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Introduction to the Arthropods
Ticks General Tick Biology Life cycle has 4 stages: egg, 6-legged larvae, 8-legged nymph, & adult Must consume blood from a host at every stage to develop – each stage must find a new host Pierces skin and attaches to host with mouthparts Feed on mammals, birds, & lizards Larvae & nymphs prefer smaller hosts Life cycle Hard ticks vs Soft ticks Harm to humans Direct injures 1. Irritation: sting, secondary infection, allergy 2. Tick paralysis: paralysis of the motor nerves --- cannot walk or stand, has difficulty in speaking, swallowing and breathing. Transmission of diseases Three medically important tick species American dog tick Blacklegged tick or deer tick Lone star tick. American Dog Tick: Diseases - Carries Rocky Mountain spotted fever - Can also transmit tularemia - Injected dog tick saliva can cause tick paralysis (tick neurotoxin) - Infected tick attached to host 4 – 6 hours before transmitting disease Blacklegged tick or deer tick - Smaller than other ticks - males 1/16”, females ~3/32” - Both sexes are dark chocolate brown, but rear half of adult female is red or orange - Larval stage is nearly translucent - Engorged adult females are brownish Carries Lyme disease May also carry anaplasmosis & ehrlichiosis Can infect a host with two or more diseases simultaneously Infected tick attached to host 36 – 48 hours before disease transmission Lone star tick Adult female is ~3/16” long, brown with distinct silvery spot on upper scutum Male is ~3/16” long, brown with whitish markings along rear edge. Engorged female is almost -
SNF Mobility Model: ICD-10 HCC Crosswalk, V. 3.0.1
The mapping below corresponds to NQF #2634 and NQF #2636. HCC # ICD-10 Code ICD-10 Code Category This is a filter ceThis is a filter cellThis is a filter cell 3 A0101 Typhoid meningitis 3 A0221 Salmonella meningitis 3 A066 Amebic brain abscess 3 A170 Tuberculous meningitis 3 A171 Meningeal tuberculoma 3 A1781 Tuberculoma of brain and spinal cord 3 A1782 Tuberculous meningoencephalitis 3 A1783 Tuberculous neuritis 3 A1789 Other tuberculosis of nervous system 3 A179 Tuberculosis of nervous system, unspecified 3 A203 Plague meningitis 3 A2781 Aseptic meningitis in leptospirosis 3 A3211 Listerial meningitis 3 A3212 Listerial meningoencephalitis 3 A34 Obstetrical tetanus 3 A35 Other tetanus 3 A390 Meningococcal meningitis 3 A3981 Meningococcal encephalitis 3 A4281 Actinomycotic meningitis 3 A4282 Actinomycotic encephalitis 3 A5040 Late congenital neurosyphilis, unspecified 3 A5041 Late congenital syphilitic meningitis 3 A5042 Late congenital syphilitic encephalitis 3 A5043 Late congenital syphilitic polyneuropathy 3 A5044 Late congenital syphilitic optic nerve atrophy 3 A5045 Juvenile general paresis 3 A5049 Other late congenital neurosyphilis 3 A5141 Secondary syphilitic meningitis 3 A5210 Symptomatic neurosyphilis, unspecified 3 A5211 Tabes dorsalis 3 A5212 Other cerebrospinal syphilis 3 A5213 Late syphilitic meningitis 3 A5214 Late syphilitic encephalitis 3 A5215 Late syphilitic neuropathy 3 A5216 Charcot's arthropathy (tabetic) 3 A5217 General paresis 3 A5219 Other symptomatic neurosyphilis 3 A522 Asymptomatic neurosyphilis 3 A523 Neurosyphilis, -
Impact of Tungiasis on School Age Children in Muranga County, Kenya
IMPACT OF TUNGIASIS ON SCHOOL AGE CHILDREN IN MURANGA COUNTY, KENYA. JOSEPHINE WANJIKU NGUNJIRI Research Thesis submitted in Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Award of a Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Tropical and Infectious Diseases of The University of Nairobi. 2015 DECLARATION This research thesis is my original work and has not been presented for award of a degree in any other university. Josephine Wanjiku Ngunjiri Reg. No.W80/92621/2013 Signature…………………................Date…………………………… P.O Box 1881, Nyeri -Kenya The thesis has been submitted with our approval as the University supervisors. Dr. Peter N. Keiyoro Signature…………………................Date…………………………… Senior Lecturer: Biological sciences, School of continuing and Distance education University of Nairobi. P. O. Box 30197-01000, Nairobi Prof.Walter Mwanda Signature…………………................Date…………………………… Professor of Haematology : Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, University of Nairobi,P. O Box 19676-00202, Kenyatta National Hospital University Campus Prof Jorg Heukelbach Signature…………………................Date…………………………… Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará,Rua Prof. Costa Mendes 1608, 5. andar i Fortaleza CE 60430-140, Brazil ii Dedication This work is dedicated to my parents Mr.and Mrs.Ngunjiri, siblings Esther, Samuel and Teresa as well as my nephew Chris for their great support during my studies. Also to all the children in the Tungiasis endemic areas globally, this is in hope of their better future through acquisition of education. It is also hoped that these children will enjoy their childhood years free from burden of disease caused by Tungiasis. iii Acknowledgement I am grateful to the University of Nairobi Institute of Tropical and Infectious Diseases. -
Booklice (<I>Liposcelis</I> Spp.), Grain Mites (<I>Acarus Siro</I>)
Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Vol 55, No 6 Copyright 2016 November 2016 by the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science Pages 737–743 Booklice (Liposcelis spp.), Grain Mites (Acarus siro), and Flour Beetles (Tribolium spp.): ‘Other Pests’ Occasionally Found in Laboratory Animal Facilities Elizabeth A Clemmons* and Douglas K Taylor Pests that infest stored food products are an important problem worldwide. In addition to causing loss and consumer rejection of products, these pests can elicit allergic reactions and perhaps spread disease-causing microorganisms. Booklice (Liposcelis spp.), grain mites (Acarus siro), and flour beetles Tribolium( spp.) are common stored-product pests that have pre- viously been identified in our laboratory animal facility. These pests traditionally are described as harmless to our animals, but their presence can be cause for concern in some cases. Here we discuss the biology of these species and their potential effects on human and animal health. Occupational health risks are covered, and common monitoring and control methods are summarized. Several insect and mite species are termed ‘stored-product Furthermore, the presence of these pests in storage and hous- pests,’ reflecting the fact that they routinely infest items such ing areas can lead to food wastage and negative human health as foodstuffs stored for any noteworthy period of time. Some consequences such as allergic hypersensitivity.11,52,53 In light of of the most economically important insect pests include beetles these attributes, these species should perhaps not be summarily of the order Coleoptera and moths and butterflies of the order disregarded if found in laboratory animal facilities. -
Fur, Skin, and Ear Mites (Acariasis)
technical sheet Fur, Skin, and Ear Mites (Acariasis) Classification flank. Animals with mite infestations have varying clinical External parasites signs ranging from none to mild alopecia to severe pruritus and ulcerative dermatitis. Signs tend to worsen Family as the animals age, but individual animals or strains may be more or less sensitive to clinical signs related Arachnida to infestation. Mite infestations are often asymptomatic, but may be pruritic, and animals may damage their skin Affected species by scratching. Damaged skin may become secondarily There are many species of mites that may affect the infected, leading to or worsening ulcerative dermatitis. species listed below. The list below illustrates the most Nude or hairless animals are not susceptible to fur mite commonly found mites, although other mites may be infestations. found. Humans are not subject to more than transient • Mice: Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi, infestations with any of the above organisms, except Radfordia affinis for O. bacoti. Transient infestations by rodent mites may • Rats: Ornithonyssus bacoti*, Radfordia ensifera cause the formation of itchy, red, raised skin nodules. Since O. bacoti is indiscriminate in its feeding, it will • Guinea pigs: Chirodiscoides caviae, Trixacarus caviae* infest humans and may carry several blood-borne • Hamsters: Demodex aurati, Demodex criceti diseases from infected rats. Animals with O. bacoti • Gerbils: (very rare) infestations should be treated with caution. • Rabbits: Cheyletiella parasitivorax*, Psoroptes cuniculi Diagnosis * Zoonotic agents Fur mites are visible on the fur using stereomicroscopy and are commonly diagnosed by direct examination of Frequency the pelt or, with much less sensitivity, by examination Rare in laboratory guinea pigs and gerbils. -
(2015). Cattle Ectoparasites in Great Britain. Cattle Practice, 23(2), 280-287
Foster, A. , Mitchell, S., & Wall, R. (2015). Cattle ectoparasites in Great Britain. Cattle Practice, 23(2), 280-287. https://www.bcva.org.uk/cattle-practice/documents/3770 Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Link to publication record in Explore Bristol Research PDF-document This is the final published version of the article (version of record). It first appeared via BAVC. Please refer to any applicable terms of use of the publisher. University of Bristol - Explore Bristol Research General rights This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. Full terms of use are available: http://www.bristol.ac.uk/red/research-policy/pure/user-guides/ebr-terms/ CATTLE PRACTICE VOLUME 23 PART 2 Cattle ectoparasites in Great Britain Foster, A.1, Mitchell, S.2, Wall, R.3, 1School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, BS40 5DU 2Carmarthen Veterinary Investigation Centre, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Job’s Well Rd, Johnstown, Carmarthen, SA31 3EZ 3Veterinary Parasitology and Ecology Group, University of Bristol, Bristol Life Sciences Building, Bristol, BS8 1TQ ABSTRACT Ectoparasites are almost ubiquitous on British cattle, reflecting the success of these parasites at retaining a residual population in the national herd. Lice infestation is common and may be associated with significant disease especially in young moribund calves. The chewing louse Bovicola bovis is a particular challenge to eradicate given its limited response to various therapies and emerging evidence of reduced susceptibility to pyrethroids. Chorioptes is the most common cause of mange in cattle and given its surface feeding habits can be difficult to eradicate with current treatments. -
Mapping the Geographic Distribution of Tungiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa
Supplementary Materials SUPPORTING INFORMATION for: Mapping the Geographic Distribution of Tungiasis in Sub-Saharan Africa Table of Contents Table S1: Modeling algorithm predictive performance Map S1: Model Uncertainty Map (Coefficient of Variation) Map S2: Binary (presence/absence) – weighted mean threshold: 0.438 Table S2: Tungiasis occurrence locations in SSA (n = 87) Table 1. Weighted mean validation indicators (AUC, TSS, KAPPA) for the tested modeling approaches: ROC: the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, TSS: true skill statistic, Cohen’s Kappa (Heidke skill score). GAM GBM GLM MAXENT RF ROC TSS KAPPA ROC TSS KAPPA ROC TSS KAPPA ROC TSS KAPPA ROC TSS KAPPA 0.81 0.63 0.61 0.86 0.70 0.68 0.83 0.65 0.63 0.83 0.64 0.62 0.94 0.86 0.83 Crystals 2020, 10, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/crystals Crystals 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 11 Map S1: A. Uncertainty (Coefficient of Variation). Crystals 2020, 10, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/crystals Crystals 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 11 Map S2: Binary (presence/absence) – weighted mean threshold: 0.438. Crystals 2020, 10, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/crystals Crystals 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 11 Table 2. Tungiasis occurrence locations in SSA (n = 87). Longitude Latitude Country Source Summary of Findings 33.1962 0.43936 Uganda GBIF.org (13 May 2020) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xcpprz Human Observation 9.58941 -2.2466 Gabon GBIF.org (13 May 2020) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xcpprz Human Observation 11.79 -0.6204 Gabon GBIF.org (13 May 2020) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xcpprz Preserved Specimen 11.5199 3.89846 Cameroon GBIF.org (13 May 2020) GBIF Occurrence Download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.xcpprz Preserved Specimen 8.87296 9.88455 Nigeria Ames, C.G. -
The Prevalence of Scabies, Pyoderma and Other Communicable Dermatoses in the Bijagos
medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/19000257; this version posted June 25, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY 4.0 International license . The prevalence of scabies, pyoderma and other communicable dermatoses in the Bijagos Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau Michael Marks1,2* , Thomas Sammut1*, Marito Gomes Cabral3, Eunice Teixeira da Silva3, Adriana Goncalves1, Amabelia Rodrigues4, Cristóvão Mandjuba5, Jose Nakutum3, Janete Ca3, Umberto D’Alessandro6, Jane Achan6, James Logan7, Robin Bailey1,2 ,David Mabey1,2, Anna Last1,2, Stephen L. Walker1,2,8 *These authors contributed equally 1 Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom 2 Hospital for Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom 3 Region Sanitaria Bolama-Bijagós, Bubaque, Guinea Bissau 4 Bandim Health Project, Guinea Bissau 5 Ministry of Public Health, Guinea Bissau 6 MRC The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine 7 Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom 8Department of Dermatology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom Corresponding author: Michael Marks 1. Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK Email: [email protected] Keywords: scabies; pyoderma / impetigo; tinea capitis; ringworm 1 NOTE: This preprint reports new research that has not been certified by peer review and should not be used to guide clinical practice. -
Sarcoptes Also Called: • Scabies • Sarcoptic Mange • Sarcoptic
Sarcoptes Also called: • Scabies • Sarcoptic mange • Sarcoptic acariasis What is Sarcoptes? Sarcoptes is a microscopic mite that burrows in the outer layer of the skin of dogs. In doing so, it causes tremendous irritation: sarcoptic mange is one of the itchiest conditions in dogs. Although it can affect any area of the skin, the itching is often most severe on the dog’s abdomen, chest, legs, and ears. Where does the mite come from? The mites can be transmitted when a dog is in contact with another infected pet dog or other member of the canine family (such as a fox). Although the mites spend their entire lives on the dog, some mites do fall off into the environment when the dog scratches. These mites can survive in the environment for up to 3 weeks in the right climate, and provide a source of infection for other dogs. Also, because some dogs can harbor (and transmit) the mite without showing signs of skin disease, all the dogs in the home of an infected dog have the potential to be infected and to require treatment. Can the mite infect humans? Yes. The mites prefer to live on dogs, but can also live for at least 6 days on humans. They cause an itchy, uncomfortable skin condition. If you are exhibiting any unusual symptoms, please see your physician or dermatologist. How is it diagnosed? The mite infestation is usually diagnosed by a skin scraping, which is a simple in- clinic procedure performed by a veterinarian. Since the mites can be very difficult to find, we sometimes make the diagnosis based on the signs exhibited by the dog and their subsequent response to treatment. -
Cattle Scabies
292 Cattle Scabies IRWIN H.ROBERTS AND N. G. COBBETT SCABIES is a contagious skin disease laying eggs. The entire cycle takes no caused by minute parasitic organisms more than 12 days. known as mites. It affects cattle of all Psoroptic mites attack the hairy parts ages and breeds. Sometimes it is of the body. They generally begin an referred to as scab, mange, or barn infestation over the withers, but some- itch. Similar infections attack other times also over the back or around the classes of livestock, wild animals, and tailhead. The mites prick the skin to birds, as well as people. obtain food. Tissue fluids ooze from Scabies, the medical term for which the wounds. After many mites have is acariasis, is common throughout the fed, the fluids dry, become mixed with world. It generally causes a severe in- tissue debris, and form scabs. flammation of the skin and itching. The lesions made by the mites spread Mites are related to ticks, spiders, as the parasites increase in number and scorpions, and are not true in- and involve large areas of the back and sects. Unlike insects, adult mites have sides. The condidon may advance over 4 pairs of legs instead of 3. They are practically the entire body if it is not wingless and usually are so small that checked. As the disease worsens, hair they can barely be seen with the naked falls out, and the body is covered with eye. thick, rough crusts. The skin becomes Of the thousands of known kinds of hard and thickened and it takes on mites, four are commonly parasitic to a corrugated look. -
North American Cuterebrid Myiasis Report of Seventeen New Infections of Human Beings and Review of the Disease J
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Public Health Resources Public Health Resources 1989 North American cuterebrid myiasis Report of seventeen new infections of human beings and review of the disease J. Kevin Baird ALERTAsia Foundation, [email protected] Craig R. Baird University of Idaho Curtis W. Sabrosky Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/publichealthresources Baird, J. Kevin; Baird, Craig R.; and Sabrosky, Curtis W., "North American cuterebrid myiasis Report of seventeen new infections of human beings and review of the disease" (1989). Public Health Resources. 413. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/publichealthresources/413 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Public Health Resources at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Health Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Baird, Baird & Sabrosky in Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology (October 1989) 21(4) Part I Clinical review North American cuterebrid myiasis Report ofseventeen new infections ofhuman beings and review afthe disease J. Kevin Baird, LT, MSC, USN,a Craig R. Baird, PhD,b and Curtis W. Sabrosky, ScDc Washington, D.C., and Parma, Idaho Human infection with botfly larvae (Cuterebra species) are reported, and 54 cases are reviewed. Biologic, epidemiologic, clinical, histopathologic, and diagnostic features of North American cuterebrid myiasis are described. A cuterebrid maggot generally causes a single furuncular nodule. Most cases occur in children in the northeastern United States or thePa• cific Northwest; however, exceptions are common. -
Severe Tungiasis in Underprivileged Communities: Case Series from Brazil Hermann Feldmeier,* Margit Eisele,* Rômulo César Sabóia-Moura,† and Jörg Heukelbach†
RESEARCH Severe Tungiasis in Underprivileged Communities: Case Series from Brazil Hermann Feldmeier,* Margit Eisele,* Rômulo César Sabóia-Moura,† and Jörg Heukelbach† Tungiasis is caused by infestation with the sand flea rats (10). Where humans live in close contact with these (Tunga penetrans). This ectoparasitosis is endemic in eco- animals and where environmental factors and human nomically depressed communities in South American and behavior favor exposure, the risk for infection is high African countries. Tungiasis is usually considered an ento- (3,11). mologic nuisance and does not receive much attention Numerous case reports detail the clinical aspects of tun- from healthcare professionals. During a study on tungiasis- related disease in an economically depressed area in giasis. However, they almost all exclusively describe trav- Fortaleza, northeast Brazil, we identified 16 persons infest- elers who have returned from the tropics with a mild dis- ed with an extremely high number of parasites. These ease (12). Having reviewed 14 cases of tungiasis imported patients had >50 lesions each and showed signs of intense to the United States, Sanushi (13) reported that the patients acute and chronic inflammation. Superinfection of the showed only one or two lesions and, that except for itching lesions had led to pustule formation, suppuration, and and local pain, no clinical pathology was observed. In con- ulceration. Debilitating sequelae, such as loss of nails and trast, older observations show that indigenous populations difficulty in walking, were constant. In economically and recent immigrants, as well as deployed military per- depressed urban neighborhoods characterized by a high sonnel, frequently suffered from severe disease, character- transmission potential, poor housing conditions, social neg- lect, and inadequate healthcare behavior, tungiasis may ized by deep ulcerations, tissue necrosis leading to denuda- develop into severe disease.