Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks
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Arizona Arboviral Handbook for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses
ARIZONA ARBOVIRAL HANDBOOK FOR CHIKUNGUNYA, DENGUE, AND ZIKA VIRUSES 7/31/2017 Arizona Department of Health Services | P a g e 1 Arizona Arboviral Handbook for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses Arizona Arboviral Handbook for Chikungunya, Dengue, and Zika Viruses OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................................. 4 I: CHIKUNGUNYA ..................................................................................................... 5 Chikungunya Ecology and Transmission ....................................... 6 Chikungunya Clinical Disease and Case Management ............... 7 Chikungunya Laboratory Testing .................................................. 8 Chikungunya Case Definitions ...................................................... 9 Chikungunya Case Classification Algorithm ............................... 11 II: DENGUE .............................................................................................................. 12 Dengue Ecology and Transmission .............................................. 14 Dengue Clinical Disease and Case Management ...................... 14 Dengue Laboratory Testing ......................................................... 17 Dengue Case Definitions ............................................................ 19 Dengue Case Classification Algorithm ....................................... 23 III: ZIKA .................................................................................................................. -
Chikungunya Fever: Epidemiology, Clinical Syndrome, Pathogenesis
Antiviral Research 99 (2013) 345–370 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Antiviral Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/antiviral Review Chikungunya fever: Epidemiology, clinical syndrome, pathogenesis and therapy ⇑ Simon-Djamel Thiberville a,b, , Nanikaly Moyen a,b, Laurence Dupuis-Maguiraga c,d, Antoine Nougairede a,b, Ernest A. Gould a,b, Pierre Roques c,d, Xavier de Lamballerie a,b a UMR_D 190 ‘‘Emergence des Pathologies Virales’’ (Aix-Marseille Univ. IRD French Institute of Research for Development EHESP French School of Public Health), Marseille, France b University Hospital Institute for Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine, Marseille, France c CEA, Division of Immuno-Virologie, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France d UMR E1, University Paris Sud 11, Orsay, France article info abstract Article history: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the aetiological agent of the mosquito-borne disease chikungunya fever, a Received 7 April 2013 debilitating arthritic disease that, during the past 7 years, has caused immeasurable morbidity and some Revised 21 May 2013 mortality in humans, including newborn babies, following its emergence and dispersal out of Africa to the Accepted 18 June 2013 Indian Ocean islands and Asia. Since the first reports of its existence in Africa in the 1950s, more than Available online 28 June 2013 1500 scientific publications on the different aspects of the disease and its causative agent have been pro- duced. Analysis of these publications shows that, following a number of studies in the 1960s and 1970s, Keywords: and in the absence of autochthonous cases in developed countries, the interest of the scientific commu- Chikungunya virus nity remained low. -
Week 16: 12-18 April 2021
WEEKLY BULLETIN ON OUTBREAKS AND OTHER EMERGENCIES Week 16: 12-18 April 2021 Data as reported by: 17:00; 18 April 2021 REGIONAL OFFICE FOR Africa WHO Health Emergencies Programme 0 114 101 13 New event Ongoing events Outbreaks Humanitarian crises 119 642 3 155 Algeria ¤ 36 13 110 0 5 694 170 Mauritania 7 2 13 070 433 110 0 7 0 Niger 17 129 453 Mali 3 491 10 567 0 6 0 2 079 4 4 706 169 Eritrea Cape Verde 39 782 1 091 Chad Senegal 5 074 189 61 0 Gambia 27 0 3 0 20 466 191 973 5 Guinea-Bissau 847 17 7 0 Burkina Faso 236 49 242 028 3 370 0 164 233 2 061 Guinea 13 129 154 12 38 397 1 3 712 66 1 1 23 12 Benin 30 0 Nigeria 1 873 72 0 Ethiopia 540 2 481 5 6 188 15 Sierra Leone Togo 3 473 296 61 731 919 52 14 Ghana 5 787 75 Côte d'Ivoire 10 473 114 14 484 479 63 0 40 0 Liberia 17 0 South Sudan Central African Republic 916 2 45 0 97 17 25 0 21 612 260 45 560 274 91 709 771 Cameroon 7 0 28 676 137 5 330 13 151 653 2 481 655 2 43 0 119 12 6 1 488 6 4 028 79 12 533 7 259 106 Equatorial Guinea Uganda 542 8 Sao Tome and Principe 32 11 2 066 85 41 378 338 Kenya Legend 7 611 95 Gabon Congo 2 012 73 Rwanda Humanitarian crisis 2 275 35 23 888 325 Measles 21 858 133 Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 084 137 Burundi 3 612 6 Monkeypox Ebola virus disease Seychelles 28 956 745 235 0 420 29 United Republic of Tanzania Lassa fever Skin disease of unknown etiology 190 0 4875 25 509 21 Cholera Yellow fever 1 349 5 6 257 229 24 389 561 cVDPV2 Dengue fever 90 918 1 235 Comoros Angola Malawi COVID-19 Chikungunya 33 941 1 138 862 0 3 815 146 Zambia 133 0 Mozambique -
Antibody-Mediated Enhancement Aggravates Chikungunya Virus
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Antibody-mediated enhancement aggravates chikungunya virus infection and disease severity Received: 14 July 2017 Fok-Moon Lum 1,2, Thérèse Couderc3,4, Bing-Shao Chia1,8, Ruo-Yan Ong1,9, Zhisheng Her1,10, Accepted: 17 January 2018 Angela Chow5, Yee-Sin Leo5, Yiu-Wing Kam1, Laurent Rénia1, Marc Lecuit 3,4,6 & Published: xx xx xxxx Lisa F. P. Ng1,2,7 The arthropod-transmitted chikungunya virus (CHIKV) causes a fu-like disease that is characterized by incapacitating arthralgia. The re-emergence of CHIKV and the continual risk of new epidemics have reignited research in CHIKV pathogenesis. Virus-specifc antibodies have been shown to control virus clearance, but antibodies present at sub-neutralizing concentrations can also augment virus infection that exacerbates disease severity. To explore this occurrence, CHIKV infection was investigated in the presence of CHIKV-specifc antibodies in both primary human cells and a murine macrophage cell line, RAW264.7. Enhanced attachment of CHIKV to the primary human monocytes and B cells was observed while increased viral replication was detected in RAW264.7 cells. Blocking of specifc Fc receptors (FcγRs) led to the abrogation of these observations. Furthermore, experimental infection in adult mice showed that animals had higher viral RNA loads and endured more severe joint infammation in the presence of sub-neutralizing concentrations of CHIKV-specifc antibodies. In addition, CHIKV infection in 11 days old mice under enhancing condition resulted in higher muscles viral RNA load detected and death. These observations provide the frst evidence of antibody-mediated enhancement in CHIKV infection and pathogenesis and could also be relevant for other important arboviruses such as Zika virus. -
Dengue Fever/Severe Dengue Fever/Chikungunya Fever! Report on Suspicion of Infection During Business Hours
Dengue Fever/Severe Dengue Fever/Chikungunya Fever! Report on suspicion of infection during business hours PROTOCOL CHECKLIST Enter available information into Merlin upon receipt of initial report Review background information on the disease (see Section 2), case definitions (see Section 3 for dengue and for chikungunya), and laboratory testing (see Section 4) Forward specimens to the Florida Department of Health (DOH) Bureau of Public Health Laboratories (BPHL) for confirmatory laboratory testing (as needed) Inform local mosquito control personnel of suspected chikungunya or dengue case as soon as possible (if applicable) Inform state Arbovirus Surveillance Coordinator on suspicion of locally acquired arbovirus infection Contact provider (see Section 5A) Interview case-patient Review disease facts (see Section 2) Mode of transmission Ask about exposure to relevant risk factors (see Section 5. Case Investigation) History of travel, outdoor activities, and mosquito bites two weeks prior to onset History of febrile illness or travel for household members or other close contacts in the month prior to onset History of previous arbovirus infection or vaccination (yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis) Provide education on transmission and prevention (see Section 6) Awareness of mosquito-borne diseases Drain standing water at least weekly to stop mosquitoes from multiplying Discard items that collect water and are not being used Cover skin with clothing or Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered repellent such as DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) Use permethrin on clothing (not skin) according to manufacturer’s directions Cover doors and windows with intact screens to keep mosquitoes out of the house Enter additional data obtained from interview into Merlin (see Section 5D) Arrange for a convalescent specimen to be taken (if necessary) Dengue/Chikungunya Guide to Surveillance and Investigation Dengue Fever/Severe Dengue/Chikungunya 1. -
Mapping of Child Protection Accountability Mechanisms in Armed Conflict in Africa
1 LIST OF ACRONYMS Save the Children Somalia MAPPING OF CHILD PROTECTION ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS IN ARMED CONFLICT IN AFRICA SAVE THE CHILDREN 1 MAPPING OF CHILD PROTECTION ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS IN ARMED CONFLICT IN AFRICA ARMED CONFLICT IN MECHANISMS IN ACCOUNTABILITY MAPPING OF CHILD PROTECTION Save the Children Somalia 2 SAVE THE CHILDREN Save the Children is the world’s leading independent organisation for children. Save the Children works in more than 120 countries. We save children’s lives. We fight for their rights. We help them fulfil their potential. 1 LIST OF ACRONYMS Our vision A world in which every child attains the right to survival, protection, development and participation. Our mission To inspire breakthroughs in the way the world treats children and to achieve immediate and lasting change in their lives. We will stay true to our values of accountability, ambition, collaboration, creativity and integrity. Published by: Save the Children International East and Southern Africa Regional Office Regional Programming Unit Protecting Children in Conflict P.O. Box 19423-00202 Nairobi, Kenya Cellphone: +254 711 090 000 [email protected] www.savethechildren.net Save the Children East & Southern Africa Region SaveTheChildren E&SA @ESASavechildren https://www.youtube.com/channel/ UCYafJ7mw4EutPvYSkpnaruQ Project Lead: Anthony Njoroge Technical Lead: Fiona Otieno Reviewers: Simon Kadima, Joram Kibigo, Maryline Njoroge, Alexandra Chege, Mory Camara, Måns Welander, Anta Fall, Liliane Coulibaly, and Rita Kirema. © Save the Children International August 2019 Photos: Save the Children SAVE THE CHILDREN 3 Save the Children is the world’s leading independent organisation for children. Save the Children works in more than 120 countries. -
Dengue Fever in Senegal 6 - 7 Ongoing Events Ebola Virus Disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Humanitarian Crisis in Cameroon
Overview Contents This Weekly Bulletin focuses on selected acute public health emergencies occurring in the WHO African Region. The WHO Health Emergencies Programme is currently monitoring 58 events in the region. This week’s edition covers key new and ongoing events, including: 2 Overview Hepatitis E in Central African Republic 3 - 5 New events Monkeypox in Central African Republic Dengue fever in Senegal 6 - 7 Ongoing events Ebola virus disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Humanitarian crisis in Cameroon. 8 Summary of major issues challenges and For each of these events, a brief description, followed by public health proposed actions measures implemented and an interpretation of the situation is provided. 9 All events currently A table is provided at the end of the bulletin with information on all new and being monitored ongoing public health events currently being monitored in the region, as well as events that have recently been closed. Major issues and challenges include: The Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has reached a critical juncture, marked by a precarious security situation, persistence of pockets of community resistance/ mistrust and expanding geographical spread of the disease. During the reporting week, there was an incident involving a response team performing burial activity in Butembo. This came barely days following a widespread community strike (“ville morte”) in Beni and several towns, and an earlier armed attack in Beni. These incidents severely disrupted most outbreak control interventions. Meanwhile, EVD cases have been confirmed in new areas with worse insecurity and in close proximity to the border with Uganda. -
To Ebola Reston
WHO/HSE/EPR/2009.2 WHO experts consultation on Ebola Reston pathogenicity in humans Geneva, Switzerland 1 April 2009 EPIDEMIC AND PANDEMIC ALERT AND RESPONSE WHO experts consultation on Ebola Reston pathogenicity in humans Geneva, Switzerland 1 April 2009 © World Health Organization 2009 All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distin- guished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either express or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use. This publication contains the collective views of an international group of experts and does not necessarily represent the decisions or the policies of the World Health Organization. -
Prevent Dengue & Chikungunya
Prevent Dengue & Chikungunya WHO Myanmar newsletter special, 9 September 2019 What is dengue? Dengue situation in Myanmar Dengue is one of the most common mosquito- Cases and deaths 2015-2019 borne viral infections. The infection is spread from one person to another through the bite of infectious mosquitoes, either Aedes aegypti or Aedes albopictus. There are 4 distinct types of dengue virus, called DEN-1, DEN-2, DEN-3 and DEN-4. Dengue can be mild, as in most cases, or severe, as in few cases. It can cause serious illness and death among children. In Myanmar, July to August is peak season for transmission of dengue - coinciding with monsoon. How every one of us can help prevent dengue source: VBDC, Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health & Sports, 2019 z community awareness for mosquito breeding As shown above, dengue is cyclical in Myanmar, control is key alternating annually, as is the case in many countries. z cover, empty and clean domestic water storage At the same time, the number of dengue cases, and containers -- weekly is best deaths due to denge, over the period 2015 to 2018, z remove from the environment plastic bottles, both show a decreasing trend overall. plastic bags, fruit cans, discarded tyres -- for these are preferred mosquito breeding sites by Examples of how national and local authorities aedes aegypti (depicted) and aedes albopictus contribute z drain water collection points around the house z providing support for dengue management at z seek advice of a health professional if you have health facilities. multiple signs or symptoms of dengue z strengthening online reporting of dengue, How to recognize dengue? what are signs and using electronic based information system. -
Weekly Bulletin on Outbreaks
WEEKLY BULLETIN ON OUTBREAKS AND OTHER EMERGENCIES Week 18: 26 April to 2 May 2021 Data as reported by: 17:00; 2 May 2021 REGIONAL OFFICE FOR Africa WHO Health Emergencies Programme 1 130 116 13 New event Ongoing events Outbreaks Humanitarian crises 64 0 122 522 3 270 Algeria ¤ 36 13 612 0 5 901 175 Mauritania 7 2 13 915 489 110 0 7 0 Niger 18 448 455 Mali 3 671 10 567 0 6 0 2 079 4 4 828 170 Eritrea Cape Verde 40 433 1 110 Chad Senegal 5 074 189 61 0 Gambia 27 0 3 0 24 368 224 1 069 5 Guinea-Bissau 847 17 7 0 Burkina Faso 236 49 258 384 3 726 0 165 167 2 063 Guinea 13 319 157 12 3 736 67 1 1 23 12 Benin 30 0 Nigeria 1 873 72 0 Ethiopia 540 2 556 5 6 188 15 Sierra Leone Togo 3 473 296 52 14 Ghana 70 607 1 064 6 411 88 Côte d'Ivoire 10 583 115 14 484 479 65 0 40 0 Liberia 17 0 South Sudan Central African Republic 1 029 2 49 0 97 17 25 0 22 333 268 46 150 287 92 683 779 Cameroon 7 0 28 676 137 843 20 3 1 160 422 2 763 655 2 91 0 123 12 6 1 488 6 4 057 79 13 010 7 694 112 Equatorial Guinea Uganda 1 0 542 8 Sao Tome and Principe 32 11 2 066 85 41 973 342 Kenya Legend 7 821 99 Gabon Congo 2 012 73 Rwanda Humanitarian crisis 2 310 35 25 253 337 Measles 23 075 139 Democratic Republic of the Congo 11 016 147 Burundi 4 046 6 Monkeypox Ebola virus disease Seychelles 29 965 768 235 0 420 29 United Republic of Tanzania Lassa fever Skin disease of unknown etiology 191 0 5 941 26 509 21 Cholera Yellow fever 63 1 6 257 229 26 993 602 cVDPV2 Dengue fever 91 693 1 253 Comoros Angola Malawi COVID-19 Leishmaniasis 34 096 1 148 862 0 3 840 146 Zambia 133 -
Ebola Virus Disease and Clinical Care Part I: History, Transmission, and Clinical Presentation
Ebola Virus Disease and Clinical Care Part I: History, Transmission, and Clinical Presentation This lecture is on Ebola virus disease (EVD) and clinical care. This is part one of a three-part lecture on this topic. Preparing Healthcare Workers to Work in Ebola Treatment Units (ETUs) in Africa This lecture will focus on EVD in the West African setting. Ebola Virus Disease and Clinical Care: The training and information you receive in this course will Part I: History, Transmission, and Clinical not cover the use of certain interventions such as intubation Presentation or dialysis which are not available in West African Ebola Treatment Units (ETUs). You will need supplemental training This presentation is current as of December 2014. This presentation contains materials from Centers for Disease Control and to care for patients appropriately in countries where advanced Prevention (CDC), Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), and World Health Organization (WHO). care is available. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention version 12.03.2014 The learning objectives for this lecture are to: Learning Objectives ▶ Describe the routes of Ebola virus transmission Describe the routes of Ebola virus transmission Explain when and how patients are infectious ▶ Explain when and how patients are infectious Describe the clinical features of patients with Ebola ▶ Describe screening criteria for Ebola virus disease Describe the clinical features of patients with Ebola (EVD) used in West Africa Explain how to identify patients with suspected ▶ Describe screening criteria for EVD used in West Africa EVD who present to the ETU ▶ Explain how to identify patients with suspected EVD who present to the ETU This presentation contains materials from CDC, MSF, and WHO 2 A number of different viruses cause viral hemorrhagic fever. -
Senegal Country Development Cooperation Strategy Original Dates: April 2, 2012 – April 2, 2017 Extended Through: April 2, 2019 Extended On: May 4, 2017
SENEGAL COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION STRATEGY ORIGINAL DATES: APRIL 2, 2012 – APRIL 2, 2017 EXTENDED THROUGH: APRIL 2, 2019 EXTENDED ON: MAY 4, 2017 May 2017 This publication was produced by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by USAID/Senegal. SENEGAL COUNTRY DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION STRATEGY ORIGINAL DATES: APRIL 2, 2012 – APRIL 2, 2017 EXTENDED THROUGH: APRIL 2, 2019 EXTENDED ON: MAY 4, 2017 1 CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................................................................................................. 2 ACRONYMS ................................................................................................................................................ 3 1. DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ....................................... 5 2. USAID/SENEGAL DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES ........................................................................ 10 3. MONITORING, EVALUATION AND LEARNING ........................................................................ 39 ANNEX A. M&E TABLE .......................................................................................................................... 43 2 ACRONYMS Abbreviations and acronyms have been kept to a minimum in the text of this document. Where abbreviations or acronyms have been used, they are accompanied by their full expression the first time they appear, unless they are commonly used and generally understood abbreviations such as NGO, kg., etc. However, in order to