28%, and the total length of the feeder tunnel is95.42m. Feeder tunnel is designed for a design discharge of 68.54 m3/s including 15% of silt flushing discharge providing flow velocity of 3.03 m/s.
The underground desanding chamber is divided into two bays spaced at 46.4 m each bay having a net width of 14.00 m and height of 18.5 ~ 20.0m. The total length of the underground desanding chamber is 335.0 m which consists of inlet gate section, upstream transition section, working section, downstream transition section and outlet gate section. The inlet gate section is 15.0 m in length in flow direction and gate opening 3.8×4.9 m (W×H). The inlet gate has an access tunnel connecting to the dam crest. The upstream transition section is 30.0 m in length and 3.8-14.00 m in Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 127 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) net width followed by desander working section of 255.00 m in length. The downstream transition section is 20.0 in length having a flushing bottom outlet with the gate opening at 1.2x1.0 m (wxh). The outlet gate section is 15.0m in length in flow direction with the bottom slab at EL.1, 694.55m which is 15.07 m higher than the desander invert level. The outlet control gate is 3.8×4.9 m (W×H).
Figure 6-3: Layout of Upper Dam Site Headworks
B. Water Conveyance System The waterways structures consist of HRT, surge chamber and penstock. The HRT runs on the right bank, and its route is relatively straight and smooth. The HRT where crossing gullies will have a top rock cover of 150 m. There are seven reference control points D2 ~ D9 along the alignment of the HRT according to the elevation and construction adits layout. The total length of HRT is 12.07km and the bend radius is 50.0m.
The invert of the intake of HRT is at EL.1, 694.55 m and that at the surge chamber is EL.1, 660.00 m. The chainage and slope gradient along the HRT route are arranged as below: CH (HT) 0+000.00～CH (HT) 12+070.367, i=2.87%.
Under the plant discharge of 59.6m3/s, comparison of the kinetic energy and economy shows that the economic diameter of HRT is 5.0 m (circular). Considering that the maximum internal water pressure of the tunnel is less than 0.70MPa having no much problem in structural design. In order to avoid the large excavation volume of the circular section and to ease construction and minimize
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 128 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) the addition works, the actual shape of the cross section of the HRT is defined in D shape with bottom width 3.98 – 4.88 m, height 5.34 - 5.74 m, having the equivalent head loss.
Surge chamber is Two-water chamber type, the diameter of the shaft is 11.0 m, the length of the upper chamber (D shape) is 230 m, the net width is 7.0 m, the maximum surge water level is 1729.58 masl, the lowest surge water level is 1682.94 m, and the maximum internal water pressure of the HRT is about 69.6 m. The apex is at 1735.0m, the invert level of the surge chamber is about 1664.00m, and the height of the surge chamber is about 71.0m. The upper chamber, with its invert level at EL.1,725.00 masl, is 230 m in length and divided into two sections, one length is 100 m and another is 130 m, a longitudinal gradient of 1% inclining to the shaft and a D shape cross section with the net dimension7.0 – 7.0×8.30 m (w × h) which will be concrete lined. The access tunnel to the upper chamber is 186.2 m having a D shape cross section with the net dimension of 3.7×5.40 m (W × H).
The penstock has a steel lining, with its main section inner diameter of 3.8 m, and a total length of 914.708 m. and the bifurcation section inner diameter of 2.3 m. The maximum internal water pressure of the penstock is determined by the highest surge wave in the surge chamber and the maximum water hammer of the pressure conduit. The maximum water hammer occurs when the plant suddenly abandons the full load under the normal working conditions (FSL at 1720.00 m, plant discharge 59.6 m3/s and 3 units operating at full load) resulting in the maximum internal water pressure is 7.52MPa. The penstock is lined with Q345R and sigma ≥600MPa grade high strength steel plate.
C. Powerhouse complex The Powerhouse complex consists of the Main Cavern, Transformer Cavern, GIS Building, HV Cable Tunnel, Ventilation Tunnel, Tailrace Tunnel and Access Tunnel.
The underground powerhouse is arranged from south to north, including the auxiliary plant, machine hall and erection bay, with a total length of 98.34m.The main machine hall is 63.00m long, 24.00m wide and 44.96m high. Three conventional vertical axis Pelton turbines with a s capacity of 109 MW each are installed in the plant. The installation elevation is 1070.40m.
According to the layout requirements of mechanical and electrical equipment, the machine hall are arranged in four floors from bottom to top. The first floor is ball valve floor; with an elevation of 1067.40m.The second floor is the turbine floor, with an elevation of 1072.70m. It is mainly equipped with speed governor and technical water supply equipments. The third floor is an electrical interfloor, with an elevation of 1077.70m, which is mainly used to arrange the side screen, cable tray, etc. The fourth floor is the generator floor. The elevation of the floor is 1082.70m, which is mainly arranged with excitation transformer cabinet and self-use electricity cabinet of the unit.
The erection bay is located at the north side of the machine hall, the same width as the machine hall, 21.15m long and 25.42m high. A permanent deformation seam of 2cm wide is arranged
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 129 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) between it and the machine hall. There is only one floor in the erection bay. The elevation of the erection bay is 1082.70m, the same height as the generator floor. It is mainly used for unit installation and maintenance.
The auxiliary plant is located in the south of the machine hall, with a width of 24.00m, a length of 14.15m and a height of 24.70m. Five floors are arranged inside from the bottom to the top. The first floor is mainly arranged with oil tank room, oil treatment room, air compressor room and oven room. The second floor is a cable room with a elevation of 1077.70m.The third floor is mainly equipped with distribution equipment room and public distribution room, with the elevation of 1082.70m, the same height as the generator floor. The fourth floor is the central control floor, mainly equipped with central control room, computer room, conference room, etc. The fifth floor is the communication floor, which is mainly arranged with communication equipment room, communication power room, satellite communication room and data room etc., with the elevation of 1091.70m.
There are three branch tailrace tunnels with a total length of 84.96m and a section of arched straight wall with a size of 2.5×5.0m(width × height).
The transformer cavern is located at the downstream side of the powerhouse and is arranged in two floors. The lower floor is the transformer floor with an elevation of 1082.70m, while the upper floor is the cable room with an elevation of 1092.70m.Three bus holes are orthogonal to the main plant and transformer room, with a circular arch straight wall section and a size of 5.0×6.0m (width × height). The power station adopts the GIS building roof outlet mode. The GIS building is arranged on the ground. The ground elevation of the site is 1082.70m and it is arranged along the river. The GIS building is 45.0m long, 14.0m wide and 16.5m high. It is arranged in two floors. The lower floor is the cable floor. The upper floor is the GIS equipment floor with an elevation of 1087.70m, and the roof is the Switchyard with an elevation of 1099.20m.
The HV Cable tunnel is located at the north side of the main transformer room and the main plant. The cable tunnel is 187.67m long, with a circular arch straight wall section, a size of 4.5×4.5m (width × height), and an elevation of 1082.70m.
The ventilation tunnel is drawn from the top of the powerhouse and the top of the transformer cavern, connecting the 1103.50m elevation of the ground outlet, with a circular arch straight wall section, a size of 4.5×4.5m(width × height) and a total length of 290.87m.
The tailrace tunnel has a total length of 639.02m and is composed of three branch tailrace tunnels. Four control points W1 ~ W4 are set on the plane. The turning radius is 50m and the longitudinal slope I =1‰.The tunnel section adopts circular arch straight wall type with a size of 6.7×5.0m (width × height).The end of the tailrace tunnel is connected to the Marsyangdi river.
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The access tunnel enters the factory from the downstream side of the erection bay. The length of the tunnel is 165.39m, the section is of circular arch straight wall type, and the size is 7.2×7.0m (width × height).The vehicle return yard is set at the entrance hole, and the ground elevation of the vehicle return yard is 1082.70m.
6.1.2 Layout of the Lower Dam Site In Option 2, the lower dam site area is 430m downstream of the Tal suspension bridge. The Project consists of the Headworks, the water conveyance system and powerhouse complex.
A. Headworks The Headworks consists of the undersluice, spillway, LB&RB non-overflow dam, RB intake and RBUDC.
The LB non-overflow dam is concrete gravity type with dam crest at EL. 1,722.00 m and length of 28.0 m, 8.0 m in crest width and the maximum height of the dam is 44.5 m. The foundation level is at EL.1,677.50 m with the bank excavation slope 1:0.15.
The width of the two spillway bays and one undersluice section is 34.0 m. The sluice bay in flow direction is 60.0 m long in length. All the spillway bays and undersluice has a breast wall with flat invert slab at EL. 1,681.50 m close to the average river bed level. The foundation surface is at EL. 1,676.50m and the dam crest at EL. 1,722.00m. The maximum dam height is 45.5 m, foundation slab thickness is 5.0m, foundation dental trench depth is 2.0m；
The spillway bay size is 8.0×9.0m (W × H). The undersluice gate size is 3.0×9.0m (W × H). Each gate has a radial gate and fixed wheel maintenance gate. The thickness of the side piers are 3.5 m each and the thickness of the mid piers are 4.0 m each. The downstream concrete slab is 60 m in length and 2.5 m in thickness and sloped at 1:25. The scouring cutoff trench at the end of the downstream concrete slab is 8.0 m in depth downstream of which is a 40 m long rip rap of precast concrete blocks of 1.5 m in thickness. At the end of the rip rap is a 3.5 m deep scouring cutoff trench.
The RB non-overflow dam is concrete gravity type with dam crest at EL. 1,722.00 m and length of 33.0 m, in which Dam Block No.2 is 15.0 m in length, Dam Block No.3 is 18.0 m in length, 8.0 m in crest width and the maximum height of the dam is 44.5 m. The foundation level of Dam Block No.2 is at EL.1,677.50 m with the bank excavation slope 1:0.6. The foundation level of Dam Block No.3 is at EL.1,693.50 m.
The intake is located on the right bank upstream of the undersluice, having an angle of 107º with the dam axis. The intake consists of trash rack section and transition section. The crest of the top platform is the same as the dam crest at EL. 1,722.00 m. The intake structure is located on the overburden. The invert level of the trash rack is at EL. 1,686.50 m, which is 5 m higher than that of the invert level of the undersluice. The intake width is 6.0 m which is determined considering the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 131 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) plant diversion discharge and flow velocity at the trash rack. The trash rack has an opening of 6.0×35.5m (W × H) each. The width of side pier is 2.5 m.
A single 5.0 m diameter of horse shoe shaped feeder tunnel is provided to convey water from intake into two underground desilting chambers. Invert level of the feeder tunnel at intake is EL. 1,685.50 and at end it is EL. 1684.75 Feeder tunnel is provided at a slope of 0.8%, and the total length of the feeder tunnel is 95.42m. Feeder tunnel is designed for a design discharge of 68.54 m3/s including 15% of silt flushing discharge.
Figure 6-4: Layout of Lower Dam Site Headworks
B. Water Conveyance System & Powerhouse The layout and scheme of the water conveyance system and the powerhouse area is basically the same as compared with Option 1 except that the length of the headrace tunnel is slightly 122.14 m shorter than option 1.
6.1.3 Dam Site Selection A. Reservoir Both of the Dam Site has same FSL at 1,720.00m. Upper dam site has DSL at 1,711.00m, and Lower dam site has DSL at 1,716.00m. The storage capacity below the FSL of the upper dam site scheme is 483,000 m3, and that of the lower dam site scheme is 650,200 m3. Under the same daily regulation performance, the water level of option 2 is smaller and more electric energy is obtained.
B. Geological condition
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The Upper dam site is located 50m downstream of the suspension bridge near to Tal village. The river bed elevation at EL.1,690.00 m and an average water surface width of 17 ~ 25 m in dry season. The river channel is straight.The Lower dam site river bed elevation at EL.1,677.00 m and an average water surface width of 14 ~ 31 m in dry season. The lower reaches of the river have a large bend. The slopes on both sides of the strait are bedrock and the geological conditions are conducive to engineering layout. Since the height of the dam at the lower dam site is larger than upper dam site, higher foundation bearing capacity is required. The natural ground does not meet its needs, it is necessary to carry out the corresponding treatment to the foundation.
C. Project Layout The length of the dam top is 68m about option1, and the option 2 is 95m. The sluice bay in flow direction is 50.0 m long in length of Option1, and the option 2 is 60.0m. The maximum dam height of option 1 is 37.0m, and the option 2 is 45.5m. HRT of Option 1 has a total length of 12.07 km, HRT of Option 2 has a total length of 11.95 km which is 122.14 m shorter than Option 1. See Table 6-1: for comparative details.
D. Conditions for Construction Both options have equivalent scale and degree of difficulty of the river diversion works of Headworks, both sites have the same diversion flood standard of 10 years.
The Lower Dam Site needs the construction of the High pressure rotary jet grouting pile foundation having much higher difficult of foundation treatment than that of the Upper Dam Site.
Table 6-1: Comparison of the Headworks and Waterways S.N. Item Unit Option 1 Option2 1 Excavation of Overburden m3 93669 102330 2 Open excavation of rock m3 13236 6709 3 Underground excavation of rock m3 633439 624412 4 Shaft excavation of rock m3 14581 14581 5 Backfill with rock m3 6000 5428 6 Backfill with gravel and soil m3 58000 60371 7 Concrete m3 323900 359404 8 Shotcrete m3 39780 39065 9 Rebar t 18456 19386 10 Steel plate t 3766 3755 11 Filter m3 4485 4485 12 Rock anchor no.s 100355 97527 13 Drainage pipe m 3548 3548 14 Concrete cut-off wall m2 1929 2432 15 Backfill grouting m2 54148 52423 16 Consolidation grouting m 65868 48788 17 Contact grouting m2 1738 1721 18 Curtain grouting m 8849 10135
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S.N. Item Unit Option 1 Option2 19 High pressure rotary jet grouting pile m 6894 15321 Source: UFSR, 2019 6.1.4 Project Cost Project total static cost of the Upper Dam Site and Lower Dam Site is given in Table 6-2. The Project Total Static Investment for the Upper Dam Site is USD 552.46 million, while that for the Lower Dam Site is USD 564.31million. The Upper Dam Site has a project saving of USD 11.85 million. Table 6-2: Comparison of Cost of Upper & Lower Dam Sites Cost (mill. USD) S.N. Item Upper Lower 1 Key Project Works 396.92 412.53 1.1 Construction Auxiliary Works 38.35 40.4 1.2 Civil Works 253.72 267.28 1.3 Environmental Protection and Soil & Water Conservation Works 7.61 7.61 1.4 Mechanical & Electrical Equipment Installation Works 76.87 76.87 1.5 Mechanical Equipment and Installation Works 20.37 20.37 2 Compensation Fee for Land Acquisition and Settlement 7.86 7.86 3 Transmission Lines 5.86 5.86 4 Independent Fee 91.6 91.6 Sum of 1 - 4 502.23 517.84 5 Basic Preparatory Fee 50.22 46.47 Total Static Cost (Sum of 1-5) 552.46 564.31 Cost Difference (Lower - Upper ) 11.85 Source: UFSR, 2019
6.1.5 Power and Energy Energy Indies Project energy indices of the Upper and Lower Dam Sites are given in Table below. The Upper Dam Site has an installation capacity of 327 MW, the average annual energy yield of 1,784 GWh, the kW static cost of USD1,689.5/kW, the kWh static cost of USD 0.310/kWh. While the Lower Dam Site has an installation capacity of 330 MW, the average annual energy yield of 1,794.4 GWh, the kW static cost of USD1,684.5/kW, the kWh static cost of USD 0.314/kWh. The cost of the lower dam site is 11.85 million USD more than that of the Upper Dam Site, and the cost of supplementary electric energy is USD1.129/kWh, which is higher than that of the basic electric energy cost.The Upper Dam Site has more advantages. Table 6-3: Power & Energy Parameters for Upper & Lower Dam Sites Project Unit Upper Lower Multi-year average flow m3/s 94.4 94.4 Normal storage level m 1,720.00 1,720.00 Dead storage level m 1,711.00 1,716.00 Reservoir storage capacity below full MCM 0.484 0.650 supply level Storage capacity below dead water level MCM 0.242 0.405 Storage capacity regulation MCM 0.242 0.245 Units installation elevation m 1070.40 1070.40 Ecological environment water use m3/s release 10% flow of every month’s average
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Project Unit Upper Lower flow Installed capacity MW 327 330 Turbine number per unit Set 3 3 Average annual generated energy GWh 1784 1794 Electric-power output during dry season (from December to May of the following GWh 573 575 year) Proportion of electric-power output during dry season (from December to % 32.12 32.04 May of the following year) Annual utilization hours for install h 5,631 5608 Rated water head m 615.8 626.8 Diversion volume of power station m3/s 59.6 59.6 static cost per kW USD 1689.5 1684.5 Static cost per kWh USD 0.310 0.314 Source: UFSR, 2019 6.1.6 Conclusion of the Dam Site Selection The comprehensive comparison in terms of the topographic, geological conditions, project layout, construction conditions, project investment and energy index. It can be seen that the Upper Dam Site scheme bears the advantages of reasonable cascade connection, less investment and the better economy and is therefore recommended.
6.2 HRT Routing Selection The headrace rout area of Marsyangdi River is straight. The Marsyangdi River flows in S10ºE direction into the powerhouse area. On both sides of the line there are massive mountains with an elevation greater than 4,500 masl and a relative height difference more than 1,500 m. The riverside slopes are generally 500 ~ 1,000 m high with a natural slope of 45° ~ 65° on both sides. The area is featured with high mountains and deep gorges. The branch gully on the left bank is Kawai Chhahara khola, Chhahare khola, Koyeprokyu khola and Radi khola; the branch gully on the right bank is Myardi khola and Galdu khola, among them, Myardi khola cutting mountain body is relatively deep.
The exposed bedrock in the headrace route area is composed of gneiss in the attitude of schistosity of N77ºW/NE∠30-40º through the joints along the schistosity relatively developed and in the strike intersecting with river direction at a small angle - medium angle. The rock is hard. The Quaternary loose deposit is mainly distributed in the riverbed and the gentle slope on both sides of the river. It is mainly composed of Qcol-dl block stone (rubble) soil, alluvial boulder, pebble and gravel, proluvial boulder, (block) pebble and (rubble) gravel and glacial-deposit block stone (rubble) soil.
At present, two water diversion route layout schemes are proposed for comparison and selection at this stage. The main difference between the two schemes is that the diversion line is different from the position of the mydri khola ditch. The trench is a tributary of the Marsyangdi River with a steep slope and a slope drop of about 25%.
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Option 1: The headrace tunnel passes through a 40m-high, 100m-long bridge across the Myardi khola valley, or it can also be considered crossing the valley from below the river by inverted siphon building.
Option 2: The location of the headrace tunnel through the Myardi Khola is more upstream than the crossing point of option 1, where there is enough rock depth coverage thickness, and the tunnel can be used to cross the valley directly.
Figure 6-5: Option 1 of HRT across Myardi khola Figure 6-5: Myardi Khola
The advantage of Option 1 is that the diversion line can traverse the valley at the shortest distance to the right bank of the Myardi Khola, although it has the following drawbacks: . Taking into account the weight of the penstock laid by the option, combined with the required seismic design, such projects usually need to consider the use of special structures, which are often large and expensive. . This option is still affected by potential geological activities, such as cliffs, landslides or rock landslides. . The programme is vulnerable to human damage. . For the above reasons, option 2 was selected as the recommended option.
6.3 Selection of Powerhouse The concept of cascade design was kept unchanged for the powerhouse site from the earlier Feasibility Study. In the earlier studies the powerhouse site was selected at upstream of the Syange village. In this area the river has a bend with the water surface elevation of 1740 – 1750 masl in dry season. The bank 2.0 - 3.0 m above the river bed having a length of 150 m in flow direction and a width of 15.0 m. The site considered has advantaged geological condition to build the powerhouse
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 136 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) hence; the powerhouse building is arranged on the right bank. The powerhouse site is 100m away from the Syange suspension bridge.
According to the engineering geological conditions, two options of powerhouse as below have been compared:
Option 1: Underground PH: Upper Dam Site Headworks (UDSHW) + RB headrace tunnel (RBHRT) + Underground Powerhouse Option 2: Surface PH: UDSHW + RBHRT + Suface Powerhouse
Figure 6-6: Optional Powerhouse Sites
6.3.1 Option 1: Underground Powerhouse The Powerhouse complex consists of the Main Cavern, Transformer Cavern, GIS Building, HV Cable Tunnel, Ventilation Tunnel, Tailrace Tunnel and Access Tunnel.
The underground powerhouse is arranged from south to north, including the auxiliary plant, machine hall and erection bay, with a total length of 98.34m.The main machine hall is 63.00m long, 24.00m wide and 44.96m high. Three conventional vertical axis Pelton turbines with a s capacity of 109 MW each are installed in the plant. The installation elevation is 1070.40m.
According to the layout requirements of mechanical and electrical equipment, the machine hall are arranged in four floors from bottom to top. The first floor is ball valve floor; with an elevation of 1067.40m.The second floor is the turbine floor, with an elevation of 1072.70m. It is mainly equipped with speed governor and technical water supply equipment. The third floor is an electrical interfloor, with an elevation of 1077.70m, which is mainly used to arrange the side screen, cable tray, etc. The fourth floor is the generator floor. The elevation of the floor is 1082.70m, which is mainly arranged with excitation transformer cabinet and self-use electricity cabinet of the unit.
The erection bay is located at the north side of the machine hall, the same width as the machine hall, 21.15m long and 25.42m high. A permanent deformation seam of 2cm wide is arranged between it and the machine hall. There is only one floor in the erection bay. The elevation of the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 137 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) erection bay is 1082.70m, the same height as the generator floor. It is mainly used for unit installation and maintenance.
The auxiliary plant is located in the south of the machine hall, with a width of 24.00m, a length of 14.15m and a height of 24.70m. Five floors are arranged inside from the bottom to the top. The first floor is mainly arranged with oil tank room, oil treatment room, air compressor room and oven room. The second floor is a cable room with a elevation of 1077.70m.The third floor is mainly equipped with distribution equipment room and public distribution room, with the elevation of 1082.70m, the same height as the generator floor. The fourth floor is the central control floor, mainly equipped with central control room, computer room, conference room, etc. The fifth floor is the communication floor, which is mainly arranged with communication equipment room, communication power room, satellite communication room and data room etc., with the elevation of 1091.70m. There are three branch tailrace tunnels with a total length of 84.96m and a section of arched straight wall with a size of 2.5×5.0m(width × height).
The transformer cavern is located at the downstream side of the powerhouse and is arranged in two floors. The lower floor is the transformer floor with an elevation of 1082.70m, while the upper floor is the cable room with an elevation of 1092.70m.Three bus holes are orthogonal to the main plant and transformer room, with a circular arch straight wall section and a size of 5.0×6.0m(width × height).
The power station adopts the GIS building roof outlet mode. The GIS building is arranged on the ground. The ground elevation of the site is 1082.70m and it is arranged along the river. The GIS building is 45.0m long, 14.0m wide and 16.5m high. It is arranged in two floors. The lower floor is the cable floor. The upper floor is the GIS equipment floor with an elevation of 1087.70m, and the roof is the Switchyard with an elevation of 1099.20m.
The HV Cable tunnel is located at the north side of the main transformer room and the main plant. The cable tunnel is 187.67m long, with a circular arch straight wall section, a size of 4.5×4.5m (width × height), and an elevation of 1082.70m.
The ventilation tunnel is drawn from the top of the powerhouse and the top of the transformer cavern, connecting the 1103.50m elevation of the ground outlet, with a circular arch straight wall section, a size of 4.5×4.5m(width × height) and a total length of 290.87m.
The tailrace tunnel has a total length of 639.02m and is composed of three branch tailrace tunnels. Four control points W1 ~ W4 are set on the plane. The turning radius is 50m and the longitudinal slope I =1‰.The tunnel section adopts circular arch straight wall type with a size of 6.7×5.0m (width × height).The end of the tailrace tunnel is connected to the Marsyangdi river.
The access tunnel enters the factory from the downstream side of the erection bay. The length of the tunnel is 165.39m, the section is of circular arch straight wall type, and the size is 7.2×7.0m
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(width × height).The vehicle return yard is set at the entrance hole, and the ground elevation of the vehicle return yard is 1082.70m.
Figure 6-7: Layout of Underground Powerhouse 6.3.2 Option 2: Suface Powerhouse The powerhouse complex includes the machine hall, auxiliary powerhouse, GIS building, tailrace structures and access road. The machine hall and erection bay has the same width both parallel to the river where the erection bays is on the downstream of the machine hall. The auxiliary powerhouse and GIS building lie upstream of the machine hall.
Powerhouse complex is 26.05 m wide, 35.30 m high and 85.00 m long with machine hall length of 62.5 m. Three (3) vertical shaft Pelton turbine units are set in the machine hall each having an installation capacity of 109 MW, unit spacing is 18.00 m, turbines settling level is at 1,081.50 masl. The erection bay is 23 m in length having the same width as the powerhouse and is set on only one floor at 1,081.80 masl. The auxiliary powerhouse is arranged in four floors behind the erection bay having a length of 23.00 m and width of 14.00 m. The GIS building is arranged in three floors behind the machine hall having a length of 43.00 m and width of 14.00 m. The tailrace structures include a tailrace culvert, a tailrace open channel.
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Figure 6-8: Optional Surface Powerhouse
6.3.3 Comparison of Powerhouse Options The Underground PH (UPH) and Surface PH (SPH) have been compared in terms of the topographic and geological conditions, general layout, energy yield, construction, land acquisition, settlement and rehabilitation, environmental impact, project investment, etc.
A. Topographic and Geological Conditions The texture of the rock is medium to coarse and it is typically characterised by alternating light and dark layers, the former having usually a coarsely granular texture while the latter, with high mica content (sheet silicate – phyllosilicate family), shows a well developed schistosity, which dip direction is towards North and its dip about 30º-40°.
B. Project Layout In term of the project layout and quantity of works, the major difference between two options lies at the water conveyance system and power generation system. The main differences are at the excavation and support in the powerhouse area, the quantities of major civil works is presented in Table 6-4.
Table 6-4: Quantities of the Major Civil Works of the UPH and SPH S.N. Item Unit Option 1 Option 2 1 Excavation of Overburden m3 410 31,765 2 Open excavation of rock m3 13,554 15,855 3 Underground excavation of rock m3 952,449 778,254 4 Shaft excavation of rock m3 14,581 14,581
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5 Backfill with gravel and soil m3 5,047 6 Concrete m3 206,092 198,278 7 Shotcrete m3 47,741 45,132 8 Rebar t 18,296 17,067 9 Steel plate t 3,807 4,312 10 Stone Masonry m3 540 1,631 11 Rock anchor no. 139,201 114,164 12 Drainage pipe m 77,724 67,099 13 Backfill grouting m2 76,205 66,012 14 Consolidation grouting m 64,836 64,836 15 Contact grouting m2 1,738 2,156 16 Curtain grouting m 276 276 17 Brick Masonry m3 3,406 3,331 18 High pressure rotary jet grouting pile m 7,990 Source: UFSR, 2019 C. Energy Indices Project energy indices of the UPH and SPH are given in Table 6-5.
Table 6-5: Project Energy Indices of the UPH and SPH Project Unit UPH SPH Multi-year average flow m3/s 94.4 94.4 Normal storage level m 1,720.00 1,720.00 Dead storage level m 1,711.00 1,711.00 Storage capacity regulation MCM 0.242 0.242 Units installation elevation m 1070.40 1079.50 release 10% flow of every month’s Ecological environment water use m3/s average flow Installed capacity MW 327 324.3 Turbine number per unit Set 3 3 Average annual generated energy GWh 1784 1769 Electric-power output during dry season (from December to May of the GWh 573 527 following year) Proportion of electric-power output during dry season (from December to % 32.12 29.8 May of the following year) Annual utilization hours for install h 5,631 5,632.00 Rated water head m 615.8 610.4 Diversion volume of power station m3/s 59.6 59.6 (Source: UFSR, 2019)
D. Project cost and Benefit The static investment of the SPH is USD 44.76 million less than that of the UPH. the average annual energy yield of UPH is 1,783.9 million kWh, which is more 14.7 million kWh than SPH, and the investment of supplementary electric energy is USD3.045/kWh.
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E. Environmental impact The ground Powerhouse option will occupy a large amount of land and is very close to the downstream village. It may occupy more land and cause problems related to resettlement. This is quite unfavorable to the construction of the power station.
F. Conclusion of the Powerhouse Comparison Therefore, the Underground powerhouse is selected with consideration to the above mentioned factors.
6.4 Optimization of reservoir 6.4.1 Full supply level The Full Supply Level calculation was carried out by selecting a kind of scheme suitable for the power system of Nepal based on load demand. According to Nepal's current electricity price policy, electricity prices of the daily regulating hydropower stations during peak load periods varies by the stations different regulation capacities in dry season (Table 6-6).
Table 6-6: Energy Tariffs for PRoR HEPs Dry season (from December Peaking hours (h) 2>h≥1 3>h≥2 4>h≥3 4>h≥6 to May of the following Peak rate (NR/kWh) 8.5 8.8 9.4 10.55 year) Off-peak rate (NR/kWh) 8.4 Wet season (June ~ Electricity price (NR/kWh) 4.8 November) Source: UFSR, 2019
Therefore, different regulation storage capacity will bring different electricity selling benefits. According to daily runoff data from 2000 to 2016 at the dam site, an inflow assurance rate of 95% corresponds to a flow of 8.45 m3/s, which would be 7.43 m3/s after deducting a 1.02 m3/s environmental flow. Design water diversion flow of this power station is 36.78 m3/s, and the regulation storage capacity required for the full operation of the power station for 1 hour is 110,000 m3. The regulation storage capacity required for the peak load electricity prices of 8.5 NR/kWh, 8.8 NR/kWh, 9.4NR/kWh and 10.55 NR/kWh is 110,000 m3, 220,000 m3, 330,000 m3 and 440,000 m3 respectively.
A. Formulation of Full Supply Level Scheme According to the hydraulic layout of the headwork, in order to meet the requirements of the water intake depth and the flushing effect of the desanding chamber, the full supply level should not be less than 1,718.00 masl and a lower limit should be set on the storage level. In addition, considering Nepal's domestic hydropower price policy, the maximum regulation storage capacity of the power station will be able to meet requirement of 4h to 6h operation under peak load, while the corresponding stage will be the upper limit of the full supply level. Therefore, five schemes of full supply levels of 1,718.00 masl, 1,720.00 masl, 1,722.00 masl, 1,723.00 masl and 1,725.00 masl, have been drawn up with the corresponding regulation capacity of 0 m3, 161,000 m3, 300,000 m3,
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380,000 m3 and 550,000 m3 respectively. The regulation utilization hours are 0h, 1.5h, 2.5h, 3.4h and 5h respectively.
The corresponding dead water level for each full supply level scheme will be able to meet the requirements of headwork layout, water intake and sand control. Schemes for which the full supply levels are 1,718.00 masl and 1,720.00 masl, 1,722.00 masl, 1,723.00 masl and 1,725.00 masl respectively will apply a 2.579.00 masl dead water level. B. Runoff Regulation Computation UM-2HEP is a diversion type power station. According to the above-mentioned operation mode of the reservoir, the runoff regulation computation is carried out in accordance with the average daily flow rate of 17 years from 2000 to 2016.
Table 6-7: Selection of Full Supply Levels Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Items/Descriptions Unit Scheme 1 2 3 4 5 Normal storage level m 1,718 1,720 1,722 1,723 1,725 Dead storage level m 1,711 1,711 1,711 1,711 1,711 Reservoir storage capacity below MCM 0.303 0.464 0.602 0.680 0.855 full supply level Storage capacity regulation MCM 0 0.161 0.30 0.38 0.55 Capability regulation N/A Daily Daily Daily Daily Regulation hour h 0 1.5 2.5 3.4 5 Days of shutdown for sediment d 15.75 15.75 15.75 15.75 15.75 discharge in wet season Days of shutdown for sediment d 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 discharge in dry season. Installed capacity MW 327 327 327 327 327 Dry season output (from December MW 131.02 131.19 131.29 131.34 131.45 to May of the following year) Average annual generated energy GWh 1783 17.4 1784 1785 1785 Generated energy in dry season (from December to May of the GW·h 211.6 212.3 212.8 213.0 213.5 following year) Among them: the peak regulation GW·h 572.2 573.0 573.4 573.6 574.1 energy in dry season. Generated energy in wet season GW·h 1210.9 1210.9 1210.9 1210.9 1210.9 (from June to November). Installed utilization hours h 5,197 5,202 5,205 5,207 5,211 Water utilization ratio % 42.60 42.60 42.60 42.60 42.60 Diversion volume of power station m3/s 59.6 59.6 59.6 59.6 59.6 Turbine Type Pelton Pelton Pelton Pelton Pelton Number of installed sets Set 3 3 3 3 3 Rated water head m 615.8 615.8 615.8 615.8 615.8 Financial internal rate of return for % 9.07 9.08 9.11 9.25 9.65 total investment Financial net present value for 10k USD 2,690.44 2,714.00 2,806.92 3,155.62 4,237.12 total investment (i=8%) Financial internal rate of return for % 13.71 13.73 13.80 14.09 14.94
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Scheme Scheme Scheme Scheme Items/Descriptions Unit Scheme 1 2 3 4 5 capital. Financial net present value for 10l USD 3,396.02 3,417.20 3,498.54 3,790.00 4,693.15 capital (i=10%) The unit is USD/kW USD/kW 2034 2037 2042 2045 2052 The unit is USD/kW·h USD/kW·h 0.3914 0.3917 0.3922 0.3927 0.3938 Difference of average annual MW·h 700 400 200 500 generated energy Difference of static gross 10k USD 50.1 56.9 38.3 100.2 investment Supplementary investment per USD/kW·h 0.7157 1.4225 1.9150 2.0040 kilowatt-hour Source: UFSR, 2019 Note: The energy indicators in the table are all indicators after deducting the shutdown sediment discharge.
C. Selection of Full Supply Level I. Power and energy indicators With the increase of the full supply level, the average output and average annual power generation in dry season of the power station increase slightly, so the full supply level may be raised properly from the perspective of obtaining electric energy.
II. Requirements to meet the regulation of reservoir storage capacity Other full supply level schemes may meet the requirement of daily regulation except for Scheme-I, and the full supply level may be raised properly to enhance the peak regulation capacity of the power station and increase the peak regulation power.
D. Economic indicators The per kilowatt investment and per kilowatt-hour investment of all schemes are basically equivalent which are about USD 2,040 /kW and USD 0.392 /kWh respectively. In the view of financial internal rate of return for total investment and financial internal rate of return for capital, with the increase of the full supply level, although supplementary investment per kilowatt-hour of schemes is higher than basic scheme-Indicators and emerges the increasing trend, due to the large multistep electricity price difference in peak regulation, internal rate of return for total investment and capital still rise gradually, indicating that increasing the regulation of reservoir storage capacity may effectively increase performance of power station, and the full supply level may be raised properly.
E. Land acquisition and resettlement The compensation investment for the land acquisition and resettlement of migrants program will increase with the increase of the full supply level, but the growth is small, the submerged influence degree is basically the same, which cannot control the full supply level selection.
F. Cascade development
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According to the scope of cascade development already determined by the Nepal government, the elevation of the upstream control development of this power station is 1,720.00m. Considering the increase of its own energy index and the development scope comprehensively, the full supply level of UM2HEP will be 1,720.00 masl.
Hence, to sum up, the full supply level is determined to be 1,720.00 masl for this stage. Selection of the dead water level and the sediment discharge operation control water level during flood season.
6.4.2 Dead Storage Level To determine the dead storage level of the UM2HEP the water diversion and sediment prevention was taken into consideration to ensure the reasonable arrangement of the safe water diversion at the inlet. The design head of the UM2HEP is high, so the headworks layout is designed to solve the problems of water diversion and sedimentation prevention. Hence, to achieve this diversion and sediment prevention system has three lines of defense: . The first is composed of the trash passage, the undersluice and the intake trash rack. The invert level of intake is 1695 masl which is 14.0m higher than the elevation of the undersluice invert is placed close to the downstream of the water intake channel. The trash passage is set at the front edge of the undersluice to facilitate "sediment prevention effect" and the grid can prevent the bed load from entering the channel. . The second line of defense is a sediment discharge vortex tube, which is set in front of the entrance gate of desanding chamber to block large-particle-diameter sediment and gravel, discharging them into the lower main channel through the sediment discharge channel and the third line of defense is the desanding chamber, which is designed according to trap less than 0.1 mm diameter sized particle at 80 to 90% efficiency. The flushing system of desanding chamber is double-chamber periodic flushing. . The intake flood is designed at an elevation of 577.00 masl and the minimum water depth at the lowest elevation of 1711 masl is 2m which can meet the requirements of the diversion flow rate and flow rate for sediment discharge. Therefore, comprehensively taking the requirements of water inlet layout and water diversion and sediment prevention into consideration, the dead water level is determined to be 1,718.00 masl. In this stage, the recommended full supply level is 1,720.00 masl. When the regressing depth of the reservoir water level is 3m, the adjusted storage capacity is 161,000 m3, which can meet the requirement of peak regulation for 1-2 hours.
6.4.3 The Operation Level during flood On average annual basis, the UM2HEP’s suspended load concentration is 2.151 kg/m3，the sediment concentration of suspended load is 4.36 million tonnes and that of bed load is 1.31 million tonnes. In order to achieve the goal of maintaining the regulating capacity of the reservoir for a long term, the energy indicators were compared between the two schemes of 1,718 masl and 2582 masl for flood season from June to September. When the inflow is more than 300 m3/s, system will remain shut down for flushing.
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According to the calculation results of sediment accumulation, when the operation level of the reservoir in flood season is 1,718.00 masl and 1,720.00 masl respectively. The sedimentation results under different operating years of the reservoir are shown in Table 6-8.
Table 6-8: Operation Reservoir Level for Sediment Flushing Scheme Application period (year) 2 5 10 20 Loss rate of storage capacity below full supply level 10.4 13.4 15.5 16.3 (%) The Residual regulation storage capacity (10 thousand 15.3 15.0 14.8 14.7 operation m3) water level Loss rate of regulation storage capacity (%) 5.2 6.6 8.0 8.9 during the Annual sediment discharge times (time) 48 48 48 48 flood Shutdown sediment discharge days (d) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 season is 1,711.00 m Sediment discharge hours during night off-peak (h) 288 288 288 288 Average sedimentation elevation at forepart of gate 1697.30 1697.50 1697.70 1697.70 (m) Loss rate of storage capacity below full supply level 12.3 15.2 15.9 16.9 The (%) operation Residual regulation storage capacity (10k m3) 15.1 14.6 14.4 14.3 water level Loss rate of regulation storage capacity (%) 6.0 9.1 10.5 11.4 during the Annual sediment discharge times (time) 52 52 52 52 flood Shutdown sediment discharge days (d) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 season is Sediment discharge hours during night off-peak (h) 312 312 312 312 1,716.00 m Average sedimentation elevation at forepart of gate 1697.30 1697.50 1697.70 1697.70 (m) Source: UFSR, 2019
Table 6-8 shows that when the operation water level is 1,718.00 masl and 1,720.00 masl in flood season, the residual regulation storage capacity after 20-year operation of the HPP is 147,000 m3 and 143,000 m3 respectively, so the impact of the two schemes on the reservoir storage capacity regulation is not significant. However, for the 1,716 masl scheme, sediment discharge during night off-peak is 4 times more.
According to the energy indicator for the different operation water level in different flood seasons, for the operation level of 1,711 masl discharge operation during the flood season increases by about 2.5 GWh, compared to the annual power generation of 1,716.00 masl. It is mainly caused by the decrease in the number of sediment flushing for operation level of 1,711.00 masl by 4 times than that of 1,716.00 masl and the power generation increased by raising the flood limit water level in the flood season. Table 6-9: Energy under Sediment Flushing Schemes Scheme Project Unit operation reservoir operation reservoir level in wet season: level in wet season: 1,711 m 1,716 m Average annual generated GWh 1702.3 1699.8 energy - dry season GWh 212.3 212.3 - wet season GWh 490.0 487.5
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 146 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Energy loss for sediment GWh 53.5 56.7 flushing Annual electricity difference GWh 2.50
Therefore, after comprehensive consideration of the effect of shutdown for sediment discharge and the influence of power generation, operation level during the flood season of this project is considered as same as that of dead water level, which is determined to be 1,711.00 masl.
6.5 Operation mode of reservoir and power station 6.5.1 Operation Mode of Reservoir I. Wet season (June-November) In order to reduce sediment accumulation in the reservoir and maintain the regulation storage capacity for a long term, the water level of the reservoir is reduced to the control water level of 1,711.00 masl for flushing during the wet season. In order to reduce the abrasion of sand on the flow passing parts of the turbine, the reservoir water level can be adjusted daily between 1,711 masl to 1,720 masl. In addition, when the inflow is greater than or equal to 300 m3/s during the wet season, the power station will stop generating electricity to avoid the sediment peak. The time allotted for sediment flushing in wet season should be 378h (shutdown sediment discharge for 4.5 days, and one off-peak sediment discharge every 2-5 days with 45 times in total and 6h per time).
II. Dry season (December - May) The power station carries out daily regulation and the water level of the reservoir fluctuates between the full supply level of 1,720.00 masl and the dead water level of 1,711.00 masl. In addition, considering that the sediment inflow in May is relatively large, it requires 3-time off-peak shutdown for sediment discharge with 6h each time.
6.5.2 Operation Mode of Power Station With daily regulation capacity, UM2HEP is mainly responsible for the system base-load operation, besides the flood discharge to regulate peak load according to the system requirements during wet season. During dry season, the power station will carry out daily regulation and bear the peak load of the system.
6.6 Optimization of Conveyance System The HRT of UM2HEP lies on the right bank of Marsyangdi River. The length of the tunnel is approximately 12,070 m and the length of the penstock is approximately 915 m. Taking into account the maximum intake discharge, the velocity of the penstock and the geological terrain and construction conditions of water diversion tunnel, the pressure pipe diameter is respectively 3.9m, 3.8m and 3.7m for tunnel diameter of 4.9m, 5.0m, and 5.1m. These three dimension was used for the optimization of HRT.
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6.6.1 Energy and Financial Calculation The difference in head loss leads to the difference in annual power generation. The cost difference between the schemes mainly involves the change in cost of the water diversion scheme with unit economy indicators which is presented in Table 6-10. Table 6-10: Cost and Energy Comparison of HRT Options Descriptions Unit Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 Tunnel diameter m 4.9 5.0 5.1 Diameter of penstock m 3.9 3.8 3.7 Tunnel maximum flow rate m/s 3.16 3.04 2.92 Maximum flow rate of penstock m/s 4.99 5.26 5.54 Maximum head loss m 25.88 24.83 23.94 Annual power loss GWh 78.30 75.12 72.43 Static gross investment 10k USD 55095 55246 55446 Difference of static gross investment 10k USD 150.56 200.38 The value of annual power loss GWh 4.00 4.02 Supplementary investment per USD/kWh 0.376 0.498 kilowatt-hour
From the Table above, it can be seen that with the increase in headrace tunnel, annual power loss is gradually decreasing. Whereas, increase in the headrace tunnel diameter from 4.9 m to 5.0m, penstock diameter increased from 3.9 m to 3.8m, the value of annual power loss was 4 million kWh, the investment increased to 1.51 million USD, and its supplemental unit energy investment is 0.376 USD/kWh, lower than the unit energy indicators of the station, which showed that the increasing water diversion tunnel diameter and pressure pipe diameter were economic. The water diversion tunnel diameter increased from 5.0m to 5.1m, the pressure pipe diameter increased from 3.8m to 3.7m, the value of annual power loss was 4.02 million kWh, the investment increased to 2.00 million USD and its supplemental unit energy investment is 0.498 USD/kWh, higher than the unit energy indicators of the station, which showed that it is unfavorable to increase the diversion tunnel diameter.
Hence, at this stage, the headrace tunnel’s diameter is 5.0m and the corresponding penstock's diameter is 3.8m.
6.7 Optimization of installed capacity The fundamental basis of installed capacity selection for this project is to meet the Nepalese power system demands, rationally use hydropower resources, and conform to relevant HPP policies. Comprehensive reference to the constructed, under-construction, and awaiting construction of the similar stations, it is proposed to compare and select from three schemes with installed capacity of 297.0 MW, 327.0 MW and 357.0 MW. According to the water head range, all the installed capacity schemes adopt two units of Pelton turbine. The estimation of project duration and construction cost is based on the same dam type and similar construction intensity.
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6.7.1 Hydropower computation The UM2HEP is a PRoR type hydropower station. In order to select the installed capacity reasonably, comparisons are made among schemes in terms of installed capacity according to head loss of headrace tunnel or the tunnel with similar diameter. The financial index calculation of each schemes considered with the condition that whether the electric-power output during dry season reaches 30% of annual power generation. If not, the annual fine will be considered.
Table 6-11: Optimization of Installed Capacity Descriptions Unit Scheme 1 Scheme 2 Scheme 3 Installed capacity MW 297 327.0 357 Normal storage level m 1720.00 Units installation elevation m 1070.40 Regulation characteristic Daily regulation Average annual generated energy GWh 1688.2 1779.4 1865.5 Electric-power output during dry season (from December to May of the following GWh 569.6 573.0 575.8 year) Proportion of electric-power output during dry season (from December to % 33.74 32.2 30.86 May of the following year) Annual utilization hours for install h 5886 5617 5379 Water utilization ratio % 40.39 42.60 44.70 Maximum water head m 649.6 649.6 649.6 Minimum water head m 649.6 649.6 649.6 Weighted average head m 615.8 615.8 615.8 Rated water head m 624.8 625.1 625.3 Diversion volume of power station m3/s 53.9 59.6 65.2 Static gross investment 10k USD 52,555.33 55,245.73 58,061.20 The unit is USD/kW USD/kW 1769.53 1689.47 1626.36 The unit is USD/kW·h USD/kWh 0.311 0.310 0.311 Difference of static gross investment 10k USD 2690.4 2815.47 The difference between installed capacity MW 30 30 The difference between average annual million kW·h 91.2 86.1 generated energy Supplementary investment per kilowatt- USD/kW·h 0.295 0.327 hour Environmental Environmental impact of major impact of major Environmental Aspect significance not significance not foreseen foreseen
6.7.2 Installed Capacity Selection The installed capacity raises from 327MW to 357MW and the average annual generated energy increases to 86.1 million kWh. The growth rate of energy index has been slightly reduced with the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 149 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) increase of installed capacity. By the analysis of energy index, the installed capacity could be appropriately increased.
By the calculation results of static economic indicators of the hydroelectric station, the investment per unit electrical energy of each schemes basically the same, which is about $0.311/kWh. Seeing from the supplementary investment per kilowatt-hour, when the installed capacity increased from 297 MW to 327 MW, it is 0.295 USD/kWh but when the installed capacity increased from 327 MW to 357 MW, it is 0.327 USD/kWh. Both of them are lower than the investment per kilowatt- hour of each scheme. Considering the power utilization efficiency, the installed capacity could be appropriately increased.
According to the relevant policies of Nepal, the electric-power output during dry season (from December to May of the following year) of daily regulation HPP needs to be of a minimum of 30% of annual generated energy. From the perspective of electric-power output during dry season, the electric-power output during dry season of the scheme with 357 MW installed capacity accounts for 30.86% of annual power generation, whereas,297 MW and 327 MW installed capacity accounts for 33.74% and 32.2% of annual power generation respectively, which meets the requirements above.
Hence from the comprehensive analysis of energy economy and power output during dry season, revenue generation, financial indices and other factors, the installed capacity of UM2HEP is 327 MW
6.8 Alternatives to Hydropower Energy There are very few alternatives to hydropower development to meet the growing demand for energy in the country. The majority of the people still depend on forest resources. With respect to the continuation of harvesting country's limited forest resources, the growth in energy demand cannot be met by this resource alone. The use of solar power and biogas can be alternate sources but they still will not be able to fully satisfy all of the country's energy demands and expensive alternative. Thermal power also has its own hindrance as per the environmental pollution. Therefore, hydropower development is a very attractive alternative for the country. It is a clean form of energy and it utilizes a renewable resource that Nepal is generously endowed with. Hydropower is, thus, a very suitable alternative of meeting present and future demand for electricity.
Small and medium hydro-power projects are more suitable to meet Nepal's present energy needs. Furthermore, the development of these projects also have the advantage of being less demanding to the environment, using maximum local manpower, spreading development activities to many parts of the country and reducing dependency on one or a few large projects. It can thus be concluded that there are very few alternate projects that can match the advantages provided by project like the UM-2 HEP. The fact that the implementation of UM-2 HEP will result in very few adverse environmental impacts further strengthens the case for its implementation.
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6.9 No Forest Alternative For this project, the existing topographic conditions and drainage network are detrimental factor in locating the project diversion structures, layout of the headrace tunnel, and powerhouse. Within the constraints, efforts were made to locate the dam, powerhouse, and limited poundage area to minimize the loss of forested land. To minimize the loss of forest dam height and full supply levels were placed at optimum level only. Selection of spoil disposal sites, quarry area have given due recognition to minimize the forested land area. The spoil disposal sites are located in the degraded agricultural land, while the quarry sites are located in the forest area but having low vegetation cover forming part of barren rocky cliffs. Muck disposal was proposed in the private barren land with less vegetation and inundation area mostly lies in the flood plain. Hence PRoR option was selected. For this project, 37.26 ha of forest area will be acquired.
6.10 Environment Management Measures The project is very sensitive on the out coming environmental impacts. The project planning has analyzed various alternatives of spoil disposal, placing of crusher units, location project's engineer camps, and construction camps. While selecting sites for different activities due consideration is given in the out coming environmental impacts and their environmental management. The project has developed an environmental management plan for the construction and operation periods giving due recognition to the environmental aspects of the area.
6.11 Whether or not the risks resulting from the implementation of the Proposal can be accepted The project layout planning has avoided the geologically vulnerable area for its various structures and support facilities. The Tunnel diameter, and construction strategy for example blasting, mocking, placing of support structures, tunnel lining etc have given due consideration for risk minimization. Fencing provisions of vulnerable work sites, etc. are the result of the various alternative analyses to minimize the risk to acceptable level during project implementation.
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CHAPTER VII: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
This section of the report presents a comparative account of the environmental impacts (predicted and identified) in the approved EIA (2012) in the changed context of the project layout and capacity.
7.1. Physical Environment 7.1.1. Construction Phase 7.1.1.1. Change of Land Use The total land use for the project has decreased due to design change. The new data obtained from the updated feasibility report and Arc GIS, 65.50 ha of the land is required for the project after deducting the land. Previously, there were two alternatives for the land use. Alternative I option (access road from near powerhouse to Surge Shaft) brought land use change of 91.11 ha while Alternative II option (Access road from near Jagat to Surge Shaft) affect the 86.69 ha land in its land use The details of the new land requirement with the area and type are shown in Table 7-1.
Table 7-1: Land Use Change Land Type (ha) Project Total SN Forest Cultivated Flood Plain Component Gov Area (ha) Gov pvt Gov Pvt (Forest) Permanent Reservoir 1 3.19 0.18 - 0.35 3.72 Inundated Area 2 Headworks Site 1.119 0.001 0.19 1.31 3 Access Roads 9.9 3 - 5.41 - 18.31 Owner's 4 2.07 2.07 permanent Camp 5 Switch Yard 1.09 - - - 1.09 6 Surge Shaft 0.089 0.089 7 Adit Portal 0.43 - - 0.52 - 0.95 Link Canal to 8 0.42 0.4664 - 0.16 0.22 1.2664 LMMHEP 9 Camp at HW, LB 0.081 0.44 0.521 10 Tailrace Tunnel - - - - 0.061 0.061 Portal to Butterfly 11 0.36 0.36 Valve Sub-Total (A) 16.679 3.6474 8.6 0.821 29.75 Temporary 12 Quarry 2.3642 0.64932 4.11 2.17 9.29352 13 Batching Plant 0.15 - - 0.46 0.61 14 Camps 1.72 - - 1.49 - 3.21 15 Construction Yard 0.65 1.421 - 2.62 2.89458 7.58558 16 Miscelleous 0.14 - 0.28 - 0.42 17 Bunker 0.13 0 0 0.52 0 0.65 18 Aggregates 0.6 0.5 1.1
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19 Water Supply - 0.84 0.84 20 Spoil Area 8.92 2.93 11.85 21 Coffer Dam 0.1858 0.006 0.1918 Sub-Total (B) 14.86 2.07032 0 13.756 5.06458 35.7509 Grand Total 31.539 5.71772 22.356 5.88558 65.50 (A+B)
The envisaged impact is direct, long term, site specific, high magnitude and of high significance.
7.1.1.2. Sedimentation, Soil Erosion and Land Instabilities Project construction activities, particularly, excavation of earth materials from dam area and other surface (adit portals, internal access roads) and sub-surface structures (adit tunnels, headrace tunnels, desanding basin, powerhouse cavern, tailrace tunnels, surge shaft etc.) using excavators, drill machines and explosives are expected to bring issues related to land stability, soil erosion, and sedimentation.
The bed rock geological structures of dam site, adit portals and the internal access roads at various locations do not show structural vulnerabilities related to land stabilities for the projected excavation woks and is expected to be stable even after the excavation works. However, the loose colluvial materials on the right flank of the dam site, and along the internal access roads, particularly Alternative I option to surge shaft are prone to land instabilities even during the excavation and afterwards. The land instability issues along the internal access roads in the loose colluvial deposits are also expected to increase due to alteration of existing drainage networks draining the slopes with implication on the slope erosion and sedimentation of the eroded materials at the toe of the slope.
Spoil generated from the excavation works is the other issue to generate a new cycle of erosion, sedimentation and land instabilities as under: . Side casting of the excavated materials from the internal access roads - such action will remove the vegetation cover in the down slope section protecting the slope from erosion and leave bare surface for erosion activities. Apart from this, such action will alter the micro- drainage networks which also facilitate further erosion activities on the slope during rainy season. The Alternative I and Alternative II access road to the surge shaft are potential for such erosion. The side casted materials are the source of sediments for the for the drainage networks for downstream transportation and sedimentation often involving gully formation. The agricultural lands located at the relatively flatter toe areas of the mountain slope will be covered by the side casted materials with implication on agricultural productivity. . Improper disposal of the spoil materials (nearly 1.94 million m3) derived from the surface and sub-surface excavation in the designated spoil disposal sites is also potential for the enhancement of erosion, and source of sediment load to the nearby drainage with implications on downstream erosion and sedimentation. Most of the spoil disposal sites identified are located along the Marsyangdi River Bank flood plain and are potential to be eroded by the Marsyangdi River floods in the monsoon season.
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The overall impacts of the sedimentation, erosion, and land instabilities is envisaged to be direct, local, short term, high magnitude and of moderate significance.
7.1.1.3. Noise and Vibration Two major sources of noise and vibration are expected from the project during the construction phase as under: . Noise and vibration from the project construction equipments and vehicular traffic. The expected noise level from these sources will be around 80 to 95dBA about 10ft away from the noise source, which is nearly double the background noise level of the project construction area. However, the noise level will dissipate to near background level about a kilometer distance from the noise source. Similarly the vibration level (PPV) of the large bulldozer, loaded truck and jack hammer is 0.14 to 0.35 ips (inch per second) at 10 feet distance and subsides as the distance from the source increases. As most of the settlements lie about a kilometer distance from the project construction sites, the envisaged impacts of the construction equipment to the settlements is not significant. However, the construction vehicular noise and vibration might impact the settlements of Chyamche, Syange and Jagat as these settlements lie on the route for the construction vehicles for spoil material hauling. As the noise and vibration related to the vehicular traffic is limited to the period of vehicle transiting the area, the envisaged impacts are of short duration and will subside as the vehicle transit past the settlement area. . The noise of the surface blasting activity is a high pitch noise of the order of 130 to 140dBA at the source and become weaker as the distance increases from the source. Further the noise and vibration related to blasting are less for the underground blasting than the surface blasting. Most of the envisaged blasting activity is underground blasting. On the surface blasting are confined to few areas in the initial construction phase (opening of adit portal areas and internal access road). Further the blasting activity will be carried out only once or twice a day and mostly during the day time period, the impact of the noise and vibration to the local recipient is not considered significant because of the distance from the blasting locations. Nevertheless the noise will be heard at far of distances from the construction sites.
The overall impact of the noise and vibration to the local human recipient is envisaged to be direct, local, short term, low magnitude and of low significance. However, the impact of noise to the wildlife is envisaged to be direct, regional, short term, high magnitude and of high significance, because the wildlife are more sensitive to the noise and vibration then the human. It is likely that the wildlife of the region might migrate in the upper hill areas during the time of construction because of the frequent noisy activities of the construction works.
7.1.1.4. Air Quality Major source of ambient air quality pollution during the construction phase of the project relates to the followings: . Combustion emissions of the construction equipments and vehicular fleets . Fugitive emissions related to surface blasting, and construction equipments and vehicular movements in the dusty earthen roads
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. Bio-mass combustion by the construction workforce for cooking and heating activities
Nearly 31 types of equipments will be used for the construction purpose at various location of the project site. Expected fuel consumption by these equipments on daily basis is around 20 kiloliters at the maximum. The expected combustion emission estimated in the worse engine conditions of the equipments and vehicles is 37.8 kg of particulates, 380 kg of Sox , 1040 kg of NOx, 104 kg of Hydrocarbons, and 640 kg of CO (Estimation Based on Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollution, WHO, 1982). The above pollution load in widely spaced area with no other point and none point source pollution activities is not expected to deteriorate than the existing ambient air quality of the area.
Fugitive dust emissions at the construction sites and along the road corridor (mostly earthen), however, is expected to deteriorate the air quality locally. The particulate emission, particularly TSP will shoot up locally at higher levels in the working areas and along the road corridor. As fugitive emission depends upon the ground material, and the moisture apart from the blowing effect of the equipments and speed of vehicles, the effect of fugitive emission will be more pronounced in the dry season (October through May). Fugitive emissions are comprised of large particulate size and are expected to settle down quickly from the source of origin. Since the construction sites are located far from the settlement areas, the impacts of the fugitive dusts will be low to minimum to the settlement. However, the settlements located in the downwind side such as Tal, and along the spoil tip hauling corridor such as (Jagat, Chyamche, Tal), the ambient air TSP is potential to elevate considerably than the existing.
Biomass fuel combustion by the construction workforce is also potential to elevate the TSP levels of the ambient air locally as like the fugitive emissions. But such emissions will be localized in and around the camp site only.
Discussions above reveals that the air pollution will be considerably high at the construction sites and has high degree of occupational health risk, while at the existing settlement level the impacts of the air pollution is low. The overall impact evaluation envisaged is direct, local, short term, moderate magnitude and of low significance at the community level.
7.1.1.5. Change in Surface and Subsurface Hydrology along Tunnel Alignment Overall rock quality along the tunnel alignment is good to fair. Approximately around 6.48 km from desander, there is a crushed zone, which locates near the settlement of Jagat (located around 2200m altitude) about 500m to the west of the Jite Jagat adit intersection point. Tunnel excavation across this location is expected to bring change in the sub-surface groundwater conditions drastically. All the water above the tunnel is expected to be drained into the tunnel affecting the springs located in areas close to Jagat settlement. In other areas, some minor modification in the local groundwater level is expected but is not expected to influence the surface springs above the tunnel alignment.
Since tunnel alignment passes mostly through uninhabited areas devoid of agricultural fields except the Jagat village, the change in the surface and sub-surface hydrology is not expected to impact the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 155 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) social ecology of the area. The envisaged impact is direct, local, short term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.1.1.6. Change in Water Quality of Surface and Subsurface Water Bodies The activities that are potential to influence the surface and subsurface water quality of the water bodies are the followings: . Solid and liquid wastes discharged from the construction camps . Solid and liquid wastes of the active construction sites, . Solid and liquid wastes of the construction yards and mechanical workshops . Effluents of the construction aggregate washing plants . Effluents of the tunnel . Effluents and unused slurry of the batching plants . Leakage and seepage from the fuel storage yards . Disposal of the spent oils, grease, and unused /date expired lubricants and chemicals etc.
The wastes from all these sources have potential to degrade the surface and sub-surface water quality depending upon the location and conditions of disposal practices. The type of water pollution and its toxic effect on the users will depend upon the source of pollution stream.
The construction camp (engineer camp, contractor camp, and labor camp) is one of the major sources of water pollution. Nearly 1500 workers will be working in the project area in the peak construction period on daily basis; however, they will be dispersed in four main construction sites, namely Syange, Jite Jagat, Paune, and Tal.
The volume of waste water generation, solid waste generation and pollution load from the camps at each site is presented in Table 7-2.
Table 7-2: Estimation of Pollution Loads at different Sites from the Camps N Waste Solid waste BOD COD SS TDS P Sites kg/da water (m3) (ton) kg/day kg/day kg/day Kg/day kg/day y Tal 75 0.75 26.98 60.27 27.40 50 4.54 0.54 Syange 52.5 0.53 18.89 42.19 19.17 35 3.16 0.38 Paune 67.5 0.67 24.28 54.24 24.65 45 4.05 0.49 Rambaz ar 30 0.30 10.79 24.10 10.95 20 1.80 0.21 Total 225 2.25 80.94 180.8 82.17 150 13.55 1.62
Estimation Based on, Water consumption 150 lt/day/person, Solid waste – 1.5 kg/person day. BOD – 19.7kg /person/year, COD – 44 kg/person/year, SS – 20 kg/person/year, TDS – 36.5 kg/person/year, N – 3.3 kg/person/year, P – 0.4 kg/person/year (after Rapid Assessment of Sources of Air, Water and Land Pollution, WHO, 1982)
The general characteristics of the wastewater generated in the camps is like that of municipal sewage comprising of organic pollution loads. The waste water streams of the camps will have a general
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BOD concentration of 360 mg/lt. The implication of this organic pollution load will depend upon the waterbody it mixes. The water body with higher volume of discharge (above 5m3/s in dry season) such as Marsyangdi river at Tal, or Syange will have minimum influence of pollution impacts due to dilution effects, but in the water body with small discharges (< 0.3m3/s) as in Jite Jagat and Paune, the entire water body will be polluted with damaging effect on the aquatic ecology and on the aesthetic charcateritics of the water course.
The volume of the solidwaste generated at various site from the camps, if discharged haphazardly, will degrade the quality of land and the adjoining water bodies. The envisaged pollution effects is not only aesthetic but also chemical and biological with implication on the general sanitary conditions and healthy environmental ecology of the sites.
Liquid wastes generated at the construction sites mostly comprises inorganic constituients and has potential to increase the turbidity and suspended solids of the the receiving water bodies. Other solid wastes comprises of pieces of iron, weirs, plastics, paper, woods, rubber, cloths, etc and pollute aethetically the water course, and flood plains of the receiving water bodies.
The liquid waste generated from the mechanical workshops is a mixed waste comprising of organic and chemical waste and is heavily charged with oil, and grease compounds apart from the high concentration of metalic pollutants occasionally. The implication of these waste stream again is dependent on the water body it mixes and the discharge volumes of the water body in question.
Effluents of the aggregae wahsing plants and the tunnel discharges are the sources of water pollution with high loads of suspended solids potential to degrade the turbidity and TSS concentration of the receiving water bodies such as Marsyangdi. Chemically, the tunnel discharges are contaminated with the metallic and non-metallic pollutants used in the explossives and the drill equipments used in the process, but their concentration is not relatively high to pollute the entire water body of the reciveing water bodies like Marsyangdi.
Unused slurry and the washout water of the batching plants are the other sources of pollution to the receiving water bodies. Though the discharge volume and freqency of discharge of these materials is small and rare, has potential to cause long term implication on the water body substratum where they are discharged and also has a mortality effect on the aquatic life.
Leakge of oil and other chemicals from the fuel depots, storage yards even in small quantities has a lasting effect on the soil chemistry and the chemistry of the recieving water bodies. Similar effects on the water quality is imparted by the release of spent oils, such as mobile, greases and other lubricants.
These various sources of water pollutants at the construction sites has a commulative effect on the water chemistry and the water quality from usage and ecological health perspective. The effect on the major water body like Marsyangdi at Tal and Syange is comparatively low because of the dilution effect. But in areas such as Jite Jagat, Paune, and at Ghermu where the reciving water bodies
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 157 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) with smaller discharge is high to very high. Envisaged cumulative impact on the water quality of the construction sites is direct, local, short term, high magnitude and of moderate significance.
7.1.1.7. Changes in Soil pH and Chemical Composition The areas to be occupied by the project for the construction period will undergo changes in the soil characteristics. Soil characteristics of the Dam site, Spoil management areas, camps, and internal access roads will change drastically. The soil will be compacted, micro-fauna of the soil will be destroyed, soil infiltration capacity and moisture retention capacities will be reduced with implication on the soil productive capacities and erosion potentials. Along the access roads and Dam, even part of the soils will be removed. In the spoil disposal management areas, the soils will be covered by the broken rock fragments of the spoil materials. All of these will bring changes in the soil pH and chemical composition at various degrees at various sites. As most of these lands will be occupied permanently by the project, productivity implication due to change in soil characteristics will not be realised by the common farmers. However, due to compaction and reduction of infiltration capacities, the soil will be prone to erosion due to monsoon runoffs.
The fugitive dusts emissions and its deposition in the surrounding agriculture fields is also potential to bring minor change in the soil chemical composition but is not envisaged to be significant to bring changes in the soil productivity and in the livlihood of the common farmers.
Overall impacts on soil characteristics by the project construction activities is direct, local, long term, high magnitude and of moderate significance.
7.1.1.8. Change in Soil Salinity The vegetation clearance in the project affected sites is limited because of the sparse nature of vegetation in the areas occupied by project structures and ancillary facilities. Despite limited nature of the vegetation clearance, some degree of change in soil salinity is expected, but not enough to bring drastic changes in the soil salinity. The expected changes in the soil drainage characteristics due to compaction and distrubance to natural drainage will have very minor change in the soil salinity characteristics. Since over all water regiem of the surface and sub-surface water environment will remain more or less unchanged, the salinity impacts on soil is not envisaged to be significant. The envisaged impact will be limited to the areas occupied by the project structures and ancillary faciities and is envisaged to be direct, site specific, short term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.1.1.9. Change in River Morphology The envisaged changes in the river morphooogy of the Marsyangdi river is different in different areas. The river morphological changes is expected in the following areas during the construction phase. . Dam site . Spoil disposal management sites at Tal . Spoil disposal management sites at Syange . Tailrace area at Syange
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 158 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
At the dam site, the entire river bed area between the water diversion tunnel will be dewatered, excavated for the placement of the dam foundation structures and supra structures of the dam. This area will be occupied and disturbed though out the construction period except in the high monsoon floods. The river substratum, flood plains, and banks will be completely modified. The implication of such activities will be on the aquatic ecosystem of this stretch during the construction period. As the spoil disposal management areas are located along and adjacent to the Marsyangdi river flood plain, the existing flood plains of high water periods will be completely changed by the toe protection walls of the spoil managment banks and are backfilled by the spoil materials. The river wet channels, however, will not be affected and the river bed will be guarded by the protection walls to avoid erosion of the spoil materials during the monsoon season. The river in these area will flow through an engineered course and will not be able to migrate as it is doing at present, particularly at Tal. Though there will be change in the river flood plain morphological character with implication on the nutrient budget and aquatic ecology, is envisaged to have positive implication to the people of Tal, who are affected seasonally by the river bank erosion, flooding of the settlment areas.
At the Tailrace outlet area, the access road to the tailrace outlet and Ghermu engineering camp will also affect the existing flood plain of the Marsyangdi on the tailrace bank. This flood plain and part of the river bed will be occupied by the access road to the tailrace. Apart from this, the belly bridge abutments leading to the Ghermu Engineering camp will disturb the Marsyangdi flood plains. The river will be tamed by the river training structures upstream and downstream of the abutments and the river width will be constricted at this location, however, the river wet channel and the river bed materials will not be disturbed. The implications of this river morphological change will be on the aquatic habitat conditions and on the velocity of the river flow.
The envisaged change in the river morphology during the construction phase is a site specific case limited to certain stretch of the river and does not have a regional or local implications. The envisaged impact is direct, site specific, long term, moderate magnitude and of low significance.
7.1.1.10. Impact on Annapurna Conservation Area The area to be affected physically by the project structures and ancilliary facilities during the project construction is about 0.97% of the ACAP area within the project areas. Further, the land area to be affected by the project are located in sections where the ACAP is already being affected by the human settlments and habitation and does not constitute parts of the undisturbed natural environments of ACAP. The feeder road was opened by Nepal Army and transferred to Department of Road who is now doing upgrade and maintenance work. The internal access road, particularly to the surge shaft, however will bring some degree of increment in the watershed erosional process, sediment supply and land degradation in parts of the micro-watersheds crossed by these roads. Overall physical impact on the ACAP area of the project RMs is envisaged to be direct, local, long term, moderate magnitude and of low significance.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 159 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
7.1.1.11. Impact due to Quarry Site and Stock Pilling The project construction is envisaged to require nearly 0.8 million m3 of construction aggregates for various end uses. Nearly 2.0 millon m3 of spoil material will be derived from different surface and sub-surface excavations. Nearly 40 to 50% of this spoil is suitable for the required aggregate quality for the construction. It is very likely that the project may not require quarry opening for the project and the spoil material will be effectively used to full fill the aggregate requirement of the project. In this case the aggregate quality spoil could be stored in a dedicated spoil disposal sites for later reuse. All of the spoil disposal management sites are located close to the construction sites requiring high amount of aggregates specially at the dam site and powerhouse site. Separate area for stockpiling is not envisaged.
In the event that the materials of aggregate quality short falls than the requirement, the quarry will be opened particularly for the dam area, which is located close to the dam site. The quarry site forms left bank of the reservoir and lies about a kilometer distance from the settlment area. The geological structures of the quarry area is suitable for quarry and is not envisaged to degrade the land stability conditions of the slope. The available flood plain area of the Marsyangdi is suitable for the stockpiling of the quarried materials.
The envisaged impacts of the quarry and aggregate stockpiling is direct, site specific, short term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.1.1.12. Impact due to Muck Disposal Nearly 2.0 million m3 of spoil is expected from the various surface and sub-surface excavation during the project construction. Nearly 0.8 million m3 of the muck is expected to be reused in the project as construction aggregate. For the remaining surplus spoil 7 sites have been identified for safe spoil management. The spoil management sites are located in a flat area except site 5 which is located in a gently to moderately slopping ground. The sites on the flat area, along the Marsyangdi flood plain has potential of erosion by the river during monsoon, while at site 5, improper management would invite debris flows, ahd increased erosion.
As spoil disposal site is not available close to the Jite Jagat and Paune adit, the spoil will have to be transported long distance either to the dam site or power house site using the Besishahar – Chame road. Transportation of spoil along this road is expected to cause nuisance to the settlments of Jagat and Chaymche, and above all the tourist foot trail. The envisaged impacts is direct, local, long term, high magnitude and of high significance.
7.1.1.13. Impact on Main Trail All the project structures and ancillary facilities are located along the main foot trail of the annapurna circuit “Beshishahar-Chame” trail. Nearly 25km stretch of this trail from Rambazar to Nigalghari will be affected during the construction phase. The key areas of high disturbance is Rambazar – Sirchaur (powerhouse site) Taldanda – Nilghari (Dam and reservoir site). In these sections the existing foot trails will also be affected by the project structures and ancillary facilities. A section of the under construction Besishahar – Chame road at the dam site locates on the dam abutment and in
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 160 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) the reservoir section. The evisaged impact on the main trail is direct, short term, hgh magnitude and of high significance.
7.1.1.14. Impact due to Sedimentation Load The excavation and other allied activities of the project have high potential for the opening of new frontiers of sediment supply due to diverse types of erosional activities and spoil disposal practices within the realm of the project activity sites. By geophysical characteristics, the entire terrian of the project construction is located in high sediment supply zone. The river marsyangdi and its tributaries are not been able to transport the naturally supplied sediment loads in the downstream sections. The debris materials at the toe section of the mountain slopes and highly charged nature of the river bed and flood plains with the boulders and gravels of various sizes is the proof of this on going activity and sediment transportation capacity of the rivers. In the bove backdrop, only availability of the sediment source is not going to bring a drastic change in the sedimentation load in the rivers unless and untill the finer sediments are not directly dischaged into the river. From the aove consideration, the envisaged impact of sediment load is envisaged to be direct, regional, long term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.1.2. Operation Phase 7.1.2.1. Sedimentation and Sediment Flushing Impact from Desander The pre-monsoon and monsoon months i.e. from May through September are the months of high sediment load in the Marsyangdi River at the headwork site. Excluding the months of May and June, this is the period, the project will be operating as run off the river project as the available river discharge is above the design discharge of the project. There will be no standing water body in front of the dam or in other words the reservoir will be non-functional in this period. Much of the river bedload will be discharged directly through the undersluice structure and only the bedload free water will be diverted from the intake structure to the desander for sedimentation of the finer fraction of the sediment (up to 0.2 mm particle size). Monitoring results of the suspended sediment load shows nearly 90% of the sediment load is made up of fraction of < 0.2 mm particle. This means only 10% of the sediment load will be deposited in the desanader for flusing. Expected volume of this load is smaller in other months excluding May and June to cause any impact of sediment load at the disharge point of flushing tunnel. Further in this period, as the water volume is high below the dam structure, the sediment load derived from the flushing tunnel will be effectively washed out by the available river discharge.
In the dry season, as river Marsyangdi is nearly free of the bedload, with very small fraction of suspended sediment load, there will be minimum sediment discharge from the desander to cause any impact at the flushing tunnel outlet area.
Futher the location of the sediment flushing tunnel outlet lies at the steeper section of the Marsyandi River, the sediments dishcarge will be easily washed out even by small volume of the river discharge owing to the high velocity of the river water.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 161 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Sediment load impact to the aquatic ecology downstream of the discharge point, particularly fish, is considered minimum. The river stretch downstream Dam to the Myardi – Marsyangdi Confluence is devoid of any fish species.
From the above considerations, the envisaged impacts of the sedimentation and sediment flushing is envisaged to be direct, site specific, long term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.1.2.2. Change in River Morphology Mownstream of Diversion The average river discharge of Marsyangdi River at the Dam site reveals that the available flow immediately downstream dam after diversion for power generation will be the environmental flow from October through June. The Marsyangdi River morphology is shaped by the hydrology of the river and its variation in different seasons. The river bed and river flood plain composition of the materials and the aquatic life and their habitats are governed by the river hydrological character. Erosion and sedimentation along the river course is a function of the of the Marsyangdi River hydrology across the season. With the change in the hydrological characteristics after diversion, the entire river morphology and associated ecological condtions will undergo a considerable change between the diversion point and the tailrace outlet. A large volume of the sediment brought by the side tributaries will accumulate along the Marsyangdi River corse at the tributary mouth only to be flushed in the high monsoon floods. The existing balance between the sediment supply from the immediate catchment and sediment transport by the Marsyangdi River will be destabilized. Even small debris slides from the valley slides, so common in the landscape, has potential to block the available flow.
The implication of this change in the river morphology will be in the nutrient balance of the Marsyangdi river aquatic ecology in the downstream section. Social implication, however, are very limited because of the inaccessible location of the river course downstream Tal upto Syange. In the Tal area, the envisaged implications will be positive, the people and the cattle could cross the river from any location. The exisitng river cutting, flooding, and river migration will be minimised providing more safety to the life and property of the Tal residents.
The overall impacts of the change in the river morphology is envisaged to be direct, regional, long term, high magnitude and of high significance.
7.1.2.3. Change in River Hydrology With the project operation and rive flow regulation, river hydrology will be influenced differently in the downstream tailrace section. The change in river hydrology in the tailrace section than the natural discharge has physical, ecological and social implications. The physical implication is on the river morphology as a result of change in erosion and sedimentation regime, later dominating the former. Ecologically, change in wetted area, water depth, velocity and temperature will bring deleterious effect on the aquatic habitats. Socially, the major implications will be on the use of the river water for recreation and cremation of dead bodies. The water scarcity, than the natural flow also erodes the spiritual lineage.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 162 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
The environmental flow release is designed to minimize the above risks based on the thumb rule of 10% release of the minimum monthly flow, known as Environmental flow (Hydro Power Policy 2001). Since the project is storage type, it will ensure the e-flow due to availability of water due to storage.
The physical risk is the river bed erosion. Depending on the river bed composition and geology, the river bed is likely to erode, with change in river bed morphology for considerable distance downstream. The river bed will be physically unstable with implications on the water withdrawal infrastructures (such as water supply, irrigation, water mills etc), Such impacts may be realized many kilometers downstream and is a subject of study to analyze physical impact ramifications downstream. The envisaged imapct is direct, regional, long term, High magnitude and of significance.
7.1.2.4. Change in Water Quality due to Reduce Flows in Dewatered Zone As most of the water is drained from the Higher Himalayan rocks from the headwaters to the tailrace outlet, the water quality is expected to be similar due to similar geologic composition of the watershed. In the above context, even after diversion of the water at Tal, the tributaries draining the watersheds below the diversion into the Marsyangdi is expected to bring water of similar quality due to similar nature of the geological materials in the watershed. It is therfore, a drastic change in the chemical and physical charateristics of the water in the Marsyangdi River is not expected, though the volume of the river discharge will reduced drastically in the dewatered zone between Tal and Syange. The envisaged imapct is direct, regional, long term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.1.2.5. GLOF Risk Global warming in the last 45 years have formed the lake. It is a ice dammed lake, with estimated volume of 35 million cumecs of water. It is increasig in size in the recent years with the increase in overall temperature in the region as a result of the global warming. Since it is a ice dammed lake, only potential of its breaching and causing glacial lake outbrust flood is very unlikely.
Even if the lake outbrust occured, the model studies indicate a peak discharge of 1100 m3/s at the dam site with a velocity of 15 m/s. The expected flood will be equivalent or less than the peak flood of 10 years return period. The dam is designed for a peak discharge of 3711 m3/s and the expected risk of the GLOF flood to the dam structure is minimum for the normal annual floods in the Marsyangdi River.
7.1.2.6. Impact on Annapurna Conservation Area During the operation period, the expected activities of the project are: Water regulation through dam and dewatering of the Marsyangdi River with only environmental flow between Tal and Syange Formation of reservoir upstream dam in the months from October through June Maintenance activities at the Dam site at Tal and Powerhouse site at Syange Operation camps at Dam site Tal, and Powerhouse at Ghermu
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 163 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Expected operation force at the maximum of 200 persons; 150 at powerhouse and 50 at the dam site will be working on the daily basis. As most of these workforce will be confined in the camps and in the operation buildings, there will not be much of the activity outside to be seen by the travellers. As all of these structures and activities will be in the already human influnced areas, the physical implications on the remote areas of ACAP is not expected. The Marsyangdi River hydrological changes could only be seen in the Tal, near chyamche crossing and at Srichaur by the travellers visiting this area, which could be realised by the travellers who have visited the area before the project construction and is not likely to give a adverse impression on the physical set up of the area. The envisaged overall impact to the ACAP envisaged is direct, long term, local, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.1.2.7. Impact due to Sedimentation Load The sediment load from the desander basin flushing is to be small, however, sediment load in the Marsyangdi River from ths side tributaries is expected to be beyond the carrying capacity of the river and will be accumulated at the tributary mouths to be flushed only in the high monsoon peak floods. The change in the sediment supply and sediment transportation is going to bring change in the river morphology in the dewatered section. The envisaged impact in the downstream section is considered to be low and insignificant. The overall impact visualised is direct, regional, long term, high magnitude and of high significance
7.1.2.8. Impact on Main Trail In the operation period, the imapcts on the main trail envisaged in the powerhouse location between Ram Bazzar to Sirchaur during construction phase will restored to the normal as the existing. In the Dam location, due to the reservoir location, the impact to the main walking trail and the under construction Besishahar – Chame motorable road will remain as in the construction phase. In other locations, there will be no impact to the main trail by the project structures/facilities and operational activities. The envisaged imapct is direct, site specific, long term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.1.2.9. Reservoir Rim Failure Risk The rise and fall of the reservoir water level from FSL to MoL annually will not only moisten the loose deposits while reservoir filling, but will also desiccate them during dry season when the water level drops. Such fluctuation of water level is likely to bring structural weakness within the deposits. The variation of pore water pressure during filling and withdrawal of water level is likely to make these deposits further unstable leading to the failure of slopes around the reservoir rim.The water wave actions of the reservoir, particularly on the loose alluvial deposits and the mountain slope deposits can cause physical erosion and caving on the slopes making these slopes further unstable leading to debris flows and landslides along the reservoir rim. Such physical erosion is expected to be high in areas where water level cut across the steep terrace breaks. The envisaged imapct is direct, regional, long term, High magnitude and of significance.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 164 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
7.1.2.10. Change in Micro- Climate Change in microclimate occurs at the dewatered stretch. Due to temperature buffering by the reservoir water body, locally around the reservoir periphery, the ambient temperature are expected to rise in the winter months making the winter months more warm than present and vice versa for the dewatered stretch case. The impacts of such change in microclimate could be of significance to the temperature non-resilient faunal and floral species. Since temperature resilience of the existing flora and fauna is not well understood, the significance of the impact is difficult to qualify and quantify. Since human beings are less sensitive to such changes in temperatures, health effects to the public health is not expected.
7.1.2.11. Dam Break Analysis The study of dam break has been performed using software based on HECRAS 1D unsteady flow. The river valley was represented in the model by cross sections. Due to the highly unsteady nature of the flood, closely spaced cross sections were considered for the analysis. The river stretch of 102.1km downstream of dam axis was considered for the possible effect due to dam break. The Civil 3D tool is used for the preparation of surface with contour interval 1 m of the project study area. The cross sections are drawn with uniform spacing of 250 m covering the area of upstream inlet boundary at tail of reservoir and most downstream at 102.1km from the dam axis. The analysis has been done for the two different scenarios of dam break to estimate the peak flood. Breach parameter prediction comprises the highest uncertainty of estimating dam break flood. For the modelling dam failure, dam breach data were entered for cases under study. The failure mode is selected as overtopping with specified breach formation time. The breach formation process is taken as sine wave progression. Trigger mode is set as defined time to reach the maximum discharge of inflow hydrograph. Average top width of dam is 150m, weir coefficient is kept 1.4, upstream and downstream slop of dam is kept 0.1V to 1H and 0.8V to 1H respectively.
Table 7-3 presents the summarised matrix of the physical, chemical environmental impacts of project implementation for the construction and operation periods in terms of nature of imapcts, extent, duration, magnitude and significance.
Table 7-3: Summarised Impact Prediction Matrix; Physical/Chemical Environment for Construction and Operatioin Phases Direct / S Exte Durati Magnit Significa Physical and Chemical Impacts Indirect N nt on ude nce Impact A. Construction Phase 1. Change of land use D L LT H Si 2. Sedimentation, soil erosion and D L ST H Sm land instabilities 3. Noise and vibration D L ST LO SL 4. Air quality D L ST M SL 5. Change in surface and subsurface D L ST LO SL hydrology along tunnel alignment. 6. Change in water quality of surface D L ST H Sm and subsurface water bodies
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 165 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Direct / S Exte Durati Magnit Significa Physical and Chemical Impacts Indirect N nt on ude nce Impact 7. Changes in soil pH and chemical D L LT H Sm composition 8. Change in Soil salinity D S ST LO SL 9. Change in River morphology D S ST M SL 10. Impact on Annapurna Conservation D L LT M SL Area 11. Impact due to quarry site and stock D S ST LO SL pilling 12. Impact due to muck disposal D L LT H Si 13. Impact on main trail D S ST H Si 14. Impact due to sedimentation load D R LT LO SL B. Operation Phase 1. Sedimentation and sediment flushing D S LT LO SL impact from desander 2. Change in river morphology D R LT H Si downstream of diversion 3. Change in River Hydrology D R LT H Si 4. Change in water quality due to reduce D R LT LO SL flows in dewatered zone 5. GLOF risk D R ST LO SL 6. Impact on Annapurna Conservation D L LT LO SL Area 7. Impact due to sedimentation load D R LT H Si 8. Impact on main trail D S LT LO SL 9. Reservoir Rim Failure Risk D R LT H Si 10. Change in Micro- Climate D L LT LO SL 11. Dam Break Analysis D R LT H Si Note: D = Direct, ID = Indirect, S= Site specific, L= Local, R= Regional, ST=Short Term, MT = Medium Term, LT= Long Term, H = High, M=Moderate, LO= Low, Si = Significant, Sm =Modetrately Significant, SL= Insignificant
7.2. Biological Environmental 7.2.1. Construction Phase 7.2.1.1. Loss of Forest Areas and Vegetation The project is potential to clear fell about 38.35 ha of forested land due to placement of project structures and facilities. Table 7-4 presents the loss of the trees, poles, seedlings and the saplings with the net volume of the fuel wood. Table 7-4: Loss of Forested Area due to Project Structures and Facilities Net No. No. No. S No. of Gross Net volume Biomass Biomass Compon of of of . sapling volume vol fuel wood Poles Trees ent Tre pole NTF N s (m3/ha) CFT stake (kg/ha) (kg/ha) es s Ps (kg/ha) Access 241 70.8791 1675.2 34614.3 27751.1 1 878 0 17552 1.6458 Road 3 2 05 6 5 Other 143 14.5643 343.69 12796.3 2 344 0 13762 0.34404 Facilities 4 6 6 4 Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 166 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
PowerHo 118.93 2787.64 3 23 187 0 0 5.0267 0.1169 819.96 use 41 4 Reservoir & 131.76 4905.39 4 26 416 8326 0 5.56828 0.10408 Headwor 53 4 ks 236 336 96.0384 40339.7 43335.1 1 1 8326 31314 6 2269.6 2.21082 1 3 Source: Field Survey, 2019 The cost of the felling, plantation, caretaking etc for the lost trees are shown in Table 7-5.
Table 7-5: Cost for felling, plantation and caretaking for the lost trees Quantit Cost Particulars y (NRs.) Remark Number of trees to be felled along reservoir, switchyard and Powerhouse 2361 Total seedlings (25 times) to be transplanted after compensation 59025 Total seedlings to be replanted at 2 year (one 3rd of previous year) 36803 Total seedlings to be planted at 3 year (one 3rd of previous year) 12145 Total seedlings to be replanted and replanted 107973 Land required for plantation and replantation of 59025 seedlings per 1600 per ha 36.89 50613937 Cost of land 5 Clearance cost needed for 2.7 ha @ Rs. 150000 per ha 405000 Plantation costs @Rs.70000 @1600 for 1107973 seedlings 4723818.8 Number of care takers needed @ 1 for 10 ha for 36.89 ha 7 Costs of nursery caretaker (@Rs. 15000 per person) 6300000 For 5 years 51756819 Total costs 4
The envisaged impact of the loss of forested land by the project is considered to be direct, site specific, long term, low magnitude, irreversible and of moderate significance.
7.2.1.2. Loss of Forest Resources The loss of forest resources in terms of plant species, their wood volume, fuel wood and biomass are presented in Table 7-6. In total 3361 pole class and 2361 tree class vegetation will be lost for the construction of the project component. Maximum number of the loss among the plant species is Bombax ceiba, followed by Albizzia sp., Erythrina stricta, Schima wallichii, Myrica esculenta, Quercus lanuginose (203), Sapium insigne, Alnus nepalensis, Rhus wallichii, Lyonia ovalifolia, Toona ciliate, Ficus sp. and rest less than 100 in number.
Table 7-6: Total Loss in terms of Plant Species S Botanical Local Avg. Standing Wood Biomass Biomass N Name Name DBH/Range*(fo Volume for Usages
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 167 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
r >= 10 cm Timbe Fuel STANDIN DBH) r wood G tree (cubic (chatta (MT.) meter) ) [Wet] Firewood Lyonia and 1 ovalifolia Angeri 19.86 19.735 1.392 17.344 Charcoal Alangium 2 salvufolium Ankol 13.85 2.036 0.144 1.789 Firewood Altrocarpus Fodder and 3 lakoocha Badahar 18.37 3.416 0.241 3.002 Firewood Timber Quercus 103.17 and 4 lanuginosa Banjh 31.43 0 7.280 91.757 Firewood Rhus Bhakkyaml 5 javanica o 14.42 3.669 0.259 3.224 Firewood Rhus 6 wallichii Bhalayo 19.92 24.150 1.704 21.224 Firewood Firewood Schima 213.23 and 7 wallichii Chilaune 28.14 2 15.046 190.633 Timber Woodwork Boehmeria s and 8 rugulosa Daar 14.33 0.226 0.016 0.198 Firewood Ficus 9 nerifolia Dudhe 14.33 1.739 0.123 1.528 Fodder Timber Erythrina 218.10 and 10 stricta Faledo 33.13 9 15.390 193.652 Firewood Abizzia 11 chinensis Ghokre 38.22 29.570 2.086 25.987 Firewood Leucoceptru 12 m sp. Ghurbis 12.74 0.268 0.019 0.235 Firewood Firewood Rhododendro and 13 n arboreum Guras 16.11 5.318 0.375 4.674 Charcoal Callicarpa 14 sp. Guyelo 13.06 0.107 0.008 0.094 Firewood Zizyphus 15 incurva Hade Bayar 17.83 8.639 0.610 7.593 Firewood Timber and 16 Syzizium sp. Jamun 15.61 0.143 0.010 0.126 Firewood 17 Euraya sp. Jhigane 15.29 0.229 0.016 0.202 Firewood 18 Xylosma sp. Kande Kath 12.98 2.138 0.151 1.879 Firewood Wendlandia 19 sp. Kangiyo 16.56 2.390 0.169 2.100 Firewood Timber Myrica 120.77 and 20 esculenta Kaphal 32.86 4 8.522 107.503 Firewood Castanopsis Timber 21 indica Katus 62.21 68.650 4.844 61.769 and
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 168 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Standing Wood Biomass Avg. Volume for S Botanical Local DBH/Range*(fo Timbe Fuel STANDIN Biomass N Name Name r >= 10 cm r wood G tree Usages DBH) (cubic (chatta (MT.) meter) ) [Wet] Firewood Timber and 22 Persea sp. Kaulo 55.73 6.049 0.427 5.369 Firewood 23 Ficus cunia Khanayo 21.59 9.302 0.656 8.175 Fodder Timber Symplocos and 24 sp. Kharane 37.58 3.104 0.219 2.728 Firewood 25 Ficus sp. Khasre 14.33 4.546 0.321 3.996 Fodder Sapium 26 insigne Khirro 39.49 26.779 1.889 23.756 Firewood Litsea 27 monopetala Kutmiro 30.25 4.991 0.352 4.386 Fodder Macaranga 28 pustulata Maleto 26.83 3.843 0.271 3.378 Timber Timber Englehardtia and 29 spicata Mauwa 26.54 20.767 1.465 18.251 Firewood Timber Castanopsis Musure 102.51 and 30 tribuloides Katus 35.77 0 7.233 91.993 Firewood Ficus 31 religiosa Pipal 24.84 2.519 0.178 2.214 Firewood Woodwork Bombax 608.86 s and 32 ceiba Simal 34.71 7 42.962 543.699 Timber 240.25 33 Albizzia sp. Siris 27.87 2 16.952 214.134 Firewood Bauhinia 34 purpurea Tanki 26.43 3.263 0.230 2.868 Fodder Cinnamomu 35 m sp. Tejpat 22.29 0.410 0.029 0.360 Firewood Timber and 36 Toona ciliata Tooni 29.16 67.356 4.753 60.271 Firewood Alnus 37 nepalensis Uttis 16.72 17.104 1.207 15.032 Timber Source: Approved EIA, 2012 and Field Survey, 2019
Only extractible non-timber forest product found in the area is the Nigalo in the Nigalghari and Tal areas. Most of the species requiring clear felling during the construction of the project are commonly available species in the area. Hence from biodiversity perspective, the loss of the tree species during the project construction is not considered significant. However, the loss in the already degraded forested area is of significance locally as will impair the resource base used by the local
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 169 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) communities. The envisaged impact is direct, site specific, long term, moderate magnitude, irreversible, and of moderate significance.
7.2.1.3. Loss of Rare and Endangered or Protected Flora Of the conservation significance flora, Bombex ciba is the only tree species, which is seen in large numbers in the surrounding area. This is a protected species by the government of Nepal for commercial reasons. Other two species are also available throughout the area and are in the conservation list of IUCN and CITES. Table 7-7: List of Conservation Significance Standing Loss of vegetation** Wood Bioma Volume Avg. ss for Loss of DBH/Ra Loss of Timb STAN Biomas S Botanical Local tree nge* (for Regeneration er Fuel DING s N Name Name (number) >= 10 cm (cubi wood tree Usages Seedli Sapl Pol Tre DBH) c (chat (Kg.) ngs ings e e mete ta) [Wet] per per clas clas r) ha. ha. s s Woodw Bombax 608.8 42.96 543.69 orks & 1 ceiba Simal 34.71 0 1 326 365 67 2 9 Timber Dioscore a Ban Found in the forested areas of Jagat and Paune and also along the access 2 deltoidea Tarul road Coelogyn 3 e sp Orchid Found in the Tal area along the reservoir site hanging from the cliffs Source: Approved EIA, 2012 and Field Survey, 2019
Though these species falling within the clearance area are of conservation significance, as they are found in abundance in the local area, their loss is not envisaged to have a long lasting impact on the species. It is therefore the envisaged impact is direct, site specific, long term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.2.1.4. Loss of Habitat of Rare and Endangered Wildlife The project development site is devoid of natural habitat for any endangered/threatened species though it forms the physical part of ACA. Further the area to be cleared and disturbed is not connected directly through forest to the core habitat area of ACA. However, Panthera pardus, Macaca mulata, Felis chaus, Cenis aureus and Martes flavigula do visit the area in the night time. According to local people wild animals are the cause of damage to the crops and domesticated animals.
One of the endemic species Apodemus Gurkha is suspected in the forest north of Sattale, however, the project construction activity is not likely to impact this part. The area to be affected by the project directly (the right bank of Marsyangdi between Tal to Syange), the under construction road has already disturbed the existing wildlife habitat and is expected to continue in future due to movement of vehicles. Most of the project activities are confined to the underground works and is not likely to
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 170 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) affect area except at the adit portal sites at Jite Jagat and Paune. The Chyamche and Paune adit is the habitat of a protected species Macaca assamensis, a typical monkey species from Nepal, but its social system and mobility to safeguard itself and its high adaptability in disturbed area seems very strong as they became habituated with hotel garbage around Chyamche settlement.
The wild animals that were recorded for Tal area are confined to upper mountains as the Tal area it is devoid of good habitat for them. The avi-fauna related to the sensitive status also has lesser impact due to absence of forest habitat while the large vulture species Lammergeyer nesting and searching the food in higher elevation above the mountain does have direct impact.
The other sites such as access to Surge shaft, TRT road, camp site, labor camp, engineer camp and spoil management site at Syange and Ghermu are located mostly along the riverine flood plains or in the grass land areas with few trees is highly influenced by human activities and are devoid of habitats for rare and endangered species.
The envisaged impact to the wildlife of conservation significance is indirect, site specific, short term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.2.1.5. Loss of Wildlife Habitat The project is not going to directly impact on the core wildlife and wildlife habitat of the Annapurna Conservation Area. The clearance and disturbance by the project is confined to the fringe habitats represented by patchy vegetation cover not directly connected to the core habitat areas lying up in the mountain slopes. Despite the fact, clearance of the some of the forested patches or wilder areas has an indirect impact on the habitat (feeding) of the wildlife found in the project sites. Since the lost forest area is not the prime habitat for most of the wildlife found in the area, only being used for occasional passage or stop over ground for small mammals and shrubland birds, the loss is not visualized as being critical in the area for all wildlife habitat contexts. Therefore, direct loss of wildlife by the land use change is not expected. However, some habitat for the scattered population for small birds and animals may be lost due to loss of forest along riverside corridor. The overall envisaged impact is indirect, site specific, short term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.2.1.6. Loss of Aquatic Habitat The construction works of the project interferes with the surface water bodies directly at Tal (Siran Tal) for dam construction and at TRT outlet at Syange. In rest of the areas, indirect implication to the surface water bodies is largely indirect related to the spoil management and waste water management including solid waste from the construction sites and camps and fishing activities of the construction workforce.
At Tal, there is no fresh water fish and likely impact to the fish due to diversion of water for construction and due to pollution (increase in suspended solids) in the immediate downstream section. Some impact on the phytoplankton, zoo plankton, and aquatic insects is potential but is of minor significance.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 171 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
At the TRT outlet, driving of the access road to TRT and opening of TRT will directly interfere with the flowing surface water body of Marsyangdi. As the construction will divert the main flow of water at TRT outlet, there will be some increase in the suspended solids for small duration with implication on the existing riverine fishery and other aquatic life.
The indirect implication due to disposal of wastewater, solid waste, and spoil into the river will depend upon the management of these pollutants during the project construction. Since, project has provisions to manage the waste streams from the construction sites and camps, the envisaged impact is direct/indirect, local, short term, moderate magnitude and of moderate significance.
7.2.1.7. Impact on Migratory Fishes During construction phase, as the project is not envisaged to divert the water from Tal to Syange, There will be no impact to the migratory fish species of the Marsyangdi River. To note that Marsyangdi River has not recorded Shahar and Jalkapoor in the river stretch affected by the project. Further, there will be no construction activity at the river during high monsoon, the time of upstream and downstream migration of fish in the Marsyangdi River; there will be no impact to the migratory fish. The envisaged impact is “no impact”.
7.2.1.8. Impact on Biodiversity and Habitat of Annapurna Conservation Area The project sites and surrounding area is one of the rich biodiversity areas in regional distribution pattern of the plant species and the activities conducted by ACAP within the area are oriented towards the conservation and sustainable utilization through participatory approach. The sample plot studies of the forest vegetation within the project construction sites and a cursory survey in and around the project area shows the richness of the bio-resources in the sense of numerical presence but the establishment of distinct plant communities are rarely found. The physical setting of the area (steep, rocky and poor soil development) seems more responsible for these species to limit the expansion and colonize in their respective habitats. Therefore the species occurring in the area are more representative in their presence rather in their extension. Hence the chances of exploitation of these species for daily usage from the incoming large construction workforce needed for construction works seems very rare because of the physical barriers. However minor impacts upon these resources cannot be denied. The envisaged impact is direct/indirect site specific, short term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.2.1.9. Increase Access to Forest It is observed that the middle section of the mountain is very steep and is almost devoid of dense vegetation. Degraded forest patches are found at the valley bottom but relatively undisturbed and dense forest exists at the top of the mountain. In some areas there are some moderate slopes where there is lower extension of the patches continuing forest from the mountain top where the project structures are to be established. Such sites are located close to the Taal, Paune Adit, Jite Jagat, Surge Shaft area where there is easy access to the forests of the upper slopes. The large number of construction workers residing to the construction sites may be tempted to enter the forest for firewood collection or the persons rendering service to these workers may be involved to sell firewood. Besides they will be tempted to collect NTFPs, Orchids, Medicinal Plants and other useful
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 172 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) forest products located in the upper mountain slopes of these areas. But the most of the areas are inaccessible and their availability cannot be expected up to the tradable level. The envisaged impacts of the construction workforce in the existing forest resources is direct/indirect, short term, local, moderate magnitude and of moderate significance.
7.2.1.10. Encroachment in Conservation Area The project area for the project construction activities is inhabited by small human population. Due to the physical character of terrain (steep slopes and rarely moderate slopes) there is less chance of workforce movement upslope in the mountain areas with core forest with better wildlife habitat. This is further difficult as the local people are very much aware of the forest products and wildlife of the area. The ACA area already has several Mothers` Group, Forest User` Group and other conservation oriented local level committees that will stand for any illegal or contra-conservatory practices of workforce. As a result, local level monitoring works will be stringent for safeguarding the wildlife of the ACA from possible illegal wildlife poaching activities of the construction workforce and other population attracted by construction works in the project. Thus, the impact on the wildlife of the ACA due to encroachment practices of construction related peoples is envisaged to be in insignificant though the potential impact is indirect, local, short term, and of low magnitude.
7.2.1.11. Illegal Hunting and Poaching by the Construction Workforce Owing to the physical setting of the area, and vigilant activities of the ACAP as well as the ACAP trained communities’ uncontrolled illegal hunting and poaching by the construction related workforce is unlikely. It is therefore, the envisaged impact is indirect, local, short term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.2.2. Operation Phase 7.2.2.1. Impact on Fish Migration and Spawning Areas The fishery investigations refer there is no fish population in the Tal region. Upper limit of the migratory fish reach is up to Myardi – Marsyangdi confluence below the 150 m drop (steep section) of Marsyangdi river As most of the tributaries joining Marsyangdi make steep waterfalls, it is unlikely that the migratory fish have enough spawning grounds between Sirchaur – Myardi, about 2.5 km upstream of the proposed powerhouse site. The main river Marsyangdi has a steep longitudinal profile and heavily charged with big boulders unsuitable for safe spawning. Further, water flow in the Marsyangdi River is very high and remains turbid for most of the spawning season (August through September).
From the above consideration, the river diversion from Tal to Syange during operation period is not envisaged to impact the fish migration and spawning areas of the migratory fishes. The envisaged impact is insignificant or no impact.
7.2.2.2. Micro-level changes in Forest and Vegetation Patterns and Bio-diversity The project site and the surrounding area consist of degraded fast patches and plant communities with limited growth forms due to the influence of adverse topographic conditions. One would expect some degree of impacts on vegetation and bio-diversity due to project operational workforce. Furthermore results from the sampling of the forested areas show that the current stock of biomass is relatively poor and further exploitation upon these resources might bring micro-level changes upon the surrounding vegetation communities provided sourcing of the vegetation for firewood in the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 173 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) operation camps. The envisaged impact is indirect, local, long term, moderate magnitude and moderate significance.
7.2.2.3. Minimum Downstream River Flow As the Marsyangdi River stretch between Tal and Myardi-Marsyangdi confluence is devoid of fish species, there is no impact to the fish by the reduced flow in the dewatered stretch between Tal and Myardi-Marsyangdi confluence. However, there will be significant change in the river morphology.
Downstream of the Mayrdi- Marsyangdi confluence up to tailrace outlet at Syange, the water flow in the Marsyangdi will be significantly reduced. Expected inflow from the side tributaries after Myardi into the Marsyangdi River is expected to be around 3.5 m3/s in the dry season. This together with the environmental flow released from the dam is envisaged to be sufficient for the thriving fish species (Schizothoraichthys progastus, Pseudecheneis sulcatus and Garra gotyla) of the stretch. The envisaged impact to the fish due to reduced flow in the dewatered stretch of Marsyangdi is direct, local, long term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.2.2.4. Impact on Bio-diversity and Habitats in Annapurna Conservation Area During the operation period a maximum of 200 workforces distributed in the powerhouse at Syange and Dam site at Tal is expected. All of these work forces are technical staff and will be confined to the camps busy in the operation of the project. For other maintenance works, peoples will be hired locally on daily wage basis. As these people are local, their impact to the biodiversity and habitats of ACA is equal to as is now. However, there will be some risk form the 200 operational staffs on the biodiversity and habitats of wildlife, if not regulated for camp requirements and other economic benefit. The envisaged impact is indirect, site specific, long term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.2.2.5. Increase Access to Forest The access to the project area is already facilitated by the under construction road to Chame. However project will contribute to the increased accessibility due to regular maintenance of the motor road during operation period for its own purpose. Hence the increased access to forest resource is not only for the project operation workers but also for the other opportunity seekers. As ACAP is regularly monitoring the ACA forest through the local community user groups, there is very limited risk due to increased access to the area and its natural resource base including forest. The envisaged impact is indirect, local, long term, low magnitude and of low significance.
7.2.2.6. Illegal Hunting and Poaching by the Operation Workforce There is a risk of illegal hunting and poaching by the operational workforce of the project, it is very unlikely that the impacts will of significant nature. The envisaged impact is indirect, local, long term, low magnitude and of low significance
7.2.2.7. Impact due to Sedimentation Load Marsyangdi River at the dam site has low sediment transport capacity as seen by the river material at this site comprising of small cobbles and pebbles only. Formation of reservoir during operation will further reduce the sediment carrying capacity of the river due to reduced velocity. The envisaged implication, if any, will be at the apical portion of the reservoir, which could impinge upon the reservoir. The sediment load of the Marsyangdi River in the peak monsoon flood will be passed directly through the dam so as to maintain the reservoir operation levels (minimum and maximum)
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 174 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) throughout the project life and hence the deposition of sediments at the reservoir will be regulated without any implication to the reservoir.
As the size of the sediment in suspension is dominated by the particulate fraction of less than 0.2 mm, the sediments derived from the desanding basin will be much less to cause any adverse impact immediately downstream of the flushing tunnel located at the steep section of the river Marsyangdi. As discussed in above there will be minimum impact to the river morphological character. As the river stretch is devoid of the fish population, sediment impact to fish is none. The envisaged impact except for the river bed morphology is none.
7.2.2.8. Risk to Terrestrial Wildlife and Aquatic Wildlife due to Sudden Release of Water from Diversion Weir The fault in turbine operation or regulation by the load dispatch center may require sudden release of water from the diversion weir in the dry seasons. Such sudden water release could be serious to the terrestrial wildlife particularly in the night hours. The aquatic life, particularly fish fingerlings thriving in the river below Myardi- Marsyangdi confluence will also be impacted while for the larger fish, it will have a beneficial effect. The stabilized ecology of the zooplankton and phytoplankton in the dewatered zone is envisaged to be disturbed. The envisaged impact is direct, regional, moderate magnitude and of moderate significance.
Table 7-8 presents the summarized impact prediction for the biological environment of the project area.
Table 7-8: Summarized Impact Matrix for the Biological Environment Physical and Chemical Direct/Indirect SN Extent Duration Magnitude Significance Impacts Impact A. Construction Phase 1. Loss of Forest and D S LT M Sm (50) forested areas 2. Loss of forest resources D S LT M Sm 3. Loss of Rare and D S LT LO SL endangered or protected flora 4. Loss of habitat of rare ID S ST LO SL and endangered wildlife 5. Loss of wildlife habitat ID S ST LO SL 6. Loss of aquatic habitat D/ID L ST M Sm 7. Impact on migratory No impact fishes 8. Impact on biodiversity D/ID S ST LO SL and habitat of Annapurna Conservation Area 9. Increase access to forest D/ID S ST M Sm 10. Encroachment in ID L ST LO SL conservation area 11. Illegal hunting and ID L ST LO SL poaching by the construction workforce
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 175 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
12. Illegal harvesting of ID L ST LO SL forest resources including NTFP by the construction workforce B. Operation Phase 13. Impact on Fish migration No impact and spawning areas 14. Micro-level changes in ID L LT M Sm forest and vegetation patterns and its biodiversity 15. Minimum downstream D R LT LO Si river flow. 16. Impact on bio-diversity ID S LT LO SL and habitats in Annapurna Conservation Area 17. Increase access to forest ID L LT LO SL 18. Illegal hunting and ID L LT LO SL poaching by the operation workforce 19. Impact due to ID L LT LO SL sedimentation load 20. Sudden release of water D R ST M Si and impact to wildlife Note: D = Direct, ID = Indirect, S= Site specific, L= Local, R= Regional, ST=Short Term, MT = Medium Term, LT= Long Term, H = High, M=Moderate, LO= Low, Si = Significant, Sm =Modetrately Significant, SL= Insignificant
7.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 7.3.1. Construction Phase 7.3.1.1. Loss of Land and Property and its Implication to the Livelihood of the People. The total land use for the project has decreased due to design change. The new data obtained from the updated feasibility report and Arc GIS, 65.5 ha of the land is required for the project after deducting the land. Previously it was 86.69 ha. Of the present total land requirement, 29.75 ha of the land are to be acquired on permanent basis and 35.75 ha of the land is to be acquired for temporary basis. Of the total land, 28.08 ha of the land will be private land whereas the remaining 37.42 ha land is the government land. The details of the new land requirement with the area and type are shown in Table 7-9.
Table 7-9: Land Requirements for different components of the project Land Type (ha) Project Total SN Forest Cultivated Flood Plain Component Area (ha) Gov pvt Gov Pvt Gov Permanent Reservoir 1 3.19 0.18 - 0.35 3.72 Inundated Area 2 Headworks Site 1.119 0.001 0.19 1.31
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 176 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
3 Access Roads 9.9 3 - 5.41 - 18.31 Owner's 4 2.07 2.07 permanent Camp 5 Switch Yard 1.09 - - - 1.09 6 Surge Shaft 0.089 0.089 7 Adit Portal 0.43 - - 0.52 - 0.95 Link Canal to 8 0.42 0.4664 - 0.16 0.22 1.2664 LMMHEP 9 Camp at HW, LB 0.081 0.44 0.521 10 Tailrace Tunnel - - - - 0.061 0.061 Portal to Butterfly 11 0.36 0.36 Valve Sub-Total (A) 16.679 3.6474 8.6 0.821 29.75 Temporary 12 Quarry 2.3642 0.64932 4.11 2.17 9.29352 13 Batching Plant 0.15 - - 0.46 0.61 14 Camps 1.72 - - 1.49 - 3.21 15 Construction Yard 0.65 1.421 - 2.62 2.89458 7.58558 16 Miscelleous 0.14 - 0.28 - 0.42 17 Bunker 0.13 0 0 0.52 0 0.65 18 Aggregates 0.6 0.5 1.1 19 Water Supply - 0.84 0.84 20 Spoil Area 8.92 2.93 11.85 21 Coffer Dam 0.1858 0.006 0.1918 Sub-Total (B) 14.86 2.07032 0 13.756 5.06458 35.7509 Grand Total 31.539 5.71772 22.356 5.88558 65.50 (A+B) Source: updated feasibility report and Arc GIS, 2019 Note: Pvt: Private, Gov: Government, Permnt: Permanent, Tempo: Temporary
The loss of the private land is of direct concern to the communities living in the different parts of the project area as it relates with the livelihood of the households who operate these lands for agriculture /horticulture /animal husbandry purpose.
7.3.1.2. Involuntary Resettlement and Relocation Issues According to previous approved report, about 212 households/institutions are estimated to lose land or property due to the project. These households and institutions will have to give their land and property willingly or unwillingly, if the project construction works were to start. In this regard, the project attracts the issue of resettlement and relocation including rehabilitation of the households/institutions affected by the project.
Loss of land and property is not only loss of livelihood but also a loss of belonging to the area. In the rural areas, higher landholding and built property is regarded as a sense pride and respect within the community. It is therefore project will have to undertake resettlement and rehabilitation of 212
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 177 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) project affected households, however degree of resettlement and rehabilitation including relocation will be different for different affected households/institutions.
The households, who are affected by the loss of residential structures in the permanent land acquisition areas, will have to be relocated, while those who lose their landholdings by the permanent land acquisition will have to be resettled and rehabilitated. These households and institutions are not envisaged to require relocation as their built property is not affected by the project. Similarly the households whose house structures will be acquired by the project during construction period, but does not require demolition of structures will also have to be relocated for construction period and also require resettlement and rehabilitation. The rental households/institutions also need rehabilitation. Rest of the others whose land is acquired temporarily for the construction period requires rehabilitation. Table 7-10 presents the type of resettlement and rehabilitation and relocation requirement for the project.
Table 7-10: Resettlement and Rehabilitation Requirements Resettlement, Rehabilitation and Relocation requirements Ta Jag Syan Gher Tot l at ge mu al Resettlement and rehabilitation and Relocation (loss of 6 0 0 1 7 structure) Resettlement and rehabilitation (permanent land acquisition - 8 5 12 2 27 SPAF) Resettlement and rehabilitation and relocation (Temporary 0 3 36 0 39 house acquisition - SPAF) Resettlement and rehabilitation (Temporary land acquisition – 0 0 0 0 0 SPAF) Resettlement and rehabilitation (permanent land acquisition – 4 5 52 34 95 PAF) Resettlement and rehabilitation (Temporary land acquisition – 20 3 15 0 37 PAF) Rehabilitation (rental – PAF) 0 1 5 0 6 Total 38 17 120 37 212 Source: Approved Report, 2012
7.3.1.3. Compensation to Project Affected People (PAF) and Seriously Project Affected People (SPAF) The census survey of the affected households of the project when asked on the preference to the mode of compensation gave a mixed reaction. Nearly 88.6% of the affected households wish for the cash compensation as the first and second choice, while other preferred house for house as the first preference, in case they lose their house structure. Considering the scarcity of land area in Nepal for resettlement and relocation of project affected households/institutions, the cash compensation option as preferred by the affected households seems most appropriate. As most of the households affected do not lose all of their land property, can make use of the cash compensation to restore their livelihood through commerce and trade. As the households of the project area are relying on the off farm income (nearly 70%) and their dependency on land agricultural product in terms of household annual income is less than 20%, cash compensation will open multiple opportunity of trade and business related to tourism to the affected
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 178 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) households. Further most of the project affected households wish to resettle or relocated in the nearby area so as to give continuity to their tourism trade.
The issue related to the cash compensation, however, is the agreement in the price of the affected property. The households obviously are demanding additional price than the actual market price. The affected household has a feeling that the land prices in the area will increase with the project construction and operation.
7.3.1.4. Change in social structures, cultural and traditional practices of local people due to in migration of outside workforce. This includes issues related to change in social structures, cultural and traditional practices of local people due to immigration of about 1500 workers from outside. Some of the workers required for the project construction work will be sourced from different places other than the local area. These workers apparently could have different cultural and traditional values other than that of local people. The cultural and traditional activities of migrating workers might influence the local culture and tradition. The influence may have positive as well as negative contribution.
This will inevitably bring change in the project area demography during the construction phase with multiple effects on the existing social structure and relationship apart from the changes in the cultural and traditional practices. The major effect envisaged in the social structure is the dismantling of the existing social hierarchy, erosion of social respect and harmony, breaking of neighborly relationships, social values replaced by money and power etc.
The project area is currently dominated by Gurung community (> 90%) and is very rich in cultural environment. Despite many pushes and pulls of modern day life, Gurungs of the local area are increasingly eager to learn, preserve, and celebrate their distinct cultural heritage and practices. This includes not only the various belief systems and cultural practices surrounding festivals, birth, marriage, and death rituals, but also the Gurungs’ own language. As of the date, the ethnically isolated groups of people have set relatively stable relationships. The dislocation of these communities because of land and property acquisition and sudden changes in the demography of the project area including other project related activities, has potential to cause disruption to the network of relationships that they practice. Also, the influx of large numbers of aliens into these communities is certain to cause major changes in social relationships, and cultural and traditional norms. These changes will be greatest in the vicinity of the main project area, and along the project roads.
7.3.1.5. Excessive burden of outside workforce on existing infrastructure facilities such as health post, Schools, local market, communication, water supply etc The Socio-economic survey reveals that the project area has limited numbers of institutions to provide the basic services such as education, health, communication, drinking water etc. Although the numbers of primary schools are common the secondary schools and 10+2 are located only in few centers such as Ramghat, Ghermu, Jagat, Tal, etc. The educational facilities in the area are not sufficient to meet the requirements of the existing population. Any addition of students related to
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 179 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) project staffs, and outside workforce will not only burden the facilities but will also cause degradation of the existing facilities and quality of services.
For the health services a majority of the people does not rely on the existing health post because the post does not have the appropriate health worker nor has sufficient medicine .There is no hospital in the project area. Apart from this the existing drinking water facilities are also reported to be unsafe and insufficient. In the above context, any addition of population for the health and water supply service will burden the facilities with implication on the existing quality of services to the existing population.
The average distance, quality and affordability assessment of these services reveal that the project area people are facing problems to achieve a moderate services of these basic services. So accommodating the influx of 1500 working forces added by their families will have a burden on these services with implication to the quality of services to the local community.
7.3.1.6. Excessive burden of the outside workforce on the other community resources (forest, NTFP, community grounds etc) Almost all households of the project area rely on the Community Forestry for firewood, grass and timber collection. Very few have access to private forest and government forest. Although many households are using electricity and solar power in the project area 99 percent still use firewood. Up to 40 percent people also visit the forest for herbs collection. So the forests of the area are already over pressured.
The need and demand of the migrant workers thus cannot be met by the local forests. Rather, their encroachment in the forest to avail the forest products (including valuable herbs) may further increase the conflict and may also create threat to their life as evident by such incidence in other parts of the country.
7.3.1.7. Impact on Tourism Lamjung and Manang are the major tourist destination of Nepal. The main tourist places in Lamjung district are; Bhujung, Ilum Pokhari, Meme Pokhari, Barha Pokhari, Besisahar, Khudi, Bhulbhule, Naadi, Bahundanda, Ghermu Besi, Syange, Jagat, and Chyamche etc. Ghermu Besi, Syange, Jagat, and Chyamche are located in the project areas. Historically important Didi temple, a famous religious site located at Jagat village of Marsyangdi RM, is visited not only by local people but also by the trekkers of Annapurna Circuit.
Manang is one of the most important tourist destinations. Major attraction of the district, is the lake Tilicho situated at the world’s highest elevation. Starting the journey from Besisahar, one can reach Manang district after a 3/4 days walk along the bank of the Marsyangdi River. The beautiful chain of Himalayas, diverse landforms, lakes and springs and forests along with the hospitality of people, their culture and ancient monasteries have made the district hugely popular among national and international tourist. The main internal and inter districts foot trails identified is shown in Table 7-11.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 180 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Table 7-11: The Main Foot Trails through the Project Districts SN Foot Trails Remarks 1 Tal - Thorang Internal 2 Thoche – Larke Bimdang 3 Koto – Nar, Phoo 4 Phoo – Manang – Khangsar – Tilicho Tal 5 Gorkha Shamposa to Thoche, Manang Inter-district 6 Along the forest of Silosh village, Kaski to Timang, Manang 7 Muktinath, Mustang to Khangsar, Manang along Thorang Pass. 8 Tibet to Tilicho lake, Khangsar through Nar/Phoo along Kaisang camp. 9 Besisahar, Lamjung to Tal, Manang Source: Periodic District Development Plan Part I
The tourist flow information available from the Bulbule Tourist Post, Lamjung reveals that every year 5600-17000 tourists pass through the project area for trekking to upper Manang (Figure 7-1). The movement of more than 90 percent of the tourist is one way as they return back either from the aero-plane from their last destination or changes the route. The remaining tourist Figure 7-1: Entry and Exit of Tourist from the Project area back again from the same route. As large number of tourists are walking from the project area their movement will be totally disturbed by the project related activities mainly the opening of road, blasting, dust etc. As parts of tourist trail pass directly through the active construction area, will have a severe impact on the safety of the tourist population apart from the pollution.
7.3.1.8. Disturbance in Social Harmony and Settings The flow of the large mass of the outside workforce (1500) will have direct impact on the social harmony and settings of the local people, especially the Gurungs. Similarly the pressure on the existing facilities (schools, water supply, sanitation, forest resources, community grounds, communication services, health services) will generate negative psychology among the local community with a feeling that their social settings were disturbed by the outside workforce of the project. A general tendency will be of hate red towards the project, if things were blown out of proportion. Also, conflicts arise often in the camps due to irritations from noise, lack of privacy, the proximity of neighbors, and lack of playgrounds or parks. There will be very few play areas for children in the camps. Hence, conflicts between kids often create conflicts between their parents. It is felt that these
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 181 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) problems would not exist if there were no overcrowding. Solutions are found which provide for ways of recreating social cohesion. But, overcrowding in the camps also affects more profound social processes.
7.3.1.9. Degradation of law and order The issues related to law and order mainly deals with the possible impacts associated with social ills like alcohol consumption, gambling, prostitutions, women trafficking, and quarrelling resulting in the form of possible conflict between local and outsider. The project envisages requirement of nearly 1500 workforces on daily basis in the four project construction sites.
The influx of large number of people with different social and cultural backgrounds and the sudden inflow of cash at the same time can result in social problems both in DIA and IIA. Constructions workers tend to be separated from families, work long hours laboriously, and consequently develop a subculture, which may manifest itself in behaviors that are often disapproved by the local community. These perceived antisocial behaviors could be exacerbated by alcohol consumption, gambling among workers and local youths. Likewise, demand and establishment of prostitution (illegal) during construction phase is also a possibility.
To work as labor close to the home town is considered as below dignity job in the Nepali context and the project site is not different than this. Further, the local might demand high salary than the district rates which contractors might not provide. All these will eventually result in the employment of the high numbers of outside workforce in the project. Obviously, local people will see outside workforce as unwanted element who have taken up their opportunity at cheaper prices. These psychological feelings of the locals will be the fundamental cause to germinate hate towards the outside workforce. In such a background even the minor unintentional activities of the outside workforces may become an issue of conflict between the locals and outside workforce. Since most of the able people of the project area are seeking jobs in the third country such as Malaysia and Arab countries, likeliness of the conflict is very remote but could not be discarded. Local residents may experience increases in price for housing and local services, and community infrastructure may become over-stretched in order to cope with the influx of workers. There could be increased uncertainty about future, and a change in residents' feeling about their community. There will be division between haves and haves not. These impacts may lead to resentment and friction among the local residents, incoming workers, and other newcomers who are attracted because of the project.
Apart from this, with the increasing numbers of the outside person, incidents of thefts in the local area also might increase. The demographic change brought by the project, it is also likely that the outsider might initiate the quarrel to show their strengths against the local. As the area lack police post with sufficient manpower, it will be difficult to control the anger of the local people in the event of the quarrel.
7.3.1.10. Occupational Health and Safety Hazards The construction activities such as blasting, using heavy equipment and working in the river, tunnel and on steep slopes, may cause accidents and injuries. The most common injuries that might occur
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 182 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) are due to accidental falls from scaffoldings or other structures, injuries due to falling objects such as rocks or other construction equipment, collapse of tunnel or other excavations, traffic accidents and drowning. Exposure to chemicals, dusts, naked electrical wires, pointed objects etc are of common occurrence in an unmanaged working environment. The victims are the construction worker although injuries to local people are also possible. Similarly, construction practice without use of Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) like glove, boot and helmet results into the minor accidents with implication both to the working hours and health of the construction worker.
The living conditions of the workforce are the other issue of concern related to the occupational health of workers. Living in a crowded room, with no proper ventilation, heating, and lighting, nor proper diet, lack of proper sanitation etc. are also related to the workers health and safety. Poor water supply quality, lack of toilets, bathrooms, and solid waste management facilities has a direct bearing of the health of the workers. Living in a crowded area also increases the risk of disease transfer, particularly vector borne diseases among the workers with a chance of epidemic outburst.
The Tal area is located in a relatively cold area, inadequate clothing, bed and rugs and room heating might increase the incident of frequent occurrence of cold and cough to the workforce. Similarly, people working in the tunnel are also exposed to excessive cold without proper clothing.
7.3.1.11. Community Health and Safety Hazards The construction of the dam could require large quantities of building material and other supplies (fuel, supplies to the construction village etc.), some of which could be delivered to the site by trucks that are mostly passed in close proximity to human settlements (Tal, Chymche, Jagat, Sirchaur, Syange, Ramghat etc). The road to the powerhouse and Dam site is unpaved and the traffic through the road side settlements could result in significant disruption from dust and noise from passing traffic. These homesteads very small and due to the rural nature, have experienced little traffic so far, increasing their susceptibility to disturbance. Safety could also be an important issue for residents who are unused to much traffic.
During construction, the project area will witness an increase in population due to an influx of workers and service providers. Haphazard defecation by the construction force in open land, or along the existing streams or water supply source areas has high potential of the water borne disease and spread of disease vectors (Tal, Syange, Jitejagat, Chyamche, Paune). Such lack of proper sanitary measures and increase in water pollution and waste can lead to outbreak of epidemics and diseases such as jaundice, malaria, cholera and typhoid, particularly among the elderly, women, and children. Labor population along with their families as well as the host population would be more vulnerable to the increased incidence of water borne diseases caused by vectors and pathogens.
Apart from this, the construction workforce might be a medium of disease transfer to the local area. Align disease to the local area people might have a serious implication to the health of the local communities, as these people may not have been exposed to these diseases and have no résistance to the diseases.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 183 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
7.3.1.12. Impact on Annapurna Conservation Area Though the project site is located in the southeastern fringe of the Annapurna conservation area, and has degraded ecological conditions due to the existing settlement and tourist trekking route associated businesses, has potential of further degradation due to the over extraction of the ecological resources by the project workers. The patchy forests located close to the project roads might be exploited by the project workers and other economic opportunity seekers to meet their fuel wood requirement. Local population could also exploit these resources for fast economic returns.
As the project sites are the sites of high economic activities with high cash flow, the valuable resources of the ACA will be exploited by locals as well as by the miscreants among the project workers for high economic return from the project staffs and workers. Such activities are potential to degrade the ecological conditions of the ACA core areas. Since the ACAP has been engaged in the conservation of the ACA in association with the local communities, likely chances of such degradation is not envisaged.
7.3.1.13. Prostitution and issues related with STD The project construction sites are the place of high human mobility and of high economic activity. As there will be high flow of cash with the project staff, contractors, and project workers, a portion of the cash will be used for merry making such as alcohol consumption, gambling, and prostitution. Experience of the other development projects in Nepal reveals that the tea stalls, hotels and restaurants are the first to develop in the surroundings of the project development sites. All of these facilities provide sites for such activities in one or the other covered forms. The outsiders, particularly, young people and the people without their family members, at the construction sites are attracted towards the opposite sex of the area, which might lead to women trafficking as well as issue of conflict and quarrel. The other issue related to prostitution is the increase in the cases of STD and potentially HIV and AIDS.
7.3.1.14. Employment Opportunity and Human Resources Development Activity Nearly 1500 construction workforce will be employed directly by the project on daily basis during the construction phase. As the level of skills of the local community is not up to the requirement of the construction project, they have opportunities for the labor jobs required constituting nearly 20 to 30 % of the total workforce. Apart from this, a number of workers will be required at the camps and various facilities of the engineers and contractors. This is the other areas where local people could be employed during the construction phase. The hotels, restaurants, grocery and other consumable shops near by the construction camps and the construction sites opened to cater the daily needs of the construction workers is the other frontier of local employment opportunities. In total direct and indirect employment of the local people is expected to be in the range of 25 to 40 percent of the local population in and around the construction sites of the project.
The project has plan of skill enhancement of the local community through training programs related to the construction activities, which will include programs such as carpentry, masons, plumbing, electrical wiring, welding, account keeping, enterprise development etc. Apart from this the local communities involved directly in the project construction activities will gain new insight of the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 184 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) construction process and also acquire skills in their works. The earned skills will be beneficial for these people in fetching employment in other similar projects elsewhere or open a new enterprise for commercial gains. The skill obtained through training or work on experience could be developed into livelihood skill. Envisaged positive impact is direct, local, long term, high magnitude and of high significance.
7.3.1.15. Change in Land use pattern In site specific area, the land use change will be more direct in the Tal area. Except the current market at Tal, rest of the areas will be used directly and indirectly by the project. The existing agricultural fields of Siran Tal and that of the right bank of Marsyangdi will be occupied by the project during the construction phase. The serene beauty of the Tal area will be compromised drastically during the construction period.
7.3.2. Operation 7.3.2.1. Impact due to withdrawal of economic activities With the accomplishment of the construction activities, majority of construction workforce including contractor staff will leave the area. The facilities established (such as tea stalls, hotels, restaurants, other consumable shops, and construction related allied industries) by the economic opportunity seekers will face sudden drop in the service demands and are likely to vacate the area and migrate to other places where similar opportunities are available. The boom town developed near the construction sites during the construction period will turn into ghost towns. The locals feel themselves deserted by the project and are likely to push a number of demands to keep the township vibrant even after the accomplishment of construction activities. Since the project development sites are already locations of local supply of goods and services, it is very unlikely that the economic activities of the service facilities will continue to remain as is during the construction period.
During the operation phase, in addition to employment, the main economic benefits of the project will be activities resulting from increased availability of power locally. Due to increased accessibility and better market opportunities developed during the construction phase, economic activities may still continue in the project areas. All of this will create employment opportunities and means of livelihood for households, including vulnerable families, of the project area. There is considerable potential for development in the retail, construction, hotel and industrial sectors in the town. The lack of reliable, economic power supplies is constraining development in the region and the project is expected to fulfill this gap. However, market areas, houses, hotels, etc. may also get deserted if other economic activities do not fill in the economic activities that prevailed during the construction phase.
Utilization of this revenue by the districts for infrastructure and other development activities can ultimately lead to improvement in the socioeconomic status of the project areas. The envisaged impact is indirect, long term, local, low magnitude and of low significance of positive nature. 7.3.2.2. Impact on life style Change in livelihood is brought by three factors; one is wealth and capacity, second is skill and the third is exposure. The project will bring all of these at the local community. It will give opportunity to earn wealth through skill development and employment which is expected to capacitate the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 185 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) upcoming generation through education. Exposure on the other hand provides knowledge on the management of resources and sanitary living conditions to gain better livelihood. The exposures come from the direct observation of the living styles of the camp engineers and contractors.
7.3.2.3. Change in Land use Pattern Of the total land use changed during the construction period nearly 21.53 ha will be restored to the original land use. Total land use change in the operation period is 29.727 ha. Except in the reservoir occupied area, the land use changed area will be developed to better land use. These areas will be afforested and properly drained and protected from land instabilities and runoff and river cutting erosion.
7.3.2.4. Employment Opportunities and Human Resources Development Activities The operation phase employment from the project is expected to be 200 on permanent basis and around 3000 man hours on temporary basis. As the permanent jobs are highly skilled jobs, very few people from the local area will be able to fetch the jobs because of competition, whereas the temporary jobs as these are labor based jobs, these will be available to the local area people. Working in a project certainly will elevate the technical and managerial skill of the local people which is envisaged to provide them lifelong livelihood skills. This will be an indirect benefit in the human resource development from the project.
7.3.2.5. Impact on foot trail and movement of the people With the completion of the construction works in the operation period, there will be no impact on the foot trail and movement of people because of the project activity. A portion of the motorable road and the trail will have to relocate at the Tal area because of the location of Dam and reservoir. 7.3.2.6. Impact on local people and domestic animals due to sudden release of water from the reservoir It is likely that the project operation will have to be closed for maintenance purpose. Similarly excessive rainfall or over-filling of reservoirs may make it necessary to suddenly release large quantities of water from the reservoir in order to protect the dam structure. Though dewatering of the river stretch between headwork and tailrace is not going to impact the local water utility except recreation, the sudden release of water from the dam downstream while maintenance of the powerhouse, desander or tunnel could have implication on the life and safety of the livestock and peoples utilizing the river bed area for various purposes. The extent of the implication will be relatively serious at the day time zone than in the night time zone. Such sudden releases can be disastrous for people living downstream, for their animals, and for entire ecosystems particularly in the dry season.
Table 7-12 presents the summary of the environmental impact prediction in the matrix form for socio-economic and cultural environment.
Table 7-12: Summarized Impact Matrix for the Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Direct / Physical and Chemical SN Indirect Extent Duration Magnitude Significance Impacts Impact
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 186 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Direct / Physical and Chemical SN Indirect Extent Duration Magnitude Significance Impacts Impact Construction Phase 1. Loss of land and property and its D S LT H Si implication to the Livelihood of the people.(permanent acquisition) 2. Loss of land and property and its D S ST LO SL implication to the Livelihood of the people (Temporary Acquisition) 3. Involuntary resettlement or D S LT H Si relocation issues (Permanent land and property acquit ion) 4. Involuntary resettlement or D S LT LO SL relocation issues (Temporary land and property acquit ion) 5. Compensation to Project D S ST MO Sm Affected People (PAF) and Seriously Project Affected People (SPAF) 6. Change in social structures, D L ST H Sm cultural and traditional practices of local people due to in migration of outside workforce 7. Excessive Burden of outside D L ST H Sm workforce on existing infrastructure facilities such as health post, Schools, local market, communication, water supply etc. 8. Excessive burden of the outside D L ST H Sm workforce on the other community resources (forest, NTFP, community grounds etc) 9. Impact on tourism D L ST LO SL 10. Disturbance in social harmony D L ST H Sm and settings, 11. Degradation of law and order D L ST M SL 12. Occupational health and safety D S ST H Sm hazards 13. Community health and safety D S ST M SL hazards 14. Impact on Annapurna D L ST M SL Conservation Area. 15. Prostitution and issues related D L ST M SL with STD 16. Employment opportunity and D L ST H Sm human resources development activity *
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 187 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Direct / Physical and Chemical SN Indirect Extent Duration Magnitude Significance Impacts Impact 17. Change in Land use pattern D S ST M Sm 18. Operation 19. Impact due to withdrawal of D S LT M Sm economic activities 20. Impact on life style D L LT M Sm 21. Change in Land use pattern D S LT M Sm 22. Employment opportunities and D L LT LO SL human resources development activities * 23. Impact on foot trail and No Impact movement of the people 24. Impact on local people and D L LT M Sm domestic animals due to sudden release of water from the reservoir Note: D = Direct, ID = Indirect, S= Site specific, L= Local, R= Regional, ST=Short Term, MT = Medium Term, LT= Long Term, H = High, M=Moderate, LO= Low, Si = Significant, Sm =Modetrately Significant, SL= Insignificant, * Positive impact
7.4. Beneficial Impacts 7.4.1. CONSTRUCTION PHASE 7.4.1.1. Employment Opportunities for Local People The project requires at least about 1500 numbers of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled workforces during four of construction period. The project has a policy to provide maximum job opportunities to the local area people in the construction related jobs. Since most of the able bodied populations of the area are venturing out for job opportunities, project policy of preferential opportunity in local employment is going to benefit local people directly. The local people need not go out of the project area for seeking employment opportunities, provided they are interested and dedicated to the project employment.
7.4.1.2. Business Opportunity for Local People The UM-2 HEP is a large construction project and involves a large number of construction workforces for a period of about 4 years. A large number of people will be at the site in this period. They will seek a variety of service facilities and consumer goods produced locally as well as from outside of the project area. Fresh vegetables, fresh fruits, milk and milk products produced locally will be at high demand. The local farmers of the project area producing these products will be benefited by such opportunities. Besides, opportunities of business such as tea stalls, restaurants, fast food services etc could be fulfilled by the local people themselves
7.4.1.3. Induced Development Customarily, large construction projects are found to generate allied construction related industrial business opportunities such as wielding industry, repair and maintenance industry, electrical fixing industry, and even small petty contractor services related to the project works. All of these industrial service requirements could be met by the local people benefiting to the local economy.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 188 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
7.4.1.4. High Value of the Unproductive Land located close to the Headworks Area Land prices in the local area have remained unchanged for long time except in the market areas such as syange, Jagat, Chyamche and Tal. Most of the land transactions in the local area is for commercial purpose such as opening of hotel or restaurants. Other agricultural lands off the market are usually not in demand even within the community level.
With the project, the land prices will increase considerably. The increased access by the project and availability of the electricity in the local area is expected to promote local cottage industries including the service industries in future. All these activities are expected to increase the demand of land for various purposes with implications on the land prices and value of land, particularly at Tal and surrounding areas.
7.4.2. Operation Phase 7.4.2.1. Employment Opportunities for Local People The project is envisaged to create above 200 job opportunities on temporary and permanent basis for the project operation and regular maintenance works. As the project has a policy to provide maximum job opportunity to the local people in the operation period as well, the local people and communities will be benefited from such job opportunities at their door steps to enhance their livelihood conditions.
7.4.2.2. Provide a basis for Future Rural Electrification Program At present, the project area is serviced by the micro-hydro projects which supply electricity during the night hours only for the major market centers such as Syange, Ghermu, Jagat, Chyamche and Tal. Owing to the poor maintenance, most of the micro-hydro projects remain closed for 2 to 3 months in a year. With the development of the project, the proponent has a plan of rural electrification in the project affected RMs. Besides, local population will have other benefits in educational development, use of television for keeping track with outside world and development issues including entertainments etc. Opportunities particularly for women may include improve access to education at night, access to information from radio and TV on market prices. The electrical energy also provides opportunity for health centers to keep vaccines in refrigerators.
7.4.2.3. Link the Project Affected Area to the Main Highway The main access road linking Besishahar with Chame via the project site will be maintained by the project for its proper operation and maintenance. Round the year maintenance of the main access road is a direct benefit to the local communities of the project area. The main access road is envisaged to provide easy access for better educational institutions, health care facilities and market facilities in the capital city Kathmandu and the district headquarter of Lamjung and Manang. Apart from the above, due to better access, the local area communities will be able to garner government’s agricultural extension services, and communication services which otherwise were not possible due to remoteness of the area in the past. Besides, the environmental enhancement programs planned and executed by the project will have a long lasting benefit in the water supply and sanitation sector, and transportation within the project affected areas.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 189 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
7.4.2.4. High Value of the Unproductive Land located close to the Headworks Area The land value prices of the surrounding areas will increase.
7.4.2.5. Benefit due to Royalty As per the existing rules, the project affected RMs is entitled for 1% of the royalties received from the project by the government for local development including rural electrification. Besides, with the development of local tourism and related business and industrial development in the project affected RMs, the local government’s (RM/Municipalities) base of revenues, taxes and other royalties is envisaged to increase than the present.
7.4.2.6. Stimulate Development Energy is the basic driver of industrial development. Availability of electrical energy in the project affected areas is envisaged to promote opening of small and cottage industries within the project affected areas utilizing the local resources. Such activities will further enhance the local employment opportunities and subsidiary economic activities within the project affected areas. In this age of communication, the role of internet and other services requiring power support could also provide network connection facilities to promote the businesses outside the boundaries of local communities.
The employment and business opportunities availed by the electricity power in the local area will have a positive effect on the family earnings. Besides, the electricity lighting will provide better house environment for working and education with positive implication on family health and well being. In a rural setting, this is envisaged to have a profound impact on the livelihood and living standards.
Table 7-13 represents the predicted beneficial impacts of the project in matrix format.
Table 7-13: Beneficial Impact Matrix of the Project Direct / Physical and Chemical SN Indirect Extent Duration Magnitude Significance Impacts Impact Construction Phase 1. Employment Opportunities D R ST H Si for Local People 2. Business Opportunity for D L ST H Si Local People 3. Induced Development D L ST H Si 4. High Value of the D L ST M Sm Unproductive Land located close to the Headworks Area Operation phase 5. Employment Opportunities D L LT M Sm for Local People 6. Provide a basis for Future D R LT H Si Rural Electrification Program
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 190 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Direct / Physical and Chemical SN Indirect Extent Duration Magnitude Significance Impacts Impact 7. Link the Project Affected D R LT H Si Area to the Main Highway 8. High Value of the D L LT M Sm Unproductive Land located close to the Headworks Area 9. Benefit due to Royalty D L LT H Si 10. Stimulate Development D L LT M Sm Note: D = Direct, ID = Indirect, S= Site specific, L= Local, R= Regional, ST=Short Term, MT = Medium Term, LT= Long Term, H = High, M=Moderate, LO= Low, Si = Significant, Sm =Modetrately Significant, SL= Insignificant
7.5. Cumulative Impacts A number of hydropower projects have been planned both upstream and downstream of the proposed project. Apart from this there are two operational projects in the downstream area of this project.
The development planning of most of the projects whose survey license has been issued is grossly unknown. Most of the projects planned in the upstream areas as per the survey license are run off the river projects and are not likely to affect the operation modality of this project.
Design status of the projects planned in the downstream section of Marsyangdi River is not known. As the proposed project is a peaking reservoir project and the operational projects downstream are also peaking projects, impacts due to operational modalities of the proposed project is not envisaged. A detailed analysis of the hydrologic changes due to water regulation from the proposed project particularly in the dry season is, however, required to evaluate the impact to the operational project. Similarly, detailed analysis of the planned and operational projects in the Marsyangdi basin in relation to the natural environment and social environment is also required to unravel the likely impacts of the hydropower development projects in conjunction with the other development projects at least for a plan period of 15 to 20 years.
7.6. Comparative analysis of approved EIA and SEIA The comparative analysis of impact predicted during approved EIA and the issues identified during SEIA study are given in the table below: Table 7-14: comparative analysis of the impact S.N Description Impact predicted in approved EIA Impact Identified Remarks (2012) during SEIA 1 Beneficial Impact 1.1 Emploment Direct Impact, E=R, D=ST, M=H, Direct Impact, No change opportunities for S=Si E=R, D=ST, local people M=H, S=Si 1.2 Business Direct Impact, E=L, D=ST, M=H, Direct Impact, No change Opportunity for S=Si E=L, D=ST,
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 191 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
local people M=H, S=Si
1.3 High Value of the Direct Impact, E=L, D=ST, M=H, Direct Impact, No change unproductive land S=Si E=L, D=ST, located close to M=H, S=Si the headworks area 1.4 Link the project Direct Impact, E=R, D=ST, M=H, Direct Impact, No change affected area to S=Si E=R, D=ST, main highway M=H, S=Si 2 Adverse Impact (Physical) 2.1 Construction Phase 2.1.1 Change of Land Direct Impact, E=L, D=LT, M=H, Direct Impact, The project Use S=Si E=L, D=LT, requirement M=H, S=Si area has been decreased. (Approved EIA= 86.69 ha. and SEIA=65.50 ha.) 2.1.2 Sedimentation, Direct Impact, E=L, D=ST, M=H, Direct Impact, No change soil erosion and S=Sm E=L, D=ST, lland instabilities M=H, S=Sm 2.1.3 Change in water Direct Impact, E=L, D=ST, M=Lo, Direct Impact, No change quality of surface S=SL E=L, D=ST, and sub surface M=Lo, S=SL hydrology along the tunnel alignment 2.1.4 Impact on Direct Impact, E=L, D=LT, M=M, Direct Impact, No change Annapurna S=SL E=L, D=LT, Conservation M=M, S=SL Area 2.1.5 Impact due to Direct Impact, E=L, D=LT, M=H, Direct Impact, No change Muck disposal S=Si E=L, D=LT, M=H, S=Si 2.1.6 Change in River Direct Impact, E=S, D=ST, M=M, Direct Impact, No change morphology S=SL E=S, D=ST, M=M, S=SL
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 192 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
2.2 Operation phase 2.2.1 Change in river Direct Impact, E=R, D=LT, M=H, Direct Impact, No change morphology S=Si E=R, D=LT, downstream of M=H, S=Si diversion 2.2.2 GLOF risk Direct Impact, E=R, D=ST, M=Lo, Direct Impact, No change S=SL E=R, D=ST, M=Lo, S=SL 2.2.3 Impact Due to Direct Impact, E=R, D=LT, M=H, Direct Impact, No change Sedimentation S=Si E=R, D=LT, Load M=H, S=Si
2.2.4 Reservoir Rim - Direct Impact, The impact Failure Risk E=R, D=LT, has been M=H, S=Si included in the previous report. Added 2.2.5 Change in - Direct Impact, The impact microclimate E=L, D=LT, has been M=Lo, S=SL included in the previous report. Added 3 Adverse (Biological) 3.1 Construction Phase 3.1.1. Loss of forests Direct Impact, E=S, D=LT, M=H, Direct Impact, Compared and forest area S=Si E=S, D=LT, with the M=M, S=Sm approved EIA, the forest land area has been reduced from 49.24 ha to37.26 ha. 3.1.2 Loss of Forest Direct Impact, E=S, D=LT, M=M, Direct Impact, No. of the Resources S=Sm E=S, D=LT, trees to be M=M, S=Sm felled during project construction has been reduced from
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 193 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
3267 to 2361 numbers (Comparasion with approved EIA) 3.1.3 Loss of wildlife Indirect Impact, E=S, D=ST, Indirect Impact, No change Habitat M=Lo, S=SL E=S, D=ST, M=Lo, S=SL 3.1.4 Impact on direct Impact, E=S, D=ST, M=Lo, direct Impact, No change Annapurna S=SL E=S, D=ST, conservation area M=Lo, S=SL 3.2 Operation Phase 3.2.1 Micro Level Indirect Impact, E=L, D=LT, Indirect Impact, No change changes in forest M=M, S=Sm E=L, D=LT, and Vegetation M=M, S=Sm patterns and its biodiversity 3.2.2 Minimum direct Impact, E=R, D=LT, M=Lo, direct Impact, No change downstream river S=Si E=R, D=LT, flow M=Lo, S=Si 3.2.3 Illegal hunting Indirect Impact, E=L, D=LT, Indirect Impact, No change and poaching by M=Lo, S=SL E=L, D=LT, the operation M=Lo, S=SL workforce 4 Adverse (Socio- economic) 4.1 Construction Phase 4.1.1 Loss of land and Direct Impact, E=S, D=LT, M=H, Direct Impact, The total land property S=Si E=S, D=LT, use for the M=H, S=Si project has been decreased due to design change. 4.1.2 Compensation to Direct Impact, E=S, D=ST, M=M, Direct Impact, The project project affected S=Sm E=S, D=ST, affected families and M=M, S=Sm families has SPAFs been reduced to 142 HHs from 163
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 194 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
HHs 4.1.3 Impact on Direct Impact, E=L, D=ST, M=Lo, Direct Impact, No change Tourism S=SL E=L, D=ST, M=Lo, S=SL 4.1.4 Community Direct Impact, E=S, D=ST, M=M, Direct Impact, No change Health and safety S=SL E=S, D=ST, M=M, S=SL 4.1.5 Occupational Direct Impact, E=S, D=ST, M=H, Direct Impact, No change health and safety S=Sm E=S, D=ST, hazards M=H, S=Sm 4.2 Operation phase 4.2.1 Impact due to Direct Impact, E=S, D=LT, M=M, Direct Impact, No change withdrawal of S=Sm E=S, D=lL, M=M, economic S=Sm activities 4.2.2 Impact on Direct Impact, E=L, D=LT, M=M, Direct Impact, No change lifestyle S=Sm E=L, D=LT, M=M, S=Sm 4.2.3 Impact on local Direct Impact, E=L, D=LT, M=M, Direct Impact, No change people and S=Sm E=L, D=LT, domestic animals M=M, S=Sm due to sudden release of water from the reservoir Note: D = Direct, ID = Indirect, S= Site specific, L= Local, R= Regional, ST=Short Term, MT = Medium Term, LT= Long Term, H = High, M=Moderate, LO= Low, Si = Significant, Sm =Modetrately Significant, SL= Insignificant
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 195 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER VIII: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
The review of the mitigation and enhancement measures proposed in the approved EIA (2012) project reveals that the proposed enhancement measures are adequate to maximize the beneficial impacts of the upgraded projects as well.
For the adverse impact in addition to the mitigation measures proposed in the approved EIA following additional mitigation measures will be implemented to conserve the environmental resource base of the area. Apart from this, the proponent will take full responsibility for the mitigation of all adverse impacts identified during the project implementation and operation other than identified and predicted in the approved EIA and upgrading study project.
8.1 Physical Environment 8.1.1 Construction Phase 8.1.1.1 Change of Land Use The project location and design study has given enough consideration in the avoidance and minimization of land disturbance and land use changes. Within the preferred/selected location, efforts to minimize the land disturbance and land use have been considered by weighing the perceived impacts while nailing down the locations of the project ancillary facilities.
Land use changes and disturbance during construction is unavoidable. However land use changes except for the project structural location sites could be reverted back to the original conditions or of better land use categories than the present. For this following measures will be implemented as rehabilitation measures. . Demolition of all the temporary camps, storage areas established by the project and restore the site in the original land use or better category (Contractor’s colony at Tal, Bunker house at Tal, Bunker Complex at Syange) . Develop and landscape the spoil disposal management area occupied permanently (Site 1,2,3 and 5 at Tal and Site 6 and 7 at Syange) with adequate erosion protection measures (civil and bio-engineering) and drainage facilities and afforest the area after top soil applications. . Rehabilitate the temporarily occupied areas structures, facilities and land use and handover to the respective owner to maintain the original land use . Afforestation of areas not occupied by the structures at powerhouse, penstock, access roads, and headwork sites.
8.1.1.2 Sedimentation, Soil Erosion and Land Instabilities To avoid and minimise the impacts related to sedimentation, soil erosion and land instabilities following measures will be implemented. . Land clearing will be minimized to the required land areas only . The internal access roads will apply methods of cut and fill balancing for the road construcion
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 196 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. High explossive charge will be avoided while blasting the geological materials during road construction . Steep slope cutting above 35 degree will be avoided as far as possible in colluvial materials (internal access roads) and protected through bio-engineering. . Steep slope cutting at any given location in the colluvial and alluvial materials (internal access roads) shall not exceed a height of 3 m, above three meter cutting will have alternating bench of 2 m width. . All slope cutting areas will be provided with storm water collection drainage above the cut slope to safely divert the water from the slope. . The existing drainage network of the area will be maintained. The internal access raods will be provided with a side drain to avoid erosion of the access road formation width and safely discharged to the existing natural drainage and maintained in the monsoon season. . Side casting of the spoil material on the slope will be minimised to the extent possible while excavating the internal access roads . All the spoil material will be hauled to the designated areas for spoil management . Spoil will not be placed even for temporary purpose along the drainage lines and agicultural lands not occupied by the project . The spoil disposal management site adjacent to the Marsyangdi flood plains will be protected by a toe wall to avoid erosion of the spoil by the Marsyangdi Floods . The spoil disposal site 5 will be managed by errecting contour retaining structure and backfilling of the spoil to give a final look of terraced landscape to avoid surface erosion and debris slide on the spoil management site.
8.1.1.3 Noise and Vibration The anticipated impacts of the noise and vibration level increments will be minimized with the implementation of the following measures. . Avoid high explossive charged during the surface and sub-surface blastings . Control the speed of the construction vehicles to < than 10 km/hr in areas close to settlments such as Syange Market, Sirchaur, jagat, Chyamche, and Tal . Regular body maintenance of the vehicles and construction equipments to minimize the body noise . Restriction on the use of air horns and use of the horns . Procurement of low noise compressors, and diesel generating sets . Plan the noise generating construction activities only during the day time zone . Prior notification to the communities of the blasting timings. . Avoid blasting activities in the night time zone.
8.1.1.4 Air Quality To minimize the impacts on air quality following measures is planned for implementation . Regular maintenance of the project internal access roads and the main road in the sections close to the settlments (Srichaur, Jagat, Chyamche, Tal, and Syange) . Use of vehicles/construction equipments/compressors/diesel generating sets complying with the emission standards of the Ministry of Environment.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 197 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. Regular sprinkling of waters on the internal access road corridors and in the settlment sections of the main road at Syange, Sircharu, Jagat, Chyamche and Tal to minimize the fugitive dust emissions. . Adequate ventilation facilities at the construction camps and in the underground works to maintain the required IFC stadards of the indoor living and working environments . Prohibition on the biomass burning at the camps for facility heating and cooking.
8.1.1.5 Change in Surface and Subsurface Hydrology along Tunnel Alignment To minimise the impacts of the water seepage related changes in the subsurface and surface hydrology following measures will be implemented in the tunnel. . The high seeping zones along the tunnel will be grouted and lined to minimise the water seepage into the tunnel. . The natural springs around upper Jagat and Jite jagat area will be surveyed for the yield in the dry season . Any change in the spring discharge in the dry season and its implication to the water using communities will be provided with alternative arranements of water supply to meet the requirements
8.1.1.6 Change in Water Quality of Surface and Subsurface Water Bodies To minimize the water quality impacts following measures will be implemented. . The construction camps will be facilitated with separate washing, bathing, and urination and toilet facilities sufficient to meet the requirements of the construction workforce at IFC standards. . Sewage networks will be established to drain the wastewater into a wastewater treatment plant . Wastewater from the camps will not be released without treatment to the surface water bodies. The treatment standards will be as per the Standards of the Ministry of Environment. . All active construction sites will be provided with temporary toilets attached to a septic tank and a soak pit. . Open defecation will be prohibited . A solid waste management system of collection, segregation, and final management of the camp and construction area solid waste will be established and operated for all the camps . Haphazard disposal of the solid wastes in all areas will be strictly prohibited . The water from the aggregate washing plants will be collected in a sedimentation pond and treated to meet the standards of the Ministry of Environment prior to release to the surface water bodies. . The pumped water from the tunnel and other construction sites will be collected in a sedimentation pond and treated to meet the standards of the Ministry of Environment prior to release to the surface water bodies. . Unused cement slurry and concrete from the batching plants will be used for the road maintenance or will be safely disposed in the designated spoil disposal sites.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 198 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. Spent oils, burnt mobiles, grease, unused chemicals, will be collected in a centrally located collection center and stored in plastic drums for final management on the advice of the site engineer. . Fuel storage and dispensing units will be bounded in a concrete platform with drainage facility linked with oil and grease trapping unit . Spoil will not be placed along the natural drainage line
8.1.1.7 Changes in Soil pH and Chemical Composition In the active construction the anticipated changes in the soil characteristics is unavoidable and will remain as the residual impact. However to minimise the impacts followings will be implemented as mitigation measures. . Avaialble top soil from all the permanently acquired areas will be scrapped and stored in a safe area for later reuse in the spoil disposal site to maintain the surface soil quality of the area . Fugitive emission from the road will be controlled in the dry season through reguar sprinkling of water. . In the temporary area, the compacted soil will be loosened and rehabilitated as to the original character after the construction before handing over the occupied areas to the respective owners.
8.1.1.8 Change in Soil Salinity The percieved impacts on soil salinity is very negligible and will remain as residual imapct of the project. Special measures will not be implemented as the predicted impact is insignificant.
8.1.1.9 Change in River Morphology Anticipated change in the river morphology of the Marsyangdi river is unavoidable and will remain as residual impact of the project throughout the project life. Except restoration of the river wet channel towards the end of the construction phase no other measures will be implemented.
8.1.1.10 Impact on Annapurna Conservation Area The envisaged direct physical impacts at the ACAP are unavoidable. Since the measures of soil erosion, land stability associated with the project will minimise the anticipated direct impact implications, additional measures will not be implemented. However, project will implement a Catchment Area Treatment Plan (CAT Plan) within the immediate catchments of the project which also includes the ACAP area of the project areas.
8.1.1.11 Impact due to Quarry Site and Stockpilling Following measures will be implemented in case the quarry is opened for operation to meet the aggregate quality requirements. . Slope cutting angle will be less than 45 degree . Benching on the slopes will be employed at every 3 meters of slope height to minimise the instability of the slope . After mining operations, the cut slope will be shortcreted to enhance the slope stability
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 199 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
In the stockpiling areas, following measures will be implemented. . All the consruction material stockpiling areas will be rehabilitated after removing the unused stocks of the construction materials . The top soil saved at the start of the construction will be applied to restore the top soil quality of the areas and handed over to the respective owners (in case of temporary lands) or afforested ( permanently occupied areas)
8.1.1.12 Impact due Muck Disposal As the project envisage to safely manage the surplus spoil after use as aggregate materials for the project in the designated spoil management sites (2 at Headwork, 4 at adit portals and 4 at Powerhouse), the impacts of the spoil as a source of sediment to the riversand adjoining agricultural fields is minimum. The nuisance effects of spoil hauling at Chyamche, Jagat and Srichaur is unavoidable.
8.1.1.13 Impact on Main Trail Following measures will be implemented to minimise the impacts on the treckking trail and to the tourist population. . Rerouting the trekking trail from the Rambazar to Sirchaur through left bank of Marsyangdi River to avoid accidental risk to the tourists. This will require two suspension bridges across Marsyangdi one near Ramghat and one upstream powerhouse location little below Sirchaur . Re-routing the trekking trail from west of Tal Village to Nigalghari from the right bank of the Marsyangdi River. This will require a small suspension bridge across the Marsyangdi River west of Tal . Re-routing the main road (Besisahar –Chame) between dam site location to Nigalghari, as this area lies in the submergence of the Reservoir. . Establishment of checkpoints at the trail re-routing locations to guide the tourist for safety. This will require four checkpost two at powerhouse site and two at the Dam site.
8.1.1.14 Impact due to Sedimentation Load Additional measures for the sediment load control is the implementation of the Catchment Area Treatment Plan in the immediate catchment of the project.
8.1.2 Operation Phase 8.1.2.1 Sedimentation and Sediment Flushing Impact from Desander The aniticipated impact of the sediments from the sediment flushing of the desander is an unavoidable impact of the project. It will remain as the residual impact of the project throughout the project life.
8.1.2.2 Change in River Morphology Downstream of Diversion This is an unavoidable impact of the project and will be the residual impact of the project throughout the project life. However, implementation of Catchment Area Treatment Plan in the immediate vicinity of the project catchment including the areas of the dewatered zone is expected
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 200 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) to minimise the imapcts of river morphological change through reduction of sediment supply from the adjoining catchment into the river course of the dewatered zone.
8.1.2.3 Change in River Hydrology Managing sedimentation in settlements require a multi-pronged approach as i.Providing source control to reduce or remove solids in upland areas ii.Implementing maintenance practices designed to reduce sedimentation iii.Improving eroding and sloughing banks for long-term stability. These strategies will reduce turbidity, increase clarity, and reduce nutrient and sediment load and therefore improve the health of the watershed. Providing source control to reduce or remove TSS in the uplands keeps pollutants from running off in stormwater and reaching the receiving waters of the channel and ditch system. Source-control activities include low-impact development (LID) projects, street sweeping, construction-area silt fencing, and capturing solids in dedicated, maintainable sedimentation areas. Regularly scheduled maintenance practices minimize the amount of sediment, debris, and pollutants reaching waterways. These activities include cleaning out baffle boxes, removing excess vegetation from swales and roadside ditches, replacing damaged infrastructure, and maintaining control structures and weirs. For slopes and unsettlement areas the following management techniques are adopted: i.Steep slopes to be protected with hairy root plants that also prevent direct runoff washing out the top of banks. Watershed management includes identifying sediment problems, identifying the sediment sources, and recommending improvement projects.
8.1.2.4 Change in Water Quality due to Reduce Flows in Dewatered Zone The anticipated imapct on the water quaity in the dewatered zone is insignificant and will remain as the residual impact of the project. The project design already includes this measure. 10% of the average minimum monthly flow water will be released from dam as environmental flow. As per the Downstreams Response to Imposed Flow Transformation Study shows the released water is sufficient for aquatic life as well as for water use and rights. Addition measures for water quality management will not be implemented.
8.1.2.5 GLOF Risk Though the risk of the GLOF risk from the Thulagi is minimum. As precautionary step for safety management, a telemetrict hydrological station for the measurement of the discharge of the Thulagi lake discharge will be established for timely response in case of the increased water discharge than the normal for the safety mangement at the dam site and downstream areas.
8.1.2.6 Impact on Annapurna Conservation Area The project will implement a separate Catchment Area Treament Plan in the ACAP area of the Project areas to improve the watershed condition of the ACAP area.
8.1.2.7 Impact due to Sedimentation Load Except for the implementation of Catchment Area Treatment Plan in the immediate watersheds of the project between dam and dailrace other measures will not be implemented to minimise the
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 201 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW) expected sediment loads into the river. The anticipated impacts will remain as the residual impact of the project throughout the project life.
8.1.2.8 Impact on Main Trail In the operation period, the anticipated imapct to the trekking trail will be non-existent in the powerhouse area. The measures implemented in the dam site will be continued as in the construction phase except for the checkpost at the re-routing location.
8.1.2.9 Reservoir Rim Failure Risk Following mitigation measures are prescribed to minimize the impacts of such reservoir rim failure risks. . Creation of Buffer Zone along the Reservoir Rim: The project ensures to create a 5m vertical height zone from FSL as Reservoir Buffer Zone to avoid the immediate risks to the life and property of the households operating land and property along the reservoir rim. This buffer zone is already included in the reservoir land acquisition to avoid the immediate risks of reservoir rim failure to the communities . Maintenance of the existing forest and aforestation of the open areas in the Buffer Zone: The project ensures to maintain the existing forest of the Buffer zone. In addition it also ensure to afforest the open land of the buffer zone to maintain the soil helding vegetation along the reservoir rim to minimize the risks of potential failure along the reservoir rim . Geological investigation along the Reservoir Rim between FSL and MoL: The project ensure to conduct geological investigation in the first and second year of project operation to delineate the unstable areas with potentials of further land failure along the reservoir to plan and execute corrective actions for the stabilization of the reservoir rim slopes. . In case of land failure and damage to the public property, the property loss will be treated in accordance to the LARRAP for compensation and other mitigation measures.
8.2 Biological Environmental 8.2.1 Construction Phase 8.2.1.1 Loss of Forest and Forested Areas The project has given due importance to minimize the loss of forest and forested areas while selecting the project structural and facility sites as avoidance measure. The envisaged loss of the forest and forested area is unavoidable. However to minimize the loss of forested area, as per the provision of Working Procedures for the Utilization of National Forest along with standard for the National Priority Projects, 2076 BS following measures will be implemented. . The plantation will be done on the area equivalent to the one that is occupied by the project’s physical infrastructures and facilities on the land designated by the concerned authority. Further, its’ management will be done by the project at its own cost for five years. After five years, the plantation will be handed over to the concerned forest bodies;
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 202 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
8.2.1.2 Loss of Forest Resources Loss of forest resource in the delineated areas for the project structural and facility placement is unavoidable. However to minimize the impact of forest resource loss following measures will be implemented in compliance to the Forest Guideline.
. All the forest resources potentially impacted by the project structures and facilities will be enumerated and tagged in the presence of the ACAP authorized person . All numbered and tagged forest resources will be felled and stacked to the specified locations as designated by the ACAP management and handed over to the ACAP management for revenue purpose . Project will provide leasehold revenue cost for the project period as per the provisions of the Forest Regulation . The project will afforest felled trees above 10cm DBH at the ratio of 1:25 in the area designated by ACAP management.
8.2.1.3 Loss of Rare and Endangered or Protected Flora The loss of the endangered or protected species in the project delineated areas for structural and facility placement is unavoidable. However, to minimize the impact project will implement the following measures. . Avoid to fell trees of conservation significance as far as possible . The afforestation program will plant maximum numbers of the trees of conservation significance.
8.2.1.4 Loss of Habitat of Rare and Endangered Wildlife The impacted wildlife due to habitat loss is not the dwellers of the forested areas only. They could coexist even in the degraded conditions. The construction sounds and activities will force them out of the area during construction phase. This impact is unavoidable for the construction period; however, the following measures will bring these animals back to the area after the construction phase. . Afforestation in area equal to project occupied area . Afforestation of felled trees in 1:25 ratio in nearby areas
8.2.1.5 Loss of Wildlife Habitat Loss of existing wildlife habitat due to forest clearance during first 7 to 10 years during construction and later is unavoidable. However, implementation of the following measures in long run will improve the wildlife habitat. . Afforestation in area equal to project occupied area . Afforestation of felled trees in 1:25 ratio in nearby areas
8.2.1.6 Loss of Aquatic Habitat During construction phase the project is not envisaged to impart impact to the aquatic life. However to minimise the impact following measures will be implemented.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 203 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. Prohibit the construction workforce to catch fish particularly at Chyamche, Jagat, and Syange area during construction phase . Include the above provision in the labor force code of conduct and implement the provision with a penalty of dismissal from the construction job
8.2.1.7 Impact on Biodiversity and Habitat of Annapurna Conservation Area The major impacts envisaged in the biodiversity and habitat of ACA is related with the off side activities of the construction workforce. To minimize the impacts following measures will be implemented. . Prohibit the construction work force to roam in the ACA forest and wildlife habitat area in the upper mountain slopes of the project site. . Include the above provision in the labor force code of conduct and implement the provision with a penalty of dismissal from the construction job . Employ 8 persons 2 at each site (Syange, Jagat, Paune, and Tal) to monitor the offsite activities of the construction workforce and other people involved in the illegal hunting, poaching of wildlife and collection NTFP and other forest resource products of economic and or conservation significance. . Co-ordinate with the ACAP, if any body found indulging in such illegal activities for required action. . Provision of cooking and heating fuel to the outside construction workforce on the project cost to avoid using the local forest resources for fuel wood.
8.2.1.8 Increase Access to Forest The measures listed in section 8.2.1.5 will be adequate to minimize the impact of increase access to forest.
8.2.1.9 Encroachment in Conservation Area The measures listed in section 8.2.1.7 will be adequate to minimize the impact of encroachment in conservation area.
8.2.1.10 Illegal Hunting and Poaching by the Construction Workforce The measures listed in section 8.2.1.7 will be adequate to minimize the impact of illegal hunting and poaching by the construction workforce.
8.2.1.11 Illegal Harvesting of Forest Resources including NTFP by the Construction workforce The measures listed in section 8.2.1.7 will be adequate to minimize the impact of illegal harvesting of forest resources including NTFP by the construction workforce.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 204 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
8.2.2 Operation Phase 8.2.2.1 Impact on Fish Migration and Spawning Areas As the envisaged impact is of little significance to the project area, specific measures for the impact will not be implemented. However, following measures will have to be complied by the operation workers. . Prohibit the operation workforce to catch fish particularly at Syange area . Include the above provision in the operation workforce code of conduct and implement the provision with a penalty of dismissal from the job
8.2.2.2 Micro-level changes in Forest and Vegetation Patterns and Bio-diversity Following measures will be implemented to minimize the impact on micro-level changes in the forest and vegetation patterns and bio-diversity. . Prohibition on the use of fuel wood in the operation camps for cooking and house heating . Provide fuel for cooking (electricity) for cooking and house heating at the operation camps. . The camp sites will be planted with local species around the fences and in the garden areas.
8.2.2.3 Minimum Downstream River Flow Impact of downstream minimum flow is insignificant considering the local situation to the aquatic life. The impact in the river morphological changes due to reduced flow is unavoidable and will remain as residual impact of the project throughout the project life. However, project will ensure the following measures. . Residual environmental flow will be released round the year and regular flow will be maintained from the dam to sustain the aquatic life of the dewatered section. Flow of downstream rivers will compensate immediate low water flow; hence watershed conservation plans will be implemented. . 10% of the average minimum monthly flow water will be released from dam as environmental flow. As per the Downstreams Response to Imposed Flow Transformation Study shows the released water is sufficient for aquatic life.
8.2.2.4 Impact on Bio-diversity and Habitats in Annapurna Conservation Area To minimize the impact on biodiversity and habitats apart from the afforestation program in area equivalent to project occupied area and afforestation of felled trees in 1:25 ratio in adjoining areas as recommended by ACAP following measures will be implemented. . Prohibit the operation work force to roam in the ACA forest and wildlife habitat area in the upper mountain slopes of the project site. . Include the above provision in the operation workforce code of conduct and implement the provision with a maximum penalty of dismissal from the job . Employ 4 persons 1 at each site (Syange, Jagat, Paune, and Tal) to monitor the offsite activities of the operation workforce and other people involved in the illegal hunting, poaching of wildlife and collection NTFP and other forest resource products of economic and or conservation significance. . Co-ordinate with the ACAP, if any body found indulging in such illegal activities for required action.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 205 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. Posters and bill boards will be placed at various location for the conservation and protection ACA area . Awareness campaign twice a year will be launched through the local youth groups and Ama Samuha to the local communities in collaboration with ACAP to promote conservation activities and behavior in the ACA.
8.2.2.5 Increase Access to Forest The measures illustrated in section 8.2.2.3 above will be adequate to minimize the impact of the increased access to forest.
8.2.2.6 Illegal Hunting and Poaching by the Operation Workforce The measures provisioned in section 8.2.2.3 are considered adequate to minimize the impact of the illegal hunting and poaching by the operation workforce.
8.2.2.7 Impact due to Sedimentation Load The envisaged impacts of the sediment load to aquatic life are minimum. The release of the environmental flow to some extent will minimize the impact of the sediment load in the section between Tal and Myardi – Marsyangdi confluence. Further downstream the inflow from the side tributaries is envisaged sufficient to up keep the existing aquatic life and fishery. The impact of sediment load in the river morphology, however, will remain as residual impact of the project throughout the project life. It is therefore, additional mitigation measures is not envisaged.
8.2.2.8 Risk to Terrestrial Wildlife and Aquatic Wildlife due to Sudden Release of Water The envisaged impact on the wildlife and aquatic life due to sudden release of water from the dam is unavoidable impact of the project and will remain as the residual impact.
8.3 Socio-economic and Cultural Environment 8.3.1 Construction Phase 8.3.1.1 Loss of land and property and its implication to the Livelihood of the people The summary of project affected people is based on the assessment by the project staffs and the consultants based on the overlay of the project structures and facilities over the cadastral maps (the official land ownership, and land use map in Nepal). The project affected people identification is basically based on the information of the land plots from the Land revenue office and Land Survey office of the districts of Manang and Lamjung. The subsequent census survey of the identified owners undertaken was based on this identification and verification with the land owners themselves. Though consultations have been conducted with the affected owners, following will be accomplished at the field level before initiation of negotiations with the affected households of the project area. . Official verification of the land plots and land owners from the district Survey office and Land Revenue office to authenticate the final lists of land plots, built structures, and the respective Owners. . Many of the identified official land owners (land owners in the official document - Lalpurja) are deceased people whose land are inherited by their sons and relatives, but has
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 206 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
not yet transferred the land in their name. The project should assist such land users to officially transfer such lands in their name before starting the negotiation on compensation modalities with the owners. It is likely that the number of owners might increase/decrease after this process but is not expected to vary more than 15% from the census survey findings. . Prepare a final list of land plots, property and project affected owners . Notify the project affected people that they should not built any structures on the listed land plots, stating the notification date as cut of date for such activities.
8.3.1.2 Involuntary Resettlement or Relocation Issues It is a fact that the project is going to displace the land and other fixed properties of the affected households. As of the date, the people are willing to cooperate with the project and are ready to be displaced provided the project provides adequate compensation and rehabilitation. There are three options opened to the project proponent for negotiation with the affected households on compensation and rehabilitation as under: . Compensation and rehabilitation through bilateral negotiation with individual land and property owners . Compensation and rehabilitation through bilateral negotiations with the affected communities of different areas separately or in combination . Compensation and rehabilitation through the legal procedures of the government of Nepal
Of the three options, the first two are most suitable for the project as it offers a win win situation and does not require forceful evacuation of people from the project area through the legal means. The third option is a legal option and will be exercised only when the bilateral negotiations could not provide a break through. Since, Nepal does not have a best practice resettlement and rehabilitation policy and legal framework for implementation; all land acquisition process will have to comply the Land Acquisition Act 1977. This act is rather authoritarian and has many short comings such as i) valuation of property is based on the discretion of the Compensation Fixation Committee (appointed government officials as per the decree of law) or the value is not market based; ii) built property is compensated only after price depreciation; iii) there is no space to hear the voices of the affected people while determining the compensation prices; iv) it has no provision of rehabilitation measures to the affected people to restore their livelihood at least at par or better off than the present; v) only people with official landholding certificates are compensated and encroachers or traditional users of land without landholding certificates are not entitled for compensation; and vi) all compensations are in cash and there is no option of relocation and resettlement.
In the above context, if the project has no other option than the legal one, it will acquire the land and property based on the project’s resettlement and rehabilitation policy and the entitlement matrix while acquiring land under the Land Acquisition Act. The resettlement and rehabilitation policy and entitlement framework of the project will comply with all the ingredients of the best practice resettlement and rehabilitation of the international donor agencies including IFC annexed with a robust grievance redress mechanism.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 207 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
8.3.1.3 Compensation to Project Affected People (PAF) and Seriously Project Affected People (SPAF) Public consultation at various forums and during the census socio-economic survey, the affected households agrees to cash compensation modality as 1st and 2nd option. In this context, and also considering the unavailability of public and private land of appreciable size close to the area, the project will follow the cash compensation modality. The resettlement and rehabilitation to the project affected households will be as per the entitlement framework presented in Table 8-1.
As the project purposes for bilateral agreement for the compensation modality, it will initiate consultation with the project affected households through a process of consensus community valuation for the agreement. The entitlement framework presented will form the basis of compensation valuation.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 208 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Table 8-1: Entitlement Framework for Resettlement and Rehabilitation SPAF and PAF Households
Cash Cash livelihood Cash Cash land displacement allowance AllowanceAllowances compensation Cash Cash Business rental allowance for a family Cash for loss of for the loss to Permanent compensation structure loss equivalent to for 6 months for 6 transportation rented out of rented Types of Affected HH land @ to Structure rental @ of allowance >land @of district months @ allowance area in built market price without NRs lump productivity/ rate to one of district lump sum Lump structure (replacement depreciation/No 20/sq.ft./No sum No family rate to the sum Lump sum cost/No member /No family head SPAF Permanent acquisition - land owners only (registered land) 112 74 Permanent and temporary acquisition – Owners of both permanent 11 11 and temporary lands (registered land) Temporary land acquisition – Owners of Land only (registered) 25 Permanent acquisition – owners of land only (registered land) with 2 built structures by others Permanent acquisition – Owners of built structure in the 1 1 1 1 government land (unregistered) Permanent and temporary acquisition – owner of registered land 4 4 4 (permanent acquisition) also with a built structure in government land (temporary acquisition) Temporary acquisition – owners of land registered (institution) 2 2 Temporary acquisition - owners of land and built structure 1 1 Temporary acquisition – owner of registered land and also built 8 8 8 structure in government land (unregistered land) Permanent acquisition - owners of built structures only 5 5 5 5 Temporary acquisition – owners of built structure and land 15 15 (government land unregistered) Temporary acquisition – owners of land only (government land, 8 unregistered ) but with built structures by others Temporary acquisition – owners of built structures only, built on 12 12 others land (government land unregistered) Temporary acquisition – rentals on the others built structures 6 (government land, unregistered) Total 129 46 6 6 40 74 6 48 8 6
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 209 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Land acquisition process will be completed at least 3 months before the start of the project construction. The property owners will be given at least one months’ time to evacuate their property and belongings from the date of the compensation payment.
Apart from this, following rehabilitation/compensation measures will also be implemented. . Any loss to the standing crops will be compensated as to the local market prices (replacement cost) . Skill enhancement training to at least one member of the project affected families . Employment during project construction to at least one member of the project affected families . Employment preferences to the SPAF (with priority to vulnerable HH - Dalit and women headed HH) family member during project operation . All the temporary land areas occupied by the project will be rehabilitated to the original conditions in consultation with the owners of the temporary lands . All built structures in the temporary lands (camps at Jite Jagat, Puane, Tal, and Syange) will be demolished and the land is rehabilitated with top soil applications . All the built structures of the owners, particularly at Syange area will be rehabilitated and painted and cleaned to original conditions or in better conditions before returning to the respective land owners. . The under construction Besishahar – Chame Transmission line affected by the project will be re-routed in consultation with Nepal Electricity Authority.
8.3.1.4 Change in social structures, cultural and traditional practices of local people due to in migration of outside workforce To minimize the impacts in social structure, cultural and traditional practices due to flow of outside workforce following measures will be implemented. . Maximum job opportunities will be provided to the local area people to reduce the number of the outside workforce in the project area . A special vulnerable community development plan will be implemented with one of the focus area to maintain and promote cultural traditions and practices of the local people . The outside workforce will be instructed to respect local culture, traditions and the social structures and not to indulge in activity that affects the local social structure, culture and traditions
8.3.1.5 Excessive Burden of outside workforce on existing infrastructure facilities such as health post, Schools, local market, communication, water supply etc The following measures will be implemented to minimize the impact of outside workers on local infrastructures and facilities . All the outside workforce will be camped in separate camps with provisions of health care facility, water supply system, telecommunication system, grocery and consumable item shops . The outside workforce will not be encouraged to bring their family at the project area . The existing health posts, schools, communications systems and water supply systems will be assisted for better facilities to the local community
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 210 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. The camps and construction sites will not use the existing facilities particularly water supply, communication, health services and solid waste management services of the local area . The local people will be given priority for the operation of the camp canteen, kitchen, grocery and consumable shops
8.3.1.6 Excessive burden of the outside workforce on the other community resources (forest, NTFP, community grounds etc) The following measures will be implemented to minimize the impact of outside workforce on the community resources. . The construction workforce and their members will be prohibited from exploiting the forest resources, NTFP, wildlife, etc from ACA. Defaulters will be penalized with maximum penalty of dismissal from project job. . Project will provide cooking fuel on its cost at the project camps . Purchase and keeping of NTFP, other forest resource and wildlife parts and meats will be prohibited in the camps. Defaulters will be penalized with maximum penalty of dismissal from project job.
8.3.1.7 Impact on Tourism Following measures will be implemented to minimize the impact of the project construction works to the project area tourism and tourist safety. . Measures to minimize the pollution stream on air, water and land as specified in section 8.1.1.3, 8.1.1.4, and 8.1.1.6 above will be implemented and monitored to keep the construction area surrounding free from pollution streams . For the tourist safety provisions listed in 8.1.1.13 will strictly implemented and monitored throughout the construction period
8.3.1.8 Disturbance in Social Harmony and Settings The measures listed in section 8.3.1.4 above are adequate to minimize the perceived impacts and additional measures will not be required.
8.3.1.9 Degradation of law and order Following measures will be implemented to maintain the law and order of the project area. . Co-ordination with regional,and district security authorities will be established to increase the numbers of security personnel in the project sites . Financial assistance to the security personnels deputed in the construcion area for housing will be provided . The local (construction site or project areas) retired military and police will be employed for the required security personnel in the project. . Regular co-ordination will be made with the local level authorities on the security situation of the area . Posters and bill boards will be placed near the camps and close settlments on the evils and risk of alcohol consumption, gambling, prostitutions, women trafficiking, and quarreling along with legal punishments
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 211 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. The security personnel deployed in the area will be infomed regularly on such activities around the project sites by the social mobilliser the project management team . Any workers or staff found endulged with the social evils will be dismissed from the project works
8.3.1.10 Occupational Health and Safety Hazards To ensure the safety of the occupational workers following measures will be implemented. . Separate well ventilated labor camps with facilities such as sleeping, resting, recreation, canteen for meals and refreshments, consumable grossory shops, toilets, bathroom etc shall be established which are adequate for the numbers of labors in the camp . Construction wokers will be provided with basic safety issues and safety measures to be taken in each of the construction sites at least once a week before the start of days construction activity . Signs of various risks shall be placed at appropriate locations in all the construction sites . The construction workers will be provided with personnel safety gears such as helmets, boots with tough toes, gloves, air masks, ear plugs and other as required depending upon the work nature at least every six months. . The construction supervisor shall ensure that all the workforce is using the personnel protective gears at all times at the construction sites and those not using the gears shall be prohibited in the construction sites . First aid kits for minor cuts and injuries shall be placed at all times in each of the active construction sites and in the labor camps . A stabilization health care medical facility manned with a doctor, health worker, and nurse shall be established centrally in the project area with bed facility, medicine, x-ray etc. . Four standing ambulance one each at headwork, Headrace Adit tunnel portal and powerhouse shall be placed to evacuate the injured construction workers upto the stabilisation medical facility . An heli-pad shall be made at the headwork to evacuate the injured to nearest hospital in case of emergency . Emergency sirens shall be placed at each of the construction sites to inform the construction workers for evacuation from the active construction sites in case of emergency . Handy fire-fighting gears shall be placed at each of the construction sites for immediate use in case of fire
8.3.1.11 Community Health and Safety Hazards Following measures will be implemented to minimise the impact. . The construction vehicles shall be parked in the designated area as per the traffic management plan . The speed of the construction vehicle in the construction area will be controlled for the safety of the common people of the local area . The construction vehicles will not be parked along the main motorable road and in the settlement areas
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 212 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. Traffic signs will be placed in all locations as required for the safe driving and safety of the community. . The explossives will be transported and stored in a highly secured bunkers with military and police security personnels as per the Explossive Material Act. . Examination of each charge and fuge wier will be made after each blasting operation at the blasting sites. Any left overs will be collected and stored separately for final disposal management. . Fuel storage and dispensing units will be bounded in a concrete platform with drainage facility linked with oil and grease trapping unit . All spent oils, mobiles, grease and other chemicals will be collected and stored in a separate covered storage facilities for final management as recommended by the site engineer as per the governing law. . Control blasting in all location to avoid unnecessary breakage of rock mass than the required . Co-ordination with the security personnel and the local communities on the timing and locations of the blasting activities to set a time table for blasting activities . Barricade the blasting sites for human and domesticated animal movements at the time of blasting . Siren will be blown 10 minutes prior to the blasting to restrict movement of people and siren will be blown after blasting to allow peoples movent . Restrict blasting activities at the night hours
8.3.1.12 Impact on Annapurna Conservation Area The provisions listed in section 8.1.1.10, 8.2.1.8 and 8.2.2.4 are adequate to minimize the perceived impacts on the ACA and additional measures are not required.
8.3.1.13 Prostitution and Issues related with STD To minimize the impact of prostitution and issues related with STD following measures will be implemented. . The outside workforce shall be checked for any STD related disease at the time of the employment . A code of conduct for the project staff and outside workforce will be chartered with an instruction that indulging in prostitution in the local area is an offensive crime and punishable . An information on the operation of illegal brothel by the outside economic opportunity seekers will be given to the nearby police post for observation and legal action as per the law . The project staffs and workers will be given free condoms from the health care facilities of the project sites . Health check up at least once in 6 months will be made for all the project staffs and workers.
8.3.1.14 Employment Opportunity and Human Resources Development Activity In order to provide maximum job opportunity to the local area people for employment and human resource development following measures will be implemented.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 213 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. Establish a special location (outside wall of the project office) one each at the four construction sites (Syange, Jite Jagat, Paune and Tal) for the notification on the project related jobs and skill enhancement training opportunities to the local area people . Encourage local area people to take up the jobs through social mobilizes for application posting and easement in project employment . Provide skill enhancement training to the local people on the following areas - Vegetable farming - Fruit farming - Animal husbandry and Poultry - Construction related training (wielding, plumping, electrification, scaffolding etc) - Small business related training (mechanical workshop, small repair maintenance, wielding workshops etc.) - Hotel/Restaurant management and cooking - Office and secretarial service training - Women skill enhancement training (sewing, weaving, handicraft etc.)
8.3.1.15 Change in Land use pattern The change in land use is an unavoidable impact and will remain as the residual impact of the project. However, to maintain the general land use particularly in areas of spoil management, the measures provisioned in section 8.1.1.1 will be implemented. Apart from this following measures will be implemented. . The structural placement areas will be landscapped in such a way that the structure is blended with the surrounding natural setting . Plantation of the local species will be made all around the structural placement sites to give a natural look
8.3.2 Operation 8.3.2.1 Impact due to withdrawal of economic activities This will remain as the residual impact of the project and the project has no scope to maintain the economic activity by its actions. The project camps particularly at Syange and Tal is envisaged to keep up the developed market facilities to some extent.
8.3.2.2 Impact on life style Project will implement the following measures to further enhance the life style of the project area people. . Rural electrification program in the affected RMs with linkage to the national gird . Enhancement of existing school infrastructures and facilities as part of the RMP . Enhancement of the existing water supply facilities in the project RMs as a part of the RMP . Construction of new community centers and enhancement of existing community centers in the project affected RMs for cultural and other traditional practices as a part of the RMP . Construction of a new health care facility at Syange and Tal with basic infrastructures and facilities and provisioning of seed money for the operation of the facilities by the local community organization
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 214 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. Development of sports ground on consultation with the local community in the permanently occupied areas of the project such as muck management sites
8.3.2.3 Change in Land use pattern Though the changes in the land use of the permanently occupied areas is unavoidable, measures to protect the land against erosion, side cutting and sedimentation will be implemented as under throughout the project life. . Yearly maintenance of the runoff drainage structures of the spoil management sites . Yearly maintenance of the toe wall against river erosion of the spoil management sites . Maintenance of the greenery (afforested local tree species) planted along the access road sites, and spoil management sites. . Maintenance of the access road side drains and drainage cross structures . Timely management of the land slides, and erosion in the project occupied permanent areas
8.3.2.4 Employment Opportunities and Human Resources Development Activities Following measures will be implemented to further enhance the employment opportunities and human Resource development activities during Operation Phase . Local people will be preferred (SPAF – in preferential order of Dalit/women headed household/Janajati/ PAF) for the operation phase employment . Special scholarship programs for the students for higher education will be given for SPAF and PAF in the preferential order of Dalit female/ Janajati Female/ others female/Dalit male/women headed male/ janajati male/ others male as a part of RMP. Every year 5 scholarships will be provided.
8.3.2.5 Impact on foot trail and movement of the people Though the project does not envisage impacting the foot trails and movement of people during operation period, main foot trails (tourist trail and local community trails connecting the villages) will be assisted for maintenance by the project during operation period.
8.3.2.6 Impact on agricultural production and local economy due to land acquisition of agricultural land The loss of agricultural produce from the permanently occupied area is an unavoidable impact. The compensation measures for the land based on consensus community valuation process are envisaged to mitigate the impact. The compensation prices given to the impacted household could enable him/her to buy land in the nearby area of similar productivity. Apart from this the skill enhancement training on agriculture, animal husbandry, horticulture etc will pave way for higher production in the other lands not occupied by the project.
8.3.2.7 Impact on local people and domestic animals due to sudden release of water from the reservoir Following measures will be implemented to minimise the impacts. . Placement of sieren at various locations in the downstream areas of Marsyangdi river in the dewatered stretch to inform on the sudden opening of dam
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 215 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
. Awareness campaign coupled with posters and bill boards at various locations downstream of the dam with information on how to move to safety in the event of sieren blow. 8.4 Beneficial Impacts The environmental enhancement measures designed for implementation by the project has an objective to develop the overall socio-economic and physical infrastructure facilities of the project affected RMs. The programs, in the long term, are envisaged to facilitate the project operation activities Vis a Vis maintain the relationship with the communities of the project affected areas by enhancing the overall natural and socio-economic environment.
The details of the enhancement programs are listed in Table 8-2 in matrices format including environmental impact sector, enhancement measures and cost of enhancement. These enhancement programs are based on the consultation with the local communities at various occasions by the project developer at various times. Table 8-2: Beneficial Socio-economic Environmental Impacts due to UM-2 HEP SN Environmental Impact Enhancement Measures Cost A. Socio-economic (construction/Operation phase) 6,000,000 Support to Rural . Will Assist the community to reduce the Will follow as A.1 Electrification Programs dependence from microhydro per PDA document . Will assist in the establishment of water supply scheme for Syange of Marshyangdi 3,000,000 Water Source Protection RM A.2 1,500,000 Programs . Will assist in the establishment of water
supply scheme for Tal of Nashong RM . Water supply Education and Education . A higher secondary school is proposed to be A.3 3,000,000 Facility Support Programs constructed by the project . Training Need Assessment Study . Agriculture Development (trainings, improved seeds etc.) . Vegetable farming (trainings, improved seeds etc.) Agricultural Extension and Comes Under A.4 . Horticulture development (trainings, Training Programs CSP distribution of saplings etc.) . Herbal farming (training, distribution of seeds, processing etc.) . Market Linkage (Establishment of cooperatives etc.) . To decrease the pressure on forestland through the maintenance of livestock fodder Animal Husbandry Training requirements, trainings on improved fodder 1,200,000 A.5 Programs plantation in private and community owned farmlands will also be provided to the farmers as part of this initiative. Off Farm Livelihood . Training to carpentry, mason, vehicle, Comes under A.6 Training Programs welding etc CSP . Natural resource conservation program with A.7 Forest Support Programs local level CAMCs and subsequent sub – No cost committees
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 216 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SN Environmental Impact Enhancement Measures Cost . Buildings ranging from school, CAMC offices, community halls, community lodges, day-care centre buildings, trails, Support to Annapurna Comes Under A.8 railings, drinking water, irrigation canals, Conservation Area CSP sanitation works are constructed and developed with active participation of the local community. . Reconstruction of the gumbas and A.9 Cultural Site Upgradation 3,500,000 cremation sites . Assistance for the women educational A.10 Women Empowerment 1,200,000 programs of the PRM . Vocational training 2,500,000 A.11 Training programs . Tourism related training program 4,000,000 . Assistance to the existing government A.12 Health Care Facilities 1,200,000 funded health care facilities of the PRM . Assistance for the development of Rural A.13 Road Upgradation 5,000,000 Roads in the PRM Sub-Total cost 31,100,000 B Physical Environment . Ensure that the contractor rehabilitate the quarry site, and spoil disposal site into well developed lands for community use Impacts of Land . Afforestation and re-vegetation of development opportunities at spoil/muck disposal areas 4,000,000 B.1 quarry and spoil disposal . The land at spoil/muck disposal site and in sites the headwork site will be developed to a better quality land than the existing one by adequate civil, and bio-engineering works and top soil management . Afforestation and re-vegetation of spoil/muck disposal areas Cost included . The land at spoil/muck disposal site and in in civil Land development B.2 the headwork site will be developed to a construction opportunities better quality land than the existing one by cost adequate civil, and bio-engineering works and top soil management. Awareness development for . Conduct awareness program to the local B.3 the air, water and land schools and teachers, civil society members, 350,000 quality management etc . Sub-Total Cost 4,350,000 C Biological Environment Impact of Environmental 5,000,000 Awareness on the Forest Covered . Biological research grant Management, Wildlife, and under CSP Aquatic Life Conservation Total Cost of Environmental Enhancement 40,450,000
Estimated total cost of the Environmental Enhancement measures is NRs. 40,450,000.
It is also knowen that the proponent has already spent some of the money in the CSR activities that follows:
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 217 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
A. Clearing of the snow from the Besisahar-Manang feeder road = USD 50,000 B. Septemer: Clearing of debris on the Besisahar-Chame feeder road = USD 100,000 C. Stationaries, computers = USD 10,000
The proponent is also detertmined to spend more on the CSR activities as per the need of the local and the rationality of the proponent expenditure. The CSP activities determined by the projects are provided in Table 8-3. The CSP cost are break down for the construction and operation period of the project. The cost allocation for operation phase is projected for 7 years for which project has allocated CSP cost. Some of the CSP activities are to be determined as per the needs, suggestions and recommendation from the local people. The CSP activities will be revisited during the operation phase of the project as per the need and demand of the project affected wards. The electricity royalty that the local government will obtain should also be used at project affected wards. In this context, the project will also hold review and dialogue with the local government regarding the CSP during the operation phases of the project.
Table 8-3: CSP ACTIVITIES SN ACTIVITIES (Construction and Operation phase) CSP COST (NRs.) 1 Improve existing public facilities such as health posts, schools and water 17,000,000 supply and drainage system etc to meet the demands created by the influx of project staff and labor force. 2 Skill enhancement Training to the adivasi janajati and disadvantaged and 15,000,000 marginalized groups as livelihood support (Training proposed are cook, housekeeping, livestock farming, driving, mason, bar beding, electrician , plumber tourist guide, horticulture, apiculture, Cottage industry products, Machinery Equipment operation etc) 3 Agricultural Extension and Training Programs {Training Need Assessment 12,500,000 Study, Agriculture Development (trainings, improved seeds etc.), Vegetable farming (trainings, improved seeds etc.), Horticulture development (trainings, distribution of saplings etc.), Herbal farming (training, distribution of seeds, processing etc.), Market Linkage (Establishment of cooperatives etc.)} 4 Support to Annapurna Conservation Area 18,000,000 5 Upgrading of trekking foot trail , road connection for market access of local 12,500,000 produce 6 Contribution to the health and sanitation program in the project area 10,000,000 7 Improve the behavior and the lifestyle of the people 10,000,000 8 Contribution to reduce the traffic jams and fire hazards 12,500,000 9 Off farm Livelihood Training Program 10,000,000 10,000,000 10 Contribution to tourism and trekking
11 Improve condition or support woman and children programs 10,000,000 12 Religious, cultural and social support programs (Also raised during Public 15,000,000 hearing) 13 Environmental Research and biodiversity support activities 10,000,000 14 Support to Health post, schools, Local clubs, sport (Raised during Public 15,000,000 Hearing) 15 Rural Electrification 8,500,000
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 218 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
16 Community Building Construction 12,000,000 17 Other Activities( As per the needs, suggestions and recommendations from 88,801,500 local)
Total 286,801,500
A total amount of 286,801,500 has been allocated for Community Support Program which is about 0.5% of the total project cost.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 219 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER IX: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN
9.1. Objectives and Strategies The primary objective of this Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the project is to identify the principles, approaches, procedures and methods to control and minimize the environmental and social impacts of all construction and operational activities associated with project development. The ESMP also ensures to comply with the mitigation commitments made by the project management for each of the identified impacts in this report.
While upholding the primary objective, the secondary objectives of this ESMP is to specify the opportunities for environmental design and the environmental management requirements in the final design, pre-construction, construction, operation and de-commissioning phases of the project. To meet these objectives, apart from compliance to the commitments made for excellence in environmental and social performance of the project, the project management will be guided by the following strategies: Fulfill all environmental and social conditions associated with project approvals; Develop, promote, and foster shared sense of responsibility for environmental and social performance of project; Promote environmental awareness and understanding among employees and contractors through training, define stakeholders roles and responsibilities towards environmental and social management and linking project performance to overall environmental performance; Encourage an understanding of social and cultural sensitivities of local communities and the importance of minimizing project impacts on local lifestyles and culture; Monitor environmental and social performance throughout the project and implement an adaptive management approach for continuous improvement; To ensure that grievances from affected communities and stakeholders are responded to and managed appropriately; Work with local communities and project affected stakeholders to ensure that they benefit as a result of project development; and Regularly disseminate project related information, continue consultations with stakeholders, and involve them throughout all phases of the project.
9.2. Guiding Principles The key guiding principles that will be adhered for the successful implementation of this ESMP include but are not limited to the followings: Design of a practical framework for establishing best practice environmental/social management standards and guidelines to control if not possible minimize, and mitigate potential environmental harm for each activity undertaken; Design and implement a mechanism to assist managers, supervisors and construction crews to comply with current legislation; Design a framework for identifying environmental issues and to provide general procedures which must be considered when undertaking construction activities;
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 220 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Design a mechanism to control or reduce the potential impacts of the construction and operation of the project; Design an institutional mechanism to promote improved environmental and social performance through the effective use of management systems; and Establish and functionalize an effective institutional system within the project for establishing environmental due diligence during the construction and operational phases.
This ESMP is an environmental operation manual for use by the project management and staff, contractors, and regulatory authorities. It reflects the commitment to environmental management by the project. This ESMP has been prepared in page with the applicable laws, regulations and policies of GoN and international best practices. This ESMP is an "active" document and will be updated during detailed design and implementation, and operation if required based on the supervision, monitoring and auditing inputs in the project lifecycle.
9.3. Statuary Legal Requirements 9.3.1 Environmental and Social Legislative Framework Nepal’s environmental legislation is multi-sectoral in nature and establishes MoFE, as a custodian of the Environment Protection Act and Regulation, MoFE is responsible for the control and regulation of all potential sources of air, land and water degradation that may adversely affect natural and social environments. In this capacity, MoFE is empowered for updating and revising national legislation relating to environmental impact, and has jurisdiction to develop, and coordinate the development of, additional sectoral guidelines.
There are a number of cross-sectoral Acts and Regulations that are attracted by the project. These acts, regulations, rules, policies, guidelines and conventions relevant to the planning, design, construction and operation of the Project are described in the legislation chapter of this report. The project management will be responsible for fulfilling the provisions of all relevant acts while implementing the project.
9.3.2 Environmental and Social Permits and Approval The key permits and approvals required for the project development that must be obtained, are listed in Table 9-1. Table 9-1: Environmental and Social Permits and Approvals Approval Approval Suggested Timing of Information Required Permit/Permission/ Permit/Permission Application/ Request For Approval/ Permit/Agreement Agreement Authority Letter Approval SEIA Report MoFE through IBN SEIA report as per the EIA report Application lodged at least format stipulated in EPR Schedule 12 60 days prior to the EIA approval Approval Generation MoEWRI through SEIA approval letter from MoFE, Application lodged at least License DoED approved EIA report 60 days prior to the Approved Designed Report of the issuance of generation project with all design details license Approval Occupation Cabinet, through the SEIA approval letter from MoFE, Application lodged at least of forest land MoFE approved EIA report and detailed 120 days prior to proposed information on: occupancy of forest land
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 221 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Approval Approval Suggested Timing of Information Required Permit/Permission/ Permit/Permission Application/ Request For Approval/ Permit/Agreement Agreement Authority Letter o forest area (ha); o Government managed forest by type (Division Forest, Community Forest, Leasehold Forest - by ha); o number of trees by species category in each forest type; o Afforestation plan. Justification that forest land is required for project development (including an alternative analysis). ‘Felling permit’ for Division Forest Office Estimated number of trees to be felled Application lodged at least trees on (cabinet (DFO), Department of / chopped; marking process; party 60 days prior to proposed permitted) public land Forests (Permit) responsible for cutting and transport of commencement of felling trees; monitoring process; involvement ‘Permission’ to fell CFUGs of DFO staff in tree clearance and trees in Community and DFO) construction monitoring; compensatory Forests (Permission) planting proposal and budget estimate. Permit to upgrade DoR Department of Roads Site location, proposed upgrading Application lodged at least road, bridge, culvert, (DoR), (Permit) works, program of works. 60 days prior to proposed etc commencement of upgrading works Approval /Permission Department of Party/s responsible for relocation – Approval from Department to relocate Archaeology Proponent of Archaeology at least 90 archaeological, artifacts before relocation Agreement with Local administrative bodies and community at least 30 days prior to proposed relocation Permit to extract District Coordination Site location, extraction area Application lodged at least material Committee (DCC) dimensions and volume, timing of 60 days prior to the extraction. proposed commencement of extraction Written permission Landowner Information about land use Agreement at least 15 days from private landowner negotiation. prior to land occupation in case of involuntary resettlement and for temporary use of leased land Approval Involuntary Approval from LARRAP report with details of Application at least 60 land acquisition, MoEWRI (as per the cadastral maps, plots and affected days before the initiation resettlement and GON’s recent 2015 households (economically displaced) of the land acquisition rehabilitation resettlement policy) and entitlement matrix. process
Approval from District Approved LARRAP report letter Application at least 30 Administrative Office issued from MoEWRI including days before the initiation LARRAP report with details of of land Acquisition Permission from Land cadastral maps, plots and affected process as per Land and Property Owners households (economically displaced) Acquisition Act and entitlement matrix. Permission at least 90 days after the receipt of the Compensation Fixation Committee entitlements by the decisions affected land and property owners Agreement for Respective user Agreement with the communitites with Agreement at least 15 days relocation or committees/Local regard to alternatives and reinstatement prior to the disturbance of disturbance of Administrative Bodies of affected infrastructures infrastructure community
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 222 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Approval Approval Suggested Timing of Information Required Permit/Permission/ Permit/Permission Application/ Request For Approval/ Permit/Agreement Agreement Authority Letter infrastructure
The project management will make arrangements through its designated authority for the necessary approval, permits and permissions, including reaching a MoU with all stakeholders, taking the required time to be fully compliant with all the application requirements.
9.3.3 Environmental Standards The environmental standards are gazette by MoFE and are listed in the legislative section of the report. These standards need compliance at all times during the project implementation and operation by the project proponents. The standards are same as that of approved EIA. 9.4. ESMP Organizational Structure and Implementation Responsibility Project environmental management will involve the following main designated parties: the project Environmental & Social Safeguard Division (ESSD) with Environmental and Social Section (ESS) and Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Grievance Management Officer (LARGMO); project appointed contractors; GoN agencies; and an independent Panel of Experts. In addition, interaction and consultation with local communities and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) during implementation of the EMP will be a regular feature of co-ordination with the local level stakeholders. The responsibilities of stakeholders in implementing ESMP are highlighted in Table 9-2. Table 9-2: Project Environmental and Social Management Organizations. Category Organization/Contractor Project Manager Project Mananger Environmental Technology Department (ETD) Engineering Technology Environmental and Social officer Department Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Grievance Management officer (LARGMO) Owner’s Engineer Team (OET) Environmental expert (ES) Social Expert (SEx) Contractor Engineering Procurement Construction Contractor (EPCC) Other Contractors (OC) Independent Monitoring As per the PDA requiement MoFE, Department of Environment (DoEnv) MoEWRI, DoED GoN Ministries and Line Investment Board of Nepal (IBN) Offices MoFE, Department of Forest (DoF), Division Forest Office (DFO) Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) Ministry of Land Management, Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation (MoLMCPA), District Survey Office (DSO), District Land Revenue Office (DLRO) Ministry of Home Affairs(MoHA) Local Stakeholders Project District Coordination Committee (PDCCs), Local Administrative bodies, Affected Households, Local NGOs and CBOs.
Organizational structure indicating chain of command, coordination roles and advisory roles of the designated responsible parties for EMP implementation to accomplish the EMP tasks and delivery of tasks is depicted in Figure 9-1.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 223 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Project B oard of Directors (BOD)
GoN – Ministries and Line offices (MoFE, MoEWRI,IBN, MoHA, Project Mananger (PM) MoLMCPA, MoALD)
Engineering Technology Department (ETD)
Environmental and Land Acquisition,
Social Officer (ESO) Resettlement and
Local Stakeholders (DCC, Grievance Management
RMs, CBOs, UGs, and Officer (LARGMO) individuals)
Owner’s Engineer Team (OET)
EPC Contractors (EPCC) Other Contractors (OC) for additional Studies, and execution of different Management Plans outside the jurisdiction of EPCC
Line of Coordination Line of Command Advisory Role Line of Coordination
Figure 9-1: ESMP Implementation Organizational Structure
The key responsibilities and deliverables of the parties involved in the implementation of EMP are briefly summarized in Table 9-3.
Table 9-3: Responsibilities and Deliverables of the Parties involved in the ESMP Implementation Parties Responsibility/Deliverables Involved Project Owners Environmental and Social Safeguard key policy decisions Project BOD Establish and institutional structure as per Figure 10.1
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 224 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Parties Responsibility/Deliverables Involved Appoint Managing Director and delegate powers to take needed decisions with regard to project’s environmental social safeguards Establish ETD and delegate powers to undertake project’s environmental and Social safeguards as per EMP provisions Co-ordinate with BOD, GoN institutions Project Ensure, environmental and social dimensions are incorporated in the project design as per EMP Mananger Take routine and periodic oversight of the EMP implementation and monitoring through respective division , sections and unit related to EMP implementation Establish ESO and LARGMO sections with required human resources and delegate powers to Env and Social accomplish the jobs stipulated in the EMP Safeguard Div Coordination with the PD, ESO, LARGMO, and SE Take routine and periodic oversight of the EMP implementation and monitoring through respective sections and SE related to EMP implementation Establish EU and SE with required human resources with defined responsibilities Delegate powers to EU and SE to undertake jobs as per EMP Ensure implementing and administering planned actions in the EMP related to Physical, and Biological environments through regular and periodic oversight Ensure monitoring the environmental impact and compliance as per EMP through regular and periodic oversight Ensure revising the EMP, based on the monitoring results Ensure disseminating information to project stakeholders and coordinating with the local stakeholder and the ETD Coordinate with the SE, and ESS section head and the local stakeholders
Ensure acquiring all necessary permits and approvals for Project construction and operation (for land
and forest-based activities);
Ensure that EMP design recommendations are included in the final Project design
Ensure that EMP measures are included in the contract documents of the construction contractors and
other contractors
Prepare Issue Based Management Plans (IBMPs) in coordination with SE’s environmental experts Review and approving CC’s Site Specific Environmental Management Plans (SSEMPs) and Incident Management and Emergency Response Procedures (IMERP) in coordination with SE’s environmental experts Monitor baseline conditions in coordination with SE ‘s environmental expert ESO Supervise/monitor and review CC’s activities and other mitigation actions in coordination with SE’s environmental expert Supervise /Monitor implementation of mitigation and monitoring actions of OC’s in EMP outside the area of CC Issue corrective action requests and conduct follow-up inspections and evaluation of corrective actions in coordination with SE’s environmental expert Audit CC’s compliance with the EMP, IBMPs, SSEMPs, Project approval and permit conditions and any other statutory requirements in coordination with SE’s environmental expert Prepare regular environmental monitoring reports to project management Liaison with GoN’s ministries and line offices and local stakeholders to ensure that they have access to environmental documentation and responding to their comments and directives Monitor land acquisition, compensation and resettlement/rehabilitation program as per EIA Oversee liaising with other Government authorities on social management and resettlement by LARGMO Oversee information dissemination through project management and other media, and collecting feedback through regular consultation with various stakeholders Oversee and supervising of project grievance and complaint handling process implemented by LARGMO Oversee and supervision of camps and camps facilities in coordination with the SE’s social expert Oversee and supervision of occupational health and community health, gender, and child discrimination, law and order issues of the project in coordination with the SE’s social expert Audit LARMGS’s compliance with the EIA, Project approval and permit conditions and any other statutory requirements in coordination with SE’s Social expert Issue corrective action requests and conduct follow-up inspections and evaluation of corrective actions in coordination with SE’s social expert Prepare regular social monitoring reports to project management Liaison with GoN’s ministries and line offices and local stakeholders to ensure that they have access to
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 225 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Parties Responsibility/Deliverables Involved social documentation and responding to their comments and directives Prepare regular social monitoring reports to project management. LARGMO Establish LARU and GMPICU with required human resources with defined responsibilities Delegate powers to LARU and GMPICU to undertake jobs as per EMP Ensure implementing and administering planned actions in the EIA/EMP related to land acquisition, compensation, and rehabilitation through regular and periodic oversight Ensure monitoring the social impact and compliance as per EIA/EMP through regular and periodic oversight Ensure revising the EMP, based on the monitoring results Ensure disseminating information to project stakeholders and coordinating with the local stakeholder and the ETD Implement, and record the land acquisition, compensation and resettlement and livelihood restoration program including livelihood restoration as per EIA/EMP Coordinate with ETD Liaising with other Government authorities on social safeguard management particularly resettlement, rehabilitation and livelihood restoration of the displaced households Liaising with the local community, displaced communities, CBOs, UGs including displaced households Provide recorded feedback to ESO for monitoring reports Prepare monthly report on Land Acquisition, Compensation and Resettlement including livelihood restoration program Establish a Public Information center at the site office Coordinate with LARGMO and ETD and the project management Disseminate project information to the local community and other stakeholders from the site office Organize stakeholder meetings at the project affected local administrative bodies regularly to disseminate the project information and the activities Document the public concerns of the stakeholder meetings Appoint community Liaison Officer to establish and manage continued relationship of the project with the local level project stakeholders (affected individuals, community groups, representative of local governments etc), by providing information with regard to the project Recording of the grievance of the local stakeholders and reporting to respective responsible parties for the grievance redress Communicate with the decisions of the grievance redress to the respective applicants/complainers Managing the project grievance and complaint handling process and feed back to ESS-SU Provide recorded feedback to LARGMO and SU for the preparation of monitoring reports Owner’s Engineering Team (OET) Prepare the final Project design to minimize adverse impacts, consistent with the technical and economic objectives of the project, engineering designs prepared to date, EIA/EMP design recommendations and Project conditions of consent Assist ESS in incorporating the EMP provisions in the contract bid documents and contract agreement with the contractors Oversee the detail designs of the contractors and approve the designs keeping in view of the approved basic designs provided to Contractor
Review EIA and EMP of the project and provide input to ESS in the preparation of Issue Based Management Plans OET Review Site Specific Environmental Management Plans of the contractor, and take needed action for the approval with or without amendments in coordination with the ESS Regular supervision of the contractors works including environmental and social compliance stipulated in the EMP/ IBMP/SSEMP and recommend corrective actions for compliance and impact reductions as needed Assist in the monitoring / auditing of EU/SU in the monitoring works of the construction sites Assist AS DETEMINED BY PDA in the site inspection and independent monitoring/auditing works related to environmental and social performance Enforce corrective actions recommended by ESS and As detemined by PDA Provide environmental and social performance certificates to the contractors for completed works progressively Contractors Joint inspection of the project sites with EU/SU, and SE and record the environmental and social concerns of the sites and submit the report to the SE Prepare SSEMPs for each construction and ancillary site that the CC is responsible for, and Incident
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 226 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Parties Responsibility/Deliverables Involved Management and Emergency Response Procedures covering all activities. Submit SSEMPs to SE for approval before the start of the construction works Provide environmental training (including occupational health and safety) to all staff and sub- contractors, to ensure personnel have a clear understanding of environmental requirements relevant to their scope of work and can meet their environmental responsibilities Construction of the Project and undertaking all associated activities in accordance with the measures set out in this EMP, the IBMPs, the SSEMPs and any additional measures required to meet Project EPCC approval and permit conditions and other statutory requirements Regularly maintain environmental protection measures in all the project and ancillary facility sites as specified in the EMP, IBMP, and SSEMP Participate in and assisting with SE/ESS’s site inspections and audits, and follow SE/ ESS directions to ensure that all works are conducted to specified standards Maintain up to date records of environmental monitoring, recording and reporting as specified in the EMP, IBMPs, SSEMPs, etc at the site to the supervising/monitoring /audit teams of SE, ESS and As detemined by PDA Implement corrective actions as directed by the ESS, SE, MoFE, MoEWRI and any other government agency with legislative responsibilities Coordinate emergency response procedures for disaster risk reduction Maintain an environmental management system (EMS) in full compliance with the International Organization of Standardization standard 14001 (ISO 14001) Joint inspection of the project sites with ESS and record the environmental and social concerns of the sites and submit the report to the ESS Prepare SSEMPs for each of the works that the OC is responsible for, and Incident Management and Emergency Response Procedures covering all activities. Submit SSEMPs to ESS for approval before the start of the works Provide environmental training (including occupational health and safety) to all staff and sub- contractors, to ensure personnel have a clear understanding of environmental requirements relevant to their scope of work and can meet their environmental responsibilities Construction of the Project and undertaking all associated activities in accordance with the measures set out in this EMP, the SSEMPs and any additional measures required to meet Project approval and permit conditions and other statutory requirements Regularly maintain environmental protection measures in all the sites under OC as specified in the EMP and SSEMP Other Participate in and assisting with ESS’s site inspections and audits, and follow ESS directions to ensure Contractors that all works are conducted to specified standards (OC) Maintain up to date records of environmental monitoring, recording and reporting as specified in the EMP, SSEMPs, etc at the site to the supervising/monitoring /audit teams of ESS and As detemined by PDA Implement corrective actions as directed by the ESS, MoFE, MoEWRI and any other government agency with legislative responsibilities Coordinate emergency response procedures for disaster risk reduction Maintain an environmental management system (EMS) in full compliance with the International Organization of Standardization standard 14001 (ISO 14001) Third Party Monitoring Experts This will be proposed as per the requirements stipulated in PDA. Government Ministries and Line Offices Periodic supervision/monitoring of the project activities to assess compliance against Project approval, license and permit conditions, statutory standards and Project environmental management plans (EMP) MOFE/IBN Provide feedback to the project on issues not conforming to the EIA approval conditions, and EMP Project audit after 2 years of project completion Review the final Project design and provide approval with or without amendments Inspect the Project sites at any time during construction to supervise/monitor the project activities for MoEWRI/DoE the compliance assessment in accordance with license requirements and EMP. D Provide feedback to the project on issues not conforming to the license conditions, and EMP with corrective actions Review the final forest clearance plan as per EIA and EMP Process forest clearance plan for cabinet approval, if required Participate and provide feedback in the Forest clearance activities of the project Participate and provide feedback in the preparation and execution of afforestation Plan as per the EMP Participate and provide feedback in the preparation and execution of Forest Biodiversity Management
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 227 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Parties Responsibility/Deliverables Involved Plan, and Wildlife Conservation Management Plan in the Project affected local administrative bodies Inspect Project’s forest clearance sites and afforestation sites at any time during implementation to MoFE/DoF/D assess the compliance of the activities as per approval conditions FO Provide feedback to the project on issues not complying with the approval conditions with corrective actions Process the Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Process as per the Land Acquisition Act Expedite the public grievances related to Land Acquisition, Resettlement, and Rehabilitation MoHA/DAO Oversight the Land Acquisition, Resettlement, and Rehabilitation Process and provide feedback on the corrective actions MoALD/ Provide feedback on the evaluation of agricultural/horticultural production for compensation District Review the fish passage and catch Haul program and provide feedback for improvement Agricultural Inspect, and monitor the fish pass structure , catch and haul program for its efficiency and provide Office feedback for improvements MoLMCPA/D Expedite the cadastral survey works and the land parcel ownership records and transfer of the land SO, DLRO acquired in the project name. Participate in the stakeholder consultation programs organized by the project and provide feedback on the various environmental and social issues of the project Local Constitute Concerned group committees to communicate with the project on various environmental and Stakeholders social issues related with the project Observe the project activities compliance to the approval conditions, permits and EMP provisions and provide feedback to the project for improvements
9.5. Plan Components and Structure This ESMP provides a single-source, overarching environmental framework for all responsible parties, particularly project owners and implementing, supervision, and monitoring partners appointed by the project owners including government agencies and the local stakeholders. This ESMP is structured at three levels (Figure 9-2). The level 1 is this ESMP which sets out the objectives, strategies and guiding principles for the onsite control of the potential risks related to project implementation. It provides broader Mitigation Management Framework and Monitoring Management Framework based on the identified environmental issues of the project and the prescribed mitigation measures.The level 2 is the elaboration of the environmental issues stipulated in this ESMP to an elaborated Issue Based Management Plans (IBMP) to be developed by ESS and SE. The IBMP to be developed will evaluate precisely the risk associated with the issue, quantify the likelihood of the risk and its consequences and accordingly improve upon the mitigation measures prescribed in this EMP to meet the set performance target with measurable indicator to monitor the performance.
Environment Management Plan (EMP) (This Document- Sets out guiding principles and Measures)
Issue Based Management Plan (IBMP)
(To be prepared by ESS being based on the guiding principles and measures set out in EMP)
Site Specific Environment Management Plan (SSMP) To be prepared by LARGMO, EPCC and OC based on IBMP
Figure 9-2: Level of Environmental Management Plan
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 228 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
The IBMP will guide the development of level 3 management plan: Site Specific Management Plans (SSMP). The SSMP will be developed by the CC and OC based on the IBMP within the framework of ISO – 14001 Environment Management System (EMS).
9.5.1. Level 1 EMP In addition to the objectives, strategies and guiding principles, this Level 1 ESMP, to guide the level 2 IBMP and level 3 SSMP, provides the Environmental/Social Mitigation Management Framework and Environmental/Social Monitoring Framework for the project. The IBMP and SSMP will improve upon these frameworks to meet the overall objective of this EMP for the environmental and social sustainability of the project.
9.5.1.1 Environmental/Social Mitigation Management Framework The environmental/social mitigation measures stipulated in this framework are based on the risk prediction and prescribed mitigation measures to avoid, or minimize and/or compensate the project impacts to acceptable level so as to maintain the environmental and social sustainability of the project with its surroundings. Environmental mitigation management during pre- construction/construction and phase will have two principle purposes: Enforce implementation of the mitigation measures as prescribed in this ESMP including that of IBMPs and SSMP to be developed and upgraded based on this ESMP during the pre- construction and construction phases Oversee implementation to ensure that the responsible parties have taken due consideration of the mitigation measures to meet the intended objectives
Though the overall implementation responsibility of the prescribed mitigation measures lies with the Project Management, at the site level, CC, OC and LARU appointed by the Project Management will carry out the implementation works, while the SE, ESS and PoE also appointed by the Project Management will supervise, monitor and audit the environmental and social performance of the implementation works on regular basis. The roles of the Government institutions, Local level stakeholders including NGOs and CBOs will be periodic in the supervision and monitoring to flag the non-compliance issues for corrective actions.
The prescribed environmental measures for implementation for pre-construction/construction and operation phases are summarized in an integrated matrix format which sets out, prescribed mitigation measures, timing of implementation, implementation responsibility, responsible authority to oversee and the estimated costs for each of the prescribed measures not inbuilt with the civil construction costs (Table 9-4).
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 229 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Table 9-4: Estimated Cost for the Prescribed Mitigation Measures against the Impacts Predicted External Implementation Supervision and Key Environmental Issue monitoring SN Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Internal Auditing Estimated Costs (NRs.) based Impacts Auditing Responsibility Responsibility Responsibility A. Physical Environment A.1.1 Back Filling of the Burrow areas CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.1.2 Land Development CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.1.3 Change in land use Community Consultation on Type of land use SU ESS ESSD No cost A.1.4 Restoration of land as to Community Decision CC SE/ESS ESS Inbuilt in civil contract Change in Land Stability A. Internal Access roads A.2.1 and Erosion Road Design SE ESS ESS NO additional cost A.2.2 Sloping and Benching CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract
A.2.3 Cut Slope Protection CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.2.4 Spoil Management CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.2.5 Roadside Drainage Management CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract B. Dam A.2.6 Sloping and Benching CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.2.7 Cut Slope Protection CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.2.8 Spoil Management CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.3.1 Change in Water Quality Provision of waste water treatment facility at Camps and CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract workshops/mechanical yards A.3.2 Provision of Solid Waste Management System at Camps, CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract Ancillary Facilities and the active construction sites A.3.3 Provision of Sedimentation Ponds CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.3.4 Provision of fuel storage and dispensing units at a bonded CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract area A.3.5 Provision of separate storage area for toxic chemicals, and CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract other potential polluting substances A.3.6 Provision of collection facilities for spent oils, burnt CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract mobiles, grease, unused chemicals, exhaust batteries A.3.7 Provision of Toilets facility at Camps CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.3.8 Provision of toilets at construction sites CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.3.9 Prohibition on discharge of untreated waste water from CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract camps, workshops/mechanical yards A.3.10 Prohibition on Open defecation CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.3.11 Prohibition on discharge of solid waste from camps, CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract ancillary facilities and active construction sites A.3.12 Prohibition on the disposal of sludge, slurry and unused CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract concrete from wastewater treatment plant, sedimentation pond, batching plant, workshops/mechanical yards and the construction sites only at the designated spoil disposal sites A.3.13 Prohibition of discharge of the oils and unused chemical CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract and polluting substances A.3.14 Final construction and camp waste management in CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 230 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
External Implementation Supervision and Key Environmental Issue monitoring SN Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Internal Auditing Estimated Costs (NRs.) based Impacts Auditing Responsibility Responsibility Responsibility compliance to best practice industrial standards A.3.15 Spoil Management CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.4.1 Change in Air Quality All equipments comply with the GoN’s emission CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract standards A.4.2 Regular Water Sprinkling CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.4.3 Restriction on Biomass Fuel CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.4.4 Provision of the alternative heating and cooking fuel CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.4.5 Restriction on Workers activity on Forest areas CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.5.1 Change in Noise Levels Control on speed of the construction vehicles CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.5.2 and Vibration Maintenance of the construction vehicles and equipments CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.5.3 Restriction on the use of Horns CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.5.4 Procurement of low noise Equipments CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.5.5 Scheduling of works based on noise potentials CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract A.5.6 Prior notification to the communities with regard to the CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract noisy activities A.5.7 Structural survey of the built structures EU ESS PoE 245000 A.5.8 Compensation to damaged structures( if any) LARU ESS PoE 700000 Sub-total Physical Environment Mitigation costs 945000 B. Biological Environmental Impacts B.1 Terrestrial Habitat Alteration B.1.1 Forest Fragmentation No measure and Habitat Loss B 1.2 Loss of Standing Survey, numbering, Felling and implementation of OC ESS/EU PoE 517568194 Vegetation Comprehensive and compensatory Forest Biodiversity Management plan in the PRM B.1.3.1 Loss of vegetation species Plantation of the species of conservation significance OC ESS/EU PoE 1,500,000 B.1.3.2 of conservation (orchids) in the afforestation areas as offset measure significance B.1.4.1 Forest fires Removal of the Cleared forest litters from the forest area OC EU ESSD Included in the previous section B1.2 B.1.4.2 Prohibition on forest fire potential activities in the forested CC SE/ESS ESSD No cost areas B.1.5.1 Loss of wildlife habitat Design and implementation of Wildlife Conservation Plan OC ESS/EU PoE 1,176,357 in the remaining forest areas of PRM B.1.5.2 Implementation of Afforestation programs of the lost OC ESS/EU ESSD Covered in section B.1.2 floral species in page with the GoN’s Forest Guideline and in compliance with the “No Net Loss” principle to regain the lost wildlife habitats in new areas B.1.6.1 Loss of wildlife including Design and implementation of Wildlife Conservation Plan OC ESS/EU PoE Included in the previous species of conservation in the remaining forest areas of PRM section B1.2 B.1.6.2 significance Trapping and translocation of the wildlife of conservation OC ESS/EU PoE 350,000 significance Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 231 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
External Implementation Supervision and Key Environmental Issue monitoring SN Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Internal Auditing Estimated Costs (NRs.) based Impacts Auditing Responsibility Responsibility Responsibility B.1.7.1 Disturbance to Scheduling of the works CC SE/ESS ESSD No additional cost B.1.7.2 terrestrial wildlife Restriction on movement in forest area and hunting of CC SE/ESS ESSD No additional cost wildlife Sub-total Biological Environment Mitigation Costs 519418194 C Social and Cultural Environmental Impacts C.1.1.1 Loss of Private Land and Compensation for Permanent land Acquisition LARU ESS/SU PoE 404054000@ Rs. 13720000/ C.1.1.2 Property and livelihood ha for 29.75 ha C.1.1.4 and psychological Compensation for Temporary Land Acquisition CC ESS/SU PoE 38538500 @ impacts including Rs.1078000/ha/yr for 4 yr for population displacement 35.75 ha Skill Development Trainings for Livelihood Restoration LARU ESS/SU PoE 1656000 Support for Agriculture Enhancement ALRU ESS/SU PoE 37500 C.1.2.1 Loss of Community Afforestation as required by Forest Guideline on the OC ESS/EU ESSD Covered in section B.1.2 Land and Community allocation of Forest Land for other Purposes 2006 (2063) C.1.2.2 Resources Provision of sharing the cleared forest resources with local Request of Divison Forest communities office C.1.2.3 Involvement of local communities for the forest clearance OC ESS/SU PoE No additional cost and afforestation works C.1.2.4 Payments for mined sand and aggregates revenue as per CC SE/ESS PoE 1496000 the district revenue rates to the PRM C.1.3.1 Loss of Agricultural Compensation of the income loss equivalent to one year LARU ESS/SU PoE Production production value C.1.4.1 Obstruction/Impairment No Impacts CC SE/ESS PoE to Infrastructures such as Foot Trails, Irrigation and Cremation Facilities C.1.5.1 Damage to the Built No Measures Structures C.1.6.1 Disturbance to the Control on speed of the construction vehicles CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost C.1.6.2 Educational Institutions Maintenance of the construction vehicles and equipments CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.6.3 and Public Dwellings Restriction on the use of Horns CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost C.1.6.4 Procurement of low noise Equipments CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.6.5 Scheduling of works based on noise potentials CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost C.1.8.1 Impact to Community Adequate camping facility for the construction workers: CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.8.2 Infrastructures and Discourage outside workforce to bring their families at the CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost Services such as Water construction site C.1.8.3 Supply, Sanitation Assistance to the existing service infrastructure facilities LARU ESS PoE No additional cost Management, Schools, at the construction sites C.1.8.4 Markets, Fuel Supply Establishment of separate service facilities for the camps CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract and construction sites C.1.9.1 Occupational Health and Administrative controls CC SE/ESS PoE C.1.9.2 Safety Risk OHS Training to the Construction Workforce CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 232 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
External Implementation Supervision and Key Environmental Issue monitoring SN Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Internal Auditing Estimated Costs (NRs.) based Impacts Auditing Responsibility Responsibility Responsibility C.1.9.3 Provisioning of First Aid Station and altitude sickness CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract provisions C.1.9.4 Establish and maintain the safety signs in all construction CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract sites and camps C.1.9.5 Establish and maintain fire fighting equipments in all CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract construction sites and camps C.1.9.6 Periodic Health checkups CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.9.7 Provisioning of Personnel Protective Equipments CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.9.8 Provision of field hospital and ambulance CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.9.9 Supervision and Monitoring of the Occupational CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract Safeguard Practices at Work Sites C.1.9.10 Emergency preparedness and response in case of accidents CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract or major construction risks: C.1.10.1 Worker’s Health Checkup CC SE/ESS PoE C.1.10.2 Control on the opening of illegal brothels GRMPIC ESS PoE No additional cost
C.1.10.3 Maintenance of Cleanliness and Hygiene of the CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract
Construction Camps
C.1.10.4 Maintenance of Cleanliness and Hygiene of the nearby LARU ESS PoE 1800000 settlements C.1.10.5 Fencing of active construction sites, and burrow pit sites CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.10.6 Community Health and Health education to the communities LARU ESS PoE 250,000 C.1.10.7 Safety risk Health education to the construction workforce CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.10.8 Prohibition on the Parking of construction vehicle by the CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract road side C.1.10.9 Speed limit to the construction vehicles CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost C.1.10.10 Traffic signs in roads used by construction vehicles CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.10.11 Special arrangements for the storage and transportation of CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract explosives C.1.10.12 Emergency preparedness and response in case of epidemic CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract disease breakout and fire C.1.11.1 Co-ordination with the local, district and regional law and LARU ESS PoE 1,300,000 Risk to Law and Order order authorities C.1.11.2 Situation Project security guards are employed from the retired CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract military and police personnel of PRM C.1.12.1 Gender and Child Policy of no gender discrimination CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost C.1.12.2 Discrimination/Exploitat Campaign against girl trafficking LARU ESS PoE 250000 ion Risk C.1.12.5 Declare child labor as offensive act to all project CC SE/ESS PoE NO additional cost stakeholders C.1.13.1 Loss or Relocation of the LARU ESS PoE 500,000 Locally Worshiped Deities and Cremation Chance Find Procedures
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 233 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
External Implementation Supervision and Key Environmental Issue monitoring SN Mitigation Measures and Monitoring Internal Auditing Estimated Costs (NRs.) based Impacts Auditing Responsibility Responsibility Responsibility Sites
C.1.13.2 Erosion of Local Culture Respect to Local Culture and Traditions CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost C.1.13.3 and Traditions Maximize Local Employment CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost C.1.14.1 Increase in Commodity Establish and maintain consumable items shops within the CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract Prices project camps C.1.15.1 Risks to Labor and Establish human resource policy and procedures CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract Working Conditions C.1.15.2 Notification for Employment Opportunities CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.15.3 Issue of documented employment letter CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.15.4 Compliance to the principles of non-discrimination and CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract equal opportunity C.1.15.5 Dismissal from job without prior notice CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.15.6 Prohibition on the employment of underage CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.15.7 Prohibition on forced labor CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract C.1.15.8 Provisioning of workforce camps CC SE/ESS PoE Inbuilt in civil contract Sub-total Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Mitigation Costs 449882000 Grand Total Mitigation Costs Construction Phase 970245194
The key environmental and social mitigation and enhancement measures during the operation period are shown in Table 9-5.
Table 9-5: Enhancement Measures during operation period External Implementation and Supervision and Key Environmental and Social monitoring SN Enhancement Measures Monitoring Internal Auditing Estimated Costs (NRs.) Enhancement Areas Auditing Responsibility Responsibility Responsibility A Physical Environment (Operation Phase) A.1.1 Awareness development for the air, Conduct awareness program to the local schools and teachers, LARU ESS PoE 350,000 water and land quality management civil society members, etc A.1.2 Developed land units for community Land Development, Road Protection and Upgradation CC SE/ESS PoE 4,000,000 or public use (Spoil Disposal sites) Sub-total Physical Environment Enhancement Measures 4,350,000 B Biological Environmental Impacts B.1.1 Awareness on Forest Management Involve local people in the afforestation and floral biodiversity OC ESS PoE covered in construction management works Phase B.1.2 Awareness on natural resources Involve local people in the natural resource conservation works OC ESS PoE No additional cost conservation B.1.3 Vegetation Cover due to Project Provide hands on trainings on affoestation management to the OC ESS PoE related Afforestation local communities through employment in such activities No additional cost B 1.4 Conservation of flora and fauna of Red panda conservation OC ESS POE 5,000,000 @ Rs 1,000,000 conservation significance Nigaalo Conservation for 5 yrs
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 234 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
External Implementation and Supervision and Key Environmental and Social monitoring SN Enhancement Measures Monitoring Internal Auditing Estimated Costs (NRs.) Enhancement Areas Auditing Responsibility Responsibility Responsibility Sub-total Biological Environment Enhancement Measures 5,000,000 C Social and Cultural Environmental Enhancement Measures C.1.1.1 Improved Access Facilities in the Routine maintenance of the access facilities CC SE/ESS PoE In built in civil cost C.1.1.2 Project Area Emergency maintenance of the access facilities CC SE/ESS PoE In built in civil cost C.1.1.3 Involvement of the local community in the road maintenance CC SE/ESS PoE In built in civil cost works C.1.1.4 Assistance for the development of Rural Roads in the PRM LARU SE/ESS PoE 4,000,000 C.2.1 Environmental enhancement Employ the local communities in the environmental OC/CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost benefits enhancement works C.3.1 Local employment opportunities Ensure that the job opportunities are provisioned to the local CC/OC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost community members of PFP and PRM in priority basis C.4.1 Local Produce Marketing/Business The project will create a promotional environment for the LARU SE/ESS PoE No additional cost Opportunities fostering of the local income opportunities C.5.1.1 Local Tourism Opportunities Open Project construction sites for educational tour CC/OC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost C.5.1.2 Provide tourism related trainings and materials to the PRM LARU ESS PoE 4,000,000 local communities for ecotourism C.6.1 Subsidiary Industrial Opportunities The project and its designated authorities to promote the local Project and CC/OC No additional cost economic opportunities will promote and priorities local community members in such industrial services C.7.1 Local Government Revenue The project ensures that the revenue for the local resources Project and CC/OC covered in construction Opportunities extraction will be paid by its designated contractors to the local Phase governments C.8.1.1 Governmental Service Enhancement Assistance to the existing educational institutions for quality LARU ESS PoE 3,000,000 Opportunities education C.8.1.2 Assistance for vocational training institution LARU ESS PoE 2,500,000 C.8.1.3 Assistance to the existing government funded health care LARU ESS PoE 1,200,000 facilities of the PRM C.8.1.4 Hand over the Construction period Field Hospital to the PRM CC SE/ESS PoE No additional cost local governments: C.8.1.5 Assistance in the water supply schemes for the communities LARU ESS PoE 1,500,000 deprived of such facilities till date C.8.1.6 Assistance for the agricultural extension programs of the PRM LARU ESS PoE 1,200,000 local governments C.9.1.7 Assistance for the women educational programs of the PRM LARU ESS PoE 1,200,000 C.10.1 Improved Access to social services Continue enhancement measures of construction phase OM EU DoED/MoFE In built in operation costs C.11.1 Rural electrification opportunities Support Rural electrification programs OM EU DoED/MoFE 6,000,000 C.12.1 Local Employment Opportunities Prefer local for employment OM EU DoED/MoFE No additional cost C.13.1 Local Tourism Opportunities Project will continue to support the construction phase OM EU DoED/MoFE In built in operation costs enhancement measures C.14.1 Subsidiary Industrial Opportunities Arrangements for uninterrupted electricity supply at local levels OM EU DoED/MoFE As per NEA current norms C 15.1 Cultural Site Upgradation Reconstruction of the gumbas and cremation sites OM ESS POE 3,500,000 C 16.1 Water Source Conservation Support to water sources conservation OM ESS POE 3,000,000 @100,000/ yr for Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 235 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
External Implementation and Supervision and Key Environmental and Social monitoring SN Enhancement Measures Monitoring Internal Auditing Estimated Costs (NRs.) Enhancement Areas Auditing Responsibility Responsibility Responsibility 30 yr Sub-total Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Enhancement Measures 31,100,000 Grand Total Environmental and Social Enhancement Measures (construction and operation phase) 40,450,000
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 236 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
9.5.1.2 Environmental and Social Monitoring Management Framework The project's Environmental Monitoring Framework outlines the responsibilities of the ESS, the SE and CC/OC to monitor the environmental and social mitigation measures of the SBHEP and to ensure it is constructed and operated in a manner that is compliant with Nepal government regulations and EMP commitments.
The objectives of the Environmental Monitoring Framework are: To ensure project components are constructed and operated in compliance with the Government of Nepal’s laws and regulations and approval conditions of the EIA; To measure the success of proposed mitigation measures in minimizing and/or reducing potential environmental and socio-economic impacts; To continuously monitor changes to baseline environmental and social conditions during construction and operation activities; To facilitate a continual review of post-construction and operation activities based on performance data and consultation feedback; and To implement corrective actions or new adaptive management programs, as required, if proposed mitigation measures are unable to reduce and/or eliminate potential project-related impacts, or meet the predetermined level of performance.
The monitoring framework is intended to provide guidance on the content of the environmental monitoring procedures and shall not replace any Government of Nepal standards, regulations or laws that are mandatory during construction and operation activities. The project's responsible parties (ESS, the SE and CC/OC). SE/ESS, will design databases registration formats to collect, and document in retrievable forms, while preparing the elaborated IBMPs based on this EMP. The CC and OC will develop monitoring database registration formats in conformity with the IBMPs while preparing the SSEMP and will be submitted for approval to the SE/ESS. The focus of environmental monitoring will be ensuring that construction activities strictly comply with management plan provisions and minimizing any direct and indirect Project environmental impacts. Proposed monitoring during each Project phase is summarized in Table 9.6. Table identifies the monitoring activities related to baseline, compliance and Impact monitoring to be carried out during the pre-construction / construction and operation phases in a matrix format along with the monitoring parameters, monitoring frequency, monitoring responsibility and costs. The environmental parameters of the Project sites handed over to the CC will be monitored by the SE/ESS and CC. Role of CC is to record the mitigation action database and relevant monitoring database of the construction sites as a front line implementing agency, While the role of SE/ESS is to supervise/monitor the implementation activities including periodic internal audit of the activities and recommend required corrective action to ensure that the project actions are in compliance with the objective of this EMP. Offsite project handed over sites; ESS will supervise the activities of OC and activities of LARGMS. Both OC and LARGMS will be responsible to keep records of mitigation activities and related monitoring database.
Proponent: Himtal Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd 237 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Table 9-6: Environmental and Social Monitoring Framework Issues for Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Indicator Monitoring Location Monitoring Method Monitoring cost Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Pre-construction and Construction Phase A. A. Baseline Monitoring Landslides and Number of landslides/ debris Headworks, Spoil disposal sites, internal Direct observation and mapping Once SE/ESS Included in erosion flows/gully formation sites access roads, burrow pit sites, camps, in the appropriate scale map construction marked and indicated in storage facilities etc. management suitable maps cost Air Quality TSP , PM10 and PM2.5 Headworks, Powerhouse site As per National Ambient Air Once Out sourcing, 400,000 quality Standards, Nepal, monitoring consultants Water Quality As there is no water quality Upstream of headworks and downstream As per Generic Standard Part I: Dry season, wet Out sourcing, 50,000 standard set for fresh water tailrace Tolerance Limits for Industrial season (once) monitoring bodies and rivers, parameters Effluents to be Discharged into consultants as per Generic Standard Part I: Inland Surface Waters, Nepal, Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters, Nepal, will be used for monitoring indicators Noise level Laeq (dBA) Headworks, Powerhouse site Type 1 and type 2 sound level Once Out sourcing, 70,000 meter meeting standard monitoring consultants Land pollution Open defecation and garbage Along Marsyangdi River in the Headworks Direct observation Once SE/ESS Included in disposal places site area. construction management cost Forest Ecology Forest Status in terms Three sample plots in each area Once SE/ESS Included in coverage, species present construction management cost Photographic documentation Photography Once SE/ESS Included in showing the forest area from a construction fixed distant spot (locate management sample plot and photograph cost taken spot in map) Wildlife / Wildlife Wildlife status in terms of Consultation with locals, note Once SE/ESS Included in status species present and reported, season of raiding, frequency of construction Raider wildlife raiding, and the place raided management cost Markets No of Hotels/Tea stall and Headwork site, Camp site, Internal access Direct enumeration Once SE/ESS Included in Restaurants road and ancillary facility sites construction management cost
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Issues for Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Indicator Monitoring Location Monitoring Method Monitoring cost Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Consumer price Price of local and imported Headworks site, Camp site, Internal access Market survey and Once SE/ESS Included in consumer items such as rice, road and ancillary facility sites documentation construction wheat, maize, millet, milk, management meat (chicken, mutton, buff), cost sugar, kerosene, LPG, vegetables, food/person with meat and without meat, rental for night stay etc. Labor cost/day (male and female) Sanitation No of Hhs having toilets, Headworks site, Camp site, Internal access Field survey and documentation, Once SE/ESS Included in Practice of sanitation (Child road and ancillary facility sites Photographs and testing water construction defecation, solid waste quality samples as per drinking management disposal), Source of water quality standards cost (Piped, springs, river etc.) and their quality Total Cost Baseline Monitoring 520,000 B. Compliance monitoring EMP Mitigation All mitigation actions listed in All structural sites and facility sites and Direct supervision and Daily/weekly/mont SE/ESS Included in Measures Mitigation Management Plan their surroundings documentation, hly depending construction for construction phase, all the Consultation with the people upon the measure management various management plans cost implementation Project Vehicles As per the limits stipulated in Vehicles used in Project Certifications of the vehicles Once CC/OC Inbuilt with civil Nepal Vehicle Mass Emission contract Standards Diesel Generators As per the exhaust Emission Project area Certification of the suppliers Once CC/OC Inbuilt in civil sets standards for diesel generating contract sets Water quality Parameters listed in “ Marsyangdi River above headworks site As per Tolerance Limits for Every month CC Include in the Tolerance Limits for Industrial and downstream tailrace and burrow pit Industrial Effluents to be contract bid Effluents to be Discharged into areas , construction camps Discharged into Inland Surface Inland Surface Waters for Waters” compliance Climate Air temperature, rainfall and Headworks site, Powerhouse Establish weather station and Daily for CC Include in the Humidity arrange manpower to for daily temperature, contract bid observation rainfall, and humidity. Water quality in the As per Nepal Drinking Water Water supply source and one end tap of the As per Nepal Drinking Water Monthly CC/OC Include in the camps Quality Standard for camps (6 Nos) Quality Standard contract bid compliance
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 239 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Issues for Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Indicator Monitoring Location Monitoring Method Monitoring cost Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Public and Outbreak of epidemic disease All surrounding villages, construction Direct observation, consultation Twice a month CC/OC Include in the Occupational Health in the village, in the camps, with local people/communities contract bid (Ambulance, medical construction camps, Number and health workers, managers of doctor, first aid, PPE) of workers reporting sickness, camps and construction no of workers injured, No of workforce, health care facilities construction accident, Number of the construction camps and of fatal incidents etc. sites Law and order Theft, burglary, quarrels, Construction areas, labor camps Direct observation and Monthly ESS/SE Included in social unrest, Number of police consultation with the local construction case etc. communities and affected VDCs management authority and reports of the cost construction camp management C. Impact Monitoring Landslides and Number of landslides/ debris Headworks site, power house, Spoil Direct observation and mapping Three times a year SE/ESS Included in erosion flows/gully formation sites disposal sites, internal access roads, pit in the appropriate scale map construction sites, camps, storage facilities etc.. management cost Land pollution Open defecation and garbage Along Headworks and power house Direct observation Every month SE/ESS Included in disposal places construction management cost Air Quality TSP , PM10 and PM2.5 Headworks site and powerhouse site ) As per National Ambient Air Twice a year ESS Out sourcing, 250,000 quality Standards, Nepal (November, April monitoring for five year) consultants Water Quality As there is no water quality Marsyangdi above dam site and As per Generic Standard Part I: Three times a ESS – outsource 500,000 standard set for fresh water downstream tailrace and all burrow pit Tolerance Limits for Industrial year) (November, monitoring laboratory bodies and rivers, parameters areas , construction camps Effluents to be Discharged into March, May, for 5 as per Generic Standard Part I: Inland Surface Waters, Nepal, years) Tolerance Limits for Industrial Effluents to be Discharged into Inland Surface Waters, Nepal, will be used for monitoring indicators Noise level Laeq (dBA) Headworks site, Powerhouse site Type 1 and type 2 sound level two times a year (, ESS – outsource 600,000 meter meeting standard January, and, May monitoring laboratory for 5 years ) Forest Ecology Forest Status in terms Three sample plots in each area Twice a year ESS Included in coverage, species present (September and construction March) management cost Photographic documentation Photography Twice a year ESS Included in showing the forest area from a (September and construction fixed distant spot (locate the March) management sample plot and photograph cost taken spot in map)
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Issues for Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Indicator Monitoring Location Monitoring Method Monitoring cost Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Wildlife Wildlife status in terms of Consultation with locals, note Twice a year ESS Included in species present and reported, season of raiding, frequency of (September and construction Raider wildlife raiding, and the place raided March) management cost Faunal and floral Status of faunal and floral All remaining forest after forest clearance Field survey Once after forest ESS – Outsource 800,000 diversity diversity clearance in the consultants reservoir Affected people by Satisfaction on the resettlement All project sites Grievances records, consultation Twice a year ESS Included in land and property and rehabilitation packages with the affected households construction acquisition management cost Affected people by Economic and social status of Displaced households of the project Sampling survey of the Every Two years ESS - outsource the 1,000,000 land and property the displaced households displaced households consultants acquisition Markets No of Hotels/Tea stall and Headworks site Direct enumeration Every month ESS/SE Included in Restaurants construction management cost Consumer price Price of local and imported Headworks site Market survey and Every month ESS /SE Included in consumer items such as rice, documentation construction wheat, maize, millet, milk, management meat (chicken, mutton, buff), cost sugar, kerosene, LPG, vegetables, food/person with meat and without meat, rental for night stay etc. Labor cost/day (male and female) Sanitation No of Hhs having toilets, Headworks site, Camp site, Internal access Field survey and documentation, Once a year ESS /SE Included in Practice of sanitation (Child road and ancillary facility sites Photographs construction defecation, solid waste management disposal), Source of water cost (Piped, springs, river etc.) Total impact and compliance Monitoring costs – construction 3,150,000 Operation Phase Compliance Monitoring Mitigation Measures All mitigation actions listed in All structural sites and facility sites and Direct supervision and Daily/weekly/mont ESS -EU Cost included in EMP and Environmental their surroundings documentation hly depending operation Mitigation Management for upon the measure management Operation phase cost Water quality in the As per Nepal Drinking Water Water supply source and one end tap of the As per Nepal Drinking Water Once in six month ESS - EU – outsource 400,000 operation camp Quality Standard for camps (4 Nos) Quality Standard (project life of 30 Monitoring compliance years) Laboratory Impact Monitoring Landslides and Number of landslides/ debris Headworks site, internal access roads Direct observation and mapping Twice a year for ESS - EU Cost included in erosion flows/gully formation sites in the appropriate scale map first 5 years operation
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 241 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Issues for Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Indicator Monitoring Location Monitoring Method Monitoring cost Monitoring Frequency Responsibility management cost
Air Quality TSP , PM10 and PM2.5 Headworks site, internal access roads As per National Ambient Air once after ESS - EU – 200,000 quality Standards, Nepal, operation Outsource Monitoring Laboratory Water Quality Parameters listed in “ Upstream Headworks site and As per Tolerance Limits for Twice a year Outsource Monitoring 1,000,000 Tolerance Limits for Industrial downstream tailrace Industrial Effluents to be (November, April) Laboratory Effluents to be Discharged into Discharged into Inland Surface for 30 years Inland Surface Waters” 2003 – Waters” 2003, to examine impact on the receiving water body Climate Air temperature, rainfall and Headworks site / Powerhouse site , As per parameter listed Daily for the 30 ESS - EU – out 1,200,000 (the Humidity years operation source monitoring stations will be period laboratory handed over to the project by EPCC Noise level Laeq (dBA) Headworks site / Powerhouse site Type 1 and type 2 sound level once after ESS - EU – 40,000 meter meeting IEC standard operation Outsource Monitoring Laboratory Forest Ecology Forest Status in terms Three sample plots in each area Twice a year for ESS - EU Included in coverage, species present first 5 year Operation (September and Management March) Cost Wildlife Wildlife status in terms of PRMs forest area Consultation with locals, note Twice a year for ESS - EU Included in species present and reported, season of raiding, frequency of first 5 year Operation raiding, and the place raided (September and Management March) Cost LARRAP Performance All Project sites and surrounding areas Sample survey, Once after two ESS - SU – outsource 600,000 years of project consultants operation Markets No of Hotels/Tea stall and Headworks site and powerhouse site Direct enumeration Every month/ for ESS - SU Included in Restaurants the first year of Operation operation Management Cost Consumer price Price of local and imported Headworks site / powerhouse site) Market survey and Every month for ESS - SU Included in consumer items such as rice, documentation the first year of construction wheat, maize, millet, milk, operation management meat (chicken, mutton, buff), cost sugar, kerosene, LPG, vegetables, food/person with meat and without meat, rental for night stay etc. Labor cost/day (male and female)
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 242 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Issues for Monitoring Monitoring Monitoring Indicator Monitoring Location Monitoring Method Monitoring cost Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Sanitation No of Hhs having toilets, Headworks site / powerhouse site, camp Field survey and once after ESS - SU Included in Practice of sanitation (Child sites and internal access roads documentation, Photographs operation construction defecation, solid waste management disposal), Source of water cost (Piped, springs, river etc.) Total Monitoring Operation 3,440,000
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 243 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Baseline monitoring will be conducted during the design/pre-construction phase to fill in baseline data gaps by ESS. Monitoring of these parameters will continue over the duration of construction for compliance monitoring by CC and impact monitoring by ESS. Regular reports identifying non- compliance with government standards during Project construction will be prepared by SE/ESS for review and required corrective actions.
A. Frontline monitoring Regular frontline internal environmental monitoring of construction works, associated activities and the implementation of environmental management measures will be undertaken by the CC, irrespective of the indicated monitoring responsibility in Table 9-6. The CC and OC will prepare monthly monitoring reports to the ESS and SE for review and documentation.
For the land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation of the affected households, LARU will undertake frontline monitoring and shall keep all records pertaining to Compensation Determination Committee (CDC) decisions. LARU shall have the responsibility to make aware of the ESMP provisions on compensation on the lost assets and productivity, and livelihood assistance to the project displaced people prior to the decision of CDC. LARU shall also keep all records of compensation payments and livelihood assistance. LARU will prepare a monthly report of land acquisition, resettlement, and rehabilitation works and submit to the ESS for review.
Frontline monitoring of the project information disclosure, regular stakeholder consultation, community relationship liaison public grievances, and response to grievances etc shall be undertaken by GRMPIC. It shall keep all records of the activities and prepare a monthly front line monitoring report for ESS review.
B. Internal Monitoring Environmental monitoring of CC/OC activities from the side of the project proponent will be undertaken by the ESS and SE during the pre-construction and construction works on a regular basis, daily, weekly and monthly as required by the type of activity and its sensitivity from environmental and social perspective. ESS and SE jointly or individually will give directions and instruction to CC/OC to achieve required improvements or corrective actions for compliance. Joint meeting of the ESS, SE and the CC/OC will be held every two weeks to take stock of the work progress and set time lines for the accomplishment of the direction/instruction or corrective actions. The CC/OC shall have the responsibility to comply with the direction and instructions of the SE/ESS.
ESS shall undertake monthly internal monitoring of the land acquisition, compensation and livelihood restoration works of LARU and provided inputs to the LARU for the LARRAP compliance as per the LARRAP policy and entitlement matrix. Similarly ESS shall undertake monthly monitoring of the GRMPIC activities and provide feedback for the compliance as per this ESMP.
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The ESS and SE will jointly prepare an environmental monitoring report bi-monthly which shall be submitted to the concerned government agencies and other stakeholders of the project for their review and suggestions through the ESSD/project Managing Director.
C. External Monitoring To ensure the state of the art ESMP implementation, as a responsible corporate body, a Panel of Experts will be appointed by the project to monitor the ESMP implementation performance of CC/OC and the monitoring and supervision performance of the ESS/SE. The Panel, including an environmental specialist and social specialist with significant expertise in site environmental and social management, will provide independent evaluations of Project environmental management once in six months during the construction and once in the initial operational phases. PoE ESMP evaluations will be based on:
Design/Pre-construction: reviewing detailed Project designs, IBMP and SSMPs; reviewing of the records and monthly monitoring reports of LARU, and GRMPIC; reviewing of SE/ESS bi-monthly monitoring report an inspection of the main Project sites;
Construction: reviewing CC’s /OC’s monthly frontline monitoring reports; reviewing of the written instructions and corrective actions of the ESS and SE to CC/OV reviewing of the daily weekly, and monthly monitoring records of the CC/OC, and SE/ESS reviewing of the records and monthly monitoring reports of LARU, and GRMPIC reviewing ESS’s bi-monthly monitoring reports; inspecting all operational construction sites and associated facilities; and, Liaising with GoN authorities.
The measures and corrective actions recommended by the PoE will be passed in written to the CC/OC and CC/OC will have the responsibility to implement the measures as suggested within the time frame agreed between SE/ESS and CC/OC during two weekly joint meeting. The progress of implementation will be monitored by SE/ESS for compliance regularly.
Apart from the PoE from the project side, MoEWRI/DoED and MoFE/DoEnv/IBN has legal power to conduct external monitoring of the project ESMP implementation. The timeline of such external monitoring activities at this stage cannot be stated due to lack of external monitoring guidelines of the development projects from the concerned ministries. What could be foreseen is that they have the legal rights to pay external monitoring visits with and objective to ensure Project compliance with the ESMP, specific project environmental management plans, Project approval conditions and statutory requirements. On such occasions, ESS/SE will assist the line government agencies in the monitoring works by availing all the site records of CC/OC, and SE/ESS.
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9.5.1.3 Supervision Framework Strict supervision of Project construction activities ensures that works are undertaken in accordance with the detailed Project design, environmental plans, permits, approvals, contract conditions, and the principles outlined in this ESMP. Pre-construction inspections of each Project site shall be jointly undertaken by the ESS/SE and CC once the CC has surveyed and pegged each site. For the contracts outside the jurisdiction of CC, ESS and OC will conduct joint inspection. These inspections will serve to: Confirm the location of Project sites; Identify site specific construction and environmental issues; Identify trails and services that will be temporarily cut during construction and shall be temporarily connected during construction and/or reinstated upon the completion of construction; Identify stockpile sites and spoil and waste disposal areas; and, Plan construction phasing at Project sites.
During the inspection for CC’s sites, the SE/ESS, and CC shall discuss and agree upon the above issues. In particular, the SE will document the type and location of all trails and services that are to be temporarily disconnected, and provide a copy of this to the CC and ESS. The CC shall sign off on the trails and services that are to be reinstated, and return a signed copy of the description of services to the ESS through SE.
During construction phase, ESS and SE jointly or individually shall undertake daily, weekly and monthly inspections of CC’s construction sites and work areas, and monthly inspections of workforce camps during the construction period. While for the sites outside CC’s construction sites ESS shall take the required inspection. The inspections will involve the following protocols.
A. Daily Environmental Inspections Vegetation clearance; Surface excavation activities; Burrow pit sites Stockpiling; and, Spoil disposal
B. Weekly Environmental Inspections Underground works Drainage works; Erosion and sediment controls; Chemical, fuel and explosive storage; Oil separators; Refueling areas; and, Site rehabilitation works
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C. Monthly Environmental Inspections Workforce camps and work sites in use over the preceding month Adequacy of services provided at work sites and workforce camps Any on-site or off-site environmental degradation caused by camp or workforce activities
D. Pre-monsoon Inspection Pre-monsoon inspection of Project sites Pre-monsoon inspection of internal access roads Pre-monsoon inspection of drainage works, disposal sites, and waste collection sites Pre-monsoon inspection of potential land degradation sites
If any of these sites or activities are not in accordance with the contract and ESMP conditions, the SE or ESS will document these and specify corrective measures in the Daily, Weekly, Monthly or Pre- monsoon monitoring data sheets and pass to CC verbally with a written instruction through SE the next day. The CC shall have the responsibility to comply with the verbal and written instructions and directions of SE.
The ESS and SE shall undertake a post-construction certification inspection of each completed Project sites jointly. The ESS and SE shall inspect all reinstated access and local services and the re- vegetation of all temporarily disturbed land. The SE shall certify each Project site if it is in accordance with all contract and ESMP conditions, or provide a written list of remedial actions to the CC to be completed prior to certification. For the work area outside CC’s sites ESS will take the actions as described above.
In the operation phase, ESS will supervise the works and facilities as required to ensure that the operational activities are complied with the detailed Project design, environmental plans, permits, approvals, and the principles outlined in this ESMP every two months.
9.5.1.4 Record Keeping and Reporting Full environmental social front line management records will be kept on site by the CC/OC, LARU, GRMPIC, SE and ESS for the full respective periods of their activities. Details are provided below: A. Pre-construction /Construction Phase All necessary permits and approvals List of land parcels acquired List of physical and economic displaced households List of households receiving compensation for land and livelihood package in cash and kinds List of economically displaced households and their current location and involvement Records of forest clearance, with numbers of trees by species types Afforestation programs and list of afforestated saplings number by species types, Proof of employee environmental and safety training; Number of affected Hhs employed in the project monthly
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Records of incidents /accidents and number of injured by type of injury monthly Monthly records of health of the construction workforce, time lost due to health problems A daily record of mitigation measure implementation All environmental monitoring results A record of all maintenance of environmental controls All written instructions and reports provided by the SE and ESS, including Daily, Weekly, Monthly and pre-monthly reports A register of non-conformances and corrective actions and All correspondence on environmental management matters, including any complaints received etc.
B. Operation Phase All necessary approvals and permits, including permission for activities on private land Proof of employee environmental and safety training Results of all environmental monitoring Maintenance undertaken Written instructions and reports provided by the ESS, including Daily, weekly monthly, pre- monsoon Reports Afforestation Status A register of non-conformances and corrective actions; and, Correspondence.
The CC /OC, LARU and GRMPIC shall prepare a monthly frontline internal monitoring report and submit to ESS /SE for review and recording. ESS /SE shall provide inspection report with corrective actions within two days of the site inspection to CC/OC. The ESS /SE shall prepare a monitoring report bimonthly for circulation of DoED, MoFE and other stakeholders. Any suggestions and recommendations of the stakeholders shall be given due consideration to strengthen the project's environmental and social performance.
9.5.2. Issue Based Management Plans (IBMP) Based on the mitigation management framework of this EMP, a set of IBMPs will be prepared by ESS. Considering the environmental issues so far identified, following IBMPs shall be prepared (
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 248 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Table 9-7) providing a greater level of detail on responsibilities, proposed mitigation and management measures, implementation of measures, and monitoring and reporting procedures for each IBMPs. There may be other IBMPs too but majority of them are covered under the provided IBMPs.
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Table 9-7: Issue Based Management Plans (IBMP) IBMP Descriptions a. Compensatory Afforestation . If non-forest land is not available, compensatory plantation is to be established on degraded forest lands, which must be twice the forest area affected or lost. . If non- forest land is available, compensatory forest are to be raised over an area equivalent to the forest Biodiversity area affected or lost. Conservation Plan b. Biodiversity Conservation by Habitat Improvement Programs . Afforestation and Awareness Programs . Soil stabilization measures & improving water regime, . Sustenance of Livelihoods . Establishment of botanical gardens for conservation and propagation of endangered species. . Anti-poaching measures by establishing wildlife protection force a. Development of the labor camps Environmental b. Provision of Heating Management in Labor c. Provision of water supply Camps d. Sanitation and sewage treatment facilities e. Solid Waste Management by 3R, disposal of degradable and non degradable components, f. Provision of Free fuel a. Engineering measures for muck disposal at disposal sites by . Construction of toe walls, wire crate wall, boulder crate wall, Retaining walls. . Construction of catch water Drains Muck Disposal Plan b. Biological treatment measures at muck disposal sites by . Plantation of suitable tree species and soil binding species . Plantation of ornamental plants . Barbed wire fencing a. Measures to be adopted before quarrying . The top 6-12” of soil will be removed before starting the quarrying activity or any other surface disturbance. This top soil will be kept separate and stock piled so that it can be reused after quarrying is over for rehabilitation of sites. b. Measures to be adopted after quarrying Restoration Plan for . Diversion of run off Quarries . Filling of depressions . Construction of retaining walls . Rocks for landscaping . Laying of the top soil . Re-vegetation c. Landscaping and restoration Plan a. Construction . Area for clearing shall be kept minimum subject to the technical requirements of the road. The clearing area shall be properly demarcated to save desirable trees and shrubs and to keep tree cutting to the minimum. . Where erosion is likely to be a problem, clearing operations shall be so . scheduled and performed that grading operations and permanent erosion . Control of features can follow immediately thereafter, if the project conditions permit; otherwise temporary erosion control measures shall be provided between successive construction stages. Under no circumstances, however, should very large surface area of erodible earth material be exposed at any one time by clearing. . The method of balanced cut and fill formation shall be adopted to avoid large difference in cut and fill quantities . The cut slopes shall be suitably protected by breast walls, provision of flat . Stable slopes, construction of catch water and intercepting drains, treatment of slopes and unstable areas above and underneath the road, etc. . Landslide prone areas shall be treated with location specific engineering protection measures. . Where rock blasting is involved, controlled blasting techniques shall be adopted to avoid over- shattering of hill faces. . Excavated material should not be thrown haphazardly but dumped duly dressed up in a suitable form at Environmental appropriate places where it cannot get easily washed away by rain, and such spoil deposits may be duly Management Plan for trapped or provided with some vegetative cover. Access Road b. Drainage Construction . Drainage of the water from hill slopes and road surface is very important. All artificial drains shall be linked with the existing natural drainage system. . Surface drains shall have gentle slopes. Where falls in levels are to be negotiated, check dams with silting basins shall be constructed and that soil is not eroded and carried away by high velocity flows. . Location and alignment of culverts should also be so chosen as to avoid severe erosion at outlets and siltation at inlets. c. Grassing and planting . Tree felling for road construction/works should be kept bare minimum and strict control must be exercised in consultation with the Forest Department. Equivalent amount of new trees should be planted as integral part of the project within the available land and if necessary, separate additional land may be acquired for this purpose. Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 250 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
IBMP Descriptions . Depending on the availability of land and other resources, afforestation of roadside land should be carried out to a sufficient distance on either side of the road. Air Pollution Management Plan a. Control of air pollution emissions by maintaining proper functioning construction equipments to minimize exhaust b. Air pollution control due to DG sets by setting within the government standard c. Stack height of DG sets to be kept in accordance with CPCB norms, which prescribes the minimum height of stack to be provided with each generator set to be calculated using the following formula: H = h+0.2 x √KVA, where H = Total height of stack in meter, h = Height of the building in meters where the generator set is installed, Air and Noise KVA = Total generator capacity of the set in KVA Pollution Control d. Dust Control in the construction sites and tunnels Management Plan Noise Pollution Management Plan . The contractors will be required to maintain properly functioning equipment and comply with occupational safety and health standards of GoN . Noise generated by a crusher is in the range of 79-80 dB(A) at a distance of 250 ft or about 75 m from the crusher. Thus, noise level at a distance of 2 m from the crusher shall be of the order of 110 dB(A).Maximum exposure period for the worker will be as specified by OSHA. . Control noise due to blasting by use of backfill cover, deck loading, controlled blasting and other engineering measures in presence and supervision of a trained professional. a. Data Collection from the catchment area to classify and interpret the land use pattern of the catchment area b. Establishment of the silt observation points on the tributatries and subwatersheds to monitor the silt inflow c. Estimation of the soil loss using the silt yield index (SYI) method Catchment Area SYI = Ʃ (Ai x Wi ) x 100/ Aw ; where i = 1 to n Treatment plan Where Ai = Area of ith unit (EIMU), Wi = Weightage value of ith mapping unit, n = No. of mapping units, Aw = Total area of sub-watershed. d. Structural and non structural measures to be applied to catchment area treatment e. Monitoring and evaluation (daily, monthly and annually) a. Project safety with standard operating procedures and maintenance manual. b. Emergency Action Plan requiring immediate evacuation c. Communication systems and a downstream warning system is essential d. Evacuation plan and procedures by: . Demarcation / prioritization of areas to be evacuated. . Notification procedures and evacuation instructions. Disaster Management . Safe routes, transport and traffic control. Plan . Safe areas/shelters. . Functions and responsibilities of members of evacuation team. e. Awareness for Disaster management f. Notifications procedures through available scientific equipments and downwards warning systems g.Dam Break Analysis/Inundation analysis
IBMPs shall be updated by the ESS from time to time, in response to government requirements or to clarify management responsibilities, planning, permits and approvals, mitigation measures, and monitoring and reporting procedures.
9.5.3. Site Specific Management Plans (SSMP) A SSMP shall be prepared by the EPCC for each construction and ancillary sites, converting the principles and generic measures contained in this ESMP and IBMPs into site-specific controls. Each SSMP shall contain a layout map(s) of the main measures and describe: Construction activities and associated works that will occur over the construction life; Environmental features that have the potential to be impacted by construction activities; The environmental mitigation measures that will be installed over the duration of construction and illustrate these on a plan(s); and, Operation and maintenance of mitigation measures.
Separate SSMPs shall be prepared for the following Project sites.
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Construction camps (each) Diversion Tunnel Site Weir Sites Intake, Headrace Tunnel and penstock Powerhouse and tailrace Burrow pit sites (each) Quarry Sites Mechanical Yards and Workshops sites (each) Storage sites (each) Batching Plants (each) Aggregate crushing and washing sites (each) Spoil disposal sites (each) Waste collection and management sites (each) Internal Access road corridors
The level of detail contained in a SSMP will be relative to the potential environmental impact of site activities, varying according to the site and proposed activities. For example, the weir SSMP will be a detailed plan, whereas the SSMP for a separate materials storage area will be simple. Sub- components of a SSMP will normally, but not always, include: Vegetation Management Plan; Erosion and Sediment Control Plan; Earthworks Plan; Waste Management Plan; and Site Rehabilitation Plan etc.
SSMPs will be living documents subject to revision as construction proceeds. Site layout will be required for different phases of construction on major sites where the landform and/or construction activities will vary substantially over time to ensure that the controls are coordinated with construction works and sufficient space is provided for. Each SSMP shall contain a Pre- Commencement Checklist that will be completed by the CC and reviewed by the SE/ESS prior to construction activities being permitted to commence on that site. Each SSMP shall be submitted to the SE/ESS at least two weeks prior to the proposed commencement of site activities. The outcome of the review will either be SE/ESS approval of the SSMP in the form of a Notice to Proceed or the provision of instructions to the CC to revise the plan and resubmit it for approval. The CC must obtain a formal Notice to Proceed for each site from the SE/ESS before any construction activities can commence. SE before giving approval for the SSMP shall take clearance from ESS Each SSMP will also contain a Record of Mitigation Measures, summarizing the measures contained in the plan that shall be used as a checklist. Similar sets of SSMP shall be prepared by OC involved in contracts outside CC’s area. The SSMP will be reviewed by ESS. OC must obtain notice to proceed for each of activity sites from ESS before commencement of any activities.
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9.5.4. Social Action Plan During the EIA study, the detail socio-economic census survey of the Project Affected households/Families (PAFs) were conducted which identified 142 households/families will be affected economically. Loss on social, economic and cultural aspects of both private and public properties and resettlement and rehabilitation were also assessed in macro level during the survey. Micro-level of possible mitigation strategies were included in the impacts and mitigation chapter of the EIA. However, this EIA report does not provide the detail micro-level information about Social Action Plans (SAPs). However, it is suggested that prior the construction of the project details, micro-level of planning for resettlement and community development shall be prepared for the project to the protect the socio-economic and cultural life of the PAFs.
9.6. Grievance Redress Most complaints during construction are expected to be major complaints concerning land acquisition, loss of property, damage to crops, or damage to standing trees, pollution of air, water etc that should be able to be resolved quite easily and acted upon immediately by the site Grievance Officer under GRMPIC. Experiences of the project implementation and operation reveals maximum numbers of grievances in the implementation phase, particularly related to land acquisition, land encroachment by developer, loss of crops, restriction on access, pollution, social evils etc. Failing to register and timely responding to these grievances often are the causes of social unrest and work stoppages.
Any complains coming to the CC, OC, SE, and ESS or any other project staff shall be directed to GRMPIC field office for registration of complains. The site Grievance officer (GO) will register complain by; date, name, contact address and reason for the complaint in a grievance registration book. The Register is then signed by the person making the complaint. A duplicate copy of the entry shall be provided to the affected person for their record at the time of registering the complaint. The duplicate copy given to the affected person will also show the procedure that will be followed in assessing the complaint, together with a statement affirming the rights of the affected person to make a complaint. No costs will be charged to the affected person for making a complaint.
The Grievance Officer will consider the complaint and pass the complaint to the responsible officer to address the complaint within a maximum of two days. After getting a response from the concerned officer, GO will convey the decision to the affected person. While doing so, GO will record information such as who has been directed to deal with the complaint and the date when this was made together with the date when the affected person was informed of the decision and how the decision was conveyed to the affected person in the Registration book. The issues which could not be resolved by the grievance officer and the directed responsible person will be elevated to Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) constituted at Local, district and National Level as required. The composition of the GRC at local, district and national level will be as under:
. National Level Project MD – Chairperson Representative of SE - Member Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 253 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Representative from ESS – Member Representative from project Concern Committee ( Sarokar Samittee) from project district - member Representatives from concerned ministry (Home, Forest, Agriculture, Land Reform, Energy) as per the compliant case-members Grievance Officer - Member Secretary
. District level CDO of the respective project district- Chairperson Project MD – Member Representative from SE - member Representative from ESS Representative from district government offices (Forest, Agriculture, Land Reform, Energy, Education, Public Health, Irrigation, Road (as per the nature of the complaint) case- Members Representative from project Concern Committee (Sarokar Samittee) from project district- Members Representatives from district level network or federation of community forest users group, farmer group, mother group, irrigation/water user group, youth club etc.) – Members Representative from Secretaries of the project affected local administrative bodies Representative from District level organization of IPs, Dalits and women- member Grievance Officer - Member Secretary
. Local Body level Chairperson of respective Local body- Chairperson Project MD – Chairperson Representative from SE –member Representative from ESS -Member Representatives of CC and OC – Member Representative from Dalit - Member Representatives from local NGO/CBO ((forest users group, farmer group, mother group, irrigation/water user group, youth club etc.) – Member Representative from women - Member Representative from IPs— Member Grievance Officer - Member Secretary
Any grievances and objections while implementing project will be referred to the project Grievances Redress Committee (GRC) which allows all interested parties including project displaced persons (PDPs) to appeal any disagreeable decisions, practices and activities. A grievance record file will be maintained at each level of GRC where all written and oral grievances will be filed and recorded. The general public as well as affected persons can also register their grievances at the respective
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local level GRC. All cases will be registered, categorized and prioritized by the designated member at each GRC.
Land Acquisition, land acquisition related grievances will be addressed as per the Clause 11 of Land Acquisition Act of Nepal 2034 (1977), where CDO is assigned the sole responsibility. GRCs will meet periodically once in a month and as and when required basis (if required earlier than one month) to discuss the merit of each case and fix a date for hearing and notify the complaints to submit necessary documents in proof of her/his claim/case; resolve grievances within 2 weeks of receipt of complaint. Proposed mechanism for grievance resolution is given below: Stage 1: All the unresolved complaints related to the project shall in first instance be attempted to settle at the local level GRC through informal discussion and formal meeting and hearing with the concerned personal and parties. When all the grievances will be reviewed and examine, the decision will be made and informed in writing to the complaining party within two weeks of receipt of the complaint. Stage 2: If the complaining party is not satisfied with the response from the local level GRC, the complaining party can appeal to the District Level GRC. While lodging the complaint, the complaining party must produce documents to support his/her claim. All the grievances will be reviewed and a decision will be informed to the concerned party within two weeks of the receipt of complaint. Stage 3: If the complaining party is not satisfied with the response from district level GRC, the complaining party can appeal to the National level GRC. While lodging the complaint, the complaining party must produce documents to support his/her claim. All the grievances will be reviewed and a decision will be informed to the concerned party within two weeks of the receipt of complaint. Stage 4: Any complaining party can exercise its constitutional right to approach the court of law at any time if he/she chooses to do so.
9.7. Capacity Building and Training The project staff does not have knowledge on the environmental and social management as required for this ESMP. It is likely that all the staffs to the project will be hired or outsourced from the consulting firms who have experience in the projects of similar kind. To streamline the project staff likely to be involved in the environmental and social management, understanding the project and its pertinent environmental and social safeguard issues is very important. This can be achieved through training of the staff to capacitate them to the requirement of the project. All those responsible for the management, implementation and operation of any aspect of the ESMP including that of Owner’s (engineers, administrator, and financial manager) and the contractors need to be trained adequately on their roles, responsibilities in the pre-construction and construction period and on the sensitive environmental and social issues of the project. The ESSD will be responsible for the organization of the required training and capacity building of the personnel involved directly and indirectly in the ESMP implementation.
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9.7.1. Project Management and ESSD The project management and staffs of ESSD responsible to oversee the preparation, implementation and oversight of the ESMP shall be given in house training and provided with enough technical and financial resources to undertake their ESMP related oversight roles including outsourcing of the external monitoring laboratories and study experts. ESSD shall keep all training records on site, for each project related employee, to provide evidence for auditing/inspection purposes. The following training shall be considered for key stakeholders. The following training shall be considered for key stakeholders: Principles and procedures for environmental and social impact assessment Fundamentals of environmental management Information Disclosure and stakeholder consultation GoN’s Policies, legislative frameworks, and standards related to the project Approvals and permit procedure of concerned stakeholders Compliance assessment, monitoring and follow-up Environmental audits Grievance Handling Mechanisms and Community Relationship Fundamentals of aquatic ecology and environmental flows associated with construction and operation of hydroelectric projects
9.7.2. Contractors (CC) and Other Contractors (OC) The CC and OC will have environmental and safety team trained to ensure compliance with ESMP requirements. The CC and OC will maintain training records, employee records, records of health and safety (number of injuries, work hour lost due to injuries, disease etc), records of communications with ESS/ SE, daily records of compliance and non compliance as per ESMP stipulations, records of land rental agreements etc for the inspection of ESS and SE. Specific trainings to the CC and OC environmental and safety teams to be provided will be as under: Principles and procedures for environmental impact assessment Fundamentals of environmental management Construction safety and management Air and water sampling procedures Construction impacts, including civil works, sediment and erosion control, soil handling and vegetation removal Wastewater and Solid Management Fuel and hazardous materials management Construction camp management Community relations and public consultation procedures Spoil management Compliance assessment, monitoring and follow-up Record keeping and reporting and Auditing and follow-up.
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9.8. ESMP Monitoring Review The ESS and SE will periodically review, monitor and audit the effectiveness of the ESMP, including IBMP and SSMP. The audit program should adequately cover the scope, audit frequency and methods that are typically required for large infrastructure projects. The frequency of audits should reflect the intensity of activities (typically more common during construction), severity of environmental and social impacts and non-compliances raised in prior audits. 9.8.1. Review of the ESMP ESS/SE will review the ESMP to assess its effectiveness and relevance as the work progress and the monitoring and auditing of the project provides new insight of the project as under: A full review shall be undertaken annually; Following a reportable incident, or a significant non-compliance; and Following an addition, up-date or change order to the EMP, or a sub-plan. The review of the ESMP should consider the following: Adequacy of data collection, analysis and review; Reporting; Non-compliances; and Corrective actions implemented. The ESMP will also be reviewed periodically to evaluate the environmental controls and procedures to make sure that they are still applicable to the activities being carried out. Reviews will be undertaken by ESS/ES as follows. The full ESMP shall be reviewed at least annually. Relevant parts of the ESMP shall be reviewed following a reportable incident; Expert opinion of the Panel of Expert after review of this ESMP, IBMPs and SSMPs; Relevant parts of the ESMP shall be reviewed following the receipt of an updated IBMP and SSMP; and At the request of the stakeholders, including the central and local level stakeholders, contractors, supervising engineer and project financer. The review will include analysis of the data collection and analysis of data, monitoring reports, incident reports, complaints/grievances and feedback from stakeholders, consultation meetings minutes and training records to evaluate effectiveness of ESMP procedures. Site visits, interviews and other auditing methods could also be used. Updates to the plan shall follow the procedure in Section 9.8.2.
9.8.2. Control and Update of the EMP This document will be issued as a controlled document to all relevant staff and stakeholders. The procedure to be followed to control the issues of the document, provide a review of its effectiveness and provide updates will be as follows Issued copies by the ESS shall be numbered; The ESS shall initiate a review of any relevant sections following modification to the ESMP; and Any modification of ESMP will not be in contradiction to the approval conditions of MoFE and other concerned government agencies.
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9.9. Additional Information for ESMP In order to ensure adequate information during the implementation of ESMP, a number of studies will be added as prescribed to ensure adequate completion and implementation of this ESMP. Suggested additional studies to be undertaken by the project are indicated below:
9.9.1. Additional Baseline Monitoring Table 9-6 shows the list of monitoring actiovities that list different baseline monitoring parameters for the environmental and social conditions just before the start of the construction phase.
9.9.2. Other Additional Studies For the comprehensive understanding of the environmental status of the project catchment and to strengthen the environmental management plans, following studies have been recommended by the assessment study. Onsite study and monitoring of the glacial lakes of the catchment for the emergency preparedness planning Onsite study and monitoring of the potential LDOF sites on the Catchment for the emergency preparedness planning Catchment Area Treatment Plan covering project local administrative bodies and upper catchment to minimize the erosion and sedimentation Design of Comprehensive Forest Biodiversity Management plan in the project's local administrative bodies for implementation to ensure no net loss on floral biodiversity Design of afforestation programs of the lost floral species in page with the GoN’s Forest Guideline and in compliance with the best practice principle of “no net loss of floral diversity and net gain of the floral species of conservation significance'' Design of Wildlife Conservation Plan in the remaining forest areas of project local administrative bodies for implementation to ensure no net loss of the faunal diversity and net gain of the fauna of conservation significance Study on the Environmental flow requirements to ensure that the dewatered section is protected from the loss of aquatic flora and fauna.
9.9.3. Official Field Verification of the Affected Land Plots and Affected Households The census survey during the EIA study is an unofficial record of the affected land area and households. These are based on the local consultation with the local people using the government cadastral map and have to be verified in the presence of the government officials.
9.9.4. Cumulative Impact Assessment A broader cumulative impact assessment including the impacts of all other activities in the project affected area including impacts of the project shall be considered. The project management shall implement a cumulative affect assessment framework that will evaluate cumulative impacts of other developments in association with construction and operational impacts of the project. By the end of the first year of construction, project management will develop a cumulative effects assessment framework and an initial assessment of the cumulative effects of the project in conjunction with
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other projects and activities. The cumulative effects study should also incorporate measures for biodiversity protection and intact river management.
9.10. ESMP Implementation Plan Schedule The project will assume overall responsibility for the implementation of the ESMP as described including the following activities Formation of an ESSD with ESS and LARGMS sections and respective units Training Preparation of IBMPs and SSMPs Oversight of CC, and OC’s ESMP requirements
The project shall implement the ESMP as per the implementation plan stipulated in Table 9-8. The implementation plan could be modified, particularly related to timings, to adjust and accommodate the project schedules, however, will comply with the overall sequencing of the activities for ESMP compliance. Table 9-8: ESMP Implementation Plan Implementatio When and who should Implementation Item n Actions to be Taken oversee Responsibility Pre-construction Phase Formation of an ESSD with Project MD A ESSD with ESS and LARGMS will be 6 months before initiation of ESS and LARGMS sections formed by project MD to implement the the project construction works: and respective units ESMP for the project to execute construction Project BoD Supervision Environmental Monitoring Appointment of Supervising Project MD SE for the project will be appointed with 6 months before initiation of Engineers environmental and social expert as team the ; project construction member for the overall supervision and works ;Project BoD construction control of the project Establishment of Project GRMPIC Establish a project information center at the Five months before the start of Information Center project site to dessiminate oders information the construction works; to the stakeh LARGMS Establishment of Greviance GRMPIC Establish a Grievance handling Mechanism 1 months before the start of the Handling Mechanism and and Greviance Handling Desk and at the land acquisition; ESS Greviance Handling Desk Project Site Office to attained address the grivances of the affected communities and stakeholders within specified timeframe Incorporation of ESMP ESSD and SE ESSD and SE will prepare the ESMP One months before invitation requirements in Tender Bid requirements for Tender document as special of tenders; Project MD Document clause of contract. Approved EIA will be annexed as a part of contract Prepare Bid Specifications for SE Prepare Bid Documents including the Before finalization of the Construction Contractor environmental and social requirements for the bidding process; Project Construction Contractor MD/ESSD Tender Notification Project MD Notify, interested contractors for bidding the 4 months before the start of project’s construction works construction works; Project BoD Training ESSD/SE Develop a training plan outlining training 4 months before the start of requirements, topics, and areas of capacity construction works and will building. Identify courses/seminars continue in the construction Identify staff requiring training, Implement period as required ; Project training plan MD Prepare Issue Based ESS/ Prepare IBMPs of the project as stipulated in IBMPs finalized at least a Management Plans LARGMS/SE this ESMP month before the start of the project construction works; ESSD Approval and Permits ESSD Will acquire all permits and approval from At least a week before the the concerned agencies and individuals / construction action at each site communities as required for forest clearance, successively as required entry to land, to infrastructures, access throughout the construction disturbance road construction, etc. period; Project MD Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 259 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Implementatio When and who should Implementation Item n Actions to be Taken oversee Responsibility Baseline monitoring, ESS Prepare the required plans for the project Finalized before the start of Preparation of afforestation construction works; ESSD plan, forest biodiversity management plans, Wildlife conservation plans, etc Initiate Land Acquisition LARU Initiate land and property acquisition as pert Four months before project Process Land Acquisition Act construction starts, LARGMS Appoint Construction Project MD Construction contractors and other Main CC shall be appointed at contractors and other contractors shall be appointed least one month before the start Contractors of the main construction works, While other contractors will be appointed as to the need; Project MD Construction Phase Preparation of Site Specific CC/OC Preparation of SSMP progressively for the At least a week before the start Management Plans specific sites where the contractor is to of construction works; ESS/SE initiate his/ her works and get approval from the ESS/SE Training CC/OC Develop a training plan outlining training At least a week before the start requirements, topics, and areas of capacity of the construction works, building to the construction managers, which shall continue as environmental specialists and the construction required during the workers construction period; ESS/SE Front Line Supervision and CC/OC Conduct daily frontline supervision and Regularly with the start of the monitoring of the project monitoring of the construction works and Construction works, construction works keep records of mitigation actions and throughout the construction prepare a report every month period, every months ; SE/ESS Owner’s internal Supervision, SE/ESS Conduct supervision and monitoring of the With the start of the Monitoring and reporting construction works, daily, weekly, monthly as construction works throughout required and prepare an internal monitoring the construction period as report every two months required and report every two months; ESSD, Internal environmental audits ESS Conduct six-monthly environmental and Throughout the construction and reporting social audit of the project works and prepare a period, six monthly six monthly audit report External Environmental audit PoE Conduct external environmental and social Throughout the construction and reporting audit of the project works and prepare a period annually; Project MD annual audit report Revisit ESMP ESS/SE Based on the internal monitoring, internal Throughout the construction audit and external audit reports and findings, phase as felt needed, ESSD/ revisit the ESMP and circulate the revisited PoE ESMP to the contractors, and higher management authorities Certification of work SE/ESS The completed works will be certified after Throughout the construction completion and rehabilitation detailed inspection to ensure that the phase progressively, environmental and other commitments as per ESSD/PoE ESMP stipulation are complied with Operation Phase Decomissioning of the ESS Will decommission the temporary facilities of Immediately after the Temporary facilities the projects immediately after the construction completion construction completes Owner’s internal Supervision, ESS Will conduct the internal environmental Throughout project operation, Monitoring and reporting supervision and monitoring of the project every two months; Project MD operation works every two months Internal environmental audits ESS Will conduct the internal environmental Throughout project operation, and reporting supervision and monitoring of the project every six months for initial 3 operation works every two months years and annually thereafter, Project MD External Audit MoFE Conduct external environmental audit of the Once after project operation, project within two years of the project within two years; Project MD operation
Hence, Environmental and Social Management Plan identifies the principles, approaches, procedures and methods to control and minimize the environmental and social impacts of all construction and operational activities associated with project development to comply with the mitigation
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commitments made by the project management for each of the identified impacts. It specifies the opportunities for environmental design and the environmental management requirements in the final design, pre-construction, construction, operation and de-commissioning phases of the project.
9.11. Impact of This project on other project: The impact of this project on other projects is also assessed. During the EIA study, the upstream and downstream projects were identified. There are altogether major 10 projects in the basin. Two of the immediate upstream project namely Manang Marsyangdi HEP and Lower Manang Marsyangdi belongs to same developer. Since all the three projects will be built as a cascade project, the project will perform a brief cumulative impact assessment and mitigation measures in addition to EIA prior to the construction. The impacts of this project on the other downstream projects include, but not limited to: D/s flow regulation Reduction, modification and fragmentation of riparian and aquatic habitat Conversion or degradation of natural and critical habitat Additional traffic jam, incidents of diseases, ill social behavior and conflicts Addition of the pollution to the environment
A more generalized cumulative assessment has been made. However, a broader cumulative impact assessment including the impacts of all other activities in the project affected area including impacts of the project shall be considered. The project management shall implement a cumulative affect assessment framework that will evaluate cumulative impacts of other developments in association with construction and operational impacts of the project. By the end of the first year of construction, project management will develop a cumulative effects assessment framework and an initial assessment of the cumulative effects of the project in conjunction with other projects and activities. The cumulative effects study should also incorporate measures for biodiversity protection and intact river management.
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CHAPTER X: ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING
Environmental auditing is also an important part of environmental management process. It assesses the actual environmental impacts, the accuracy of prediction, the effectiveness of environmental impact mitigation and enhancement measures and the functioning of monitoring mechanisms. Environmental auditing is generally carried out after two years of commencement of project. The Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE) is responsible for carrying out environmental audit.
10.1 Environmental Audit Framework Site audits will be undertaken, to independently verify the compliance of Project activities and controls with Government standards and the conditions set out in Project environmental/social plans.
A. Construction Phase Internal Audit During construction phase ESS, acting as an Auditor, shall conduct a full compliance audit of the CC's / OCs operations and all construction and ancillary sites once every six months. Environmental compliance will be audited against the conditions contained in the construction contract, ESMP, IBMPs, SSMPs and permit and approval conditions. The CC / OC shall assign a representative to attend the audit and be responsible for implementing corrective actions.
The audit will involve a review of all sites in use or used since the previous audit, any construction and related activities in progress, and the site records. An Audit Report describing the results of the audit shall be prepared by the ESS and submitted to the SE, and CC /OC within two days of audit completion. The Audit Report shall specify any non-conformances and recommend corrective action/s, with dates for completion. The ESS will follow up on any corrective actions within a reasonable time frame, either signing out the corrective action or requesting completion of the action.
External Audit The Panel of Experts will undertake an external compliance audit within 6 month during the construction phase and after 2 years of project operation to assess the project’s compliance with the EMP, the effectiveness of mitigation measures and institutional development, and whether or not any unanticipated effects occurred as a result of project activities
B. Operation Phase Internal Audit ESS will undertake a compliance audit of all Project sites every six months over the initial three years of Project operation, then annually over the life of the generation period. Sites and operation activities shall be audited against approved conditions and the ESMP. The project’s responsible OM staff shall accompany and assist ESS during the audit. An Audit Report describing the results of each audit shall be prepared by ESS and submitted to the project operation office within five days of audit completion. The Audit Report will specify any non-conformances and recommend corrective action/s with dates for completion.
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 262 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
External Audit MoFE will undertake an external compliance audit after two years of Project operation, to assess the project’s compliance with the ESMP, the effectiveness of mitigation measures and institutional development, and whether or not any unanticipated effects occurred as a result of project activities. The audit shall be based on a site inspection records, the monitoring reports and audit reports prepared by the CC/ OC, LARU/GRMPIC, ESS/SE, etc.
10.2 Use of Environmental Audit It is conducted to ensure that environmental performances carried out in order to comply with environmental laws and standards are comprehensively and systematically reviewed. Environmental audit basically enables to check back and examine how well these environmental instruments have worked and enable to assess the actual environmental impacts, accuracy of prediction, effectiveness of environmental mitigation measures adopted and functioning of monitoring mechanism. In Nepal, Environment Protection Act, 2054 requires the Environmental Audit to be undertaken, after the project has been in operation for two years.
10.3 Agencies Responsible for Auditing The Ministry of Forests and Environment (MoFE), Department of Environment, and other relevant organization will be consulted during auditing. Local and national NGOs or consulting companies may also be entrusted to carry out the task, if they are engaged to do so by the government.
10.4 Environmental Auditing Plan The auditing plan includes the parameters, indicators, methods to be used, locations of auditing and its sources. Environmental auditing plan for Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project is presented below in the table 10-1. Table 10-1 ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING PLAN Parameter Location Method Indicators Responsible Schedules Authority
Physical Environment
Change in river Low flow zone Observation and Bank erosion, MoFE After morphology between dam measurement sediment completion of and deposition construction work powerhouse patterns
Water quality Water channel Sampling and TSS, TDS, MoFE After within the core laboratory testing Conductivity, completion of project areas and their Temperature, PH, construction comparison to the turbidity, DO, work available national BOD, COD, total standard chloride, hardness, alkalinity, total coliform
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 263 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Air quality Nearby Low-volume Dust (Total MoFE After settlements and sampler, visual Suspended completion of project access inspection, Particulate), construction road measurement, PM10, SO2, work and their CO2, comparison with ambient standards
Erosion and Slope Project areas Field Eroded and MoFE After Stability photographs, site unstable areas on completion of observation natural slopes, construction and information collected data work from the locals
Spoil/ muck Project areas Observation and Erosion, murky MoFE After disposal photographs water flow completion of construction work
Biological Environment
Pressure on Project area Counting, Volume of fuel MoFE After forests and forest and its observation, wood trade, completion of products vicinities records, location of construction information from timber depots work the local people and firewood sale in the project construction area. Number of cut stumps Sale ratio of non-timber forest products
Wildlife Forest area in Interview with Wildlife MoFE After and around the local poaching completion of project site, people and trapping, and construction local residents observation, their parts like work and markets Photographs dried meat, fur, hides etc
Compensatory Plantation site Observation, Newly MoFE After plantation intervie established completion of plantation construction Sites work
Fisheries Project area Fish trap Occurrence MoFE After and its nearby sampling method /frequency/ completion of vicinity population construction density work
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 264 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Socio-economic Environment
Employment Project areas Analysis of Number of local MoFE After opportunities records and people employed completion of interviews in the project construction work
Compensation Project areas Questionnaire Use of MoFE After survey and compensation completion of informal received construction interviews work
Occupational Project site, Observation, Types and MoFE After health and safety health post interview numbers of completion of accident occurred construction during work construction, adequacy of occupational safety measures provided by the projects, facilities of first aid and emergency services provided
Law and order Project area Survey, informal Level of disputes MoFE After situation and its vicinity interviews and crimes completion of construction work
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. 265 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER XI: PROJECT COST AND BENEFIT
11.1 Economic Benefit in Nepali Context Water resource is one of the key natural resources of Nepal. Rivers of Nepal also originate in the higher Himal Ecological zone and are feed by snow and glaciers and the elevation difference yields ydropower potential. Nepal's industrial and service sector industry are constrained by lack of reliable energy for a desired rapid growth as well asdiversify its economic base. The economy is based on agricultural sector. For the economic growth within the country and for export earning, water resource development for energy is the feasible option for Nepal. UM-2HEP is a significant initiation from the foreign investment and private sector. CSP of the project amounts to 3.235 million USD which is 0.5% of the total project cost. In addition, the provision of the paid shares to the local people as per the legal provision and mutual negotiation bring benefits to the local and national context. 11.1.1 Direct Revenue Generation With the operation of UM-2HEP, the project revenue earnings are estimated to be 4433 million Nepali rupees per annum.
11.1.2 Other Project Benefits In addition to the direct revenue benefit, the project will provide a number of subsidiary benefits to the Nepalese people. During construction and operation phase the project has the potential to: Promote construction related industrial growth in and around the project areas in the construction phase, Promote other industrial growth in the project area and elsewhere in Nepal in the operation phase, Provide new job opportunities to the Nepalese people in the project during construction and operation phase, Enhance the working skills of the Nepalese in the hydropower construction project, Provide opportunities for construction related training during construction phase, Promote the subsidiary economic activities in the project area during construction phase, Promote community development through improvements in social services and infrastructures such as, development of rural agricultural roads, rehabilitation of irrigation, upgrading of health and educational institutions, extension of rural electrification, improvement of communication and transportation service facilities, women development etc. in the Project Affected Areas and Project Region of Influence during project construction, and Support community development activities in the project district by contributing one percent of revenue of the project annually. Electrification will reduce the dependency of the local people on forest for energy and will help in reduction of the deforestation. Greenhouse gas equivalence due to hydropower is far far less than due to biomass and trees, so perpetual and environmentally sustainable energy.
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited 266 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
The above benefits from the project are expected to enhance the national development objectives of poverty alleviation, diversification of economic activities, and above all in improving the social services and quality of life of the project area people. Quantification of the above benefits in the real money terms is very difficult. Based on the experience of other projects in Nepal it is estimated that the indirect secondary contribution of the local economy of the project affected area will be around 70 million Nepali rupees during the construction phase.
11.2 Project Costs The total cost for UM-2 HEP implementation is estimated to be in the order of 647 million USD. 11.2.1 Resource Loss UM-2 HEP development involves permanent loss of private land, forest land for the construction of project structures. The loss of private land is estimated to be equivalent to NRs 430 million. The forest stock loss is estimated to be NRs. 970 million. Total resource loss is about NRs.1401 million i.e. 1.89% of the presently estimated project cost.
11.2.2 Environmental Mitigation, Monitoring and Environmental Enhancement Costs Table 11-1 summarizes the environmental mitigation; monitoring and environmental enhancement Program costs not included in the project construction costs for construction and operation periods. These costs will be met by the construction contractor as a part of the contract.
Table 11-1: Cost Estimates of Environmental Mitigation, Monitoring and Environmental Enhancement SN Particulars EIA 2014 SEIA 2020 1 Enhancement Cost - 40,450,000 1.1 Socio-economic and Cultural 31,100,000 1.2 Biological 5,000,000 1.3 Physical 4,350,000 2 Mitigation Cost 1001655186 970245194 2.1 Socio-economic (Construction +Operation) 695,530,256 449882000 2.2 Biological (Construction +Operation) 120,304,930 519418194 2.3 Physical (Construction +Operation) 185,820,000 945000 3 Monitoring Cost 348,236,950 7,110,000 4 Audit Cost 4,700,000 1,000,000 Total (1+2+3+4) 1,354,592,136 1,018,810,194
The revised environmental mitigation, monitoring, auditing and environmental enhancement costs for the project comes out to be NRs. 1,018,810,194 which is around 1.6 % of the total project cost of 576.06 million USD (without IDC).
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited 267 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER XII: CONCLUSIONS
The key environmental impacts of UM-2 HEP are related with the project structures and support facilities. Most of the anticipated impacts related to land and property acquisition, pollution of land, water and air during construction could be mitigated to acceptable levels through the implementation of the mitigation measures. The dewatering of the Marsyangdi River during operation phase and its implication on the aquatic ecology is one of long-term residual impacts. The compensatory afforestation and compensation to the community forest users is envisaged to mitigate the effects on the forested areas, particularly biodiversity and forest coverage. The environmental enhancement programs to the affected RMs of the project will contribute positively in the overall socio-economic development of the project area.
There is a need for hydropower development in the country at a rapid pace for its overall social and economic development. The envisaged environmental impacts of the project, could be mitigated to acceptable level and there is no need no further EIA appraisal. The need exists for monitoring of the implementation of the environmental management plan during construction and operation phase to minimize the envisaged impacts and to timely tackle the unforeseen environmental impacts of the project.
This project proponent ensures to implement the environmental management plan designed for the project and request the GoN for the approval of this SEIA report of the project to pave way for implementing the project with no further delays. With the proper implementation of the EMP, the project is good to go ahead with.
Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited 268 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER XIII: REFERENCE
Central Bureau of Statistics (2011): National population Census 2011, Village Development Committees/Municipalities
Chalise, M.K. (2003): Assamese Monkeys (Macaca assamensis) in Nepal. Primate Conservation. Conservation International No. 19: 99-107. The Journal of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, USA.
Climatological Record of Nepal, Department of Hydrology & Meteorology
Dobremez, J. F. (1976): Le Nepal Ecologieet BIogeography. Editions du Centre National de la Researche Scientifique, Paris, France.
DPR (2001): Flowering Plants of Nepal.Department of Plant Resources, Ministry of Forests and Soil conservation, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Government of Nepal, Ministry of Law, Justice, Environment Protection Act, 1997, and Environment Protection Rules, 1997.
IUCN (2007): IUCN Red Data Book
Kojima S. (1983): An Outline of Vegetation and Environment in Central Nepal. Medicinal Resources and Ethno-pharmacology in Sri Lanka and Nepal (Ed. T. Namba), pp. 365-391. Research Institute for Wakan-Yaru (oriental medicine), Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Toyama, Japan. ltmann, J. (1974): Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods. Behavior, 49: 227-265
Polunin, O. and J. D. A. Stainton (1984): Flowers of the Himalaya, Oxford University press, New Delhi, India. p.
Press, J. K.; K. K. Shrestha and D. A. Sutton (2000): Annotated Checklist of the Flowering plants of Nepal.Natural History Museum , London, P. 430
Regmi, P. P. (1982): An introduction to Nepalese Food Plants. Royal Nepal Academy, Kathmandu, p.216 Stainton, J. D. A. (1972): Forests of Nepal. John Murray, London, p. 181. TISC (2002): Forest and Vegetation types of Nepal. Natural Resource Management Sector Assistance Programme (NARMSAP), Tree Improvement andSilviculture Component, Department of Forests, Kathmandu, p.180
Updated Feasibility Report of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (327MW) Proponent: Himtal Hydropower Company (P) Ltd. Consultant: Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services [NESS] Private Limited 269 SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
CHAPTER XIV: ANNEXES
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Annex I: License Details
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
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SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
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Annex II: Consent Letter for SEIA from MoFE
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Annex III: Focus Group Discussions Attendance Sheet and Photo
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Some Photos of FGD
Fig 1: FGD at Syange ward no.4 of Marsyangdi RM Fig 2: FGD at Ghermu, ward no.5 of Marsyangdi RM
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Fig 3: FGD at Tal ward no. 1of Nashong RM
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
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Annex IV: Public Hearing Notice and 7 days public notice
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Annex V: Public Hearing Notice Pasting Letters with Photos
Some Photos of Notice Pasting
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Fig 1: Notice pasting at Nashong RM office Fig 2: Notice pasting at Dharapani Health Post
Fig 3: Notice pasting at ACAP office, Dharapani Fig 4: Notice pasting at police office, Dharapani
Fig 5: Notice pasting at Ward no. 1 office of Fig 4: Notice pasting at Marsyangdi RM office, Nashong RM
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Annex VI: Proceedings of Public Hearings with Photos
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
DELIBERATION SEIA PUBLIC HEARING OF UPPER MARSYANGDI-2 HEP (327 MW)
Location Details
Date: 2076/10/04, Saturday
Venue: Ama Samuha Building, Taal, Nashong RM, Manang
Time: 1:00 pm Guest List of the Public Hearing Program
Chairman: Mr. Chandra Ghale, Chairman, Nashong RM, Manang
Special Guest: Honourable Mr. Polden Chopang Gurung, Member of Parliament
Special Guest: Honourable Mrs. Yasodha Subedi Gurung, Member of Parliament
Guest:
Mr. Kapil Lama, Representative of NCP, Nashong RM Mr. Surendra Gurung, Representative of NC, Nashong RM Mr. Kiran Gurung, Representative of NDP, Nashong RM Mr. Jhalak Bahadur Gurung, Ward no.1, Nashong RM Mr. Bhim Bahadur Gurung, Ward no.2, Nashong RM Mr. Min Bahadur Gurung, Ward no. 3, Nashong RM Mr. Tarka Bahadur Gurung, Ward no. 4, Nashong RM Mr. Tsering Gyalpo Punel, Ward no. 5, Nashong RM Mr. Dima Onggyal Punel, Ward no.6, Nashong RM Mr. Dhan Bahadur Gurung, Ward no.7, Nashong RM Mr. Chup Jung Gurung, Ward no. 8, Nashong RM Mr. Pasang Lama, Ward no. 9, Nashong RM Mr. Muktabahadur Khadka, Representative of Nepal Police, Nashong RM Mr. Thukten Lama, Representative of Local Reporter, Nashong RM Annapurna Conservation Area members, Nashong RM Representative of Division Forest Office, Nashong RM
Proponent:
Mr. Pratik Man Pradhan, Vice President, Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt.Ltd, Kathmandu Mr. Ganesh Khanal, Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt.Ltd, Kathmandu Mr. Amrit Ghale, Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt.Ltd, Kathmandu Mr. Wu Yong, SCIG Ms. Erika, China Mr. Yam Baral, SCIG
Consultant:
Er. Salil Devkota, MD, NESS Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu Er. Srijan Regmi, Environmental Engineer, NESS Pvt. Ltd Er. Laxman Khadka, Environmental Engineer, NESS Pvt.Ltd Mr. Saurav Khanal, Geologist, QYEC Mr. Bhanu Joshi, QYEC Mr. Song Kafia, QYEC Master of the ceremony: Mr. Kamal Prasad Dumre, NESS Pvt. Ltd.
With the permission of the committee member, Mr. Kamal Prasad Dumre starts the program. He addressed and welcomed all the guest members and participants. He apologizes for delayed of the program. He thanked all the participants who attend the program despite of heavy rain and so much cold
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
He further adds, the rain is the good sign for any program and hope the program will go fine. He shortly describe about the project and calls Mr. Ganesh Khanal for the welcome Speech.
Mr.Ganesh Khanal, Proponent, Kathmandu
Addressed and welcomed all the Guests and Participants. He mentioned about the previous EIA study and public hearing program held at Taal. He also adds, the comment given by the local people will be incorporated in the new SEIA report again. Clarify about the project description and explain about the License of Manang Marsyangdi corridor projects. He explains about the previous study and developers of the UM-2HEP. Compared the previous with the new ones. He clarifies why supplementary study is required for the project. He mentioned the capacity has been decreased from 600 mw to 327 mw. He explained about the project component changes. He Mentioned about the Partnership with the Chinese Company and explained about the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA). He thanked all the participants who came there for the program despite of the heavy rainfall and welcome all the people for the hearing program.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Mr. Kamal Prasad Dumre calls Er. Salil Devkota for the short presentation on SEIA study Er. Salil Devkota, MD, NESS Pvt.Ltd.
Addressed and welcomed all the Guests and participants. He explains about the reason of organizing public hearing Program. He adds the main purpose of Supplementary Study. Mentioned about the Capacity change of the project from 600 MW to 327 MW. China has helped in Financial and Technical field. Describe about the details of the project and highlighted the physical, biological and socio economic impacts of the project elaborating direct and indirect impact zones. He explained about the project component change and mentioned about the comparative Salient Features of the project and baseline Environment Condition of the project areas. He further adds about the Cascade project planning on the Marsyangdi Corridor. Different Study has been done for these Projects. Presented the details impacts of the project including Physical, Biological and Socio-Economic & Cultural Environment. He mentioned about the importance of geological study in the project site. Explained about the impacts on conservation area due to the project. He adds on mitigating the adverse impacts on Annapurna Conservation Area, there will be co-ordination with the concerned authority. The SEIA is prepared on the impacts of the projects due to its implementation on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Mentioned about the process of Land Acquisitions in the project footprint. All land acquisition process will have to comply the Land Acquisition Act, 2034 BS and Land Acquisitions, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy. Also, mentioned about the comparative numbers of the trees to be felled during the construction of the project. He also mentioned about the beneficial impacts of the project. Off spin Development.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Cash Flow within the project areas due to Labor Influx. Upgrade of the Access Road. Hotel management for different National, local and International Labor while running the project. Emergency Response Plan will be executed. Briefed the mitigation measures proposed for the project, EMP. The EMP policy for the project is to ensure environmental and social sustainability of the project area. To meet the above objective of the project, this EMP has develop a project specific organizational framework and working procedures and has designed mitigation and monitoring management plan stipulating specific responsibilities to the concerned project stakeholders along with required costs. The total EMP cost including mitigation, monitoring, auditing and environmental enhancement is also allocated. Mentioned about 0.5 % of the total project cost has been allocated to community Support Program (CSP). He further adds about the royalty of the electricity. Compensation will be done for the numbers of the trees that has been cut down for the project in the ratio of 1:25. He mentioned about the Third Party monitoring will be held if the proper mitigation measures has been carried out or not. The local people should be well informed and be careful with the entire implementation program. Grievances unit. He further added, the identified and conceived project impacts are mostly reversible and can be minimized or compensated to the acceptable degree without compromise to the environmental and social aspects of the project area. Recommended that the project be given environmental clearance for development in condition that the plans and programs stipulated in the EMP are sincerely implemented. Also, if the project Coordinates with all the stakeholders and follows all the policy, SEIA Documentation, the project will be sustainably developed. The suggestions and Comments of the local people are required to any project for the development. Thank you
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Participant’s suggestions and comments (Open Floor Discussion) Mr Ramchandra Gurung, Taal-3, Nashong RM
Addressed all the guests and participants. He feels good that he can raise the issues and the suggestion he need to give for the project. He mentioned about the Dam site location and also adds that Nigalghari is the high risk place for dam. He requests to minimize the impact that can be caused to the international Tourists. He appealed the proponent to put RCC wall to minimize the impact that can be caused by Dam. Conservation of Siran Taal Community. Pollution caused by the project and its effect on the Tourists. He thanked all the hearing committee who gave an opportunity to put up his suggestions and comments.
Mr.Rajan Gurung, Representative of Reporter Club, Taal-3, Nashong RM
Addressed all the guests and participants. Praised Er. Salil Devkota’s way of presenting. He mentioned Salil sir cleared about the environmental issues and their respective mitigation measures. He also mentioned about the report of SEIA. He said the report is not copy pasted rather the report has good writing and a clear for any readers. He mentioned even the Dam height has been reduced to some extent and HRT length, why the project capacity need to be changed from 600 mw to 327 mw? He suggested that for SEIA Study, the team must coordinate with all the local people. He mentioned about the 10 % of e-flow. Mentioned about the downstream families and the impact to d/s families. Conservation of Rainbow Trout found in some section in the Taal. How 0.5% CSR is distributed? Provision of alternative analysis of the project. Count of trees no to be felled for Access Road and Adit must be categorized. He is hopeful for the project since the project involves BPC and the chinese team from Sizhaun Provience. He also adds, Sizhau Provience is the Hydropower hub of the china.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
He asked how awareness program are held. And who could be the committee stakeholders? Management of public Grievences. Provision of share to the local people. He mentioned about the compensation policy of fallen trees (1:25). She adds to fulfill the documentation; the proponent should not plant the useless species. He further explained the plant species planted afterward must be given special care and the plant should grow. He suggested better to plant less numbers but the proponent should not compromise on the quality of the species. We are not against project, but the proponent needs to address all the suggestions and comment given by the local people for fruitful construction.
Mr. Tsering Gyalpo Gurung, Ward no. 5, Nashong RM
Addressed all the respected guests and participants. He mentioned about the repeatedly done public hearing program and added the consultant has included the comment and suggestion given by the local people. He requested Ama Samuha to give their suggestions on the project. He appealed to take care about the protection of the community and also to carry out the project supporting physical, biological and socio-economic environment. The project should take care of the local demands. 0.5% CSR activities is minimum, the CSR activities cost must be high. He wished successful completion of the three projects (Manang Marsyangdi, Lower Marsyangdi and Upper Marsyangdi-2 HEP).
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Mr. Jhalak Bahadur Gurung, Ward no 1, Nashong RM
Addressed all the guests and participants. Language problem between Chinese people and Nepali people. There should be the provision of Language training to the local people so that the communication between proponent and local people would be easy. GMR has proposed project before and sold to the Chinese people, local people did not get any benefit. The project should be constructed soon addressing all the local people’s demands and suggestions.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Mr. Birendra Gurung, Representative of NCP, Manang
Addressed all the people involved and participated in the program. The report presented by Er. Salil Devkota sir is impressive. Salil sir has already addressed all the issues in the impact areas. The proponent should coordinate with Local Government, Province Government and address local people’s demand and suggestion. The project should take care of internal and international tourists while constructing the project. The project footprint lies in the Annapurna main trekking routes. So, the impact on the trekking trail must be considered by the project. The local market should be given priority while constructing the project.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Mr. Pratik Man Pradhan, proponent, Kathmandu
He addressed all the guests and Participants. He answered on the comment raised by Mr. Ram Chandra Gurung on the Dam site location and its risk on the Taal community. He said the dam area is technically safe and is located on the hard rocks geology. He ensured the protection of the Taal community. Factor of safety has been considered on the design of the dam. He mentioned about the traffic management on the project footprint area and said there would not be any impacts on the tourists. He mentioned the reason for the capacity change from 600 mw to 327 mw is due to NEA’s policy on design discharge (Q40). Environment flow can be monitored by the local people. 10 % of the water will be release as e-flow. Maximum number of Adit is proposed for the project since the project is expected to be completed in short time and the length of HRT is 11 km. There will be provision of grievances unit to hear the word of the public in the construction phase. The suggestion and comment can also be sent to the proponent website so that we could review and work on the comment and suggestions. Some of skill developing training has been already done and we will also look on the Chinese language training to the local people as raised by the public. We shall conduct different meeting coordinating with the local stakeholders before implementing any plans. There will be separate cost for the environmental mitigation and some of the costs are also included in civil cost. 0.5% of the total cost is only for community support program.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Honorable Mrs. Yasodha Subedi Gurung, District Representative, Manang
Address all the guests and participants. The comments and suggestions are same as raised on yesterday public hearing (Lower Manang Marsyangdi HEP’s public hearing held on 2076/10/03, Dharapani). She mentioned on the previous days she was against the Upper Marsyangdi-2 HEP (GMR project) She was the one who showed black flag on the project since the project was export oriented. GMR has thought of generating electricity on the Marsyangdi River and sell the electricity to India. But now, the condition is different. This time, the proponent has thought of selling electricity to the Nepal Government so we should welcome the project. Before 44 years ago, when she came Manang district after her marriage, the people of Manang has experienced the electricity. But on her birthplace, there was shortage of electricity. She adds the people of Manang have strong desire for the electricity. She mentioned the river is flowing so as the cash and energy is flowing. She urge to utilize the flowing Money and energy. We all the people of Manang are hopeful for the project. The project holds the river for long time. The study has only been done. She asked for the compensation of the Marsyangdi River. She mentioned the provision of the environment flow. Questioned about the conservation of Marsyangdi River. ACAP trail route is world’s 10 most attractive trekking routes. Impact of the foot trail. Protection of Natural resources. She mentioned about the compensation policy of fallen trees (1:25). She adds to fulfill the documentation; the proponent should not plant the useless species. She further explained the plant species planted afterward must be given special care and the plant should grow. She suggested better to plant less numbers but the proponent should not compromise on the quality of the species. Alternative analysis of the project.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Regarding CSP cost, the cost is only for construction period. Provision of the cost after the project. She suggested if the certain % of profit can be allocated in the operation phase. There should be Stakeholders committee to utilize the CSP costs. Employment opportunity on the skill basis Provision of 10% share must be given on most affected areas of the project. Mitigation measures for Air pollution, Water Pollution and Noise Pollution must be provided in specific way. How to manage the waste production? She suggested the project team not to ignore the local people after the project completion like Sino hydro. Mentioned to keep at least one SEIA document in the project affected rural municipality and affected areas. She praised about the hydropower development in China and she adds Nepal has good potential of hydropower development due to its landscape. She mentioned about the communication problem with Chinese People. The language is not understandable. So there should be provision of Language training to the local people. She said the young people of the Manang district must be well trained for the construction period and they should be kept in top priority for employment. She mentioned about the development work done by the developed country. She said with the destruction, the development is possible. So we should be ready for some sacrifice to live in modern and developed era. There should be the proper way of destruction of the natural resources with the fruitful mitigation measures. The people of manang are ready for the help and support for the project.
Honorable Mr. Polden Cholpang Gurung, Member of Parliament, Manang
Address all the guest and participants. Also, He thanked and wished for the completion of the project. According to Vice president, Mr. Pratik Man Pradhan, the cascade project of MMHEP, LMMHEP and UM-2HEP work will be completed within 5 years. Mr. Pradhan said about the Power Purchase Agreement delay and lack of funding for the project.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
He advised the proponent to work according to policy for the soon completion of the project. Requested the management of Joint Venture to coordinate with the local people. The Local People are willing to help the project. First Rules and Regulation must be followed. Mentioned to keep at least one SEIA document in the project affected rural municipality and affected areas. The responsibility of monitoring the project is by the local people. The written document must fulfill all the commitments done to the local people. He appeals for the free electricity or at least free on some unit of electricity to the local community. Provision of Share. CSP implementation on the affected areas. Request to plant minimum trees instead of 25 as a compensatory, but the planted ones must be of good quality. The compensatory planted trees must be the plant species which gives benefit to the local community. Dam Break analysis must be properly done. The protection of the community should be taken in top priority. He thanked the Chinese Partner and requested to be very careful of the management. If the proponent/developers fail to coordinate with the local people, the project will not be constructed.
Concluding Ceremony – Speeches
After all the program came to end with the concluding speech by Mr. Chandra Ghale, Chairman, Nashong RM, Manang
Addressed all the guests and welcomed participants. He mentioned the common issues have been already raised. He appealed the proponents to carry out the construction work as per said by the people. CSR activities must be fulfilled by the proponent. The issues raised must not only be on documentation but also on the implementation phase. If the project cannot coordinate with the local stakeholders, the project will be in vulnerable condition.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Thanking all the participants, proponent and Guests, he wished good luck to the project.
Some Glimpse of the public hearing at Tal, ward No. 1 of Nashong RM
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Fig 1: Banner of Public Hearing Fig 2: Participation of Local People in Public Hearing Program
Fig 3: Participation of Local People in Public Fig 4: Participation of Local People in Public Hearing Program Hearing Program
Fig 5: Speech Delivered by Chairman of Nashong Fig 6: Local People Looking the Layout Map of the RM Project
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
DELIBERATION SEIA PUBLIC HEARING OF UPPER MARSYANGDI-2 HEP (327 MW)
Location Details
Date: 2076/10/05, Saturday
Venue: Syange waterfall-4, Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung
Time: 12:30 pm Guest List of the Public Hearing Program
Chairman: Mr. Suman Gurung, Chairman, Ward no 4, Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung
Chief Guest: Honorable Mr. Dev Gurung, Member of Parliament, Lamjung
Special Guest: Honorable Mr.Ram Bahadur Gurung, Ex National Minister, Nepal
Special Guest: Honorable Mr. Jamindraman Ghale, Member of Constitutional Assembly, Nepal
Special Guest: Honorable Mr. Dhannath Dawadi, Member of Province Assembly, Gandaki Province
Special Guest: Honorable Mr. Mayanath Adhikari, Member of Province Assembly, Gandaki Province
Special Guest: Mr.Lokraj Pandey, Chief, District Coordination Committee, Lamjung
Guest:
Mrs. Madhumaya Thapa, Chairman, District Nepali Communist Party, Lamjung Mr. Bhesh Bahadur Kandel, President, District Nepali Congress Party, Lamjung Mr. Anil Kumar Shahi, Assistant Chief District Officer, Lamjung Mr. Rabindra Gurung, Deputy Superintendent of Police, Lamjung Mr. Mahendra Thapa, Member of Nepali Communist Party, Lamjung Mr. Nar Bahadur Gurung, Member of Nepali Congress, Lamjung Mr. Lekhman Gurung, ward no.5, Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung Mr.Tshering Gyalpo Punel, ward no.5, Nashong RM, Manang Mr. Om Prakash Pun, Police Inspector, Lamjung Mr. Mohanraj Kafle, Chief, Division Forest Office, Lamjung Mr. Balbahadur Gurung, Chief, Annapurna Conservation Area Management Committee, Lamjung Mr. Chandra Bahadur Thapa, Representative of Nepali Communist Party, Lamjung Mr. Gam Bahadur Gurung, ward no.5, Nache Thulangi Himali CF, Nepali Communist Party, Marsyangdi RM,Lamjung Mrs. Megh Maya Gurung, Manaslu CFUG, ward no.5,Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung Mr. Jit Bahadur Gurung, stakeholder Committee Member,Upper Marsyangdi-A HEP, Lamjung Mr. Govinda Prasad Devkota, Assistant Sub Inspector of Police, Bahundanda, Lamjung Representatives of School Management Committee, Lamjung Representatives of Tol Sudhar Samiti, Lamjung Representative of Annapurna Conservation Area, Lamjung
Proponent:
Mr. Pratik Man Pradhan, Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt.Ltd, Kathmandu Mr. Ganesh Khanal, Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt.Ltd, Kathmandu Mr. Amrit Ghale, Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt.Ltd, Kathmandu Mr. Wu Yong, SCIG Mr. Yam Baral, SCIG
Consultant:
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Er. Salil Devkota, MD, NESS Pvt. Ltd, Kathmandu Er. Srijan Regmi, Environmental Engineer, NESS Pvt. Ltd Er. Laxman Khadka, Environmental Engineer, NESS Pvt.Ltd Mr. Saurav Khanal, Geologist, QYEC Mr. Bhanu Joshi, QYEC Mr. Song Kafia, QYEC
Master of the ceremony: Mr. Kamal Prasad Dumre, NESS Pvt. Ltd.
With the permission of the committee member, Mr. Kamal Prasad Dumre starts the program. He welcomed all the respected guests in hierarchical order. He greets all the guests with the warm welcome. He thanked all the participants who attend the program. He shortly describe about the project and calls Mr. Ganesh Khanal for the welcome Speech. Mr.Ganesh Khanal, Proponent, Kathmandu
Addressed and welcomed all the Guests and Participants. He mentioned about the purpose of supplementary study and describes about the project. He said about the partnership with the Chinese organization and shortly describe about the other two projects (MMHEP and LMMHEP). Clarify about the project description and explain about the License of Manang Marsyangdi corridor projects. Mentioned about the capacity changed from 600 MW to 327 MW. He explains about the previous study and developers of the UM-2HEP. Compared the previous with the new ones. He explained about the project component changes. Mentioned the electricity generated now will be utilized in Nepal and will be sold to Nepal Government. Mentioned about the reason of Capacity change. Detailed out the NEA’s Policy. He thanked all the participants who came there for the program Asked the people to put on their comments and suggestions so that the SEIA document will include the voice of all the local people. Mr. Kamal Prasad Dumre calls Er. Salil Devkota for the short presentation on SEIA study Er. Salil Devkota, MD, NESS Pvt.Ltd.
Addressed and welcomed all the Guests and participants. He explains about the reason of organizing public hearing Program. He adds the main purpose of Supplementary Study. Mentioned about the Capacity change of the project from 600 MW to 327 MW. China has helped in Financial and Technical field. Describe about the details of the project and highlighted the physical, biological and socio economic impacts of the project elaborating direct and indirect impact zones. He explained about the project component change and mentioned about the comparative Salient Features of the project and baseline Environment Condition of the project areas. He further adds about the Cascade project planning on the Marsyangdi Corridor. Different Study has been done for these Projects. Presented the details impacts of the project including Physical, Biological and Socio-Economic & Cultural Environment. He mentioned about the importance of geological study in the project site. Explained about the impacts on conservation area due to the project. He adds on mitigating the adverse impacts on Annapurna Conservation Area, there will be co-ordination with the concerned authority. The SEIA is prepared on the impacts of the projects due to its implementation on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Mentioned about the process of Land Acquisitions in the project footprint. All land acquisition process will have to comply the Land Acquisition Act, 2034 BS and Land Acquisitions, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Also, mentioned about the comparative numbers of the trees to be felled during the construction of the project. He also mentioned about the beneficial impacts of the project. Off spin Development. Cash Flow within the project areas due to Labor Influx. Upgrade of the Access Road. Hotel management for different National, local and International Labor while running the project. Emergency Response Plan will be executed. Briefed the mitigation measures proposed for the project, EMP. The EMP policy for the project is to ensure environmental and social sustainability of the project area. To meet the above objective of the project, this EMP has develop a project specific organizational framework and working procedures and has designed mitigation and monitoring management plan stipulating specific responsibilities to the concerned project stakeholders along with required costs. The total EMP cost including mitigation, monitoring, auditing and environmental enhancement is also allocated. Mentioned about 0.5 % of the total project cost has been allocated to community Support Program (CSP). He further adds about the royalty of the electricity. Compensation will be done for the numbers of the trees that has been cut down for the project in the ratio of 1:25. He mentioned about the Third Party monitoring will be held if the proper mitigation measures has been carried out or not. The local people should be well informed and be careful with the entire implementation program. Grievances unit. He further added, the identified and conceived project impacts are mostly reversible and can be minimized or compensated to the acceptable degree without compromise to the environmental and social aspects of the project area. Recommended that the project be given environmental clearance for development in condition that the plans and programs stipulated in the EMP are sincerely implemented. Also, if the project Coordinates with all the stakeholders and follows all the policy, SEIA Documentation, the project will be sustainably developed. The suggestions and Comments of the local people are required to any project for the development. Thank you
Participant’s suggestions and comments (Open Floor Discussion) Honorable Mr. Dev Gurung, Member of Parliament, Lamjung
He thanked the program committee. Addressed all the guests and participants. The previous public hearing has been already done in Lamjung when GMR was developer. He mentioned there was 20 % share of Himtal Hydropower Pvt.Ltd and 80 % share of GMR. The objective of the project has been changed. Previously, the project aimed to export electricity to India but now the project has planned to use electricity inside the country. He wished good luck to Supplementary Study and new developer for the completion of project. He is hopeful for completion of PDA and PPA. He mentioned the data provided in the presentation and the report is genuine. He requested proponent to be careful in implementation phase. The Environmental Plan included in the document must be followed. Conservation of Marsyangi River. Protection of Environmental resources. Impact on agricultural land and pattern of the district. Geologically weak area. He suggested looking on the mitigation measures and the project should be careful with the impacts mentioned above. Provision of Share to the local people must be ensured. Electricity Royaltee. Employment opportunities must be created to the local people. Implementation of CSR cost through local government. Coordination with the local stakeholders.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
He urged the local community not to go against the project if the project is willing to address the local problem. He again mentioned the electricity generated will be utilized by Nepali People. He apologized the local participants that he could not hear the comments and suggestion. He needs to go to Kathmandu and it will be late if he stays until the program ends. Thank you all and wish a good luck to the project. Mr.Bal Bahadur Gurung, Chairman, Annapurna Conservation Area Management Committee, Lamjung
Addressed all the guests and participants. He mentioned even the head works has been reduced to some extent why the project capacity need to be changed from 600 mw to 327 mw? When did the Survey for the supplementary study started? Requested proponent to coordinate with ACAP to precede the further work. He said there is no grievance unit/ stakeholders committee to hear the public demand. No information of public hearing program. He questioned previously Communist party protested the project (600 mw) and now who can be against the project? Most of the land has been already bought by GMR. The rate given for the land must be clarified by the proponent. The land rate must be accordingly to the types of land. There should not be same rate for every land. Land Acquisition process must be done with coordination of proponent and Land owner. He said Chinese people and company are egotistical. They do whatever they like. Whenever, there is benefit, they understand English language otherwise not. They link with the top and high class people and run the project. They do not listen to the local people. If the Chinese company show these kind of behavior and if they do not listen and address the local people, the project here is impossible. He mentioned the project should benefit the local people and wished good luck to the project. Mr. Lekhman Gurung, ward no.5, Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung
Addressed all the respected guests and participants. He asked for the reason of capacity change of the project. Why there was protest before and now the same people are welcoming the project? He mentioned Nepali company cannot work with the Chinese company due to their arrogant behavior. Also added that previously the project gave training to many youth of the particular RM and districts, but there was no job vacancy for them. Those youth are in dilemma whether to go aboard to earn money or stay here for the project. The project should be sure about the local employment. Thank you. Mr. Nar Bahadur Gurung, Representative of Nepali Congress, Lamjung
Addressed all the guests and participants. Asked for the technical reason of the capacity change. GMR holds the project for so long, took benefit and sold it to the Chinese company. This sort of program will be held again and again. What if the Chinese company again will sell the project? There should be confirmation of the project. Employment opportunities to the local People. Expansion of road should be done during the construction of this project. Resettlement and compensation should be done to affected house while upgrading the road. Restriction with the policies and Regulation Mr. Mahendra Bahadur Thapa, Representative of NCP, Manang
Addressed all the people involved and participated in the program. He appealed the proponent to construct the project soon as possible. Employment opportunities to the youth of the affected community. The project should address all the rights of the affected people. Implementation of CSR activities in a fruitful way. Wishing good luck to the project.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Mr. Anil Kumar Shahi, Assistant CDO, Lamjung
He addressed all the guests and Participants. The documentation of SEIA study must be provided to every concerned local authority. He wished the project to be completed on the scheduled time and budget. The adverse and beneficial impact of the project must be included in the report and the mitigation measures to the adverse impact should be specific. The genuine demand of the local people must be addressed by the proponent. The documentation and EMP must be provided to every local people and the proponent must inform the local about every action of the project. Wishing good luck to the project. Mr. Ghanshyam Ghale, Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung
He addressed all the guests and Participants. The local people are affected by the project. So, the proponent must be careful with the local people rights and demands. The suggestions given by the local people must be included in the report. Hydropower development is must in our country. The generation of electricity helps to reduce load shedding problem in Nepal. The project is located in an area dominantly inhabited by Adivasi/Janajati people. He mentioned about the provision of ILO 69. Questioned about the implementation by the proponent. The implementation of CSR cost during construction and operation phase. Mr. Arjun Gurung, Chairman, Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung
Address all the guests and participants. He wished soon initiation of the project. He speaks for the local people of the project areas and requested the proponent to work accordingly. The comments and suggestions given by the local people must be addressed. The management of the hearing program is weak and the documentation presented here must be provided before the hearing program. 0.5% of the CSR cost will be studied and after the discussion with the local stakeholders, budget allocation for CSR will be given. There should be the training program to the local community about the machinery activities. The local people should take interest on learning the skill training needed for the project. The project can bring strong economic development of the local people. The basic needs like foods will be bought from the local community for large number of lab ours. This would help to increase cash flow within the community. The local people must be in the top priority for the employment. The SEIA documentation includes all the details, but in the implementation phase less are followed. There should be strong monitoring team.
Mr. Bhesh Bahadur Kandel, President, District Nepali Congress Party, Lamjung
Address all the guests and participants. He mentioned this Marsyangdi project is Nation’s assets. The natural resources here are the property of our owns. Any project for successful completion, there need a roles of Local community, local Government and National Government. So every direct and indirect stakeholders involved in the project must play a faithful role in the completion. The demands of the local people must be genuine. Proponent should not be careless in addressing the genuine demands. It is obvious the proponent will be priority to the local people, but for that the local people must be capable for the work. There should be grievances unit since the project cannot deal with every local people. The project should be completed soon, wishing good luck to the whole team involved in the project. Honorable Mr. Jamindraman Ghale, Member of Constitutional Assembly, Nepal
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Address all the guests and participants. He praised the presentation of Er.Salil Devkota sir. He mentioned Mr.Devkota has detailed out all the likely Environmental impacts and the plan to be carried out by the project. He is hopeful for the SEIA report distributed in the concerned authority and after he gets the report, he will forward more comments and suggestions. He is concerned about the implementation of the environmental plans. He questioned how the monitoring process will be done. Who is responsible for the monitoring? He adds there is lack of manpower in the NEA, DoED and concerned ministry for monitoring the plans. When the project comes in operation phase and if the Chinese company start ignoring local community, who would be responsible for hearing the local people’s problem. Local Government must be clever enough in the construction phase of the project. Road up gradation during the project’s construction phase. Honorable Mr. Ram Bahadur Gurung, Ex National Minister, Nepal
Address all the guests and participants. There should be well utilization of the Marsyangdi River. The approved report must be distributed in the concerned authority and the local people must be informed about the every actions of the project. He requested all the local people speak up their comments or give the written comments and suggestion so that the proponent would think of addressing the comments. The project should be constructed following the policies, rules and regulations of Nepal Government. It is hard to work with Chinese company so the Nepali Shareholders, Local Government must be careful in the construction phase. He mentioned about the beneficial impacts that are created by the project. Cash flow within the local community. Employment Opportunities Training programs He suggested having good coordination with all stakeholders and wishing good luck for soon start of the project. Mr. Pratik Man Pradhan, Proponent, Kathmandu
He addressed all the guests and Participants. He mentioned the reason for the capacity change from 600 mw to 327 mw is due to NEA’s policy on design discharge (Q40). Environment flow can be monitored by the local people. 10 % of the water will be release as e-flow. Factor of safety has been considered on the design of the dam. He mentioned about the traffic management on the project footprint area and said there would not be any impacts on the tourists. There will be provision of grievances unit to hear the word of the public in the construction phase. The suggestion and comment can also be sent to the proponent website so that we could review and work on the comment and suggestions. We shall conduct different meeting coordinating with the local stakeholders before implementing any plans. There will be separate cost for the environmental mitigation and some of the costs are also included in civil cost. 0.5% of the total cost is only for community support program.
Concluding Ceremony – Speeches
After all the program came to end with the concluding speech by Mr. Suman Gurung , Chairman, Ward no. 4, Marsyangdi RM, Lamjung
Addressed all the guests and welcomed participants. He mentioned the common issues have been already raised. He appealed the proponents to carry out the construction work as per said by the people. CSR activities must be fulfilled by the proponent. The issues raised must not only be on documentation but also on the implementation phase. If the project cannot coordinate with the local stakeholders, the project will be in vulnerable condition. Thanking all the participants, proponent and Guests, he wished good luck to the project.
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Some Glimpse of the public hearing at Syange, ward No. 4 of Marsyangdi RM
Fig 1: Banner of Public Hearing Fig 2: Opening Ceremony of Publi Hearing Program
Fig 3: Participation of Local People in Public Fig 4: Participation of Local People in Public Hearing Program Hearing Program
Fig 5: Speech Delivered by Dev Gurung Fig 6: Local People Looking the Layout Map of the Project
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Annex VII: Attendance Sheets of the Public Hearing and comments from the respective stakeholders
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Annex VIII: Water Quality Test Report
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Annex IX: Land Requirement Detail for the Project
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Land Requirement Details
Area in Square Meter #1 Adit Portal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 321 500.130 #1 Adit Portal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 322 926.632 #1 Adit Portal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 318 398.997 #1 Adit Portal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 323 87.342 #1 Adit Portal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 320 522.041 #1 Adit Portal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 319 50.661 #1 Adit Portal Total Area 0.000 2485.803
#1 Quarry at Tal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 346 1139.261 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 336 439.417 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 337 603.627 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 303 10.071 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 331 1387.905 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 333 2116.991 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 441 182.766 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 440 198.477 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 439 197.246 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 438 207.343 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 338 815.593 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 342 167.843 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 335 1177.178 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 330 757.505 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 329 379.575 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 332 1381.903 #1 Quarry at Tal
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 324 195.083 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- 4093.5 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 347 06 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 339 464.612 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 340 579.251 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 326 438.370 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 328 1060.588 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 345 6254.696 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 344 1512.199 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 325 930.367 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 319 904.419 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 320 171.950 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- 420.32 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 999998 9 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 341 1335.365 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 317 181.935 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 327 15.58 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 343 707.682 #1 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 318 1.673 #1 Quarry at Tal 4529.4 25900.89 Total Area 15 0
#1 Spoil Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- 962.88 Manang Dharapani 1 1550 2 9 0.000 #1 Spoil Area 088- 465.54 Manang Dharapani 1 1590 2 2 0.000 #1 Spoil Area 088- 4827.5 Manang Dharapani 1 1590 24 56 0.000 #1 Spoil Area 088- 6813.0 Manang Dharapani 1 1550 1 16 0.000 #1 Spoil Area 13069. Total Area 003 0.000
#1 Water Supply District Location Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 303 137.667 #1 Water Supply 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 304 1800.119 #1 Water Supply Total Area 0.000 1937.786
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
#10 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 1 67.354 0 #10 Road 09401 2502.2 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 1 68 0 #10 Road 09401 2170.4 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 223 66 0 #10 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 249 401.961 #10 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 244 32.232 #10 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 243 48.266 #10 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 246 1337.108 #10 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 661 288.946 #10 Road 09401 1602.4 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 462 34 0 #10 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 662 334.460 #10 Road 6342.5 Total Area 22 2442.973
#10 Spoil Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 400.25 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 195 0 0 #10 Spoil Area 09403 5210.1 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 553 62 0 #10 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 448 0 149.223 #10 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 602 0 303.532 #10 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 602 0 3.632 #10 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 444 0.000 78.106 #10 Spoil Area 09403 5230.1 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 268 00 0 #10 Spoil Area 09403 6126.4 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 336 11 0 #10 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 267 0 192.002 #10 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 266 0 489.490 #10 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 446 0 1154.293 #10 Spoil Area 09403 24792. Lamjung Taghring 2 52 456 975 0 #10 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 447 1057.816 #10 Spoil Area 09403 5729.1 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 457 16 0 #10 Spoil Area 47489. Total Area 014 3428.094
#11 Road District Location Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Type_Owers
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Name No No No. rea Area 09402 4042.5 Lamjung Taghring 1 72 1 06 #11 Road 09402 6802.6 Lamjung Taghring 1 72 1 18 #11 Road 10845. Total Area 124 0.000
#12 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09402 6614.0 Lamjung Taghring 1 72 1 78 0 #12 Road 09402 3920.5 Lamjung Taghring 2 72 1 92 0 #12 Road 10534. Total Area 670 0.000
#13 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 197 2946.175 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 786 255.145 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 149 131.271 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 793 87.073 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 702 11.980 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 168 178.372 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 643 2.350 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 645 0.098 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 789 163.797 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 666 2.265 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 706 66.099 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 795 34.332 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 794 113.608 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 648 66.450 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 96 56.979 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 820 102.378 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 752 102.310 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 813 15.194 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 658 8.657 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 622 14.145 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 672 116.262 #13 Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 656 42.939 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 741 17.102 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 661 149.208 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 645 184.371 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 797 47.736 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 711 243.057 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 780 15.460 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 827 0.161 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 824 291.226 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 676 161.708 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 728 221.336 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 757 104.206 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 769 130.133 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 707 6.101 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 812 80.263 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 718 18.760 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 750 103.327 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 673 363.877 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 87 65.861 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 87 34.300 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 755 42.823 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 149 45.151 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 149 41.884 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 146 448.457 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 667 66.587 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 137 14.994 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 814 518.176 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 814 55.408 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 756 197.062 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 799 251.878 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 798 65.240 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 826 6.435 #13 Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 677 11.457 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 38 104.765 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 819 289.851 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 723 322.598 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 633 7.149 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 624 191.341 #13 Road 09403 1845.3 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 170 42 0 #13 Road 09403 1428.3 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 170 42 0 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 170 26.827 0 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 643 77.421 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 29 93.034 0 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 29 13.082 0 #13 Road 09403 1631.5 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 29 20 0 #13 Road 09403 1497.2 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 29 41 0 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 758 59.726 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 770 58.975 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 684 6.892 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 201 146.468 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 199 347.669 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 742 107.298 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 742 131.597 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 149 28.939 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 729 44.473 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 646 1051.862 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 825 40.339 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 759 324.950 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 95 256.340 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 96 9.767 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 764 98.652 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 695 680.329 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 697 180.338 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 809 31.106 #13 Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 807 138.813 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 788 228.089 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 765 162.920 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 792 17.597 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 796 137.028 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 678 13.419 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 670 436.235 #13 Road 09403 442.55 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 29 4 0.000 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 712 15.997 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 784 119.869 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 655 296.887 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 739 2.805 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 201 2.108 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 660 57.113 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 724 30.974 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 674 56.416 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 665 22.064 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 740 125.259 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 3 4486.586 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 763 408.249 #13 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 841 11.050 #13 Road 6977.9 19889.94 Total Area 42 7
#14A Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 1784.1 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 1 06 0 #14A Road 09403 2337.1 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 29 06 0 #14A Road 09403 5577.6 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 3 73 0 #14A Road 09403 499.81 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 2 4 0 #14A Road 10198. Total Area 699 0.000
#14B Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
09403 3036.6 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 1 09 0.000 #14B Road 09403 2386.6 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 3 19 0.000 #14B Road 09403 315.10 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 2 3 0.000 #14B Road 5738.3 Total Area 31 0.000
#15 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 196 0 246.632 #15 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 197 0 814.286 #15 Road 09403 1375.5 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 170 42 0.000 #15 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 6.818 0.000 #15 Road 1382.3 Total Area 60 1060.918
#16 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09402 Lamjung Taghring 2 72 195 0 2064.760 #16 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 1 0 128.903 #16 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 450 0 800.132 #16 Road 09403 11720. Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 386 0.000 #16 Road 09403 1917.1 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 46 0.000 #16 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 2 0.000 725.915 #16 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 3 0.000 752.492 #16 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 33 0.000 406.528 #16 Road 09403 1696.1 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 448 44 0.000 #16 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 451 0.000 864.018 #16 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 453 0.000 1.108 #16 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 449 0.000 692.828 #16 Road 15333. Total Area 676 6436.684
#17 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 265 0.000 176.927 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 449 0.000 101.862 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 555 0.000 338.749 #17 Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 183 0.000 40.438 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 213 0.000 35.328 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 452 0.000 323.970 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 554 0.000 6.636 #17 Road 09403 1036.4 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 170 69 0.000 #17 Road 09403 232.59 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 601 3 0.000 #17 Road 09403 3042.4 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 268 91 0.000 #17 Road 09403 389.36 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 336 7 0.000 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 444 0.000 278.955 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 181 0.000 34.789 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 179 0.000 198.344 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 446 0.000 408.938 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 602 0.000 230.552 #17 Road 09403 3740.2 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 456 86 0.000 #17 Road 09403 3137.4 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 170 94 0.000 #17 Road 09403 1118.1 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 28 0.000 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 197 0.000 2496.286 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 184 0.000 32.051 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 185 0.000 34.364 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 184 0.000 155.779 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 454 0.000 199.903 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 453 0.000 252.017 #17 Road 09403 409.80 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 2 2 0.000 #17 Road 09403 111.74 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 3 4 0.000 #17 Road 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 442 0.000 81.920 #17 Road 13218. Total Area 374 5427.808
#18 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 46 0.000 233.539 #18 Road 09403 6006.3 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 455 18 0.000 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 451 0.000 515.455 #18 Road Lamjung Ghermu 4 09403 447 0.000 389.969 #18 Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
12 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 456 0.000 3370.099 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 474 0.000 1932.479 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 35 0.000 597.092 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 45 0.000 344.704 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 48 0.000 153.080 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 47 0.000 52.855 #18 Road 09403 703.22 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 28 4 0.000 #18 Road 09403 109.43 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 281 4 0.000 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 36 0.000 575.941 #18 Road 09403 3319.4 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 448 35 0.000 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 453 0.000 453.274 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 454 0.000 906.328 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 449 0.000 1524.338 #18 Road 09403 662.42 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 484 4 0.000 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 475 0.000 1655.348 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 473 0.000 663.357 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 472 0.000 121.712 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 458 0.000 1563.548 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 457 0.000 958.518 #18 Road 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 4 12 452 0.000 1555.502 #18 Road 10800. 17567.13 Total Area 835 8
#2 Adit Portal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09400 3247.2 Lamjung Taghring 69 1 81 0.000 #2 Adit Porta 3247.2 Total Area 81 0.000
#2 Aggregate Plant District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 193 0.000 6.603 #2 Aggregate Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 195 0.000 1.915 #2 Aggregate Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 192 0.000 87.443 #2 Aggregate Plant Lamjung Taghring 1 09401 195 0.000 28.181 #2 Aggregate Plant
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
51 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 196 0.000 1.018 #2 Aggregate Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 194 0.000 751.903 #2 Aggregate Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 195 0.000 341.924 #2 Aggregate Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 196 0.000 325.085 #2 Aggregate Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 213 0.000 1762.646 #2 Aggregate Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 486 18.893 0.000 #2 Aggregate Plant Total Area 18.893 3306.718
#2 Batching Plant District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 304 0.000 256.901 #2 Batching Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 324 0.000 273.270 #2 Batching Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 303 0.000 44.477 #2 Batching Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 322 0.000 25.072 #2 Batching Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 326 0.000 501.913 #2 Batching Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 323 0.000 836.827 #2 Batching Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 313 0.000 16.530 #2 Batching Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 327 0.000 193.610 #2 Batching Plant Total Area 0.000 2148.600
#2 Construction Yard at PH District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 7750.0 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 00 0.000 #2 Construction Yard at PH 7750.0 Total Area 00 0.000
#2 Misc Plant District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 322 0.000 118.615 #2 Misc Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 324 0.000 576.615 #2 Misc Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 320 0.000 338.355 #2 Misc Plant 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 319 0.000 111.090 #2 Misc Plant Total Area 0.000 1144.675
#2 Quarry at Tal
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 094- 18475. Manang Dharapani 1 0030 347 008 0.000 #2 Quarry at Tal 094- 125.06 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 370 5 0.000 #2 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 402 0.000 223.068 #2 Quarry at Tal 094- 1292.8 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 405 28 0.000 #2 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 403 0.000 277.702 #2 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 404 0.000 97.160 #2 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 401 0.000 174.699 #2 Quarry at Tal 094- 132.50 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 411 4 0.000 #2 Quarry at Tal 20025. Total Area 405 772.629
#2 Water Supply District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09400 Lamjung Taghring 1 70 1 0.000 6494.538 #2 Water Supply Total Area 0.000 6494.538
#3 Adit Portal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 285.99 Lamjung Taghring 1 11 158 6 0.000 #3 Adit Portal 285.99 Total Area 6 0.000
#3 Aggregate Plant District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 267 0.000 1673.493 #3 Aggregate Plant 09403 3483.0 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 268 00 0.000 #3 Aggregate Plant 09403 2470.6 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 336 67 0.000 #3 Aggregate Plant 5953.6 Total Area 67 1673.493
#3 Batching Plant District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09400 167.73 Lamjung Taghring 1 70 1 1 0.000 #3 Batching Plant 09400 1284.3 Lamjung Taghring 1 69 1 47 0.000 #3 Batching Plant 1452.0 Total Area 78 0.000
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
#3 Misc Plant District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09400 1439.9 Manang Dharapani 1 69 1 69 0.000 #3 Misc Plant 1439.9 Total Area 69 0.000
#3 Quarry at Tal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 294 0.000 2755.388 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 296 0.000 1549.584 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 293 0.000 1995.947 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 292 0.000 78.660 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 347 0.000 5936.036 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 298 0.000 65.001 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 302 0.000 412.104 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 301 0.000 818.036 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 299 0.000 1174.021 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 300 0.000 1602.918 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 329 0.000 365.101 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 328 0.000 863.483 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 295 0.000 1555.133 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 303 0.000 176.549 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 326 0.000 3.519 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- 394.92 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 327 3 0.000 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 297 0.000 900.851 #3 Quarry at Tal 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 304 0.000 523.028 #3 Quarry at Tal 394.92 20775.35 Total Area 3 9
#3 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- 1731.3 Manang Dharapani 1 1550 1 86 0.000 #3 Road 088- 1057.6 Manang Dharapani 1 1590 24 26 0.000 #3 Road 2789.0 Total Area 12 0.000
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
#3 Spoil Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 309 0.000 35.767 #3 Spoil Area 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 295 0.000 392.559 #3 Spoil Area 094- 196.11 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 291 5 0.000 #3 Spoil Area 094- 374.21 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 305 6 0.000 #3 Spoil Area 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 298 0.000 1554.431 #3 Spoil Area 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 297 0.000 313.154 #3 Spoil Area 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 304 0.000 1106.557 #3 Spoil Area 570.33 Total Area 1 3402.468
#4 Adit Portal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 1 0.000 888.852 #4 Adit Portal 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 244 0.000 848.207 #4 Adit Portal 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 243 0.000 997.170 #4 Adit Portal Total Area 0.000 2734.229
#4 Batching Plant District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 184 0.000 263.602 #4 Batching Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 196 0.000 158.840 #4 Batching Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 213 0.000 1431.641 #4 Batching Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 214 0.000 634.995 #4 Batching Plant Total Area 0.000 2489.078
#4 Misc Plant District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 193 0.000 64.956 #4 Misc Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 192 0.000 55.604 #4 Misc Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 194 0.000 271.350 #4 Misc Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 194 0.000 1280.945 #4 Misc Plant 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 486 13.976 0.000 #4 Misc Plant Total Area 13.976 1672.855
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
#4 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1590 56 0.000 27.383 #4 Road 088- 7405.5 Manang Dharapani 1 1590 34 13 0.000 #4 Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1590 64 0.000 1959.006 #4 Road 7405.5 Total Area 13 1986.389
#4 Spoil Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09400 136.89 Lamjung Taghring 1 70 1 3 0.000 #4 Spoil Area 09400 4234.4 Manang Dharapani 1 69 1 44 0.000 #4 Spoil Area 4371.3 Total Area 37 0.000
#5 Adit Portal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09402 769.28 Lamjung Taghring 1 72 1 5 0.000 #5 Adit Portal 769.28 Total Area 5 0.000
#5 Spoil Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 262.99 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 148 3 0.000 #5 Spoil Area 09401 10526. Lamjung Taghring 1 11 158 753 0.000 #5 Spoil Area 10789. Total Area 746 0.000
#6 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 094- 1112.4 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 318 53 0.000 #6 Road 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 316 3.742 0.000 #6 Road 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 319 0.000 117.064 #6 Road 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 341 0.000 215.911 #6 Road 094- 2863.7 Manang Dharapani 1 0030 317 28 0.000 #6 Road 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 339 0.000 30.549 #6 Road 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 339 0.000 50.090 #6 Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 340 0.000 442.384 #6 Road 094- Manang Dharapani 1 0030 343 0.000 4.856 #6 Road 3979.9 Total Area 23 860.854
#6 Spoil Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 190 0.000 1014.904 #6 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 192 0.000 199.880 #6 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 190 0.000 3058.612 #6 Spoil Area 09401 135.51 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 208 6 0.000 #6 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 184 0.000 19.200 #6 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 194 0.000 11.803 #6 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 215 0.000 115.336 #6 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 214 0.000 997.620 #6 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 213 0.000 861.654 #6 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 194 0.000 229.265 #6 Spoil Area 09401 2341.9 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 486 48 0.000 #6 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 216 0.000 49.145 #6 Spoil Area 2477.4 Total Area 64 6557.419
#7 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09400 Lamjung Taghring 1 70 1 0.000 1433.932 #7 Road Total Area 0.000 1433.932
#7 Spoil Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 499 0.000 704.857 #7 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 498 0.000 1062.663 #7 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 224 0.000 229.981 #7 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 497 0.000 1085.079 #7 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 241 0.000 949.035 #7 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 242 0.000 3624.373 #7 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 246 0.000 1122.989 #7 Spoil Area
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 1 0.000 590.052 #7 Spoil Area 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 243 0.000 3133.466 #7 Spoil Area 12502.49 Total Area 0.000 5
#8 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 1252.6 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 148 47 0.000 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 161 0.000 515.371 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 657 0.000 400.234 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 655 0.000 817.996 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 219 56.273 0.000 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 71 0.000 73.532 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 161 0.000 17.163 #8 Road 09401 1099.0 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 148 44 126.642 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 330 0.000 92.720 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 413 0.000 38.115 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 414 0.000 14.715 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 156 0.000 464.923 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 152 0.000 1059.235 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 482 0.000 364.937 #8 Road 09402 195.25 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 17 0 0.000 #8 Road 09401 1068.5 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 148 98 0.000 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 148 25.076 0.000 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 148 10.056 0.000 #8 Road 09401 1988.2 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 1 94 0.000 #8 Road 09402 1172.0 Lamjung Taghring 1 72 1 33 0.000 #8 Road 09401 4029.7 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 223 00 0.000 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 447 0.000 554.156 #8 Road 09401 730.64 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 221 1 0.000 #8 Road 09402 717.80 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 252 4 0.000 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 4 0.000 576.853 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 5 0.000 303.374 #8 Road Lamjung Taghring 1 09402 129 2091.8 0.000 #8 Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
32 26 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 625 0.000 727.414 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 163 0.000 445.719 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 164 0.000 338.947 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 637 0.000 24.453 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 162 0.000 274.654 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 332 0.000 33.090 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 159 0.000 189.154 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 150 0.000 101.938 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 333 0.000 271.789 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 234 0.000 320.276 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 657 0.000 169.337 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 656 0.000 546.210 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 658 0.000 412.360 #8 Road 09401 3231.2 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 252 20 0.000 #8 Road 09401 2291.2 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 462 10 0.000 #8 Road 09401 354.65 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 221 3 0.000 #8 Road 09401 910.16 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 220 6 0.000 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 214 0.000 607.656 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 268 0.000 174.325 #8 Road 09401 856.20 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 486 5 0.000 #8 Road 09401 675.84 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 486 5 0.000 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 446 0.000 540.686 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 70 0.000 978.079 #8 Road 09402 2329.5 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 2 30 0.000 #8 Road 09402 3533.7 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 2 68 0.000 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 110 0.000 760.707 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 9 0.000 107.772 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 111 0.000 844.216 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 653 0.000 223.762 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 92 654 0.000 1128.787 #8 Road 09402 2368.3 Lamjung Taghring 1 72 129 02 0.000 #8 Road Lamjung Taghring 1 09402 3 1432.1 0.000 #8 Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
72 76 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 120 0.000 602.688 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 121 0.000 55.023 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 441 0.000 748.744 #8 Road 09401 257.90 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 208 0 0.000 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 625 0.000 975.074 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 52 190 0.000 376.330 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 637 0.000 297.438 #8 Road 09401 310.50 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 199 9 0.000 #8 Road 09401 509.85 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 199 9 0.000 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 334 0.000 549.292 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 334 0.000 331.522 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 333 0.000 11.601 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 477 0.000 699.584 #8 Road 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 69 0.000 0.920 #8 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 636 0.000 91.873 #8 Road 33498. 19381.38 Total Area 585 6
#8 Spoil Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 57 0.000 618.658 #8 Spoil Area 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 58 0.000 205.143 #8 Spoil Area 09402 622.20 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 2 3 0.000 #8 Spoil Area 09402 1387.5 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 17 84 0.000 #8 Spoil Area 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 445 0.000 1807.550 #8 Spoil Area 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 32 446 0.000 591.673 #8 Spoil Area 2009.7 Total Area 87 3223.024
#9 Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09401 1327.2 Lamjung Taghring 1 11 158 84 0.000 #9 Road 09401 9427.2 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 148 72 0.000 #9 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 625 0.000 3.989 #9 Road Lamjung Taghring 1 09401 164 0.000 449.666 #9 Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
51 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 165 0.000 983.788 #9 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 166 0.000 539.196 #9 Road 09401 Lamjung Taghring 1 51 407 0.000 381.334 #9 Road 10754. Total Area 556 2357.973
#9 Spoil Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 2004.6 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 170 13 0.000 #9 Spoil Area 09403 4618.1 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 79 0.000 #9 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 197 0.000 173.125 #9 Spoil Area 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 196 0.000 5.230 #9 Spoil Area 6622.7 Total Area 92 178.355
Bunker for PH District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09402 1270.6 Lamjung Taghring 1 73 129 58 0.000 Bunker for PH 09402 Lamjung Taghring 1 72 145 0.000 1323.806 Bunker for PH 09402 Lamjung Taghring 2 72 195 0.000 1785.798 Bunker for PH 1270.6 Total Area 58 3109.604
Camp at HW, A District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 86 0.000 161.585 Camp at HW, A 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 85 0.000 388.221 Camp at HW, A 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 97 55.285 0.000 Camp at HW, A 088- 189.15 Manang Dharapani 2 1549 97 3 0.000 Camp at HW, A 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 90 0.000 925.484 Camp at HW, A 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 88 0.000 215.432 Camp at HW, A 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 87 0.000 201.944 Camp at HW, A 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 89 0.000 134.653 Camp at HW, A 244.43 Total Area 8 2027.319
Camp at
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
HW-B District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 84 0.000 603.010 Camp at HW-B 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 81 0.000 481.695 Camp at HW-B 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 80 0.000 205.931 Camp at HW-B 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 82 0.000 618.038 Camp at HW-B 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 89 0.000 99.638 Camp at HW-B 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 97 4.185 0.000 Camp at HW, A 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 90 0.000 273.955 Camp at HW-B 088- 974.01 Manang Dharapani 2 1549 79 1 0.000 Camp at HW-B 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 83 0.000 741.739 Camp at HW-B 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 85 0.000 309.591 Camp at HW-B 978.19 Total Area 6 3333.597
Headwork s -LB District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 90 0.000 381.462 Camp at HW-LB 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 95 0.000 852.415 Camp at HW-LB 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 94 0.000 1187.177 Camp at HW-LB 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 93 0.000 1375.206 Camp at HW-LB 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 90 0.000 120.133 Camp at HW-LB 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 92 0.000 370.922 Camp at HW-LB 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 91 0.000 117.483 Camp at HW-LB 088- 540.25 Manang Dharapani 2 1549 79 9 0.000 Camp at HW-LB 088- 273.64 Manang Dharapani 2 1549 79 6 0.000 Camp at HW-LB 813.90 Total Area 5 4404.798
Camp at PH District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 452 0.000 578.907 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 214 0.000 414.432 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 574 0.000 413.109 Camp at PH 09403 2801.8 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 170 99 0.000 Camp at PH
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 214 0.000 234.620 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 454 0.000 223.237 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 453 0.000 289.408 Camp at PH 09403 1682.5 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 42 0.000 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 575 0.000 205.023 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 573 0.000 242.591 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 572 0.000 224.245 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 571 0.000 227.188 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 570 0.000 229.018 Camp at PH 09403 2323.3 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 195 95 0.000 Camp at PH 09403 2052.5 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 170 92 0.000 Camp at PH 09403 5127.5 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 553 76 0.000 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 448 0.000 282.017 Camp at PH 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 446 0.000 69.007 Camp at PH 09403 194.42 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 457 6 0.000 Camp at PH 14182. Total Area 430 3632.802
Coffer Dam for Tailrace Portal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Coffer Dam for Tailrace Lamjung Taghring 2 12 197 0.000 367.871 Porta 09403 1554.2 Coffer Dam for Tailrace Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 83 0.000 Porta 1554.2 Total Area 83 367.871
Construction Yard HW District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1550 13 0.000 90.333 Construction Yard HW 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1550 11 0.000 73.632 Construction Yard HW 088- 937.86 Manang Dharapani 1 1550 8 3 0.000 Construction Yard HW 088- 10354. Manang Dharapani 1 1550 2 088 0.000 Construction Yard HW 088- 909.64 Manang Dharapani 1 1550 1 4 0.000 Construction Yard HW 12201. Total Area 595 163.965
Construction Yard Shared With M2
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- 7093.8 Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 2 67 0.000 With M2 088- 8305.2 Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 34 21 0.000 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 51 0.000 5631.642 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 64 0.000 970.718 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 58 0.000 3009.888 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 57 0.000 2924.541 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 62 0.000 1891.543 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 69 0.000 1084.545 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 60 0.000 906.529 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 59 0.000 1331.204 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 61 0.000 421.748 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 53 0.000 1306.013 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 52 0.000 1689.228 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 54 0.000 2090.177 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 50 0.000 2735.928 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 64 0.000 83.558 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 56 0.000 8178.345 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 63 0.000 4897.282 With M2 088- Construction Yard Shared Manang Dharapani 1 1590 55 0.000 1245.209 With M2 15399. 40398.09 Total Area 088 8
Headwork s Site District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- 8023.2 Manang Dharapani 2 1549 79 12 0.000 Headworks Site 088- 3742.2 Manang Dharapani 2 1549 97 09 0.000 Headworks Site 088- 303.04 Manang Dharapani 1 1550 3 6 0.000 Headworks Site 088- 538.99 Manang Dharapani 1 1550 2 4 0.000 Headworks Site 088- 518.14 Manang Dharapani 1 1550 79 0 0.000 Headworks Site 13125. Total Area 601 0.000
Link Canal to Tailrace of M2 Part A & Part B District Location Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Type_Owers
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Name No No No. rea Area 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 97 2.946 0.000 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1509 62 0.000 550.221 M2 Part A 088- 232.65 Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1509 63 2 0.000 M2 Part A 088- 3603.2 Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 97 68 0.000 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 84 0.000 182.960 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 81 0.000 220.642 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 71 0.000 83.661 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 84 0.000 374.198 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 86 0.000 21.509 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 70 0.000 2024.830 M2 Part A 088- 1150.0 Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 79 09 0.000 M2 Part A 088- 1449.9 Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 79 55 0.000 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 76 0.000 206.487 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 78 0.000 934.384 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 71 0.000 1456.940 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 82 38.623 0.000 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 80 0.000 249.933 M2 Part A 088- Link Canal to Tailrace of Manang Dharapani 2 1549 85 0.000 1.633 M2 Part A 6477.4 Total Area 53 6307.398
Main Road District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 92 0.000 8.234 Main Road 088- 116.60 Manang Dharapani 1 1549 79 3 0.000 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 83 0.000 72.589 Main Road 088- 986.19 Manang Dharapani 1 1549 97 5 0.000 Main Road 088- 204.86 Manang Dharapani 1 1549 97 4 0.000 Main Road 088- 1566.8 Manang Dharapani 1 1550 2 03 0.000 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1550 1 58.002 0.000 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 92 0.000 31.927 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 94 0.000 212.972 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 93 0.000 436.218 Main Road
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 90 0.000 457.462 Main Road 088- 803.90 Manang Dharapani 1 1549 79 6 0.000 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 79 8.295 0.000 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 76 0.000 651.425 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 71 0.000 117.014 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 71 0.000 38.183 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 71 0.000 18.630 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 89 0.000 85.997 Main Road 088- Manang Dharapani 1 1549 85 0.000 287.673 Main Road 3744.6 Total Area 69 2418.322
Owner''s Permanent Camp District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 46 0.000 20.984 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 48 0.000 5.921 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 47 0.000 648.222 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 50 0.000 1022.506 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 51 0.000 182.837 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 52 0.000 713.037 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 54 0.000 1040.081 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 55 0.000 423.153 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 53 0.000 821.884 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 56 0.000 713.993 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 66 0.000 1273.262 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 67 0.000 552.293 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 63 0.000 3091.298 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 57 0.000 995.799 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 58 0.000 320.586 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 59 0.000 893.691 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 60 0.000 339.516 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 61 0.000 408.620 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 70 0.000 1840.105 Owner''s Permanent Camp Lamjung Ghermu 5 09403 68 0.000 616.759 Owner''s Permanent Camp
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
12 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 69 0.000 2789.789 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 521 0.000 1373.145 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 62 0.000 690.242 Owner''s Permanent Camp 09403 Lamjung Ghermu 5 12 28 2.594 0.000 Owner''s Permanent Camp 20777.72 Total Area 2.594 3
Portal to Butterfly Valve District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 851.17 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 1 5 0.000 Portal to Butterfly Valve 09402 2838.7 Lamjung Taghring 2 72 1 26 0.000 Portal to Butterfly Valve 3689.9 Total Area 01 0.000
Quarry at Rambazaar District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 5821.8 Lamjung Taghring 5 52 56 46 0.000 Quarry at Rambazaar 09403 1095.5 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 336 60 0.000 Quarry at Rambazaar 09403 Lamjung Taghring 3 52 268 25.558 0.000 Quarry at Rambazaar 09403 13480. Lamjung Taghring 5 52 79 006 0.000 Quarry at Rambazaar 20422. Total Area 970 0.000
Reservoir Inundated Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 088- Manang Dharapani 4 1549 642 0.000 83.920 Reservoir Inundated Area 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 78 0.000 102.910 Reservoir Inundated Area 088- 181.53 Manang Dharapani 2 1549 97 1 0.000 Reservoir Inundated Area 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 84 0.000 4.828 Reservoir Inundated Area 088- Manang Dharapani 2 1549 93 0.000 1626.357 Reservoir Inundated Area 088- 33102. Manang Dharapani 2 1549 79 495 0.000 Reservoir Inundated Area 088- 2098.3 Manang Dharapani 2 1509 63 36 0.000 Reservoir Inundated Area 35382. Total Area 362 1818.015
Surge Tank Portal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers Lamjung Taghring 2 09402 1 886.68 0.000 Surge Tank portal
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
72 9 886.68 Total Area 9 0.000
Switch Yard Area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 2823.7 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 1 74 0.000 Switch Yard Area 09403 908.22 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 163 1 0.000 Switch Yard Area 09403 7246.1 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 33 0.000 Switch Yard Area 10978. Total Area 128 0.000
Tailrace Tunnel Portal District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 197 0.000 293.709 Tailrace Tunnel Portal 09403 323.24 Lamjung Taghring 2 12 193 0 0.000 Tailrace Tunnel Portal 323.24 Total Area 0 293.709
Temporary Bunker District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 442 0.000 54.364 Temporary Bunker 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 443 0.000 160.245 Temporary Bunker 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 601 0.000 668.553 Temporary Bunker 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 444 0.000 1103.746 Temporary Bunker 09403 Lamjung Taghring 2 52 449 0.000 148.761 Temporary Bunker Total Area 0.000 2135.669
Temporary Camp at Rambazaar Lease District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09403 856.64 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 52 56 4 0.000 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 384 0.000 126.656 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 382 0.000 302.796 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 381 0.000 313.408 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 380 0.000 291.869 Rambazaar Lease 09403 355.08 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 52 79 9 0.000 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 52 384 0.000 189.726 Rambazaar Lease Lamjung Taghring 5 09403 385 0.000 157.038 Temporary camp at
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
52 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 52 386 0.000 71.790 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 56 0.000 206.343 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 379 0.000 287.551 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 248 0.000 800.028 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 247 0.000 1760.103 Rambazaar Lease 09403 584.69 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 36 8 0.000 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 378 0.000 242.569 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 383 0.000 295.189 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 249 0.000 866.219 Rambazaar Lease 09403 Temporary camp at Lamjung Taghring 5 92 56 0.000 22.639 Rambazaar Lease 1796.4 Total Area 31 5933.924
#8-1 Spoil area District Ward Grid Parcel GoN_A Private_ Name Location No No No. rea Area Type_Owers 09402 1809.0 #8 Spoil area near #5 Adit Lamjung Taghring 1 72 1 00 0.000 Portal 1809.0 Total Area 00 0.000
S. District Name of Private N Name Facilities GoN Area Area Total Remarks 1 Manang #1 Adit Portal 0.000 2485.803 2485.803 2 Manang #1 Quarry at Tal 4529.415 25900.89 30430.30 3 Manang #1 Spoil Area 13069.003 0.000 13069.00 4 Manang #1 Water Supply 0.000 1937.786 1937.786 5 Lamjung #10 Road 6342.522 2442.973 8785.495 6 Lamjung #10 Spoil Area 47489.014 3428.094 50917.10 10845.12 7 Lamjung #11 Road 10845.124 0.000 4 8 Lamjung #12 Road 10534.670 0.000 10534.67 9 Lamjung #13 Road 6977.942 19889.94 26867.88 10198.69 10 Lamjung #14A Road 10198.699 0.000 9 11 Lamjung #14B Road 5738.331 0.000 5738.331 12 Lamjung #15 Road 1382.360 1060.918 2443.278 21770.36 13 Lamjung #16 Road 15333.676 6436.684 0 Main Road (Lamjung- 18646.18 Manang Access Road 14 Lamjung #17 Road 13218.374 5427.808 2 Section) 17567.13 28367.97 15 Lamjung #18 Road 10800.835 8 3 16 Lamjung #2 Adit Portal 3247.281 0.000 3247.281
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
#2 Aggregate 17 Lamjung Plant 18.893 3306.718 3325.611 18 Lamjung #2 Batching Plant 0.000 2148.600 2148.600 #2 Construction 19 Lamjung Yard at PH 7750.000 0.000 7750.000 20 Manang #2 Misc Plant 0.000 1144.675 1144.675 20798.03 21 Manang #2 Quarry at Tal 20025.405 772.629 4 22 Lamjung #2 Water Supply 0.000 6494.538 6494.538 23 Lamjung #3 Adit Portal 285.996 0.000 285.996 #3 Aggregate 24 Lamjung Plant 5953.667 1673.493 7627.160 25 Lamjung #3 Batching Plant 1452.078 0.000 1452.078 26 Lamjung #3 Misc Plant 1439.969 0.000 1439.969 20775.35 21170.28 27 Lamjung #3 Quarry at Tal 394.923 9 2 28 Lamjung #3 Road 2789.012 0.000 2789.012 29 Lamjung #3 Spoil Area 570.331 3402.468 3972.799 30 Lamjung #4 Adit Portal 0.000 2734.229 2734.229 31 Lamjung #4 Batching Plant 0.000 2489.078 2489.078 32 Lamjung #4 Misc Plant 13.976 1672.855 1686.831 33 Lamjung #4 Road 7405.513 1986.389 9391.902 34 Lamjung #4 Spoil Area 4371.337 0.000 4371.337 35 Lamjung #5 Adit Portal 769.285 0.000 769.285 10789.74 36 Lamjung #5 Spoil Area 10789.746 0.000 6 37 Lamjung #6 Road 3385.487 1455.291 4840.778 38 Lamjung #6 Spoil Area 2477.464 6557.419 9034.883 39 Lamjung #7 Road 0.000 1433.932 1433.932 12502.49 12502.49 40 Lamjung #7 Spoil Area 0.000 5 5 19381.38 52879.97 41 Lamjung #8 Road 33498.585 6 1 42 Lamjung #8 Spoil Area 2009.787 3223.024 5232.811 13112.52 43 Lamjung #9 Road 10754.556 2357.973 9 44 Lamjung #9 Spoil Area 6622.792 178.355 6801.147 45 Lamjung Bunker for PH 1270.658 3109.604 4380.262 46 Manang Camp at HW, A 244.438 2027.319 2271.757 47 Manang Camp at HW-B 978.196 3333.597 4311.793 Camp at HW-LB 48 Manang (Headwork, LB) 813.905 4404.798 5218.703 17815.23 49 Lamjung Camp at PH 14182.430 3632.802 2 Coffer Dam for 50 Lamjung Tailrace Portal 1554.283 367.871 1922.154 Construction 12365.56 51 Manang Yard HW 12201.595 163.965 0 Construction Yard Shared With 40398.09 55797.18 52 Manang M2 15399.088 8 6
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
13125.60 53 Manang Headworks Site 13125.601 0.000 1 Link Canal to Tailrace of M2 12784.85 54 Manang Part A & Part B 6477.453 6307.398 1 Main Road (Lamjung- Manang Access Road 55 Manang Main Road 3744.669 2418.322 6162.991 Section) Owner''s 20777.72 20780.31 56 Lamjung Permanent Camp 2.594 3 7 Portal to 57 Lamjung Butterfly Valve 3689.901 0.000 3689.901 Quarry at 20422.97 58 Lamjung Rambazaar 20422.970 0.000 0 Reservoir 37200.37 59 Manang Inundated Area 35382.362 1818.015 7 60 Lamjung Surge Tank Portal 886.689 0.000 886.689 10978.12 61 Lamjung Switch Yard Area 10978.128 0.000 8 Tailrace Tunnel 62 Lamjung Portal 323.240 293.709 616.949 Temporary Already Acquired the 63 Lamjung Bunker 0.000 2135.669 2135.669 area for Bunker Temporary Camp at Rambazaar 64 Lamjung Lease 1796.431 5933.924 7730.355 65 Lamjung #8-1 Spoil area 1809.000 0.000 1809.000 427769.67 279391. 70716 Total Area 7 761 1.439 #13 Road, #17 Road, Main Road (Besisahar- Chame road)Area is deducted from total 251655.6 655484. Project Land area 403828.693 84 376 Required Area already purchased in the name of 39087.6 Himtal Hydropower company pvt.ltd Area lease in the name of Himtal Hydropower 5826.125 company pvt.ltd 70039 Total 8.101
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Annex X: Recommendation Letters for the SEIA
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Annex XI: Declaration Sheets for the SEIA
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Declaration from the Consultant
Title of the Study: SEIA Study of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (327 MW)
Name and Address of the Proponent:
M/s Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ph: 4247237977-1-4784026 Fax: + 977 1-4780994 Name and Address of the Consultant:
Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. GPO Box 7301, Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel:977 - 1 – 4244989 / 4241001; Fax: 977 - 1 - 4226028 E-mail: [email protected] Website:www.ness.com.np
I declare the following
Provided data and Information are correct to the best of my knowledge and experience The SEIA Study Team conducted the SEIA Study professionally and independently I have read and understood the contents of the SEIA report
Signature: ………………………………
Name: Er. Dwarika Adhikari (Team Leader) Official Stamp
Date: 01/02/ 2020
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Declaration from the Consultant
Title of the Study: SEIA Study of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (327 MW)
Name and Address of the Proponent:
M/s Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ph: 4247237977-1-4784026 Fax: + 977 1-4780994 Name and Address of the Consultant:
Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. GPO Box 7301, Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel:977 - 1 – 4244989 / 4241001; Fax: 977 - 1 - 4226028 E-mail: [email protected] Website:www.ness.com.np
I declare the following
Provided data and Information are correct to the best of my knowledge and experience The SEIA Study Team conducted the SEIA Study professionally and independently I have read and understood the contents of the SEIA report
Signature: ……………………………
Name: Dr. Chitra Baniya (Botanist/Zoologist) Official Stamp
Date: 01/02/ 2020
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Declaration from the Consultant
Title of the Study: SEIA Study of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (327 MW)
Name and Address of the Proponent:
M/s Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ph: 4247237977-1-4784026 Fax: + 977 1-4780994 Name and Address of the Consultant:
Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. GPO Box 7301, Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel:977 - 1 – 4244989 / 4241001; Fax: 977 - 1 - 4226028 E-mail: [email protected] Website:www.ness.com.np I declare the following
Provided data and Information are correct to the best of my knowledge and experience The SEIA Study Team conducted the SEIA Study professionally and independently I have read and understood the contents of the SEIA report
Signature: ………………………………
Name: Dr. Jeevan Poudel (Social and Resettlement Expert) Official Stamp
Date: 01/02/ 2020
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Declaration from the Consultant
Title of the Study: SEIA Study of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (327 MW)
Name and Address of the Proponent:
M/s Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ph: 4247237977-1-4784026 Fax: + 977 1-4780994
Name and Address of the Consultant:
Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. GPO Box 7301, Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel:977 - 1 – 4244989 / 4241001; Fax: 977 - 1 - 4226028 E-mail: [email protected] Website:www.ness.com.np I declare the following
Provided data and Information are correct to the best of my knowledge and experience The SEIA Study Team conducted the SEIA Study professionally and independently I have read and understood the contents of the SEIA report
Signature: ………………………………
Name: Dr. Don Masserschmidt (Anthropologist) Official Stamp
Date: 01/02/ 2020
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Declaration from the Consultant
Title of the Study: SEIA Study of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (327 MW)
Name and Address of the Proponent:
M/s Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ph: 4247237977-1-4784026 Fax: + 977 1-4780994
Name and Address of the Consultant:
Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. GPO Box 7301, Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel:977 - 1 – 4244989 / 4241001; Fax: 977 - 1 - 4226028 E-mail: [email protected] Website:www.ness.com.np
I declare the following
Provided data and Information are correct to the best of my knowledge and experience The SEIA Study Team conducted the SEIA Study professionally and independently I have read and understood the contents of the SEIA report
Signature: ………………………………
Name: Er. Srijan Regmi (Environmental Engineer) Official Stamp
Date: 01/02/ 2020
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Declaration from the Consultant
Title of the Study: SEIA Study of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (327 MW)
Name and Address of the Proponent:
M/s Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ph: 4247237977-1-4784026 Fax: + 977 1-4780994 Name and Address of the Consultant:
Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. GPO Box 7301, Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel:977 - 1 – 4244989 / 4241001; Fax: 977 - 1 - 4226028 E-mail: [email protected] Website:www.ness.com.np I declare the following
Provided data and Information are correct to the best of my knowledge and experience The SEIA Study Team conducted the SEIA Study professionally and independently I have read and understood the contents of the SEIA report
Signature: ………………………………
Name: Mr. Raj Kapoor Napit (Fishery Expert) Official Stamp
Date: 01/02/ 2020
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Declaration from the Proponent
Title of the Study: SEIA Study of Upper Marsyangdi-2 Hydroelectric Project (327 MW)
Name and Address of the Proponent:
M/s Himtal Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd. Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Ph: 4247237977-1-4784026 Fax: + 977 1-4780994
Name and Address of the Consultant:
Nepal Environmental and Scientific Services Pvt. Ltd. GPO Box 7301, Jitjung Marga-26, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal Tel:977 - 1 – 4244989 / 4241001; Fax: 977 - 1 - 4226028 E-mail: [email protected] Website:www.ness.com.np
I declare the following
Provided data and Information are correct to the best of my knowledge and experience The SEIA Study Team conducted the SEIA Study professionally and independently I have read and understood the contents of the SEIA report
Signature: ………………………………
Name: Official Stamp
Date: 01/02
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
ANNEX XII: LIST OF PAFs
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Himtal Hydropower Purchase land Area S. Descrip Distr Ward Parcel Are VDC Rop An Pai Da Sq. no tion ict no no a ani na sa m m
lamju Taghr 2-12- 2 444 2 12 2 3 1,420. ng ing 2-3 80
lamju Taghr 1-15- 2 601 1 15 0 0 985.5 ng ing 0-0 9
lamju Taghr 1-1- 2 214 1 1 3 1 566.3 ng ing 3-1 4 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 622 0 1 0 0 ng ing 0-0 31.79
lamju Taghr 0-15- 2 624 0 15 0 0 476.8 ng ing 0-0 5
lamju Taghr 0-5- 2 626 0 5 2 0 174.8 ng ing 2-0 Page no 3 2 & 3 lamju Taghr 0-2- (440118 2 627 0 2 0 2 ng ing 0-2 67.55 Land
certificate lamju Taghr 1-1- 2 28 1 1 0 2 544.5 no) ng ing 0-2 0 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 635 0 2 2 0 ng ing 2-0 79.46
lamju Taghr 0-5- 2 637 0 5 0 0 158.9 ng ing 0-0 5
lamju Taghr 0-6- 2 639 0 6 1 1 200.6 ng ing 1-1 7 lamju Taghr 0-0- 2 629 0 0 3 0 ng ing 3-0 23.82
lamju Taghr 0-9- 2 630 0 9 2 0 301.9 ng ing 2-0 9 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 633 0 2 2 0 ng ing 2-0 79.46
lamju Taghr 2-12- 2 542 2 12 0 0 1,398. ng ing 0-0 96
lamju Taghr 1-15- 2 52 1 15 3 0 1,009. ng ing 3-0 41 lamju Taghr 0-2- Page no 2 641 0 2 2 1 4 & 5 ng ing 2-1 81.45 (440118 lamju Taghr 3-15- Land 2 646 3 15 1 2 2,014. ng ing 1-2 certificate 98 no) lamju Taghr 0-12- 2 643 0 12 1 0 389.4 ng ing 1-0 2 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 679 0 2 3 2 ng ing 3-2 91.37 lamju Taghr 0-6- 2 702 0 6 1 2 ng ing 1-2 202.6
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
5 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 704 0 1 1 0 ng ing 1-0 39.73 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 706 0 2 3 0 ng ing 3-0 87.40
lamju Taghr 1-7- 2 708 1 7 2 0 747.1 ng ing 2-0 5
lamju Taghr 0-10- 2 711 0 10 0 0 317.9 ng ing 0-0 0
lamju Taghr 1-8- 2 695 1 8 3 3 792.8 ng ing 3-3 4
lamju Taghr 0-14- 2 697 0 14 3 0 468.8 ng ing 3-0 8
lamju Taghr 0-5- 2 653 0 5 1 0 166.8 ng ing 1-0 9
lamju Taghr 1-3- 2 655 1 3 3 3 633.8 ng ing 3-3 9 lamju Taghr 0-3- 2 649 0 3 0 2 ng ing 0-2 99.34 lamju Taghr 0-0- 2 669 0 0 2 0 ng ing 2-0 15.88
lamju Taghr 1-4- 2 770 1 4 1 2 647.8 ng ing 1-2 1
lamju Taghr 0-13- 2 95 0 13 1 2 425.1 ng ing 1-2 8
lamju Taghr 1-2- 2 699 1 2 1 0 580.2 ng ing 1-0 6 lamju Taghr 0-2- Page no 2 691 0 2 2 1 ng ing 2-1 81.45 6 &7
(440118 lamju Taghr 0-4- 2 693 0 4 3 0 150.9 Land ng ing 3-0 8 certificate
no) lamju Taghr 1-6- 2 199 1 6 3 1 725.2 ng ing 3-1 9
lamju Taghr 0-13- 2 660 0 13 0 1 415.2 ng ing 0-1 6
lamju Taghr 0-13- 2 651 0 13 9 0 484.7 ng ing 9-0 3
lamju Taghr 2-12- 2 673 2 12 1 1 1,408. ng ing 1-1 89
lamju Taghr 0-5- 2 676 0 5 3 0 182.7 ng ing 3-0 7
lamju Taghr 0-12- 2 96 0 12 2 1 399.3 ng ing 2-1 5 Page no lamju Taghr 0-5- Pana 2 & 3 2 658 0 5 0 0 158.9 ng ing 0-0 no 2 (229603 5
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
Land lamju Taghr 0-14- certificate 2 686 0 14 0 0 445.0 ng ing 0-0 no) 6
lamju Taghr 0-12- 2 688 0 12 3 0 405.3 ng ing 3-0 0
lamju Taghr 0-14- 2 681 0 14 3 0 468.8 ng ing 3-0 8 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 684 0 2 2 2 ng ing 2-2 83.43 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 665 0 1 1 2 ng ing 1-2 43.70
lamju Taghr 0-7- 2 667 0 7 3 0 246.3 ng ing 3-0 5 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 663 0 2 1 2 ng ing 1-2 75.49 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 737 0 1 0 0 ng ing 0-0 31.79
lamju Taghr 0-3- 2 739 0 3 3 2 123.1 ng ing 3-2 6
lamju Taghr 0-13- 2 741 0 13 0 0 413.2 ng ing 0-0 7
lamju Taghr 0-4- 2 743 0 4 3 0 150.9 ng ing 3-0 8 lamju Taghr 0-0- 2 745 0 0 1 0 ng ing 1-0 7.94 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 746 0 1 0 0 ng ing 0-0 31.79
lamju Taghr 0-10- 2 735 0 10 0 0 317.9 ng ing 0-0 0
lamju Taghr 0-13- 2 723 0 13 3 0 437.0 ng ing 3-0 9
lamju Taghr 0-13- 2 731 0 13 0 3 419.2 ng ing 0-3 3
lamju Taghr 0-14- 2 732 0 14 0 2 449.0 ng ing 0-2 3 Page no lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 725 0 2 2 0 4 & 5 ng ing 2-0 79.46 (229603 lamju Taghr 0-2- Land 2 726 0 2 1 0 ng ing 1-0 71.52 certificate
no) lamju Taghr 0-7- 2 728 0 7 3 0 246.3 ng ing 3-0 5
lamju Taghr 0-7- 2 750 0 7 1 0 230.4 ng ing 1-0 7
lamju Taghr 0-9- 2 714 0 9 0 0 286.1 ng ing 0-0 1 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 716 0 1 0 0 ng ing 0-0 31.79 lamju Taghr 1-1- 2 48 1 1 1 3 ng ing 1-3 554.4
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
3 lamju Taghr 0-3- 2 718 0 3 0 0 ng ing 0-0 95.37 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 720 0 1 1 0 ng ing 1-0 39.73
lamju Taghr 1-0- 2 721 1 0 0 0 508.7 ng ing 0-0 4 lamju Taghr 0-3- 2 38 0 3 0 0 ng ing 0-0 95.37 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 753 0 1 0 0 ng ing 0-0 31.79
lamju Taghr 0-4- 2 769 0 4 3 0 150.9 ng ing 3-0 8
lamju Taghr 1-1- 2 759 1 1 1 1 550.4 ng ing 1-1 6
lamju Taghr 0-4- 2 757 0 4 0 0 127.1 ng ing 0-0 6
lamju Taghr 0-6- 2 755 0 6 1 0 198.6 ng ing 1-0 8 page no 6
& 7 lamju Taghr 1-6- 2 761 1 6 1 1 709.4 (229603 ng ing 1-1 1 Land
certificate lamju Taghr 1-0- 2 763 1 0 0 0 508.7 no) ng ing 0-0 4
lamju Taghr 0-7- 2 765 0 7 2 2 242.3 ng ing 2-2 8
lamju Taghr 0-13- 2 767 0 13 0 0 413.2 ng ing 0-0 7
lamju Taghr 0-5- 2 771 0 5 2 0 174.8 ng ing 2-0 3 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 773 0 1 0 0 ng ing 0-0 31.79 lamju Taghr 0-1- 2 775 0 1 0 0 ng ing 0-0 31.79 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 782 0 2 1 3 ng ing 1-3 77.48 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 777 0 2 0 0 ng ing 0-0 63.58
lamju Taghr 0-14- 2 778 0 14 0 0 445.0 ng ing 0-0 6
Page no lamju Taghr 0-4- 2 780 0 4 3 0 150.9 2 & 3 ng ing 3-0 8 (242884 Pana
Land lamju Taghr 1-3- no 3 2 146 1 3 1 1 614.0 certificate ng ing 1-1 4 no)
lamju Taghr 0-12- 2 784 0 12 2 0 397.3 ng ing 2-0 6
lamju Taghr 0-15- 2 786 0 15 0 0 476.8 ng ing 0-0 5
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 800 0 2 0 0 ng ing 0-0 63.58
lamju Taghr 1-4- 2 801 1 4 2 2 655.7 ng ing 2-2 5
lamju Taghr 0-15- 2 803 0 15 1 3 490.7 ng ing 1-3 5
lamju Taghr 1-15- 2 83 1 15 2 2 1,005. ng ing 2-2 44
lamju Taghr 0-14- 2 788 0 14 1 0 453.0 ng ing 1-0 0
lamju Taghr 1-1- 2 790 1 1 2 0 556.4 ng ing 2-0 1 lamju Taghr 0-0- 2 792 0 0 2 1 ng ing 2-1 17.87 lamju Taghr 0-3- 2 794 0 3 0 0 ng ing 0-0 95.37
lamju Taghr 0-4- 2 796 0 4 1 3 141.0 ng ing 1-3 6 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 798 0 2 0 0 ng ing 0-0 63.58
lamju Taghr 0-11- 2 807 0 11 1 3 363.5 ng ing 1-3 9
lamju Taghr 0-3- 2 810 0 3 3 3 125.1 ng ing 3-3 5 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 812 0 2 3 3 ng ing 3-3 93.36 lamju Taghr 0-0- 2 813 0 0 3 0 ng ing 3-0 23.82
Page no lamju Taghr 1-14- 2 815 1 14 1 2 965.7 2 & 3 ng ing 1-2 1 (242884
Land lamju Taghr 2-4- 2 817 2 4 0 2 1,148. certificate ng ing 0-2 61 no)
lamju Taghr 0-14- 2 46 0 14 1 1 454.9 ng ing 1-1 9
lamju Taghr 0-14- 2 819 0 14 2 2 464.9 ng ing 2-2 1
lamju Taghr 0-11- 2 822 0 11 0 1 351.6 ng ing 0-1 8
lamju Taghr 0-10- 2 824 0 10 3 2 345.6 ng ing 3-2 9 lamju Taghr 0-0- 2 176 0 0 1 1 ng ing 1-1 9.93 lamju Taghr 0-2- 2 827 0 2 2 0 ng ing 2-0 79.46 39087 .6
SEIA Study of Upper Marsyandgi-2 Hydro-Electric Project (3 x 109 MW)
ANNEX XIII: PROJECT LAYOUT