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LONDON: PRINTED BY HAR RISO}! AND SONS, PRI:NTEI\S lN ORDINARY TO HER MAJESTY, BT. MABTIN'S LANE, W.C. CONTENTS. Page PREFACE ix MAP TO ACCOMPANY MR. HoRMUZD RASSAM's PAPER (Frontispiece) ORDINARY MEETING 1 REMARKS ON THE MONISM, PANTHEISM, AND DUALISM OF BRAH­ MANICAL AND ZoRoASTRIAN PHILOSOPHERS. BY Sm M. MoNIER WILLIAMS, K.C.I.E., D.C.L. 1 DISCUSSION 14 COMMUNICATIONS RECEIVED 25 AUTHOR'S REPLY 27 NOTE 28 THE POST GLACIAL PERIOD. REMARKS BY PROFESSOR W .ARREN UPHAM, A.ssISTANT GEOLOGIST UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY .... 30 ORDINARY MEETING 31 ON HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY. BY THE RIGHT HoN. LoRD GRIM- THORPE .... 31 DISCUSSION 42 SPECIAL REMARKS. BY REV. PREB, w ACE, D.D., AND OTHERS. COMMUNICATIONS 50 ORDINARY MEETING 54 ORDINARY MEETING 55 VI CONTENTS OF VOL. XXV. Page ON CmNESE CHRONOLOGY. BY THE REv. JAMES LEGGE, M. .A., &c., PROFESSOR OF CHINESE AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY.... 55 DISCUSSION. REMARKS BY SIR THOMAS F. wADE, G.C.M.G., AND OTHERS 78 ORDINARY MEETING 83 THE GARDEN OF EDEN, AND BIBLICAL SAGES. BY HORMUZD RASSAM, EsQ. (A CRITICISM OF RECENT STATEMENTS.) WITH MAP (corrected to May, 1892) see frontispiece .... 83 DiscussION. REMARKS BY Sm WILLIAM DAWSON, C.M.G., F.R.S. ; MAJOR c. R. CONDER, R.E., D.C.L. ; T. PINCHES, EsQ., M.R.A.S.; AND OTHERS .... 123 TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING, THE REPORT AND SPEECHES.. ., 131 ORDINARY MEETING 142 ISLAM: ITS ORIGIN, ITS STRENGTH, AND ITS WEAKNESS. BY THE REV. w. ST. CLAIR TISDALL, M.A. 143 DISCUSSION. REMARKS BY SIR THEODORE FoRD ; MAJOR C. R. CONDER, R.E., D.C.L., LL.D. ; VERY REV. DR. GOULBURN ; REV. DR. KOELLE ; REV. DR. LANSDELL ; AND OTHERS 177 ORDINARY MEETING (March 16, 1891) .... 195 ON THE REALITY OF THE SELF. BY w. L. COURTNEY, M.A., LL.D..... 195 DISCUSSION 207 COMMUNICATIONS IN ,REGARD TO THE PAPER (to July, 1892) 217 THE AUTHOR'S FINAL REPLY 220 ORDINARY MEETING (April 20, 1891, Proceedings revised July, 1892) 221 NOTES ON PHILOSOPHY AND MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE IN ANCIENT INDIA. BY SURGEON-GENERAL c. A. GORDON, M.D., C.B., Q.H.P. 221 APPENDICES 240 DISCUSSION. REMARKS BY SIR ,JOSEPH FAYRER, M.D., K.C.S.I.; Mn. T. H. THORNTON, C.S.J.; CHANDRASEKHAR Sun, AND OTHERS .... 246 CONTENTS OF VOL. XXV. Yll Page ORDINARY MEETING .... 253 ON THE APPARENT CRUELTY OF NATURE. BY THE REV. THEODORE Woon, M.A., 1<'.E.S. .... .. .. 253 DiscussroN. REMARKS BY Sm J. FAYRER, K.C.S.I., F.R.S., AND OTHERS 270 ORDINARY MEETING 279 DEONTOLOGY. BY THE REV. H. J. CLARKE 279 DISCUSSION 295 THE GUNNING PRIZE 307 LIST OF MEMBERS, &c. 309 RULES ]. N6TE :-The papers, discussions and communications thereon from home or foreign members, are published in the Journal as soon as finally corrected by their respective authors. *** Tl.e lnstitute's object being to investigate, it inust not be held to endorse the various views expressed at its meetings. PREFACE. --+- HE Twenty-Fifth Volume of the Journal of tlie T'l'ansac­ T tions of the VICTORIA INSTITUTE now issued, is a record of the various important questions taken up in papers by competent authors, carefully investigated, and impartially discussed at the Meetings by those who have studied the subjects considered. The papers contained in this volume are upon the following subjects:-" On the Monism, Pantheism, and Dualism of Brahmanical and Zoroastrian Philosophers," by Sir M. MONIER WILLIAMS, K.C.I.E., D.C.L. "On Human Responsibility," by the Right Honourable Lord GRillfTHORPE. "On Chinese Chronology," by the Rev. JAMES LEGGE, M.A., Professor of Chinese in the University of Oxford; in the discussion of which Sir THOMAS F. WADE, G.C.M.G., and others took part. On the site of '' The Garden of Eden," by Mr. HoRMUZD RAsSAM, who combats certain statements X PREFACE. recently made by some known English and Foreign writers who have asserted that the Garden of Eden of the Bible was in the neighbourhood of Babylon, and answered to the old Babylonian Gan duniya: he refers to the map embodying the latest surveys made by Indian officers as supporting his contention.* Among those taking part in the discussion upon this paper are Sir J. W. DAWSON, C.M.G., F.R.S., Major C. R. CONDER, R.E., D.C.L., LL.D., Professor SAYCE, D.D., Mr. T. PINCHES, of the Department of Assyrian Antiquities at the British Museum, (the late) M. BERTIN, and others. "On Islam," by the Rev. W. ST. CLAIR TISDALL, M.A.: the author discusses "Its Origin, Strength, and Weakness," with a view to correcting the increasing and dangerous misapprehension existing in some quarters as to the character of Muhammadanism ; adding quotations from acknowledged original authorities, so that the paper may be used in conducting arguments with opponents of high culture : the discussion thereon was taken part in by Sir THEODORE FORD, Major C. R. CONDER, R.E., D.C.L., LL.D., the Rev. Dr. KCELLE, the Rev. H. LANSDELL, D.D., M.R.A.S., and other Eastern travellers. "On the Reality of the Self," by Mr. W. L. COURTNEY, M.A., LL.D. "On Philosophy and Medical Knowledge in Ancient India," by Surgeon-General C. A. GORDON, M.D., C.B., Q.H.P., &c.: in the discussion of this paper Sir JOSEPH FAYRER, K.C.S.I., M.D., F.R.S., took occasion to give the results of his investigatious as to the history of the Science of Medicine in the East in ancient * Mr. Rassam, a Chaldean and native of Assyria, has travelled much in Mesopotamia, .Armenia, and Kurdistan, and has long been connected with Assyrian and Babylonian researches ; his paper also contains im­ portant remarks on .the "mistaken and doubtful conjectures" on the above and other important Biblical sites, which have of late crept into certain educational works. PREFACE, Xl times. "On the Apparent Cruelty of Nature," by the Rev. THEODORE WOOD, M.A., in the discussion on which many joined. "On Deontology," by the Rev. H. ,J. CLARKE. A few brief remarks, on the '' Post Glacial Period," by Professor WARREN UPHAM, appear in this volume. To all who have added to the value of the work done, the best thanks of the Members and 4ssociates are due. FRANCIS W. H. PETRIE, Capt., Hon. Sec. and Editor. 1892. JOURNAL OF THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE VICTORIA INSTITUTE, OR PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN. --+-- ORDINARY MEETING. THE PRESIDENT, SIR GEORGE G. STOKES, BART., M.P., V.P.R.S., IN THE CHAIR. The Minutes of the last Meeting were read and confirmed, and the following Paper was then read (March 19th) by the Author;- REMARKS ON THE MONISM, PANTHEISM, AND DUALISM OF BRAHMANICAL AND ZORO­ ASTRIAN PHILOSOPHERS. By Sir M. MONIER WILLIAMS, K.O.I.E:, D.C.L., Boden Professor of Sanskrit, -Oxford. N the present paper I propose to draw the attention of I this Society to the principal monistic, pantheistic, and dualistic theories of Indian philosophers-whether Brahmans or Indo-Zoroastrians-with the object of pointing out that these theories, although apparently contradictory, are in reality closely connected with each other, as well as with the polytheistic doctrines and practices of modern Hinduism. Perhaps other members of this Society may be induced by my remarks to draw attention to some of the parallel lines of thought in European systems of philosophy. I ought at the outset to explain that my observations will be founded quite as much on the conversaiions which I had with living learned men during my travels in India, as on the ancient philosophical writings of Hindus and Zoroastrians. Clearly the first difficulty is to settle exactly what is meant by the terms Monism, Pantheism, and Dualism. Without pretending to any special knowledge of the pbilo­ B ~ SIR M. MONIER WILLIAMS ON THE MONISM, PANTHEISM, AND sophical terms current in Europe, I believe I am right in stating that Monism is a term which may be fairly used to express the doctrine that only one Being really exists-or, in other words, that everything is resolvable into one eternal EsAeuce, and into one only. Pantheism, again, so fa1· as I understand this vague expres­ sion, generally means that, whatever the one infinite Essence or Substance, whom we call God, may be, the Universe is identical with that one God, or again that God is identical with the- Universe (not merely immanent or present in it).
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