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Critically Endangered Sumatran Rhinoceros Inputs for Recovery Strategy and Emergency Actions 2017 – 2027 John Payne and K. Yoganand May 2017 This report was commissioned by WWF. In general WWF endorses the policies and actions recommended, but does not necessarily support every detail ___________________________________________________________________ Sumatran Rhinoceros: Recovery Strategy and Emergency Actions 2017 – 2027 i SUMMARY The Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) is the most ancient extant rhinoceros. It emerged in the Miocene about 20 million years ago and is most closely related to the extinct Woolly Rhinoceros. The Sumatran rhinoceros was listed as critically endangered in 1996 due to very severe population declines and very small clusters of animals remaining. It has gone extinct in almost all of its former range outside Sumatra and in most localities within Sumatra, including large protected areas. This critical status continues to date and appears to be worsening. This underlines the urgent need for a revised strategy, based on a critical review of the past strategies, an assessment of the current status, and an analysis of the various factors involved. This report, containing a proposed policy and many recommendations for a species recovery strategy, is the result of an effort to address this need. This report can be seen as an input for the Indonesian National Sumatran Rhino Strategy and Action Plan 2017 -2027 and as a basis for WWF’s strategy and possible role to support the Government Strategy and Plan. Currently, the main biological issue with Dicerorhinus is the extremely small, declining population, whereby individuals are too scattered to sustain adequate breeding to prevent extinction. In hindsight, this could be characterised as a “declining population” problem, where insufficient rhino numbers in any one location, ‘Allee Effect’ and reproductive pathology of female rhinos pose the biggest demographic hurdles to species survival and population growth. Poaching, in recent decades particularly through snaring, is a constant risk to all remaining rhinos and was the major contributory reason for their decline until about 1980s. What is a viable Sumatran rhino population size? The question was answered at the Sumatran Rhino Crisis Summit in 2013 and again in 2015 by Caroline Lees (Miller et al 2015). The answer is: at least 20 rhinos with a roughly equal sex ratio, no inbreeding depression and an inter-birth interval of three years. We know from accumulated observations of the species over the past five decades, however, that for any cluster of wild Dicerorhinus, even if there are 20 rhinos, at least some females are reproductively compromised, and overall they are not producing offspring at an inter-birth interval of three years. We can assume that all clusters have some degree of inbreeding. Currently, a significant population consisting of > 20 rhinos and showing signs of breeding is reported (by Aceh based NGOs) to occur in the western part of Leuser Ecosystem. A smaller population but with some breeding is reported by YABI to occur in Way Kambas National Park. In other parts of Leuser Ecosystem, Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park and the interior forests of East Kalimantan there are definite signs of only a few rhinos each. With the exception of West Leuser, no wild Dicerorhinus cluster appears large enough to be viable. All other wild rhino clusters will drift to extinction, with or without poaching. The conservation strategies since 1960s until recently were focused on reducing the threat of poaching, including establishing protected areas and rhino protection units, and on conducting population surveys. In the past, rhino conservation strategies did not address the serious ___________________________________________________________________ Sumatran Rhinoceros: Recovery Strategy and Emergency Actions 2017 – 2027 ii demographic problem of poor reproduction. The establishment of Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary (SRS) in 1997, which has the aim of building a captive population, was a suitable strategy. But the breeding effort and output did not match the need to counter the widespread and serious yet invisible problem of very few scattered rhinos and not enough births. Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ) and Intensive Management Zone (IMZ) concepts are currently being discussed in Indonesia as new strategies. However, IPZ is a new name for an old approach, directed towards the poaching threat without addressing low birth rate. IMZ involves capturing scattered rhinos and translocating them into large fenced areas in order to promote natural breeding. This approach is partly directed at the low birth rate problem but, due to many issues that we identify in this report, not least that there are not enough fertile rhinos left in the wild to form an IMZ population, it is unsuitable for Dicerorhinus in the current situation. SRS has proven to be very suitable for husbandry and breeding of rhinos. Therefore, all rhinos captured should be maintained in facilities of a similar design, i.e. small individual paddocks with night stalls, one unit per rhino (termed “rhino sanctuary”). There is no need to experiment with IMZs or with translocating captured rhinos back “into the wild” for consolidation of the currently unviable clusters. These experimental approaches will not make best use of precious female and male gametes, and should not be attempted with a species on the verge of extinction. The days of “conserving” Sumatran rhino are gone. The species is in advanced crisis mode. To facilitate the species recovery program, we outline below a broad policy that we believe is necessary to prevent extinction, and to be adopted in Indonesia and globally. Proposed policy for the species recovery program The argumentation leading to the proposed policy is detailed in this report. The proposed policy is placed here, at the beginning of the report, in order to emphasise the urgent need for change, not only within WWF, but nationally and internationally, and without further delay. Dicerorhinus is on the verge of extinction. Dicerorhinus is a unique and ancient genus. Its extinction will represent the first terrestrial mammal genus extinction globally since 1936. Responsibility to prevent its extinction now lies ultimately with Government of Indonesia. Civil society, national and international organisations and other governments can potentially assist, but none can take the key decisions for actions now needed to prevent extinction. Previous actions recommended, and still being implemented, to prevent extinction of Dicerorhinus have focused on counting wild rhinos, on reducing rhino deaths, on consulting stakeholders, on awareness, on fund-raising and on reducing habitat loss and promoting habitat restoration. Together, they have failed to halt the decline in numbers because the most crucial action of increasing rhino births has not been prioritised. ___________________________________________________________________ Sumatran Rhinoceros: Recovery Strategy and Emergency Actions 2017 – 2027 iii The new paradigm to prevent the extinction of Dicerorhinus has the following key features: · One recovery program. · Focus on increasing the number of rhino births. · Ensure that every remaining Dicerorhinus rhino is facilitated to contribute to the survival of the genus, and that every rhino, whether reproductively optimum or not, contributes eggs or sperm or cells. · Facilitate movement of rhinos and gametes among conservation areas and captive facilities as a population management tool to promote rhino births. · Bring two forms of wild rhinos into rhino sanctuaries: (a) young fertile rhinos (for natural breeding, to quickly boost captive birth rates) and (b) old and reproductively disabled rhinos (as candidates for application of assisted reproductive technology, ART). · Focus on preventing extinction and on eventual overall population growth rather than trying to protect every isolated cluster of rhinos. · Base decisions on science and the advice of Dicerorhinus experts, including rhino veterinarians and reproductive biology experts. · Make the policy and then seek the necessary financing to implement the actions that support the policy (do not seek funds based on what funds seem to be available at the current time). · Seek and employ the best people for the agreed actions. These policies, and the analyses, views and recommendations made in this document represent a radical change from those that have been made in relation to Sumatran rhinoceros elsewhere over the past few decades, including those contained in the 2007-2017 “Strategy and action plan for the conservation of rhinos in Indonesia: Rhino Century Program”. The recommended policy change can be summarized as shifting from monitoring and counting rhinos, and from preventing rhino deaths, to making sure that all Sumatran rhinos contribute to making more Sumatran rhinos. A longer term (30 – 50 years) goal of reintroducing Dicerorhinus from captive stock to suitable natural habitats (not necessarily the mountainous protected areas where the remnant rhinos currently linger) for in situ management is implicit in the proposed new paradigm. This policy can lay a foundation for the new governmental strategy and action plan that will be needed to replace the 2007-2017 plan. We suggest that WWF-Indonesia takes up six very significant roles to play: 1. To be the institution that introduces the need for a shift away from the prevailing focus on counting and protecting free-ranging
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