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Nicetae ~ Bvdka D.O.M. IN p HONOREM p BEATISSIMI p HIEROMARTYRIS NICETAE ~ BVDKA Q.Y"I p PONTIFICAL! p DECORATVS p CORONA SANCTISSIMAE p DEIPARAE p VIRGINIS p PATROCINIO p SVFFVLTVS PRIMVS p IN p DICIONE p CANADENSI GREG IS p RVTHENORVM p GRAECO-CATHOLICORVM PASTORP EXTITIT AC p POSTEA p IN p PATRIAM p REVERSVS GRAVISSIMAS p INTERP ECCLESIAE p VCRAINAE p PROCELLAS PROPVNITATE p CVMP ROMANAP PETRI p SEDE PTENENDA IN p EXSILIVM p DEPORTATVS p EST VINCVLISQ.Y"E p AC p FERRO p INCLVSVS ALTIVS p INDE p PASS IONE p Q.Y"AM p VOCE CHRISTVM p PRAEDICAVIT ET p TANDEM p MVLTIPLICI p VEXATION£ p FATIGATVS MORTIS p VICTOR ALTERAM -SlBl p CORONAM p ADEPTVS A p SVMMO p PONTIFICE p IOANNE p PAVLO p II IN p BEATORVM p ALBVM p ADSCRIPTVS p EST NE p TANTl p MARTYRIS p G ESTA p AC p TESTIMONIVM MEMORIAP DECIDANT CENTVM p POST p CONSECRATION EM p EIVS p EPISCOPALEM ET p ORDINARIATVS p CREATION EM p PERACTIS p ANNIS ATHANASIVS p MCVAY HVMILLIMVS p IN p EVANGELIO p CONSERVVS EPARCHIAE p EDMONTONIENSIS p ETP EPISCOPI p SVI p BENEFICIO - MONVMENTVM p HOC ELABORAVIT ~,1,1;rim1- &LliSSfiD HHA rn11or c~~WcllllO dttD dltlctlllK MAKTYK IIHKIIT~ IIYKYTA 6~Kd KUDKA Figure 1. Icon ofBlessed Bishop-Martyr Nykyta (details are enlarged in figures 9, 42, and 46). lconographer Volodymyr SvrnERSKYI (Zhovkva, Ukraine, 2012). Source: Collection of the Blessed Virgin Mary Ukrainian Catholic Church, Winnipeg. Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Edmonton and Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Institute of Eastern Christian Studies God's Martyr, History's Witness Blessed Nykyta Budka, the First Ukrainian Catholic Bishop of Canada Athanasius D. Mc"Vay Edmonton 2014 Contents Foreword ix Preface xi Terminology xv Division of the Work xvi Introduction xix Historical Importance xx Genesis of This Book xxii A Work of Church History xxii Acknowledgements xxiii Chapter 1 Pastoral Care for Ukrainians in North America 1 1.1 Proposed Solutions 1.1.1 Immigration to the United States of America-a Prelude 3 1.1.2 Calls for a Ruthenian Bishop 4 1.1.3 Canadian Attempts 5 1.1.4 Apostolic Visitations to North America 7 1.2 Nykyta Budka's Early Life . 1.2.1 Toward the Priesthood 13 1.2.2 Consultant on Ukrainian Emigration 19 1.3 The Process of Choosing a Ukrainian Bishop for Canada 1.3.1 Procedures for Naming Greek-Catholic Bishops 25 1.3.2 The Choice of Candidate 34 1.3.3 Delays and Manoeuvres .4 7 1.3.4 Making a Decision 53 1.3.5 The Dossier for the Plenary Meeting 54 1.3.6 The Cardinals Who Made the Decision 59 1.3.7 Minutes of the Plenary Meeting 61 1.4 Nomination - Ordination - Journey to Canada 1.4.1 Nomination of Nykyta Budka as Ordinary for Canada 63 1.4.2 Episcopal Ordination 65 1.4.3 From Austria to Canada 68 1.4.4 Journey from Europe to the New World 71 1.4. 5 Arrival and Joyful Reception in Canada 7 4 Chapter 2 "The Need to Organize'' 81 2.1 Incorporation of Parishes to the Ukrainian Bishop 2.1.1 Incorporation 81 2.1.2 The Beginnings of a Mission 88 2.1.3 The First Pastoral Letters 92 2.2 Relations with the Roman Catholic Clergy 2.2.1 The Belgian Redemptorists 97 2.2.2 Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI) 108 2.2.3 French-Canadian Secular Priests 110 2.3 Budka and the Canadian Catholic Episcopate 2.3.1 Missionary Visions in Conflict 129 2.3.2 Conflict with Archbishop Langevin 133 2.3.3 The Decree Fidelibus Ruthenis 138 2.4 The Secular Clergy and Their Churches 2.4.1 The Secular Clergy that Preceded Budka 149 2.4.2 Two Priests Who Accompanied Budka to Canada 153 2.4.3 First Imports from The Old Country 156 V God's Marry0 History's Witness 2.4.4 Seminarians 163 2.4.5 Churches 169 2.5 Education and the Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate 2.5.1 The Education of the Ukrainian Immigrants 175 2.5.2 The Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate 181 2.6 Finance and Administration 2.6.1 A Poor Beginning 191 2.6.2 A Financial Crisis after the War 195 2.6.3 Facing Bankruptcy a Second Time 198 2.6.4 Balancing the Books 202 2.6.5 The Newspaper Money Drain 212 2. 7 Religious and Political Proselytism 2. 7 .1 Russian Orthodox Missions 224 2.7.2 The Presbyterian Mission 22? 2.7.3 Methodists 228 2. 7.4 Seraphimism and the Independent Greek Church 229 2.7.5 Communism 231 2.8 Bishop Budka's 1914 Report to the Apostolic See 237 Chapter 3 The First World War 241 3.1 Pre-War Memoranda 3.1.1 Memorandum to the Austrian Consulate 241 3.1.2 Memorandum to the Canadian Government 243 3.2 The Summer of 1914 246 3.3 Budka's Own Analysis of His Controversial Pastoral Letter 253 3.4 Under Suspicion 3.4.1 Clergy Investigated and Arrested 257 3.4.2 Forbidden to Leave Canada 260 3.4.3 Ukrainians Interned 265 3.4.4 Arrest in Hafford - Veterans' Opposition 267 3.5 Exoneration and Naturalization 3.5.1 Judicial Exoneration 271 3.5.2 Naturalization and Canadian Citizenship 272 3.6 Budka and Ukrainian Independence 274 3. 7 The Canadian Ukrainian Orthodox Movement 279 3.7.1 Precedents 279 3.7.2 The Petro Mohyla Bursa 283 3.7.3 Formation of the Ukrainian Greek Orthodox Church 287 3.8 Bishop Budka's 1919 Report to Pope Benedict XV 294 Chapter 4 The Post-War Years 297 4.1 The Ukrainian Secular Clergy after the War 4.1.1 Priests from the Old Country 297 4.1.2 Canadian Recruits 303 4.1.5 Budka Continues to Accept Married Clergy 309 4.2 Difficulties with the Ukrainian Monastic Clergy 4.2.1 Conflicts with the Basilians 312 4.2.2 Conflicts with the Redemptorists 338 4.3 First Ad Limina Visit and Second Quinquennial Report 1922-1923 343 4.4 Deteriorating Health 4.4.1 Stresses in the Early Days 363 4.4.2 No Opportunity to Heal. 366 4.4.3 Major Surgery and Convalescence 371 vi Contents 4.5 Second Ad Limina Visit and Quinquennial Report, 1928 375 Chapter 5 Bishop Budka's Resignation 381 5.1 Calls for Budka's Resignation 381 5.2 The Fateful Year of 1927 5.2.1 Annus Horribi!is for the Ukrainian Catholic Church 386 5.2.2 Changes at the Top - The Oriental Congregation 386 5.2.3 A New Apostolic Delegate in Canada 388 5.3 The Ad Limina Visit of 1928: Second Quinquennial report 5.3.1 Budka's Second Request for an Auxiliary 389 5.3.2 The 1928 Diocesan Report 389 5.4 Leave of Absence 392 5.5 Two Plenary Sessions - Budka's Reports 394 5.6 Canadian Response - Sincero in Canada - Papal Decision 397 5. 7 Resignation - Unpublished Last Pastoral Letter .405 Chapter 6 From Rome to Lviv 409 6.1 RomanLimbo 409 6.1.1 Obstacles to Becoming an Auxiliary Bishop .411 6.2 Complications in Choosing a New Bishop for Canada 6.2.1 The Principal Candidates .422 6.2.2 Excluded Candidates .432 6.2.3 Phantom Candidates .440 6.2.4 Choosing Budka's Successor .441 6.2.5 Nominations and Refusals .444 6.3 Financial Conundrum '. .450 6.4 Canadian Citizen to the End .466 6.4.1 Further Developments after the War, under Soviet Rule .4 73 Chapter 7 Budka Returns to Western Ukraine 479 7 .1 Resuming Ministry in the Lviv Archeparchy .4 79 7 .2 Budka and Lay Organizations, Especially Catholic Action .490 7.3 A Pillar of the Buduchnist Society for Domestic Workers .495 7.4 Budka Rebuilds the Zarvanytsia Shrine .497 7.5 The Holodomor of 1932-1933: Famine in Soviet Ukraine 501 Chapter 8 Martyrdom for the Faith 503 8.1 The First Soviet Occupation, 1939-1941 503 8.2 Arrest of the Greek-Catholic Hierarchy 508 8.3 Trial of the Ukrainian Catholic Bishops 517 8.4 World Reaction to the Arrest 524 8.5 Imprisonment and Death of Bishop Budka 527 8.6 Earthly Rehabilitation and Glorification ~ .' .. - 532 8. 7 In Search of a Martyr's Grave : 534 Conclusion 537 9.1 Human Failings 537 9.2 Significant Successes 542 9.3 Evaluation 544 9.4 Not the Last Word .- 546 Timeline 548 Bibliography 571 Index .......................................................................................................•....... 599 vii God's Mar!J0 History's Witness Figures 1. Icon of Blessed Bishop-Martyr Nykyta frontispiece 2. Coat-of-arms of Bishop Budka iv 3. Commemorative stamp to mark the centenary Budka's arrival in Canada x 4. Bishop Budka at St. Augustine's Seminary, Toronto xxvi 5. Canon Nykyta Budka with Ukrainian Catholic clergy and faithful, Rome 2 6. Early postcard-photo of young Budka, Innsbruck 12 7. father Budka, Basilian Monastery, Krekhiv 24 8. Father Budka, Prosvita congress, Kolomyia 62 9., Sviderskyi icon details: Episcopal consecration, arrival in Canada 79 10. Official photo in episcopal mantle, Lviv 1912 80 11. Sisters Servants of Mary Immaculate, with Metropolitan Sheptytsky 190 12. Enthronement of Bishop Prudhomme of Prince Albert 235 13. First report to the Apostolic See, 1914. Original typescript in Latin 236 14. Bishop Budka at Saint Boniface Minor Seminary (Manitoba) 240 15. Bishop Budka at the Ukrainian Convention, Edmonton 1917 245 16. Bishop Budka, circa '1920 252 17.
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