The Origin of the Green Color of Variscite
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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
2015 AFMS Endowment Fund Drawing
2015 AFMS Endowment Fund Drawing The 2014 Endowment Fund Drawing took place in Tulsa, Oklahoma. We had some very nice donations for prizes, and a lot of people stepped up and bought tickets to support the AFMS Endowment Fund. Thank you for your support. And thank you to those who picked up prizes to deliver at the banquet in Tulsa. That helped save the cost of mailing the items. We have received the following donations for the 2015 Endowment Fund Drawing, which will be held on October 24, 2015, at the awards banquet in Austin, Texas. 1.Copper piece and stock certificate donated by Pam Hecht. Estimated value is $65. MWF 2. Howelite and onyx agate necklace and earrings. Donated by Sharon Rogow, crafted by Betsy Oberheim. Estimated value is $75. CFMS 2015 AFMS Endowment Fund Drawing Page 1 of 11 10-11-2015 3. A large agatized coral head donated by the Suncoast Gem and Mineral Society. It was from an old collection of Withlacoochee River coral donated by a member who passed some years ago. The value is estimated to be at least $100. SFMS (This one is larger than the one given last year.) 4. Phareodus encaustus (fossil fish) from the Eocene Period, Green River formation, Kemmerer, Wyoming. This was donated by J.C. and Donna Moore with an approximate value of $65. MWF #5 - is a Tampa Bay Coral pair donated by Barbara Sky, MWF Uniform Rules Chairman. The pair is about six inches long and two and a half inches wide. The estimated value is $50. -
The Use of Raman Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Variscite Provenance: the Gavà Case
Chapitre III : Apport des méthodes d’analyses à l’étude de la diffusion des productions The use of Raman spectroscopy in the characterization of variscite provenance: the Gavà case Joan Carlos Melgarejo, Laia Arqués, Cristina Villanova-de-Benavent, Tariq Jahwari, Lisard Torró, Josep Bosch Argilagós, Montgarri Castillo-Oliver, Marc Campeny, Sandra Amores, Aleu Andreazini, Saleh Lehbib, Antoni Camprubí Abstract. The Gavà phosphate deposit, mined during the Neolithic, was produced by weathering processes affecting primary apatite beds. It exhibits a neat vertical zoning, related to chemical gradients during weathering. Strengite, yellowish Al-rich strengite and ferroan variscite are found at the top, pale- green variscite at the intermediate levels, and green variscite in depth. Fe values are very low in the greenish samples, as well as Cr and V. Raman spectrums of the Gavà variscite show differences with samples from other occurrences worldwide. Moreover, some spectral differences can also be observed in the Raman spectra of variscite coming from different depths in the deposit. Raman spectroscopy can be an efficient tool to discriminate not only samples from different geographical localities, but also from its original position in a given deposit. Key-words: variscite, Raman, microprobe, veins, supergene. Résumé. Le gîte de phosphates de Gavà, exploité au Néolithique, s’est formé par des processus de météorisation qui auraient affecté des strates primaires d’apatite. Ce gîte a une zonation chimique verticale, qui aurait été produite par des gradations chimiques lors de la météorisation. La partie haute du gîte contient de la strengite, de l’Al-strengite et de la Fe-variscite jaunâtres ; les niveaux intermédiaires contiennent de la variscite verdâtre et les niveaux plus profonds, de la variscite verte. -
Turquoise: the Cerrillos Mineral Gem
A Living History Museum Turquoise: The Cerrillos Mineral Gem The mines of Cerrillos, New Mexico produce a particularly beautiful blue/ green variety of turquoise, so stunning in fact that they have been mined for roughly the last 3,000 years! Chemically, it is a phosphate of aluminum carrying small quantities of copper and iron and a green mineral, variscite. These give the gemstone its color as well as its value and beauty. This is the only phosphate that is considered a precious stone. Ancestral Puebloans first started mining the Cerrillos hills circa 900 BCE, and it’s been mined ever since. This “gem” of a mineral has been found across the state, and archaeological evidence shows it’s been mined and fashioned into ornaments and jewelry for centuries, with remnants found at one of the most ancient sites in the state, Chetro Ketl at Chaco Canyon. Southwest indigenous groups call turquoise chalchihuitl, as did the ancient peoples of Mexico and Central America who used the same word to describe jade or green turquoise. One of the hills still being mined in Cerrillos still bears the name, Mount Chalchihuitl. Combined with shell and coral from the California coast acquired in trade, turquoise jewelry itself became a valued commodity. Spanish settlers didn’t have much interest in turquoise as they were looking for what they considered a more important prize, namely gold and silver. In fact, outside of local indigenous groups, other cultural groups weren’t much interested in it and it didn’t really gain popularity with the American cultural at large until the 1890s. -
Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
.'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications. -
Turquoise and Variscite by Dean Sakabe MEETING Wednesday
JANUARY 2015 - VOLUME 50, ISSUE 1 Meeting Times Turquoise and Variscite By Dean Sakabe MEETING We are starting the year off with Tur- Wednesday quoise and Variscite. January 28, 2015 Turquoise is a copper aluminum phosphate, whose name originated in 6:15-8:00 pm medieval Europe. What happened was Makiki District Park that traders from Turkey introduced the blue-green gemstone obtained Admin Building from Persia (the present day Iran) to Turquoise (Stabilized), Europeans. Who in turn associated Chihuahua, Mexico NEXT MONTH this stone with the Turkish traders, Tucson Gem & rather than the land of the stones origin. Hence they called this stone Mineral Show “Turceis” or, later in French “turquois.” Over time english speakers adopted this French word, but adding an “e” (Turquiose). The Spanish called this stone “Turquesa”. LAPIDARY The gemstone grade of Turquoise has a hardness of around 6, however Every Thursday the vast majority of turquoise falls in the softer 3–5 range. With the 6:30-8:30pm exception being the Turquoise from Cripple Creek, Colorado which is in the 7-8 range. Turquoise occurs in range of hues from sky blue to grey Makiki District Park -green. It is also found in arid places that has a high concentration of 2nd floor Arts and copper in the soil. The blue color is created by copper and the green Crafts Bldg by bivalent iron, with a little amount of chrome. Turquoise often, has veins or blotches running MEMBERSHIP through it, most often brown, but can be light gray or black DUE COSTS 2015 depending on where it was Single: $10.00 found. -
Gem News International
(1 I /1 IIJ' ~ ) ~! I I I Gem News International 1/ Contributing Editors \ t Emmanuel Fritsch, University of Nantes, CNRS, Team 6502, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN), I Nantes, France ([email protected]) ti''1 ) ) I ( J f ( I' Gagan Choudhary, Gem Testing Laboratory, Jaipur, India j 11 ([email protected]) I j\ I r \, ) I\ r I / { ' Christopher M. Breeding, GIA, Carlsbad ([email protected]) - ~ .. 1\ - 1 ( t 1/I J ~ 1 1 ________________' ( _1 ____J ____ I\ J __tc _, __ ) l _______,_____________________ , ___________________ .._________ 4( _,' : 1 , _______ __ _ Opal, particularly black opal, has seen a resurgence among high-end jewelers. Boehm believes there could be a TUCSON 2019 growing appreciation for the gem due to the discovery of opal in Ethiopia, which has brought opal to different price The 2019 gem shows came to Tucson with a wealth of ma- points and different audiences in the past decade. Rod Grif- terial, both new and old, as eager buyers descended on ex- fin (Rod Griffin Boulder Opals) discussed his experiences in hibitors to take in the latest trends. While traffic was not Australian opal mining and the new technology he is using as heavy as in recent years, several vendors noticed an in- to exploit deposits once thought to be depleted (pp. 122–123). flux of young people looking for natural, untreated gem- Color, of course, continues to reign, and dealers are see- stones. Spectacular color in gems and stunning jewelry ing what Boehm called “an increased appreciation for the designs were on view, while many pointed to sustainable unusual.” Beyond the classic “Big Three,” vendors stocked and ethical practices as a major consideration in their col- gemstones such as sphene, grandidierite, and various colors ored gemstone and jewelry purchases. -
Gemstones by Donald W
GEMSTONES By Donald W. olson Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Nicholas A. Muniz, statistical assistant, and the world production table was prepared by Glenn J. Wallace, international data coordinator. In this report, the terms “gem” and “gemstone” mean any gemstones and on the cutting and polishing of large diamond mineral or organic material (such as amber, pearl, petrified wood, stones. Industry employment is estimated to range from 1,000 to and shell) used for personal adornment, display, or object of art ,500 workers (U.S. International Trade Commission, 1997, p. 1). because it possesses beauty, durability, and rarity. Of more than Most natural gemstone producers in the United states 4,000 mineral species, only about 100 possess all these attributes and are small businesses that are widely dispersed and operate are considered to be gemstones. Silicates other than quartz are the independently. the small producers probably have an average largest group of gemstones; oxides and quartz are the second largest of less than three employees, including those who only work (table 1). Gemstones are subdivided into diamond and colored part time. the number of gemstone mines operating from gemstones, which in this report designates all natural nondiamond year to year fluctuates because the uncertainty associated with gems. In addition, laboratory-created gemstones, cultured pearls, the discovery and marketing of gem-quality minerals makes and gemstone simulants are discussed but are treated separately it difficult to obtain financing for developing and sustaining from natural gemstones (table 2). Trade data in this report are economically viable deposits (U.S. -
VARISCITE (Alpo4·2H2O) from CIOCLOVINA CAVE (ŞUREANU MOUNTAINS, ROMANIA): a TALE of a MISSING PHOSPHATE
STUDIA UNIVERSITATIS BABEŞ-BOLYAI, GEOLOGIA, XLIX, 1, 2004, 3-14 VARISCITE (AlPO4·2H2O) FROM CIOCLOVINA CAVE (ŞUREANU MOUNTAINS, ROMANIA): A TALE OF A MISSING PHOSPHATE BOGDAN P. ONAC1, JOE KEARNS2, RADU BREBAN3, SIMONA CÎNTĂ PÂNZARU4 ABSTRACT. Recent investigations on a phosphatized sediment sequence in the Cioclovina Cave led to the identification of a second occurrence in Romania (first time in the cave environment) of variscite, AlPO4·2H2O. The mineral exists as dull- white, tiny crusts and veinlets within the thick argillaceous material accumulated on the cave floor. Under scanning electron microscope (SEM) variscite appears as subhedral to euhedral micron-size crystals. The {111} pseudo-octahedral form is rather common. Variscite was further characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, thermal, vibrational FT-IR and FT-Raman spectroscopy, and by SEM energy- dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The calculated orthorhombic cell parameters are a = 9.823(4), b = 8.562(9), c = 9.620(5) Å, and V = 809.167(6) Å3. The ED spectrum of variscite shows well-resolved Al and P lines confirming thus the presence of the major elements in our compound. The formation of variscite is attributed to the reaction between the phosphate-rich leachates derived from guano and the underlying clay sediments. Keywords: phosphate minerals, variscite, Cioclovina Cave, Romania. GENERAL DATA The Cioclovina Cave is located 40 km southeast of the city of Hunedoara, in the west-southwest side of Şureanu Mountains, Romania (Fig. 1, inset), at an altitude of 770 m asl. The investigated part of the cave develops in reef limestone of Lower Cretaceous age (Stilla, 1981; Pop et al., 1985). -
Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective
The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective Gd Pr Ce Sm La Nd Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover photo: Powders of six rare earth elements oxides. Photograph by Peggy Greb, Agricultural Research Center of United States Department of Agriculture. The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective By Keith R. Long, Bradley S. Van Gosen, Nora K. Foley, and Daniel Cordier Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This report has not been reviewed for stratigraphic nomenclature. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Suggested citation: Long, K.R., Van Gosen, B.S., Foley, N.K., and Cordier, Daniel, 2010, The principal rare earth elements deposits of the United States—A summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective: U.S. -
The Turquoise-Chalcosiderite-Planerite
СПИСАНИЕ НА БЪЛГАРСКОТО ГЕОЛОГИЧЕСКО ДРУЖЕСТВО, год. 80, кн. 3, 2019, с. 48–50 REVIEW OF THE BULGARIAN GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, vol. 80, part 3, 2019, p. 48–50 Национална конференция с международно участие „ГЕОНАУКИ 2019“ National Conference with international participation “GEOSCIENCES 2019” The turquoise-chalcosiderite-planerite solid-solution series in samples from Chala deposit, Eastern Rhodopes Тюркоаз-халкосидерит-планеритова серия от твърди разтвори в образци от находище Чала, Източни Родопи Yana Tzvetanova1, Louiza Dimowa1, Elena Tacheva1, Iskra Piroeva2, Ognyan Petrov1, Aleksandar Nikolov1 Яна Цветанова1, Луиза Димова1, Елена Тачева1, Искра Пироева2, Огнян Петров1, Александър Николов1 1 Institute of Mineralogy and Crystallography, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 107, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria; E-mail: [email protected] 2 Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Keywords: turquoise, chalcosiderite, planerite, crystal chemistry, phosphates. Introduction quoise was also reported from the Obichnik depos- it, Zvezdel-Pcheloyad ore field, Eastern Rhodopes The turquoise group, as redefined by Foord and (Kunov, Mandova, 1997). Taggart (1998), consists of 6 members: planerite, The present study aims to show the crystal chem- turquoise, faustite, aheylite, chalcosiderite and an istry of green mineral from the turquoise group from 2+ 3+ unnamed Fe –Fe analogue with the general for- Chala deposit (Spahievo ore field) with particular at- mula A0–1B6(PO4)4–x(PO3OH)x(OH)8 4H2O, where tention to planerite end-member that was approved 2+ x = 0–2. Blue turquoise has Cu at the A position and by the IMA CNMMN as a revalidated mineral in 3+ Al at the B position, whereas green⋅ chalcosiderite 1984. -
Fluorwavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F⋅5H2O
Fluorwavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F⋅5H2O Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. Prismatic crystals display {010}, (110}, and {101}, to 3 mm. Commonly in radial or bow-tie-like sprays. Physical Properties: Essentially identical to wavellite in appearance and physical properties. Cleavage: Perfect on {110}, good on {101} and {010}. Tenacity: Brittle. Fracture: Uneven to conchoidal. Hardness = 3.5 D(meas.) = 2.30(1) D(calc.) = 2.345 Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Colorless. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). α = 1.522(1) β = 1.531(1) γ = 1.549(1) 2V(meas.) = 71(1)° 2V(calc.) = 71.2° Orientation: X = b, Y = a, Z = c. Pleochroism: None. Dispersion: Weak, r > v. Cell Data: Space Group: Pcmm. a = 9.6311(4) b = 17.3731(12) c = 9.9946(3) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Silver Coin mine or Wood mine, USA (unspecified). 8.53 (100), 3.223 (41), 3.430 (28), 2.580 (28), 5.65 (26), 4.81 (17), 2.101 (16) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Al2O3 36.79 36.68 36.94 P2O5 34.66 34.31 34.29 F 4.74 4.08 4.59 H2O [26.65] [26.52] 26.11 -O = F2 2.00 1.72 1.93 Total 100.84 99.87 100.00 (1) Silver Coin mine, Valmy, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA; average of 9 electron microprobe analyses supplemented by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, H2O calculated from structure; corresponds to Al2.96(PO4)2(OH)1.98F1.02·5H2O. (2) Wood mine, Cocke County, Tennessee, USA; average of 9 electron microprobe analyses supplemented by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy and CHN analysis, H2O calculated from structure; corresponds to Al2.98(PO4)2(OH)2.11F0.89·5H2O.