The Turquoise-Chalcosiderite-Planerite
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Mineral Processing
Mineral Processing Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy 1st English edition JAN DRZYMALA, C. Eng., Ph.D., D.Sc. Member of the Polish Mineral Processing Society Wroclaw University of Technology 2007 Translation: J. Drzymala, A. Swatek Reviewer: A. Luszczkiewicz Published as supplied by the author ©Copyright by Jan Drzymala, Wroclaw 2007 Computer typesetting: Danuta Szyszka Cover design: Danuta Szyszka Cover photo: Sebastian Bożek Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27 50-370 Wroclaw Any part of this publication can be used in any form by any means provided that the usage is acknowledged by the citation: Drzymala, J., Mineral Processing, Foundations of theory and practice of minerallurgy, Oficyna Wydawnicza PWr., 2007, www.ig.pwr.wroc.pl/minproc ISBN 978-83-7493-362-9 Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................9 Part I Introduction to mineral processing .....................................................................13 1. From the Big Bang to mineral processing................................................................14 1.1. The formation of matter ...................................................................................14 1.2. Elementary particles.........................................................................................16 1.3. Molecules .........................................................................................................18 1.4. Solids................................................................................................................19 -
Personal Body Ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: an Archaeomineralogical Study
Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5 (2016) 156–167 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jasrep Personal body ornamentation on the Southern Iberian Meseta: An archaeomineralogical study Carlos P. Odriozola a,⁎, Luis Benítez de Lugo Enrich b,c, Rodrigo Villalobos García c, José M. Martínez-Blanes d, Miguel A. Avilés e, Norberto Palomares Zumajo f, María Benito Sánchez g, Carlos Barrio Aldea h, Domingo C. Salazar-García i,j a Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Sevilla, Spain b Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain c Dpto. de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Centro asociado UNED-Ciudad Real, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Spain d Dpto. de Prehistoria, Arqueología, Antropología Social y Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas, Universidad de Valladolid, Spain e Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Sevilla, Centro mixto Universidad de Sevilla—CSIC, Spain f Anthropos, s.l., Spain g Laboratorio de Antropología Forense, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain h Archaeologist i Department of Archaeology, University of Capetown, South Africa j Departament de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, Universitat de València, Spain article info abstract Article history: Beads and pendants from the Castillejo del Bonete (Terrinches, Ciudad Real) and Cerro Ortega (Villanueva de la Received 22 June 2015 Fuente, Ciudad Real) burials were analysed using XRD, micro-Raman and XRF in order to contribute to the cur- Received in revised form 30 October 2015 rent distribution map of green bead body ornament pieces on the Iberian Peninsula which, so far, remain Accepted 14 November 2015 undetailed for many regions. -
Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina by W
.'.' .., Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie RUTILE GUMMITE IN GARNET RUBY CORUNDUM GOLD TORBERNITE GARNET IN MICA ANATASE RUTILE AJTUNITE AND TORBERNITE THULITE AND PYRITE MONAZITE EMERALD CUPRITE SMOKY QUARTZ ZIRCON TORBERNITE ~/ UBRAR'l USE ONLV ,~O NOT REMOVE. fROM LIBRARY N. C. GEOLOGICAL SUHVEY Information Circular 24 Mineral Collecting Sites in North Carolina By W. F. Wilson and B. J. McKenzie Raleigh 1978 Second Printing 1980. Additional copies of this publication may be obtained from: North CarOlina Department of Natural Resources and Community Development Geological Survey Section P. O. Box 27687 ~ Raleigh. N. C. 27611 1823 --~- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY SECTION The Geological Survey Section shall, by law"...make such exami nation, survey, and mapping of the geology, mineralogy, and topo graphy of the state, including their industrial and economic utilization as it may consider necessary." In carrying out its duties under this law, the section promotes the wise conservation and use of mineral resources by industry, commerce, agriculture, and other governmental agencies for the general welfare of the citizens of North Carolina. The Section conducts a number of basic and applied research projects in environmental resource planning, mineral resource explora tion, mineral statistics, and systematic geologic mapping. Services constitute a major portion ofthe Sections's activities and include identi fying rock and mineral samples submitted by the citizens of the state and providing consulting services and specially prepared reports to other agencies that require geological information. The Geological Survey Section publishes results of research in a series of Bulletins, Economic Papers, Information Circulars, Educa tional Series, Geologic Maps, and Special Publications. -
Thirty-Seventh List of New Mineral Names. Part 1" A-L
Thirty-seventh list of new mineral names. Part 1" A-L A. M. CLARK Department of Mineralogy, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK AND V. D. C. DALTRYt Department of Geology and Mineralogy, University of Natal, Private Bag XO1, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa THE present list is divided into two sections; the pegmatites at Mount Alluaiv, Lovozero section M-Z will follow in the next issue. Those Complex, Kola Peninsula, Russia. names representing valid species, accredited by the Na19(Ca,Mn)6(Ti,Nb)3Si26074C1.H20. Trigonal, IMA Commission on New Minerals and Mineral space group R3m, a 14.046, c 60.60 A, Z = 6. Names, are shown in bold type. Dmeas' 2.76, Dc~ac. 2.78 g/cm3, co 1.618, ~ 1.626. Named for the locality. Abenakiite-(Ce). A.M. McDonald, G.Y. Chat and Altisite. A.P. Khomyakov, G.N. Nechelyustov, G. J.D. Grice. 1994. Can. Min. 32, 843. Poudrette Ferraris and G. Ivalgi, 1994. Zap. Vses. Min. Quarry, Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. Obschch., 123, 82 [Russian]. Frpm peralkaline Na26REE(SiO3)6(P04)6(C03)6(S02)O. Trigonal, pegmatites at Oleny Stream, SE Khibina alkaline a 16.018, c 19.761 A, Z = 3. Named after the massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Monoclinic, a Abenaki Indian tribe. 10.37, b 16.32, c 9.16 ,~, l~ 105.6 ~ Z= 2. Named Abswurmbachite. T. Reinecke, E. Tillmanns and for the chemical elements A1, Ti and Si. H.-J. Bernhardt, 1991. Neues Jahrb. Min. Abh., Ankangite. M. Xiong, Z.-S. -
Winter 1998 Gems & Gemology
WINTER 1998 VOLUME 34 NO. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS 243 LETTERS FEATURE ARTICLES 246 Characterizing Natural-Color Type IIb Blue Diamonds John M. King, Thomas M. Moses, James E. Shigley, Christopher M. Welbourn, Simon C. Lawson, and Martin Cooper pg. 247 270 Fingerprinting of Two Diamonds Cut from the Same Rough Ichiro Sunagawa, Toshikazu Yasuda, and Hideaki Fukushima NOTES AND NEW TECHNIQUES 281 Barite Inclusions in Fluorite John I. Koivula and Shane Elen pg. 271 REGULAR FEATURES 284 Gem Trade Lab Notes 290 Gem News 303 Book Reviews 306 Gemological Abstracts 314 1998 Index pg. 281 pg. 298 ABOUT THE COVER: Blue diamonds are among the rarest and most highly valued of gemstones. The lead article in this issue examines the history, sources, and gemological characteristics of these diamonds, as well as their distinctive color appearance. Rela- tionships between their color, clarity, and other properties were derived from hundreds of samples—including such famous blue diamonds as the Hope and the Blue Heart (or Unzue Blue)—that were studied at the GIA Gem Trade Laboratory over the past several years. The diamonds shown here range from 0.69 to 2.03 ct. Photo © Harold & Erica Van Pelt––Photographers, Los Angeles, California. Color separations for Gems & Gemology are by Pacific Color, Carlsbad, California. Printing is by Fry Communications, Inc., Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania. © 1998 Gemological Institute of America All rights reserved. ISSN 0016-626X GIA “Cut” Report Flawed? The long-awaited GIA report on the ray-tracing analysis of round brilliant diamonds appeared in the Fall 1998 Gems & Gemology (“Modeling the Appearance of the Round Brilliant Cut Diamond: An Analysis of Brilliance,” by T. -
Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective
The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective Gd Pr Ce Sm La Nd Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover photo: Powders of six rare earth elements oxides. Photograph by Peggy Greb, Agricultural Research Center of United States Department of Agriculture. The Principal Rare Earth Elements Deposits of the United States—A Summary of Domestic Deposits and a Global Perspective By Keith R. Long, Bradley S. Van Gosen, Nora K. Foley, and Daniel Cordier Scientific Investigations Report 2010–5220 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior KEN SALAZAR, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Marcia K. McNutt, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2010 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. This report has not been reviewed for stratigraphic nomenclature. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Suggested citation: Long, K.R., Van Gosen, B.S., Foley, N.K., and Cordier, Daniel, 2010, The principal rare earth elements deposits of the United States—A summary of domestic deposits and a global perspective: U.S. -
Minerals of Turquoise Group from Sândominic, Gurghiu Mts., Romania and from Parádfürdő, Mátra Mts., Hungary
Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica, Abstract Series, Szeged, Vol. 7, 2012 133 MINERALS OF TURQUOISE GROUP FROM SÂNDOMINIC, GURGHIU MTS., ROMANIA AND FROM PARÁDFÜRDŐ, MÁTRA MTS., HUNGARY SZAKÁLL, S.*, KRISTÁLY, F. & ZAJZON, N. Institute of Mineralogy and Geology, University of Miskolc, H-3515 Miskolc-Egyetemváros, Hungary * E-mail: [email protected] 1) The Sândominic occurrence (Dorma Hill) is lo- with the sulphide-rich plutons at depth. This interaction cated in the southern termination of Gurghiu Mts, East- with Cu-Zn-Fe-rich sulphides produced acidic fluids ern Carpathians, Romania, in the vicinity (~5 km from with leached out ions (Cu-Zn-Fe), which were necessary Fagul Cetăţii deposit) of the Bălan copper ore minerali- to form turquoise group minerals. The source of phos- zation. The site is located on the contact of the Rebra phorus could be the hydrothermally altered rock- metamorphic limestones and Tulgheş Lithogroup. Tur- forming apatite. Here the turquoise mineral (Fig. 1) is a 2+ quoise (Fig. 1) was found as incrustations in a highly solid solution of aheylite (Fe ,Zn)Al6(PO4)4(OH)8 • fractured and oxidized, quartz dominated part of a milo- 4H2O, faustite (Zn,Cu)Al6(PO4)4(OH)8 • 4H2O and nitic rock. In the cracks and voids of quartz it is associ- planerite Al6(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8 • 4H2O. Similar ated with goethite, occasionally with mm-size euhedral situation was already observed elsewhere (FOORD & quartz. Here the meteoric fluids permeated the meta- TAGGERT, 1998). The mineral appears as pale yellow- morphic rocks creating oxidizing environment, where ish brown hemispheres, up to 0.5 mm in diameter. -
Fluorwavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F⋅5H2O
Fluorwavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH)2F⋅5H2O Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. Prismatic crystals display {010}, (110}, and {101}, to 3 mm. Commonly in radial or bow-tie-like sprays. Physical Properties: Essentially identical to wavellite in appearance and physical properties. Cleavage: Perfect on {110}, good on {101} and {010}. Tenacity: Brittle. Fracture: Uneven to conchoidal. Hardness = 3.5 D(meas.) = 2.30(1) D(calc.) = 2.345 Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Colorless. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). α = 1.522(1) β = 1.531(1) γ = 1.549(1) 2V(meas.) = 71(1)° 2V(calc.) = 71.2° Orientation: X = b, Y = a, Z = c. Pleochroism: None. Dispersion: Weak, r > v. Cell Data: Space Group: Pcmm. a = 9.6311(4) b = 17.3731(12) c = 9.9946(3) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Silver Coin mine or Wood mine, USA (unspecified). 8.53 (100), 3.223 (41), 3.430 (28), 2.580 (28), 5.65 (26), 4.81 (17), 2.101 (16) Chemistry: (1) (2) (3) Al2O3 36.79 36.68 36.94 P2O5 34.66 34.31 34.29 F 4.74 4.08 4.59 H2O [26.65] [26.52] 26.11 -O = F2 2.00 1.72 1.93 Total 100.84 99.87 100.00 (1) Silver Coin mine, Valmy, Humboldt County, Nevada, USA; average of 9 electron microprobe analyses supplemented by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy, H2O calculated from structure; corresponds to Al2.96(PO4)2(OH)1.98F1.02·5H2O. (2) Wood mine, Cocke County, Tennessee, USA; average of 9 electron microprobe analyses supplemented by Raman and FTIR spectroscopy and CHN analysis, H2O calculated from structure; corresponds to Al2.98(PO4)2(OH)2.11F0.89·5H2O. -
Wavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH, F)3 • 5H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Wavellite Al3(PO4)2(OH, F)3 • 5H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Orthorhombic. Point Group: 2/m 2/m 2/m. Euhedral crystals uncommon, short to long prismatic, elongated and striated k [001], with {010}, {110}, {101}, {111}, {121}, with many {hk0} forms, to several mm. Commonly in flat to spherical radial aggregates, to 3 cm; may be stalactitic, in crusts, rarely opaline massive. Physical Properties: Cleavage: Perfect on {110}; good on {101}; distinct on {010}. Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 3.5–4 D(meas.) = 2.36 D(calc.) = 2.37 Optical Properties: Translucent. Color: White, greenish white, green, yellow, yellowish brown, turquoise-blue, brown, brownish black, may be zoned; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous to resinous, pearly. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Pleochroism: Weak; X = greenish; Z = yellowish. Absorption: X > Z. Orientation: X = b; Y = a; Z = c. Dispersion: r> v,weak. α = 1.518–1.535 β = 1.524–1.543 γ = 1.544–1.561 2V(meas.) = 60◦–72◦ Cell Data: Space Group: P cmn. a = 9.621(2) b = 17.363(4) c = 6.994(3) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Black River Falls, Jackson Co., Wisconsin, USA. 8.67 (100), 8.42 (100), 3.22 (60), 5.65 (50), 3.42 (42), 4.81 (25), 2.573 (25) Chemistry: (1) (2) P2O5 33.40 34.46 Al2O3 37.44 37.12 Fe2O3 0.64 F 2.79 H2O 26.45 28.42 −O=F2 1.17 Total 99.55 100.00 • (1) Clonmel, Ireland. -
Wisconsin Wavellite
Wisconsin Wavellite When rock hounds think of wavellite, they usually think of the green "lime slice" clusters from Arkansas. But wavellite occurs in other places, including Wisconsin. The Wisconsin material, although not as attractive as that from Arkansas, provides a valuable lesson in how this mineral forms. Wavellite is a hydrated aluminum-rich phosphate. The Wisconsin wavellite occurs as cream colored botryoidal to stalactitic crusts within sandstone of the Eau Claire Formation (Klemic and Mrose, 1972). It is found at the base of a long mound extending from Merillan to Black River Falls, Jackson County, Wisconsin. In these places scattered wavellite specimens can be collected on hill slopes or in low roadcuts. I became interested in this occurrence because I thought wavellite might be widespread within this formation. The wavellite is inconspicuous and easily overlooked by someone unaware of its presence. A student at U.W.R.F., Candy Schwantes, began work by specifically looking for wavellite at many localities where the Eau Claire Formation is exposed in western Wisconsin. After surveying over 40 spots, the Merrillan-Black River Falls sites were still the only places where wavellite was found. We concluded that its formation must relate to local, rather than regional, conditions. One thing that struck both Candy and I about the wavellite area was the spots of intense red coloration in the sandstone overlying the wavellite occurrences. This red coloration was iron oxide formed by the breakdown of pyrite or marcasite. As a result, sulfuric acid is released. This sandstone also contains fossil shell fragments made of the phosphate mineral, apatite. -
A Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of the Phosphate Mineral Zanazziite Â
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 104 (2013) 250–256 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/saa A vibrational spectroscopic study of the phosphate mineral 2+ 2+ zanazziite – Ca2(MgFe )(MgFe Al)4Be4(PO4)6Á6(H2O) ⇑ Ray L. Frost a, , Yunfei Xi a, Ricardo Scholz b, Fernanda M. Belotti c, Luiz Alberto Dias Menezes Filho d a School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2434, Brisbane Queensland 4001, Australia b Geology Department, School of Mines, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Campus Morro do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, MG 35400-00, Brazil c Federal University of Itajubá, Campus Itabira, Itabira, MG 35903-087, Brazil d Geology Department, Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil highlights graphical abstract " We have analyzed the phosphate mineral zanazziite and determined its formula. " The mineral was studied by electron microprobe, Raman and infrared spectroscopy. " Multiple bands in the bending region supports the concept of a reduction in symmetry of phosphate anion. article info abstract Article history: Zanazziite is the magnesium member of a complex beryllium calcium phosphate mineral group named Received 13 August 2012 roscherite. The studied samples were collected from the Ponte do Piauí mine, located in Itinga, Minas Ger- Accepted 5 November 2012 ais. The mineral was studied by electron microprobe, Raman and infrared spectroscopy. The chemical for- Available online 5 December 2012 mula can be expressed as Ca2.00(Mg3.15,Fe0.78,Mn0.16,Zn0.01,Al0.26,Ca0.14)Be4.00(PO4)6.09(OH)4.00Á5.69(H2O) and shows an intermediate member of the zanazziite–greinfeinstenite series, with predominance of zan- Keywords: azziite member. -
The Mineral Aheylite, Planerite (Redefined), Turquoise and Coeruleolactite
Mineralogical Magazine, February 1998, Vol. 62(1), pp. 93-111 A reexamination of the turquoise group: the mineral aheylite, planerite (redefined), turquoise and coeruleolactite EUGENE E. FOORD M.S. 905, U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25046 Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA AND JOSEPH E. TAGGART, JR. M.S. 973, U.S. Geological Survey, Box 25046 Denver Federal Center, Denver, CO 80225, USA The turquoise group has the general formula: Ao_IB6(PO4)4_x(PO3OH)x(OH)8"4H20, where x = 0-2, and consists of six members: planerite, turquoise, faustite, aheylite, chalcosiderite and an unnamed Fe>-Fe 3+ analogue. The existence of 'coeruleolactite' is doubtful. Planerite is revalidated as a species and is characterized by a dominant A-site vacancy. Aheylite is established as a new member of the group, and is characterized by having Fe2+ dominant in the A-site. Chemical analyses of 15 pure samples of microcrystalline planerite, turquoise, and aheylite show that a maximum of two of the (PO4) groups are protonated (PO3OH) in planerite. Complete solid solution exists between planerite and turquoise. Other members of the group show variable A-site vacancy as well. Most samples of 'turquoise' are cation-deficient or are planerite. Direct determination of water indicates that there are 4 molecules of water. Planerite, ideally [TA16(PO4)2(PO3OH)2(OH)8.4H20, is white, pale blue or pale green, and occurs as mamillary, botryoidal crusts as much as several mm thick; may also be massive; microcrystalline, crystals typically 2-4 micrometres, luster chalky to earthy, H. 5, somewhat brittle, no cleavage observed, splintery fracture, Dm 2;68(2), Dc 2.71, not magnetic, not fluorescent, mean RI about 1.60.