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Tapir Anatomy 2 PHOTOS CREDIT COVER Antwerp Zoo Bill Konstant Byron Jorjorian Daniel Zupanc Diego Lizcano Luciano Candisani Patrícia Medici Tapei Zoo Graphic Design: Clodoaldo L. Zafatoski +55 41 9672 2898 [email protected] i EDITORS Viviana Quse DVM MSc Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de Esperanza, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina Coordinator, Veterinary Committee, IUCN/SSC/Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) Coordinator, Zoo Committee, IUCN/SSC/Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) E-mail: [email protected] Renata Carolina Fernandes-Santos DVM MSc Veterinarian, Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative, IPÊ - Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Brazil Member, IUCN/SSC/Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) Researcher, TRÍADE -Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine, Brazil E-mail: [email protected] ii AUTHORS Benoit de Thoisy DVM PhD Kwata Association, French Guiana Coordinator, Guiana Shield, IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) [email protected] BudhanPukazhenthi DVM Smithsonian Institute, USA Member, IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) Member, IUCN/SSC Wildlife Health Specialist Group (WHSG) [email protected] Donald L. Janssen DVM Dipl ACZM Corporate Director, Animal Health San Diego Zoo Global, USA Member, IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) [email protected] Iván Lira Torres DVM MSc Instituto de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Mexico Member, IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) [email protected] iii Joares A. May Jr Ralph Eric Thijl Vanstreels DVM MSc DVM PhD Pró-Carnívoros Institute, Brazil University of São Paulo (USP), Brazil [email protected] [email protected] Patrícia Medici Renata Carolina Fernandes-Santos MSc PhD DVM MSc Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative Lowland Tapir Conservation Initiative IPÊ - Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Brazil IPÊ - Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas, Brazil Chair, IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) Member, IUCN/SSC/Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) [email protected] TRÍADE - Brazilian Institute for Conservation Medicine, Brazil Paulo Rogerio Mangini [email protected] DVM MSc PhD TRÍADE - Brazilian Institute for Conservation Sonia Hernández-Divers Medicine, Brazil DVM PhDDipl ACZM Vida Livre Medicina de Animais Selvagens College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Member, IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) USA Member, IUCN/SSCPeccary Specialist Group (PSG) Member, IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) Member, IUCN/SSC Wildlife Health Specialist Group [email protected] (WHSG) [email protected] Viviana Quse DVM MSc Pilar Alexander Blanco Marquez Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias de Esperanza, DVM Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina Earthmatters.org, Venezuela Coordinator, Veterinary Committee, IUCN/SSC/Tapir [email protected] Specialist Group (TSG) Coordinator, Zoo Committee, IUCN/SSC/Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) [email protected] iv COLLABORATORS André Luiz Quagliatto Santos Daniela Cristina Silva Borges Joaquin Fernando Sanchez Peña PhD MSc Profesional de Apoyo en Biodiversidad Laboratório de Pesquisas em Animais Silvestres, Laboratório de Pesquisas em Animais Silvestres, Proyecto Corredor Biológico PNN Puracé - Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, UFU - Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, UFU - Guácharos, Colombia Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Marcelo Schiavo Caio Filipe da Motta Lima Dorothée Ordonneau DVM, Brazil DVM MSc DVM [email protected] São Paulo Zoo, Brazil Lowland Tapir EEP [email protected] Vet advisor. CERZA Zoo, France Maria Fernanda Naegeli Gondim [email protected]; [email protected] DVM MSc Carl Traeholt IMD - Instituto Marcos Daniel PhD Programme Director, SE Asia Conservation Edna Fernanda Jimenez Salazar Pró-Tapir: Monitoramento e Proteção das Antas da Programme, Copenhagen Zoo, Denmark DVM Mata Atlântica Capixaba Malayan Tapir Coordinator, IUCN/SSC Tapir Centro de Urgencias y Atencion de Fauna Silvestre Specialist Group (TSG) Corporacion Autonoma Regional del Alto Magdalena TRÍADE - Brazilian Institute for Conservation Member, IUCN Sustainable Use and Livelihoods - CAM - Neiva, Colombia Medicine Specialist Group (SULi) [email protected]; [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Georgina O'Farrill Mauro Sanvicente López Carlos Sanchez PhD DMV DVM MSc Coordinator Mexico, University of Toronto, Canada Estudiante de Doctorado en Ciencias Senior Associate Veterinarian, Fort Worth Zoo, USA Member, IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG) Colegio de Postgraduados, Puebla, Mexico [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] v Saulo Gonçalves Pereira MSc Laboratório de Pesquisas em Animais Silvestres, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, UFU - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brazil [email protected] Zainal Zahari Zainuddin DMV Malaysian Dep. of Wildlife and National Parks [email protected] vi Quse V & Fernandes-Santos RC (Eds). 2014. Tapir Veterinary Manual. 2ndEdition. IUCN/SSC Tapir Specialist Group (TSG). 155p. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS FIGURES Figure 1 - Information that should be compiled and considered for tapir health studies.........................................................................................13 Figure 2 - Conservation Medicine / One Health approach.....................15 Figure 3 - A) Hindfeet (three digits); B) Forefoot (four digits); C) Tapir footprints on sand...................................................................................25 Figure 4 – Hip bone Tapirus terrestris....................................................26 Figure 5 – Femur of Tapirus terrestris....................................................26 Figure 6 – Patella Tapirus terrestris.......................................................27 Figure 7 – Coxae muscles of Tapirus terrestris......................................27 Figure 8 - Hip bone Tapirus terrestris. Origins of the coxae muscles....27 Figure 9 – Femur Tapirus terrestris. Origins (blue) and insertions (purple) of the coxae muscles................................................................28 Figure 10 - Patella, tibia and fibula Tapirus terrestris. Insertions of the muscles of the coxae..............................................................................28 Figure 11 – Tbia and fibula bones of Tapirus Terrestris.........................29 Figure 12 – Foot bones of Tapirus Terrestris.........................................29 Figure 13 – Muscles of the leg and foot Tapirus Terrestris....................30 Figure 14 – Femur bone T. terrestris, vista caudal................................30 viii Figure 15 – Tibia e fibulae of Tapirus Terrestris.....................................31 Figure 29 – Scapula of T. terrestris........................................................38 Figure 16 – Foot bones of Tapirus Terrestris. Insertions of the muscles of Figure 30 – Humerus of T. terrestris......................................................38 the leg and foot.......................................................................................31 Figure 31 – Musculus do cingulate of scapula of arms de T. terrestris, Figure 17 – Forearm musculature of T. terrestris , side view.................32 lateral and medial sides, respectively.....................................................39 Figure 18 – Hand muscles of T. terrestris , dorsolateral view................32 Figure 32 – Fixing points of the scapular girdle and arm muscles Tapirus terrestris. Yellow: point of muscle insertion. Blue: point of Figure 19 – Hand muscles of T. terrestris medialis palmar view............33 muscular origin.......................................................................................39 Figure 20 – Muscles of the forearm T. terrestris, medial view................33 Figure 33 - Lowland tapir. Newborn coat...............................................40 Figure 21 - Radiological image of the hand of T. terrestris, dorsal Figure 34 - Lowland tapir. Adult coat.....................................................40 view ........................................................................................................34 Figure 35 - Anesthetic dart shooting from the ground............................45 Figure 22 – Attachment points of the forearm and hand muscles Tapirus terrestris. Yellow: point of muscle insertion. Blue: point of muscular Figure 36 - Pitfall traps building............................................................47 origin.......................................................................................................34 Figure 37 - Anesthesia administration and manipulation of a lowland Figure 23 – Humerus , cranial face........................................................35 tapir inside a pitfall trap...........................................................................48 Figure 24 – Radius and ulna bones of T. terrestris medial view.............35 Figure 38 - Tapir being caught in a box trap..........................................50 Figure 25 – Radius and ulna bones of T. terrestris , side view...............36 Figure 39 - Intramuscular administration of anesthetic agents in lowland tapir.........................................................................................................54 Figure 26 – Carpal bones and metacarpal of T. terrestris, dorsal view. .......................................................................................................36 Figure 40 - Induction: lowland tapir
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