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Thesis Reference Thesis Writing Between "the Human" and "the Animal" in Margaret Atwood's MaddAddam Trilogy SKIBO-BIRNEY, Bryn Abstract Through narratological analyses of Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam trilogy, this project challenges the ingrained epistemologies and ontologies of humanism and anthropocentrism and offers a zoecentric alternative: the “individual” is always-already hybrid. Beginning with a post-structural and post-humanist theoretical framework, Part I explores how Atwood constructs hybrid Bildungsromans in Crake and Flood by aligning narratively significant moments of inter-species interaction with substantial shifts of the binary narrative structure. Both novels end, however, on unresolved binary options. Part II introduces Anishinaabe epistemologies and ontologies of interconnectivity, using the philosophy of mino-bimaadiziwin alongside aspects of Anishinaabemowin and narrative forms, in order to conduct an Indigenous-centric reading of MaddAddam. I argue that the trilogy both depicts and performs a zoecentric epistemological/ontological shift in the development of the characters, the narrative structure, and the trilogy as a whole, forming a homology with contemporary theoretical, biological, and genetic understandings of [...] Reference SKIBO-BIRNEY, Bryn. Writing Between "the Human" and "the Animal" in Margaret Atwood's MaddAddam Trilogy. Thèse de doctorat : Univ. Genève, 2020, no. L. 982 DOI : 10.13097/archive-ouverte/unige:136538 URN : urn:nbn:ch:unige-1365385 Available at: http://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:136538 Disclaimer: layout of this document may differ from the published version. 1 / 1 WRITING BETWEEN “THE HUMAN” AND “THE ANIMAL” IN MARGARET ATWOOD’S MADDADDAM TRILOGY A DOCTORAL DISSERTATION PRESENTED BY BRYN SKIBO-BIRNEY TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES, UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA JANUARY 2020 DIRECTRICE DE THÈSE PROFESSOR DEBORAH L. MADSEN PRÉSIDENTE DU JURY: PROFESSOR GUILLEMETTE BOLENS For Robin and Mom TABLE OF CONTENTS: Acknowledgements vi Project Abstract vii INTRODUCTION: WE ARE ALWAYS, ALREADY HYBRID 1 A: The Project in Brief 1 B: Methodology, Theory, Corpus, and Thesis 3 C: Situating the Project in Animal Studies 18 D: Scholarly Review: Blurring Ontological and Narrative Binaries and Boundaries in Atwood’s Poetry and Prose 49 E: The Critical Contextualization of the MaddAddam Trilogy 68 F: Chapter Outlines 85 PART I: BINARY DE/REFORMATION IN ORYX AND CRAKE AND THE YEAR OF THE FLOOD ONE: DECONSTRUCTING “THE HUMAN” AND “THE ANIMAL” THROUGH DIFFÉRANCE, BECOMING, AND COMPOST 101 A: Jacques Derrida 101 B: Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari 114 C: Donna Haraway 124 D: The Contact Zone: Atwood, Deleuze/Guattari, and Haraway 136 TWO: POLARITY, BINARIES, FRAGMENTATION, AND HYBRIDITY IN ORYX AND CRAKE 145 A: The Foundation and Dissolution of the Binary Narrative and Epistem-Ontologies 148 B: Narrative and Epistem-Ontological Breakdown and Hybrid Reformation 177 C: Becoming-With Pigoons, Rakunks, Parrots, and Oryxes 205 D: Hybrid Conclusions 238 THREE: HUMANIST PREACHING AND ZOECENTRIC THEOLOGY: STRUCTURE AND “BECOMINGS” IN THE YEAR OF THE FLOOD 241 A: The Gardeners’ Zoecentric Theology 244 B: Theo-Narratological Structuring and Breakdown 259 C: Toby’s Formation into the Hybrid Preacher 266 D: (In)Concluding Flood: Binaries, Bildungs, Refractions, and a (Temporary) “Third-Thing” Sermon 292 PART II: REFRACTING ANTHROPOCENTRISM IN MADDADDAM, OR, IT’S INTERCONNECTIVITY ALL THE WAY DOWN FOUR: INTERWOVEN NARRATIVES AND WEAVING THEORIES 299 A: From Crake and Flood to MaddAddam: Inter- and Intratextual Relations 299 B: Mino-Bimaadiziwin, Anishinaabemowin, and Aadizookaanag Guiding Literary Theory 307 C: The Intersection of Anishinaabe Mino-Bimaadiziwin and Deleuze/Guattari, Haraway, and Atwood 340 FIVE: DISCONTINUOUS NARRATIVE AS ONTOLOGICAL ESCAPE 365 A: Creating Community with Story: Estrangement, Alignment, Intertextuality, and Accretion 366 B: The Heteroglot “Individual” Narrator: Fourth-Person Tense and Double-Voiced Discourse 377 C: The Effect of the Present-Absent Implied Audience 385 D: Dialogism, Intertextuality, and Epistem-Ontological Shift 399 E: Interruptions, Plot Points, Structural Shift, and Shifting Worldviews: Embedded Stories Two Through Five 407 SIX: NARRATIVE AND COMMUNAL FLOURISHING IN BREAKING DOWN AND BREAKING THROUGH 437 A: Blurring Binaries, Blurring Boundaries: Cities and Hives 438 B: Blurring (Anthropocentric) Binaries; Blurring (Species) Boundaries: Human and “Animal,” Real and Virtual, Signifier and Signified 451 C: Blurring Binaries, Blurring Boundaries: Levinasian Face, Life, Time, and Language 459 D: Vectors of Narrative and Subjective Interconnectivity: The Sixth and Seventh Embedded Stories 481 E: Narrative Disruption in MaddAddam: Binary to Ternary, Monologism to Polylogism 504 F: Tracing Toby’s Ontological Shift Through Figurative Language: Similes, Metaphors, and “Anthropomorphism” 506 G: Repetition with Difference: Circular and Spiral Narratives in the Eighth Embedded Story 516 SEVEN: INTERCONNECTING NARRATIVE AMBIGUITY AS NARRATIVE REFORMATION AND RESOLUTION 525 A: Characterization as Community-Formation: Othering and Including in Figurative Language, Names, Time, and Perspective 527 B: Narrating the “Third Thing”: Toby, Blackbeard, and Narrative Inter-Play in the Ninth and Tenth Embedded Stories 544 C: Ternary Narrative Structure and Polyphonic Convergence 570 D: Hybrid, Compound, and Interconnected Narratives: The Eleventh and Twelfth Embedded Stories 580 E: Ambiguous Resolution via Zoecentric Communality 597 CONCLUSION: MARGARET ATWOOD’S ZOECENTRIC NARRATIVES 601 Appendices 607 Works Cited 613 v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Fittingly, this dissertation is the result of a vast web of relations. I could not have asked for a more conducive environment for my dissertation than the English Department of the University of Geneva, which supported my teaching, research, and conference travel during the formative years of this project. My students’ insight and enthusiasm taught me to see novels and theories in unanticipated and exciting ways. My inspiring colleagues provided much-needed guidance as I worked out my thoughts on Atwood’s trilogy. I am deeply grateful for their critical insights on my research and writing, their keen readings on animal studies philosophy, their examples of scholarship conducted at the most rigorous levels, and, most important, their friendship. English literature peers across Europe and North America similarly gave shape to the project as I presented pieces of it in Basel and Geneva, Malta and Toronto, Winnipeg and Washington, D.C. The Swiss Association for North American Studies kindly provided me with a research grant to visit the Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, home to Margaret Atwood’s archived manuscripts. Margaret Noodin has generously shared her vast knowledge of Anishinaabemowin with me, patiently clarifying the interrelated branches of Anishinaabemowin words by email. I am honored and thankful that Margaret Noodin, Gabriele Rippl, and Lorraine Weir agreed to provide their expertise to my project as members of the examining panel, alongside Guillemette Bolens in her role as présidente du jury. My supervisor, Deborah Madsen, stands alone in my immense gratitude and appreciation for her indefatigable support of and guidance over my research and writing, through its many twists and turns, surprises and dead-ends. Her influence is evident to me in every significant shift that this dissertation has taken. It is truly a dialogic work, written with her exceptional example in mind. Deborah has been, and continues to be, an academic inspiration and guiding light. When a project encompasses more than six years, it becomes a virtual member of the family. I am very grateful to my American and Scottish families for making space for it, for understanding when I brought research on vacation, and for keeping me going when it seemed particularly daunting. Of particular note, to my husband, Robin, who started me down this graduate path, shared many dinners with Toby and Zeb, and supported me from beginning to end, thank you for keeping the light on. To my mom, Leslie, who has always been there to dispel fears and to share every celebration, thank you for listening. And to Bonnie, who slept next to me while I wrote every word and reminded me when it was time to wander in the woods, thank you for your companionship. vi PROJECT ABSTRACT: Through a close narratological reading of Margaret Atwood’s MaddAddam trilogy – comprised of Oryx and Crake (2003), The Year of the Flood (2009), and MaddAddam (2013) – this project challenges the ingrained Euro-American epistemologies and ontologies of human exceptionalism, anthropocentrism, and humanism and offers a zoecentric alternative: the “individual” is always- already hybrid, compound, or profoundly interconnected. Beginning with a post-structural and post- humanist (specifically, Harawayian “compostism”) theoretical framework, Part I of the project explores how Atwood constructs hybrid Bildungsromans in Crake and Flood by aligning narratively significant moments of inter-species interaction with substantial shifts of the binary narrative structure. Both novels end, however, on unresolved binary options. Part II of the project introduces Anishinaabe epistemologies and ontologies of interconnectivity, using the all-encompassing philosophy of mino-bimaadiziwin alongside aspects of Anishinaabe language (Anishinaabemowin) and narrative forms and performance, in order to conduct an Indigenous-centric
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