Apartheid Na África Do Sul, Como Mencionado Acima

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Apartheid Na África Do Sul, Como Mencionado Acima MINISTÉRIO DAS RELAÇÕES EXTERIORES Ministro de Estado Embaixador Celso Amorim Secretário-Geral Embaixador Antonio de Aguiar Patriota FUNDAÇÃO ALEXANDRE DE GUSMÃO Presidente Embaixador Jeronimo Moscardo A Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão, instituída em 1971, é uma fundação pública vinculada ao Ministério das Relações Exteriores e tem a finalidade de levar à sociedade civil informações sobre a realidade internacional e sobre aspectos da pauta diplomática brasileira. Sua missão é promover a sensibilização da opinião pública nacional para os temas de relações internacionais e para a política externa brasileira. Ministério das Relações Exteriores Esplanada dos Ministérios, Bloco H Anexo II, Térreo, Sala 1 70170-900 Brasília, DF Telefones: (61) 3411-6033/6034 Fax: (61) 3411-9125 Site: www.funag.gov.br © dos autores 1ª edição: 2010 Direitos reservados desta edição: Fundação Alexandre Gusmão Capa: Carla M. Luzzatto Revisão: Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira e Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini Editoração eletrônica: Fernando Piccinini Schmitt A258 A258 África do Sul: História, Estado e Sociedade. / Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini [et al.]; organização de Paulo G. Fagundes Visentini e Ana- lúcia Danilevicz Pereira. -- Brasília : FUNAG/CESUL, 2010. 272p. (Coleção Sul-Africana) ISBN: 978.85.7631.229-1 1. Ciência política; 2. História política : África do Sul. I. Visentini, Paulo G. Fagundes; II. Pereira, Analúcia Danilevicz. CDU 327.6 Catalogação na publicação: Márcia Mattos Langeloh CRB10/1052 Quando os trekboers chegaram [ao veld] com seu rebanho e sua carreta com toldo, abandona- ram o modo de vida europeu. (...) [A nova] vida lhes dava uma grande tenacidade, uma resistên- cia silenciosa e um respeito muito forte por si mesmos. Mas seu isolamento marcou seu caráter ao deixar vazia sua imaginação e inerte sua in- teligência. Tinham também os defeitos de suas virtudes. Sua tenacidade podia degenerar em obstinação, seu poder de resistência em barreira à inovação e seu respeito em relação a si mes- mos em desconfiança ao estrangeiro e desprezo ao inferior. C. W. de Kiewet O nosso povo foi privado da parte que lhe cabia da riqueza do país. Corrigir [as] seculares injustiças econômicas é ponto central de nossas aspirações nacionais. Estamos conscientes da complexidade das situações que se apresentarão a um governo popular no período de transição e da magnitude dos problemas acarretados pela sa- tisfação das necessidades econômicas das massas oprimidas. Mas uma coisa é certa: na nossa terra nada será resolvido eficazmente se os recursos básicos não forem postos à disposição de todo o povo, em vez de continuarem a ser manipulados por pequenos setores da população ou por indiví- duos, sejam eles brancos ou negros. Estratégia e tática do Congresso Nacional Africano, 1969. Ao Embaixador Jeronimo Moscardo, por seu apoio ao CESUL. Agradecemos ao Sr. Mauro Bellini Vice-Diretor da Empresa Marcopolo, pelo apoio ao Seminário África do Sul: mitos e realidade e à publicação deste livro. Sumário INTRODUÇÃO / 11 PARTE I HISTÓRIA 1. O sul da África: das origens à “descolonização branca” (até 1910) / 17 Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro Paulo Fagundes Visentini 2. A África do Sul independente: segregação, Apartheid e transição pactuada (1910-1994) / 35 Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira 3. A nova África do Sul: política, diplomacia e sociedade (1994-2010) / 65 Paulo Fagundes Visentini Analúcia Danilevicz Pereira PARTE II ECONOMIA E INTEGRAÇÃO 4. Economia da África do Sul: a convivência entre o moderno e o atraso ou os desafios do rompimento com as estruturas sociais determinadas pela história / 99 Ricardo Dathein 5. Processos de integração na África Austral / 119 Paulo Fagundes Visentini PARTE III POLÍTICA INTERNACIONAL 6. A África do Sul como potência emergente: dilemas especiais e dimensões de segurança / 131 Francis A. Kornegay 7. A parceria sul-africana no contexto das relações Brasil-África / 161 Pio Penna Filho 8. Defesa e segurança da África do Sul contemporânea / 185 Marco Cepik Luiza Schneider PARTE IV ESTADO E SOCIEDADE 9. A sociedade sul-africana em transformação: alguns mitos e realidades / 209 Jo-Ansie van Wyk 10. África do Sul: instituições e sociedade / 235 Kamilla R. Rizzi Autores / 267 Introdução A África do Sul, neste ano de 2010, comemora um século de independência e atrai a atenção geral pela realização da primeira Copa Mundial de Futebol no continente africano. A pujança econômica e na- tural, bem como as contradições sociais do país, impactam os observa- dores. O contraste entre, de um lado, os bairros de classe media (predo- minantemente branca), os arranha-céus a la Manhattan de Joanesburgo e o charme do turismo e, de outro, as favelas ao longo das estradas, os informal settlements negros das periferias urbanas e a miséria de certas regiões rurais é marcante, como no Brasil. Na verdade, a história e a realidade sociopolítica sul-africana continuam sendo pouco conhecidas, a primeira devido ao silêncio rei- nante e a segunda pelos mitos que envolve. A transição à democracia e a figura emblemática de Nelson Mandela, para a maioria das pessoas, teria produzido uma mudança tão radical quanto pacífica. O problema seria que o governo liderado pelo partido hegemônico, o Congresso Nacional Africano (CNA), teria se revelado incompetente para solu- cionar os problemas da nação. Reinserida no mundo e na África, can- didata a um assento permanente no Conselho de Segurança da ONU e aspirante ao status de potência média, a África do Sul também desperta esperança e, igualmente, desconfiança por parte de seus vizinhos. A secular história de segregação, opressão e exploração da maio- ria nativa, todavia, está longe de ser encerrada. A África do Sul possui um caráter único, diferente das demais colônias tradicionais, e o dile- ma classe ou raça, que marcou o movimento de libertação, aqui, se re- vela decisivo. A transição à democracia foi pactuada porque, se de um lado o regime racista do Apartheid se encontrava enfraquecido ao final da Guerra Fria, o movimento de oposição liderado pelo CNA também, devido à radical transformação da ordem internacional. Por outro lado, se o Apartheid jurídico-político foi encerrado, o socioeconômico foi, na prática, renovado e consolidado pelos compromissos, formais e im- plícitos, impostos aos novos dirigentes como condição para ocuparem o poder. Se os brancos puderam, com importantes cumplicidades in- 11 ternacionais, desrespeitar os direitos da maioria, os dirigentes negros, agora, são obrigados a respeitar os privilégios de uma minoria. Em 2012 o CNA, o mais antigo movimento de libertação nacio- nal, completará um século de existência, com quase duas décadas no poder, com o desgaste que isso implica, inclusive com a adesão de alguns negros ao status de elite. A situação social da maioria melho- rou substancialmente, mas as necessidades e expectativas cresceram em proporção talvez maior. O desemprego é elevado e a criminalidade atingiu níveis alarmantes. E é desse impasse e mal-estar que a África do Sul sofre atualmente. O tempo de minimizar os problemas sociais apenas com políticas públicas compensatórias e assistencialistas, sem a estruturação de um novo modelo socioeconômico, foi ultrapassado. A emergência de novas contradições políticas está abrindo espaço para novos confrontos ou para um novo pacto de poder. Mas o país tem enormes potencialidades e pode se transformar juntamente com o continente africano, que está entrando, gradativa- mente, num novo ciclo de desenvolvimento. A infraestrutura e a base econômica herdada do regime racista, bem como a posição geopolítica e os imensos recursos minerais, propiciam à África do Sul as condições necessárias a uma nova arrancada. O nó da questão é essencialmente político e social. Para o Brasil, a África do Sul representa uma parceira fundamen- tal, tanto para a política africana como para a global. Daí a necessidade de se conhecer a realidade do país, superando os mitos superficiais que ainda imperam. Neste sentido, o Centro de Estudos Brasil-África do Sul realizou em maio de 2010, na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, o Seminário Internacional África do Sul: mitos e rea- lidade, como parte do Projeto Parcerias Estratégicas do Brasil, Edital Renato Archer do CNPq. O evento contou, igualmente, com o apoio da Empresa Marcopolo, fabricante de ônibus que possui atividades na África do Sul. Ela colaborou, igualmente, na publicação do livro que aqui é apresentado, editado pela Fundação Alexandre de Gusmão do Ministério das Relações Exteriores. A todos, somos muito gratos. Trata-se de uma obra que apresenta uma visão abrangente da África do Sul, com um segmento sobre a história, outro sobre a econo- mia e integração, um terceiro sobre a política internacional e o último sobre a sociedade, as instituições e a geografia do país. Os autores são especialistas brasileiros e sul-africanos, e o livro se destina aos acadêmicos e ao grande público brasileiro, preenchendo uma grande 12 lacuna editorial. Com a realização do seminário e a publicação do livro África do Sul: História, Estado e Sociedade, quarto volume da Série Sul-Africana, o CESUL, orgulhosamente, marca seu quinto ano de existência. Porto Alegre, 2010. 13 ParteI História 1. O sul da África: das origens à “descolonização branca” (até 1910) Luiz Dario Teixeira Ribeiro Paulo Fagundes Visentini Ao avaliarmos o significado da expansão portuguesa ao atingir o litoral da África nos séculos XV e XVI, percebemos que o exemplo português mostrou à Europa que o valor da África, naquele momento, não estava somente ligado ao ouro ou ao comércio de especiarias, ou, ainda, à possibilidade de expansão do cristianismo. O continente tinha outras potencialidades – era capaz de fornecer escravos para a explo- ração das Américas. Portugal mostrou ainda, para as potências mais vigorosas que desenvolviam seu poderio marítimo, que do contato com a África poderiam ser retirados muitos proveitos. Cada vez mais o con- tinente seria vítima de suas riquezas. A incorporação da África tropical a um sistema comercial mun- dial e dinâmico, dominado pelos europeus ocidentais, foi conduzi- da pelas tentativas de “reconhecimento” por parte dos portugueses.
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