DISEASE CAUSATIVE PRINCIPAL ANIMALS KNOWN PROBABLE MEANS OF ORGANISM INVOLVED DISTRIBUTION SPREAD TO MAN

BACTERIAL DISEASES Anthrax Bacillus anthracis Cattle, sheep, goats, Worldwide; Occupational horses, wild common in Africa, exposure; food-borne herbivorous animals Asia, South in Africa, Russia, and America, eastern Asia; occasionally Europe wounds or insect bites; rarely airborne Borreliosis Borrelia spp Rodents Worldwide Soft ticks (Ornithodoros spp) Lyme disease B. burgdorferi Deer, wild rodents Worldwide Hard ticks (Ixodes spp) Relapsing fever B. recurrentis No animal reservoir Epidemic Crushing infected lice Louseborne or for the transmitting epidemic lice Tick-borne or Wild rodents Epidemic Tick bites endemic Brucellosis Brucella abortus Cattle, bison, elk, Worldwide, except Occupational and caribou North America recreational exposure B. melitensis Goats, sheep Worldwide Milk, cheese, contact B. suis Swine, caribou Northern Rarely airborne hemisphere B. canis Dogs, coyotes Rare Capnocytophaga Capnocytophaga Dogs, cats USA Bites or scratches infection canimorsus, C. cynodegmi Campylobacter Campylobacter jejuni Domestic animals, Worldwide Mainly food-borne, enteritis dogs, cats, poultry, milk, waterborne; wild birds occupational; exposure to infected dogs and cats C. coli Nonhuman primates, Common laboratory animals, domestic pigs Cat scratch disease Bartonella Cats Worldwide Scratches, bites, (Rochalimaea) “licks” henselae, B. quintana Clostridial diseases Clostridium Domestic animals Worldwide Food-borne; (See also tetanus, perfringens, type A occasionally wound below.) contaminant C. septicum, C. novyi Domestic and wild Worldwide Wound infection animals Coliform diseases Escherichia coli Cattle, man North and South Ingestion of Enterohemorrhagic 0157:H7; also America, Europe, undercooked ground Escherichia coli implicated are types South Africa, beef, or foods or infections 026:H11, 0111:H8, Japan, Australia water contaminated (Enterotoxigenic, 0104:H21, and with bovine feces enteroinvasive, 048:H21 enteropathogenic, and enteroaggressive strains are not considered zoonotic.) Erysipeloid Erysipelothrix Swine, turkeys, Worldwide Occupational and rhusiopathiae pigeons, sea recreational exposure mammals, fish Glanders Pseudomonas mallei Equids Rare except for Occupational some regions in exposure Asia Leptospirosis Leptospira Domestic and wild Worldwide Occupational and interrogans (200 animals, common in recreational serovars) in 23 rodents, dogs exposure; water- and serogroups food-borne Leprosy Mycobacterium leprae Armadillos Southern Texas Transmission of and Louisiana animal leprosy to man suspected Listeriosis Listeria Numerous animals, Worldwide Food-borne among monocytogenes types birds domestic animals by 1/2a, 1/2b, 4b ensilage and hay; raw contaminated milk, cheese, mud, water, and vegetables are infectious; nosocomial infection in hospitals and institutions Melioidosis Pseudomonas Rodents, sheep, Asia, Africa, Wound infection and (Pseudoglanders) pseudomallei goats, horses, swine, Australia, South ingestion; organisms nonhuman primates, America, USA; rare live in soil and kangaroos, zoo surface water animals Mycobacteriosis Mycobacterium Many species of Worldwide Rare; reported in avium-intracellulare animals, some birds AIDS patients complex Mycobacteria other Cattle, other Worldwide than tuberculosis ruminants Mycobacterium Cattle, occasionally Worldwide Being investigated as paratuberculosis sheep and other cause of Crohn's ruminants disease; ingestion exposure Pasteurellosis Pasteurella multocida Many species of Worldwide Wounds, scratches, and other species animals, birds bites Plague Yersinia pestis Rodents, cats, Foci in Western Fleas, aerosols, rabbits, squirrels, USA, South handling infected related animals America, Asia, animals Africa; rare Psittacosis and Chlamydia psittaci Parakeets, pigeons, Worldwide; Exposure to aerosols Ornithosis parrots, turkeys, common ducks, geese, etc; other isolates in cattle, sheep, goats, opossums, etc, rarely cause disease in man Rat bite fever Streptobacillus Rodents Worldwide; rare Bites of rodents; moniliformis water- or food-borne Spirillum minus Asia Salmonellosis Salmonella spp Poultry, swine, cattle, Worldwide; Food-borne infection, (2000 serotypes, 200 horses, dogs, cats, common especially in the seen in the USA) wild mammals and elderly, infants, or birds, reptiles, immunosuppressed; amphibians, occupational and crustaceans recreational exposure Streptococcal Streptococcus Cattle (S. agalactiae), Worldwide Ingestion especially infections pyogenes, other swine (S. suis), of raw milk; direct group A streptococci, horses (S. equi), contact uncommonly groups occasionally other B-G animals Tetanus Clostridium tetani Principally herbivores, Worldwide Wound infection and but all animals may injections be carriers Tuberculosis (See also Mycobacterium bovis Cattle, rarely other Worldwide; rare in Ingestion, inhalation, mycobacteriosis, animals USA, Canada, occupational above.) Europe exposure M tuberculosis Monkeys, other Worldwide Exposure to animals nonhuman primates, infected with human rarely dogs, cats, and type tuberculosis other domestic animals Tularemia Francisella tularensis Wild animals, rabbits, Circumpolar in Occupational and Type A virulent, type rodents, cats, sheep America, Europe, recreational B less virulent Asia exposure; insect bites; ingestion; inhalation Vibrio food infection Vibrio Marine shellfish Pacific basin, warm Ingestion parahaemolyticus shores of Asia (Kanagawa phenomenon) V. vulnificus, other Australia, North Ingestion; wound noncholera vibrios America infection V. cholerae - Crabs, shrimp, Worldwide except Ingestion nonagglutinating mussels Europe; epidemic types in some developing countries Yersiniosis Yersinia Animals and birds Temperate zones Ingestion; pseudotuberculosis recreational exposure (6 serotypes) Y. enterocolitica Domestic animals (50 serotypes) especially pigs, dogs, cats RICKETTSIAL DISEASES Boutonneuse fever Rickettsia conorii, Dogs, rodents, other Europe, Asia, Africa Bite of infected ticks Rickettsia spp animals Ehrlichiosis Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Deer USA Japan Ticks Sennetsu fever E. sennetsu Rodents Murine typhus Rickettsia typhi (R. Rats, cats, opossums Worldwide Infected rodent fleas, mooseri) and related possibly cat fleas species North Asian tick-borne Rickettsia siberica Wild rodents Siberia, Mongolia, Bite of infected ticks rickettsiosis China Q fever Coxiella burnetii Sheep, cattle, goats, Worldwide; Mainly airborne; cats, other mammals common exposure to placenta; occasionally ticks and milk Queensland tick Rickettsia australis Bandicoots, rodents Australia Bite of infected typhus Ixodes tick Rickettsial pox Rickettsia akari Mice Eastern USA, Bite of infected Africa, Russia; rare rodent mites, Liponyssoides spp Rocky Mountain Rickettsia rickettsii Rabbits, field mice, Western Bite of infected ticks spotted fever dogs hemisphere or their crushing on the skin of Dermacentor variabilis , D andersoni Scrub typhus Rickettsia Rodents “Typhus islands” in Bite of infected larval tsutsugamushi and Asia, Australia, trombiculid mites related species East Indies Typhus Rickettsia prowazekii Flying squirrels Eastern USA Squirrel fleas or ticks suspected FUNGAL DISEASES Aspergillosis Aspergillus spp Birds and mammals; Worldwide; Environmental Allergic principally sporadic exposure bronchopulmonary environmental in aspergillosis decaying vegetation or grains Blastomycosis Blastomyces Dogs, cats, horses, Worldwide Environmental dermatitidis sea mammals; exposure; also principally reported by animal environmental in exposure moist soil Candidiasis (Moniliasis) Candida spp Principally human Worldwide Direct contact; often reservoirs, endogenous in man occasionally by birds and mammals Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioides immitis Cattle, sheep, horses, Southwestern USA, Environmental dogs, wild cats, Mexico, Central and exposure desert rodents, other South America animals; principally environmental in specific arid foci Cryptococcosis Cryptococcus Pigeons, mammals; Worldwide Environmental neoformans principally exposure, especially environmental pigeon nests Dermatophilosis Dermatophilus Cattle, horses, deer, Worldwide Contact; arthropod congolensis sheep, other vectors mammals Histoplasmosis Histoplasma Dogs; principally Worldwide Environmental capsulatum environmental in river exposure valleys Nocardiosis Nocardia asteroides, Cattle, dogs, other Worldwide Environmental N. brasiliensis, N. mammals, fish; exposure caviae principally environmental in decomposing organic matter Rhinosporidiosis Rhinosporidium Horses, cattle, mules, Worldwide, Environmental seeberi dogs, and birds; endemic in South exposure unidentified Asia environmental reservoirs Ringworm Microsporum, Dogs, cats, cattle, Worldwide Direct contact with (Dermatophytosis) Trichophyton, and rodents, other infected animals and Epidermophyton spp animals fomites Sporotrichosis Sporothrix schenckii Horses, other Worldwide Occupational contact, domestic and including with animals laboratory animals, birds; primarily environmental in vegetation (moss) and wood PARASITIC DISEASES & PROTOZOAN DISEASES Babesiosis Babesia microti, B. Wild rodents, cattle Worldwide; rare Bites of infected bovis Ixodes ticks B. divergens Cattle, other Europe mammals Balantidiasis Balantidium coli Swine, rats, Worldwide; low Ingestion, especially nonhuman primates incidence of water Chagas’ disease Trypanosoma cruzi Dogs, cats, bats, Western Fecal material of (American rodents, armadillos, hemisphere, Texas, triatoma bug, trypanosomiasis) wild and domestic Mexico, Central and including Reduviidae animals South America (also called cone- nosed, kissing, or assassin bug); contaminates bite wounds, abrasions, or mucous membranes Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidium Cattle, other animals Worldwide Occupational contact; parvum ingestion; waterborne Giardiasis Giardia lamblia Beavers, porcupines, Worldwide; Water and less often dogs, other animals common food; person to person Leishmaniasis Leishmania donovani Wild canids and dogs Southern Asia, Bite of infected Visceral (Kala-azar) and other species South America, phlebotomine Africa sandflies Cutaneous and L. tropica, L. Canids, marsupials, mucosal braziliensis complex sloths, wild mammals, rodents Malaria of nonhuman At least 20 species of Monkeys, Tropical Americas, Anopheline primates Plasmodium chimpanzees Asia, Africa mosquitoes Pneumocystis Pneumocystis carinii Rodents, dogs, cats, Worldwide; Environmental pneumonia (human strain) cattle (animal strains) common in AIDS exposure patients Sarcocystosis Sarcocystis Swine Worldwide Ingestion of raw pork (Sarcosporidiosis) suihominis S. hominis Cattle Ingestion of raw beef Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Mammals, especially Worldwide; Ingestion of oocysts cats, food animals, common shed in feces of birds infected cats or found in meat or raw milk Trypanosomiasis Trypanosoma brucei, Wild and domestic Africa; common Bite of infected tsetse (African sleeping T. brucei rhodesiense, dogs, ruminants, fly sickness) T. brucei gambiense hyenas, carnivores (Glossina spp) TREMATODE (FLUKE) DISEASES Clonorchiasis Clonorchis sinensis Dogs, cats, swine, Asia Ingestion of raw or (Chinese liver fluke) rats, wild animals partially cooked infected freshwater fish Dicrocoeliasis Dicrocoelium Ruminants Worldwide Ingestion of infected dendriticum ants D. hospes Ruminants Africa Echinostomiasis Echinostoma Cats, dogs, rodents, Asia Ingestion of uncooked ilocanum and other fish fish or shellfish Echinostoma spp Fascioliasis Fasciola hepatica Cattle, sheep, other Worldwide Ingestion of large ruminants (e.g., contaminated greens, water buffalo) e.g., watercress F. gigantica Africa and western Pacific Fasciolopsiasis Fasciolopsis buski Swine, dogs Asian pig-raising Ingestion of raw regions tubers and nuts of aquatic plants Gastrodiscoidiasis Gastrodiscoides Swine, rats Asia Snails (metacercariae hominis encyst on plants) Heterophyiasis Heterophyes and Cats, dogs, foxes, Nile delta, Turkey, Ingestion of other heterophids fish-eating birds the Far East undercooked fish Metagonimiasis Metagonimus Cats, dogs, other Asia, Europe, Ingestion of yokogawai fish-eating mammals, Siberia undercooked fish fish Nanophyetiasis Troglotrema Dogs, fish-eating North America, Ingestion of salmincola mammals, fish Siberia undercooked fish Opisthorchiasis Opisthorchis felineus Cats, dogs, foxes, Eastern Europe, Ingestion of uncooked (Cat liver fluke) swine Asia, Siberia fish containing encysted larva O. viverrini Dogs, cats, fish- Thailand, Laos Ingestion of (Small liver fluke) eating mammals undercooked fish containing encysted larva Amphimerus Dogs, cats, coyotes, USA, Central and Undetermined pseudofelineus opossums South America Paragonimiasis Paragonimus Dogs, cats, swine, China, India, Ingestion of raw or (Lung fluke disease) westermani, wild carnivores Burma, Africa, partially cooked, P. africanus, P. tropical America infected freshwater mexicanus and other crustaceans species Schistosomiasis Schistosoma Cattle, buffalo, swine, Southeast Asia, Penetration of (Bilharziasis) japonicum dogs, cats, rodents China, Philippines unbroken skin by cercariae larva from infected snails in water S. hematobium People are the only Africa, the Middle reservoir East S. mansoni Baboons, rodents, Africa, Arabia, cattle, dogs tropical America S. mattbeei Cattle Southern Africa S. mekongi Dogs, monkeys Southeast Asia Swimmer's itch Schistosome Birds, mammals Worldwide Penetration of cercariae unbroken skin by cercariae from infected snails in fresh and salt water CESTODE (TAPEWORM) DISEASES Bertielliasis Bertiella studeri, Primates, oribatid Asia, South Ingestion of infected B. mucronata mites America, Africa arthropods Coenuriasis Taenia multiceps Definitive hosts of all Worldwide in Ingestion of species are other scattered foci tapeworm eggs in canids, sheep, other canine feces herbivores T. serialis Lagomorphs Africa, Europe, USA; rare T. brauni Wild rodents Africa Diphyllobothriasis Diphyllobothrium Man, dogs, bears, Worldwide Ingestion of raw or (Fish tapeworm latum fish-eating animals, partially cooked infection) (Dibothriocephalus freshwater fish infected fish latus), Diphyllobothrium pacificum Dipylidiasis Dipylidium caninum Dogs, cats, fleas Worldwide Ingestion of dog or (Dog tapeworm cat fleas infection) Echinococcosis Echinococcus Dogs, sheep, cattle, Worldwide Ingestion of granulosus swine, rodents, deer tapeworm eggs E. multilocularis Foxes, microtine Alaska, Canada, Ingestion of rodents, coyotes, Asia, Europe tapeworm eggs dogs, wolves, cats, voles, lemmings, shrews E. vogeli Bush and hunting Central and South Ingestion of dogs, agouti, pacas, America tapeworm eggs spiny rats Hymenolepiasis Hymenolepis nana Man, rodents Worldwide Ingestion of (Dwarf tapeworm tapeworm eggs or infection) infected insects Inermicapsifer Inermicapsifer Rodents Africa, southeast Ingestion of infected infection madagascariensis Asia, tropical arthropods America Mouse or rat Hymenolepis nana, Rats, mice Worldwide Ingestion of tapeworm H. diminuta cysticercoids in fleas, mealworms, etc, in food Pork tapeworm disease Taenia solium Swine, man Worldwide where Ingestion of swine are reared undercooked pork (rare in USA, containing Canada, UK, Cysticercus Scandinavia) cellulosae; direct or autogenous transmission of T solium ova in man may lead to cysticercosis Asian taeniasis Taenia saginata Domestic and wild East and southeast Ingestion of taiwanensis pigs, cattle, monkeys Asia undercooked meat Raillietina infection Raillietina spp Birds, mammals Tropical America, Ingestion of infected east Asia, arthropods Australia, Africa Sparganosis Spirometra spp Monkeys, cats, pigs, Worldwide; Ingestion of infected (pseudophyllidean dogs, weasels, rats, common cyclops or raw tapeworms, second chickens, snakes, infected animal flesh larval stage) frogs, mice Taeniasis (Beef Taenia saginata Cattle, water buffalo Worldwide Ingestion of tapeworm disease) undercooked meat and Cysticercosis containing Cysticercus bovis NEMATODES (WORM) DISEASES Angiostrongyliasis Angiostrongylus Cotton rats, slugs Central and South Ingestion of slugs or (Visceral larva costaricensis America, USA, east plants contaminated migrans) and southeast Asia by their secretions A. cantonensis Rats, snails, slugs Anisakiasis Larvae of Anisakis Marine invertebrates, Japan, Ingestion of (Visceral larva and Pseudoterranova fish, mammals Scandinavia, undercooked marine migrans) spp western South fish, squid, octopus America, western Europe, USA Capillariasis Hepatic capillariasis Capillaria hepatica Rodents, other wild Worldwide in Ingestion of and domestic animals scattered foci embryonated eggs in soil Intestinal capillariasis C. philippinensis Aquatic birds, Northern Ingestion of infected freshwater fish Philippines, fish Thailand, east Asia, and Egypt Pulmonary capillariasis C. aerophila Dogs, cats, other Worldwide Ingestion of infective carnivores eggs in soil or contaminated food Dioctophymosis Dioctophyma renale Dogs, mink, other Europe, Asia, North Ingestion of infected (Giant kidney worm carnivores, frogs and South fish or frog's liver and infection) America; rare mesentery Dracunculiasis Dracunculus Man Asia and Africa; Ingestion of infected (Guinea worm medinensis common cyclops in water infection) D. insignis Raccoons, mink, dogs North America Ingestion of frogs and other paratenic hosts Dirofilariasis Dirofilaria immitis Dogs, cats, raccoons, Worldwide Bites of infected bears, mosquitoes mosquitoes Malayan filariasis Brugia malayi Cats, other Asia; common Bites of infected carnivores, monkeys, mosquitoes mosquitoes Tropical eosinophilia Brugia pahangi Gnathostomiasis Gnathostoma Dogs, cats, wild East Asia, India, Ingestion of infected spinigerum carnivores, copepods, Australia fish or poultry freshwater fish Gongylonemiasis Gongylonema Ruminants, domestic Worldwide; rare Ingestion of infected pulchrum and wild swine, other arthropods mammals; beetles Larva migrans, Ancylostoma Cats, dogs, wild Worldwide in Contact with infective cutaneous (See also braziliense, carnivores tropics and larvae that penetrate gnathostomiasis, A. caninum subtropics; skin above.) common Strongyloides Cats, dogs, sheep, Worldwide in Contact with infective stercoralis swine, etc tropics and larvae that penetrate subtropics; rare to skin common Larva migrans, visceral Toxocara canis and T. Dogs, cats Worldwide Ingestion of (See also cati embryonated eggs angiostrongyliasis and shed in feces of dogs anisakiasis, above.) and cats Baylisascaris Raccoons North America, Ingestion of procyonis Europe embryonated eggs in soil Oesophagostomiasis Oesophagostomum Primates Asia, Africa, South Ingestion of infective Ternidensiasis spp America larvae in soil Ternidens diminutus Strongyloidiasis Strongyloides Dogs, cats, foxes, Worldwide; rare to Contact with infective stercoralis, primates common larvae that penetrate S. fuelleborni skin Thelaziasis Thelazia spp Dogs, cats, other East and south Infected insects domestic and wild Asia; rare animals, flies Trichinosis Trichinella spiralis Swine, rodents, Worldwide, Ingestion of either (Trichinellosis) and subspecies bears, wild especially subarctic pork or flesh of wild carnivores, marine region animals that contains mammals viable cysts Trichostrongyliasis Trichostrongylus spp Cattle, sheep, wild Worldwide Ingestion of infective ruminants larvae on plant foods or in soil Trichuriasis Trichuris trichiura and Man, other primates, Worldwide; Ingestion of (Whipworm infection) other Trichuris spp domestic and wild common embryonated eggs on canids, swine plant foods or in soil ACANTHOCEPHALIASIS Macracanthorhynchosis Macracanthorhynchus Domestic and wild Worldwide; Ingestion of infected hirudinaceus and pigs, squirrels, uncommon beetles other spp muskrats, arctic foxes, dogs, sea otters, crustaceans, fish ANNELID (LEECH) DISEASES Hirudiniasis Limnatis nilotica and Cattle, buffalo, Africa, Asia, Direct contact with other leeches horses, sheep, dogs, Europe, Chile leeches pigs ARTHROPOD DISEASES Acariasis (Mange) Mites of Sarcoptes, Domestic animals Worldwide Contact with infected Cheyletiella, individuals or Dermanyssus, and animals; Ornithonyssus spp contaminated clothing Myiasis Cochliomyia Mammals America Invasion of living hominivorax tissues by larvae (Screwworm) Chrysomyia bezziana Asia, Africa Cordylobia Africa anthropophaga (Tumbu fly) Cuterebra spp North America Dermatobia hominis South America, (human botfly) Mexico Gasterophilus spp Worldwide (equine botfly) Hypoderma lineatum North America, Europe Hypoderma bovis Asia, North Africa (warbles) Oestrus ovis, Worldwide Rhinoestrus purpurensis Wohlfahrtia spp North America, Europe, north Africa, Asia Pentastomid infections Linguatula serrata, Dogs, snakes, other Northern Ingestion of infected Armillifer spp (Tongue vertebrates hemisphere animal tissues worms) Worldwide Tick paralysis Envenomization of Various animals North America, Direct contact ticks Dermacentor Australia, South (attachment) with andersoni, Africa, Ethiopia tick D. variabilis and sometimes Ixodes, Haemaphysalis, Rhinocephalus, and Argas spp Tunga infections Tunga penetrans Man, dogs, pigs, Subtropical Africa, Contact with (Sand fleas, jiggers) other mammals Americas, south contaminated soil Asia VIRAL DISEASES African hemorrhagic Marburg and Ebola African green Central and Contact with infected fever viruses monkeys southern Africa tissues Filovirus infections Ebola-related Cynomolgus monkeys Southeast Asia Person to person Filoviruses Argentinean Junin virus Rodents Argentina Rodent excretions hemorrhagic fever (arenavirus) and secretions Bolivian hemorrhagic Machupo virus Rodents Bolivia Rodent excretions fever (arenavirus) Brazilian hemorrhagic Sabiá virus Rodents are Brazil Rodent excretions fever (arenavirus) suspected suspected; other aerosols California group California group of Ground squirrels, USA, Canada Bites of mosquitoes infections bunyaviruses other rodents (Aedes spp) LaCross encephalitis Tahyna fever Hares, rodents, other Europe, Africa mammals Central European tick- Central European Rodents, hedgehogs, Europe Bites of Ixodes ticks; borne encephalitis encephalitis virus birds, goats, sheep may be milk-borne (flavivirus) Colorado tick fever Colorado tick fever Ground squirrels, Western USA; Bites of ticks virus chipmunks, common (Dermacentor porcupines, small andersoni) rodents Contagious ecthyma Orf virus (parapox) Sheep, goats, wild Worldwide; Occupational (Orf) ruminants common exposure Cowpox Cowpox virus Cattle, rodents, cats, Worldwide; rare, Contact exposure zoo cats no recent cases Crimean-Congo Crimean-Congo Cattle, rodents, Southern Russia, Bites of ticks hemorrhagic fever hemorrhagic fever sheep, goats, hares, eastern Europe, (Hyalomma and virus (bunyavirus) birds Africa, the Middle Boophilus spp) East, Asia Eastern equine EEE virus (alphavirus) Wild birds, domestic Western Mosquitoes (Culiseta encephalomyelitis fowl, horses, mules, hemisphere melanura and Aedes donkeys spp) Encephalomyocarditis Encephalomyocarditis Rats, mice, squirrels, Worldwide Environmental virus (picornavirus) swine, nonhuman contamination primates Far eastern tick-borne Far eastern (Russian Birds, small Asia, Europe; rare Bites of ticks (Ixodes encephalitis (Russian spring-summer mammals, sheep persulcatus and spring-summer encephalitis) virus Ixodes ricinus) encephalitis) (flavivirus) Foot-and-mouth Foot-and-mouth Cattle, swine, related Europe, Asia, Contact exposure; disease disease virus cloven-hoofed Africa, South people quite resistant (aphthovirus types A, animals America but can be carriers O, C, SAT, and Asia) Hantaviral diseases Hantaviruses Rodents Worldwide Aerosols from rodent (bunyavirus) excretions and secretions Hantaviral pulmonary Sin Nombre virus Peromyscus spp, USA, may be more syndrome Black Creek Canal Sigmodon hispidus widespread virus Hemorrhagic fever Hemorrhagic fever Apodemus spp China, Siberia, with renal syndrome with renal syndrome Korea, Manchuria, (Korean hemorrhagic virus (Hantaan virus) Japan fever) Other hantaviral Dobrava virus Apodemus spp, Balkan countries diseases Pnumala virus Clethrionomys spp, Europe Seoul virus Rattus spp Worldwide Simian herpes B virus Simian B virus Old World monkeys; Worldwide; rare Bites of monkeys; disease cell cultures occupational exposure Influenza including Influenza virus Swine, ducks Worldwide; Contact exposure; type A (myxovirus) common animals rarely a (swine and equine) source Japanese B Japanese encephalitis Swine, wild birds, Asia, Pacific Islands Bites of mosquitoes encephalitis virus (flavivirus) horses from Japan to the (Culex Philippines tritaeniorhynchus, other Culex spp) Kyasanur forest Kyasanur forest virus Rodents, monkeys India Bites of ticks disease (flavivirus) (Haemaphysalis spinigera) Lassa fever Lassa virus Wild rodents Africa Rodent excretions (arenavirus) and secretions; contact in hospitals and laboratories Louping ill Louping ill virus Sheep, goats, grouse, Great Britain, Bites of ticks (Ixodes (flavivirus) small rodents Northern Ireland; ricinus) rare Lymphocytic Lymphocytic House mice, dogs, Worldwide Host excretions and choriomeningitis choriomeningitis virus monkeys, guinea secretions (arenavirus) pigs, hamsters Milker's nodules Pseudocowpox virus Cattle Worldwide; Occupational (Pseudocowpox) (parapoxvirus) common exposure Monkeypox Monkeypox virus Nonhuman primates West Africa; very Contact; aerosols rare Murray Valley Murray Valley Wild birds Australia, New Bites of mosquitoes encephalitis encephalitis virus Guinea; rare (Culex annulirostris) (flavivirus) Newcastle disease Newcastle disease Fowl, wild birds Worldwide; Occupational virus (Paramyxovirus) common exposure Omsk hemorrhagic Omsk hemorrhagic Rodents, muskrats Omsk, Siberia; rare Bites of ticks fever fever virus (flavivirus) (Dermacentor spp) Rabies and rabies- Lyssaviruses Wild and domestic Worldwide except Bites of diseased related infections Rabies virus canids, mustelidae, Australia, New animals; aerosols in Lyssaencephalitis Duvenhage virus viverridae, vampire Zealand, UK, closed environments Mokola virus and insectivorous Ireland, Ibadan shrew virus bats Scandinavia, Obodhiang virus Japan, Taiwan; many smaller islands are also free, including Hawaii Rift Valley fever Rift Valley fever virus Sheep, goats, cattle, Africa; common to Bites of mosquitoes (phlebovirus) camels rare (Aedes spp); contact on necropsy or handling fresh meat St. Louis encephalitis St. Louis encephalitis Wild birds, domestic Western Bites of mosquitoes virus (flavivirus) fowl hemisphere (Culex tarsalis, C. pipiens- quinquefasciatus complex, C. nigripalpus) Sindbis virus disease Sindbis virus Birds Eastern Bites of mosquitoes (alphavirus) hemisphere; rare (Culex spp) Ross River fever Ross River virus Undetermined Australia, South Bites of mosquitoes (alphavirus) Pacific Islands (Culex annulirostris and Aedes spp) Tanapox Tanapox virus Asian and African Asia, Africa, and in Contact; aerosols monkeys colonies of monkeys Venezuelan Gnanarito virus Rodents Venezuela Rodent excretions hemorrhagic fever (arenavirus) Venezuelan equine VEE virus (alphavirus) Rodents, equids Western Bites of mosquitoes encephalomyelitis hemisphere; (Monsonia, Aedes, common Culex spp) Vesicular stomatitis Vesicular stomatitis Swine, cattle, horses, North and South Contact exposure and virus (Indiana and bats, rodents, other America insect bites, including New Jersey strains) wild mammals mosquitoes and biting flies (Phlebotomus spp) Wesselsbron fever Wesselsbron virus Sheep Southern Africa, Bites of mosquitoes (flavivirus) southeast Asia (Aedes , Mansonia , Culex spp) West Nile fever West Nile virus Wild birds, horses Eastern Bites of mosquitoes (flavivirus) hemisphere; (Culex univittatus, C. common pipiens, C. modestus) Western equine WEE virus Wild birds, domestic Western and Mosquitoes (Culex encephalomyelitis (alphavirus) fowl, horses, mules, central USA, tarsalis in USA, other donkeys, bats, Canada, South Culex and Aedes spp reptiles, amphibians America outside USA) Yabapox Yabapox virus African monkeys Africa; rare Contact; aerosols Yellow fever Yellow fever virus Monkeys, baboons Tropical America, Bites of mosquitoes (flavivirus) Africa; sporadic (Aedes aegypti in urban cycles, Haemagogus spp in jungle cycles in South America, Aedes spp in jungle cycles in Africa)