The Classical Rhinoceros
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The Ancients' One-Horned
The Ancients’ One-Horned Ass: Accuracy and Consistency Chris Lavers HIS PAPER explores ancient Greek and Roman accounts of the one-horned ass.1 These narratives have been studied extensively by literary scholars and historians but have Tbeen largely ignored by zoologists and geographers. When the zoological and geographical underpinnings of the accounts are examined, however, it becomes apparent that these ancient writers may have had a more definite notion of the region about which they wrote than hitherto has been assumed. The animals contributing to the descriptions of the one-horned ass by Ctesias, Pliny, and Aelian can be found in the highlands of Central Asia. Indeed, Central Asia appears to be the only place on the Earth’s surface that could have given rise to the corpus of ancient accounts of the unicorned ass and the animals that shared its landscape. 1. Introduction Ctesias of Cnidus was a Greek physician who spent seventeen years ministering at the court of the King of Persia. In 398 B.C. he returned to Greece and began two reference works, a history of Persia in twenty-three volumes, now mostly lost, and Indica, a treatise on the region probably roughly coincident with 1 It will quickly become apparent to regular readers of this journal that the author is not a classicist. I am greatly indebted to Kent Rigsby, the editorial board of GRBS, and an anonymous reviewer for considering a manuscript from a zoologist, and for their kind assistance in turning a clumsy initial submission into the present, less clumsy version. All opinions and errors are mine. -
Tapir Tracks Dear Educator
TAPIR TRACKS A Curriculum Guide for Educators 2 Tapir Tracks Dear Educator, Welcome to Tapir Tracks! This curriculum was created for classroom teachers and educators at zoos and other nonformal science learning centers to enable you and your students to discover tapirs of the Americas and Asia. Because tapirs spread seeds from the fruits they eat, these little-known mammals are essential to the health of the forests they inhabit. However, tapir populations are rapidly declining. Loss of their habitat and hunting threaten tapir survival. An international team of scientists and conservationists works to study wild tapirs, manage the zoo-based population, protect habitat, and educate local communities. We collaborate through the Tapir Specialist Group, of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission. This packet includes background information along with lesson plans and activities that can easily be adapted for kindergarten, elementary and secondary school students (grades K-12). An online link is included for you to download images and videos to use in your teaching: http://tapirs.org/resources/educator-resources. This toolkit is designed to enable you to meet curriculum requirements in multiple subjects. Students can explore the world’s tapirs through science, environmental studies, technology, social studies, geography, the arts and creative writing activities. We hope that by discovering tapirs through these lessons and engaging activities that students will care and take action to protect tapirs -
Deciduous Forest
Biomes and Species List: Deciduous Forest, Desert and Grassland DECIDUOUS FOREST Aardvark DECIDUOUS FOREST African civet DECIDUOUS FOREST American bison DECIDUOUS FOREST American black bear DECIDUOUS FOREST American least shrew DECIDUOUS FOREST American pika DECIDUOUS FOREST American water shrew DECIDUOUS FOREST Ashy chinchilla rat DECIDUOUS FOREST Asian elephant DECIDUOUS FOREST Aye-aye DECIDUOUS FOREST Bobcat DECIDUOUS FOREST Bornean orangutan DECIDUOUS FOREST Bridled nail-tailed wallaby DECIDUOUS FOREST Brush-tailed phascogale DECIDUOUS FOREST Brush-tailed rock wallaby DECIDUOUS FOREST Capybara DECIDUOUS FOREST Central American agouti DECIDUOUS FOREST Chimpanzee DECIDUOUS FOREST Collared peccary DECIDUOUS FOREST Common bentwing bat DECIDUOUS FOREST Common brush-tailed possum DECIDUOUS FOREST Common genet DECIDUOUS FOREST Common ringtail DECIDUOUS FOREST Common tenrec DECIDUOUS FOREST Common wombat DECIDUOUS FOREST Cotton-top tamarin DECIDUOUS FOREST Coypu DECIDUOUS FOREST Crowned lemur DECIDUOUS FOREST Degu DECIDUOUS FOREST Working Together to Live Together Activity—Biomes and Species List 1 Desert cottontail DECIDUOUS FOREST Eastern chipmunk DECIDUOUS FOREST Eastern gray kangaroo DECIDUOUS FOREST Eastern mole DECIDUOUS FOREST Eastern pygmy possum DECIDUOUS FOREST Edible dormouse DECIDUOUS FOREST Ermine DECIDUOUS FOREST Eurasian wild pig DECIDUOUS FOREST European badger DECIDUOUS FOREST Forest elephant DECIDUOUS FOREST Forest hog DECIDUOUS FOREST Funnel-eared bat DECIDUOUS FOREST Gambian rat DECIDUOUS FOREST Geoffroy's spider monkey -
(EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections
viruses Article Zebra Alphaherpesviruses (EHV-1 and EHV-9): Genetic Diversity, Latency and Co-Infections Azza Abdelgawad 1, Armando Damiani 2, Simon Y. W. Ho 3, Günter Strauss 4, Claudia A. Szentiks 1, Marion L. East 1, Nikolaus Osterrieder 2 and Alex D. Greenwood 1,5,* 1 Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Alfred-Kowalke-Strasse 17, Berlin 10315, Germany; [email protected] (A.A.); [email protected] (C.A.S.); [email protected] (M.L.E.) 2 Institut für Virologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, Berlin 14163, Germany; [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (N.O.) 3 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; [email protected] 4 Tierpark Berlin-Friedrichsfelde, Am Tierpark 125, Berlin 10307, Germany; [email protected] 5 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19, Berlin 14163, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-30-516-8255 Academic Editor: Joanna Parish Received: 21 July 2016; Accepted: 14 September 2016; Published: 20 September 2016 Abstract: Alphaherpesviruses are highly prevalent in equine populations and co-infections with more than one of these viruses’ strains frequently diagnosed. Lytic replication and latency with subsequent reactivation, along with new episodes of disease, can be influenced by genetic diversity generated by spontaneous mutation and recombination. Latency enhances virus survival by providing an epidemiological strategy for long-term maintenance of divergent strains in animal populations. The alphaherpesviruses equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and 9 (EHV-9) have recently been shown to cross species barriers, including a recombinant EHV-1 observed in fatal infections of a polar bear and Asian rhinoceros. -
The Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus Sumatrensis) Robin W
Intensive Management and Preventative Medicine Protocol for the Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) Robin W. Radcliffe, DVM, DACZM Scott B. Citino, DVM, DACZM Ellen S. Dierenfeld, MS, PhD Thornas J. Foose, MS, PhD l Donald E. Paglia, MD John S. Romo History and ~ack~iound The Sumatran rhinoceros (~icerorhinussumatrensis) is a highly endangered browsing rhinoceros that inhabits the forested regions of Indonesia and Malaysia. The Sumatran is considered a primitive rhinoceros with a characteristic coat of hair; it is closely related to the woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonfa antiquitatis), a species once abundant throughout Asia during the Pleistocene era. In Malaysia, the Sumatran rhino is known locally as badak Kerbau while in Indonesia the local name is badak Sumatera. Today the Sumatran rhinoceros is considered one of the most7endangered large mammals on earth with an estimated 300 animals remaining. Poaching for the animal's horrhas resulted in their decline with habitat loss a secondary factor contributing to population reduction and isolation. Attempts at captive propagation of the Sumatran rhmoceros have been problematic due to sigruhcant health problems and an inability to provide. appropriate captive nutritional and husbandry requirements needed to meet the demands of these highly specialized browsers. This Preventative Medicine Protocol is designed to provide a basis upon which more natural captive propagation efforts for this species can proceed by providing a tool for monitoring health. Goals of Preven tative Medicine Protocol The goals of the preventative medicine protocol are to provide a comprehensive monitoring program to assist in preventing disease and making appropriate decisions regarding health of captive animals. This protocol can be broken down into four main areas: 1. -
The Animals Saved from the Flood by Noah. Detail from a Painting by Roeland Savery
THE STORY OF MAN'S DISCOVERY OF THE ANIMAL KINGDOM Translated from the German by MICHAEL BULLOCK Illustrated with photographs and line drawings The animals saved from the Flood by Noah. Detail from a painting by Roeland Savery. HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY BOSTON 1 959 34 A CABINET OF MONSTERS MONOCEROS AND RHINOCEROS 35 in a thoroughly practical way. He had an elephant station set up earlier versions by the Latin word unicornis or the Greek monoceros near Api in the Congo-the first of its kind on African soil since --both meaning one-horn. It is clear, at any rate, that there once the days of Ptolemy Philadelphus. The experiment succeeded, al existed in the East a powerful beast which n1en caught, tied to the though Kornaks brought from India could not cope with the crib, put in harness and set to work in the fields. The taming of forest elephants of the Congo. Native Zanga negroes, on the this beast seemed to the men of those days a great and wonderful other hand, managed very well. After the closing of Api a new event, an epoch-making feat that could not have been accom station was established at Gangala-na-Bodio on the upper Wele. plished without the grace of God. Here the tame elephants of the colonial government still perform This unicorn was already a legendary creature in the ancient valuable services as draught animals and beasts of burden in all world. In the Middle Ages it developed into a mythical super sorts of forestry work, in spite of the introduction of lorries and beast, the nature of which Leonardo da Vinci outlined in the tractors. -
EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for the White Rhinoceros EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for The
2018 EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for the white EAZA rhinocerosBest Practice Guidelines for the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium Simum) First Edition, July 2018 | Lars Versteege1 EAZA Best Practice Guidelines for the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) Editor: Lars Versteege Contact information: Safaripark Beekse Bergen, Beekse Bergen 31, 5081 NJ Hilvarenbeek, The Netherlands Email: [email protected] Name of TAG: Rhino TAG TAG Chair: Friederike von Houwald (Zoo Basel, Switzerland) Edition: 1 July 2018 2 EAZA Best Practice Guidelines Disclaimer Copyright (March 2018) by EAZA Executive Office, Amsterdam. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in hard copy, machine-readable or other forms without advance written permission from the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA). Members of the EAZA may copy this information for their own use as needed. The information contained in these EAZA Best Practice Guidelines has been obtained from numerous sources believed to be reliable. EAZA and the EAZA Felid TAG make a diligent effort to provide a complete and accurate representation of the data in its reports, publications and services. However, EAZA does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy or completeness of any information. EAZA disclaims all liability for errors or omissions that may exist and shall not be liable for any incidental, consequential or other damages (whether resulting from negligence or otherwise) including, without limitation, exemplary damages or lost profits arising out of or in connection with the use of this publication. Because the technical information provided in the EAZA Best Practice Guidelines can easily be misread or misinterpreted unless properly analyzed, EAZA strongly recommends that users of this information consult with the editors in all matters related to data analysis and interpretation. -
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATESI Published by Number 1207 the AMERICAN MUSEUM of NATURAL HISTORY November 12, 1942 New York City
AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATESI Published by Number 1207 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY November 12, 1942 New York City NOTES ON THE LESSER ONE-HORNED RHINOCEROS, RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS 2. THE POSITION OF RHINOCEROS SONDAICUS IN THE PHYLOGENY OF THE GENUS RHINOCEROS By EDWIN H. COLBERT Although there is a fairly extensive tions as to its relationships to some of the literature on the so-called Javan rhinoceros, Asiatic Pleistocene forms became at once Rhinoceros sondaicus, this form has been apparent, thereby affording a much clearer generally neglected in discussions having picture of the phylogenetic development of to do with the phylogenetic development the genus Rhinoceros than had previ- of the Rhinocerotidae. It is true, of ously been envisioned by the writer. Con- course, that various authors have recog- sequently it has been thought advantage- nized Rhinoceros sondaicus as an animal less ous to discuss briefly the evolution of "specialized" or less "modified" than the Rhinoceros (using the term in a strict sense) Indian rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis in an effort to show how Rhinoceros (Osborn, 1898; Matthew, 1931), but be- sondaicus may be related to other species of yond such general statements as to its the genus. phylogenetic relationships there has been In the first place, it might be well to indi- little or no effort made to discuss in a de- cate the limits of the genus Rhinoceros. tailed way the affinities of this extraor- This genus has been used, particularly by dinarily rare and interesting mammal. palaeontologists, to include a great number Perhaps this neglect of Rhinoceros sondaicus of species ranging in age from the Miocene in the more general discussions of phy- through the Pleistocene and into Recent logeny within the family Rhinocerotidae has times. -
Issue 23.Indd
Issue 23 • February 2, 2010 Copyright 2008 - An IN FOCUS...4 YOU Publication FREE COPY N FOCUS ...4 YOU FOR YOUR READING PLEASURE Administration and Advertising P.O. Box 2 Mee Chok Plaza #4 Chiangmai, Thailand 50300 Email: [email protected] Website: www.infocus4.com The Power of Positive Thinking 18/1 Vieng-kaew Road Tambon Sriphoom Amphur Muang Chiang Mai 50200 by Remez Sasson ositive thinking is a mental attitude that admits into the mind thoughts, words and images that Pare conductive to growth, expansion and success.ss. It 4 is a mental attitude that expects good and favorable results. A ContentsTO YOUR GOOD HEALTH positive mind anticipates happiness, joy, health and a success- ful outcome of every situation and action. Whatever the mind 5 DID YOU expects, it fi nds. KNOW... 7 Not everyone accepts or believes in positive thinking. Some 6 consider the subject as just nonsense, and others scoff at people who believe and accept it. Among the people who accept it, not TIPSTIPS many know how to use it effectively to get results. Yet, it seems that many are becoming YOU CAN USE attracted to this subject, as evidenced by the many books, lectures and courses about it. 8 TECHNOBYTES This is a subject that is gaining popularity. PUBLIC AND MORE INFORMATION 11 It is quite common to hear people say: “Think positive!”, to someone who feels down and CHIANG MAI 121 worried. Most people do not take these words seriously, as they do not know what they HAPPENINGS really mean, or do not consider them as useful and effective. -
Population History, Phylogeography, and Conservation Genetics of The
de Thoisy et al. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010, 10:278 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/10/278 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Population history, phylogeography, and conservation genetics of the last Neotropical mega-herbivore, the lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) Benoit de Thoisy1,2*, Anders Gonçalves da Silva3, Manuel Ruiz-García4, Andrés Tapia5,6, Oswaldo Ramirez7, Margarita Arana7, Viviana Quse8, César Paz-y-Miño9, Mathias Tobler10, Carlos Pedraza11, Anne Lavergne2 Abstract Background: Understanding the forces that shaped Neotropical diversity is central issue to explain tropical biodiversity and inform conservation action; yet few studies have examined large, widespread species. Lowland tapir (Tapirus terrrestris, Perissodactyla, Tapiridae) is the largest Neotropical herbivore whose ancestors arrived in South America during the Great American Biotic Interchange. A Pleistocene diversification is inferred for the genus Tapirus from the fossil record, but only two species survived the Pleistocene megafauna extinction. Here, we investigate the history of lowland tapir as revealed by variation at the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome b, compare it to the fossil data, and explore mechanisms that could have shaped the observed structure of current populations. Results: Separate methodological approaches found mutually exclusive divergence times for lowland tapir, either in the late or in the early Pleistocene, although a late Pleistocene divergence is more in tune with the fossil record. Bayesian analysis favored mountain tapir (T. pinchaque) -
Rhinoceros Sondaicus (Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae)
MAMMALIAN SPECIES 43(887):190–208 Rhinoceros sondaicus (Perissodactyla: Rhinocerotidae) COLIN P. GROVES AND DAVID M. LESLIE,JR. School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Building 14, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capitol Territory 0200, Australia; [email protected] (CPG) United States Geological Survey, Oklahoma Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit and Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-3051, USA; [email protected] (DML) Abstract: Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest, 1822, commonly called the Javan rhinoceros or lesser one-horned rhinoceros, is the most critically endangered large mammal on Earth with only 40–50 extant individuals in 2 disjunct and distant populations: most in Ujung Kulon, West Java, and only 2–6 (optimistically) in Cat Loc, Vietnam. R. sondaicus is polytypic with 3 recognized subspecies: R. s. sondaicus (currently West Java), R. s. inermis (formerly Sunderbunds; no doubt extinct), and R. s. annamiticus (Vietnam; perhaps now extinct). R. sondaicus is a browser and currently occupies lowland semievergreen secondary forests in Java and marginal habitat in Vietnam; it was once more widespread and abundant, likely using a greater variety of habitats. R. sondaicus has a very spotty history of husbandry, and no individuals are currently in captivity. Conservation focuses on protection from poaching and habitat loss. Following decades-long discussion of captive breeding and establishment of a 3rd wild population, conservation and governmental agencies appear closer to taking such seriously needed action on the latter. Key words: Cat Loc, critically endangered, Java, Javan rhinoceros, lesser one- horned rhinoceros, relict species, Ujung Kulon, Vietnam E 26 September 2011 by the American Society of Mammalogists Synonymy completed 18 December 2010 DOI: 10.1644/887.1 www.mammalogy.org Rhinoceros sondaicus Desmarest, 1822 Javan Rhinoceros rhinoceros sondaı¨cus Desmarest, 1822:399. -
The Mammals of North East India
THE MAMMALS OF NORTH EAST INDIA Text, line drawings & maps by ANwARUDDIN CHOUDHURY M.A., PHD., nsc GIBBON BOOKS AND THE RHINO FOUNDATION FOR NATURE L"l" NE INDIA Supported by f j J&~;1 ·~ %i ~ L11'l1f;J5 J, ~ i;(j~ FORESTRY BUREAU. COA 2013 RHINOCEROS: SPECIES UST & ACCOillrrs 225 Table 2.38 The main characters of the NE Indian species of the family Rhinocerotidae. Rhinoceros Rhinoceros Dicerorhinus un;cornis sondaicus sumatrensis Shoulder height (m) 1.6-1.95 1.47-1.7 1.0-1 .3 Horns 2 Horns in females + - /+ + Length of horn (em) 20 100 10-26 25 79 (front) Conspiruous hair on body + Skin fold Prominent Prominent Not prominent Skull: greatest length (em) 56-62.5 44-55 47 57 popular account of all living rhinos. Khan (1989) had provided account on current status and conservation. Status of all the species in Assam was briefly reviewed by Choudhury (1997 a). The Order Perissodactyla or the odd-toed ungulates consists of three very distinct families, RHINOCEROS the rhinoceroses (rh inocerotidae), horses (equidae) and rhe tapirs (tapiridae). Of rhese, rhe Rhino"ros Linnaeus, 1758: 56; type species R first two are represented in NE India. The ul1icorni.r L., ungulates or hoofed animals are divided into t\vo orders, depending upon rhe arrangement of rheir 155(127). Rhinoceros unicornis Great Indian toes. In rhe odd-toed ungulates, rhe third or middle one-horned rhinoceros, Greater one-horned toe of the foot is the most prominent. The rhinoceros rhinoceroses have also distinctive 'horns'. The evolution of perissodacryls was reviewed by R unicornis Linnaeus, 1758: 56.? Assam, [India].