http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/pspum/034
RELATIONS BETWEEN COMBINATORICS AND OTHER PARTS OF MATHEMATICS PROCEEDINGS OF SYMPOSIA IN PURE MATHEMATICS Volume XXXIV
RELATIONS BETWEEN COMBINATORICS AND OTHER PARTS OF MATHEMATICS
AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND 1979 PROCEEDINGS OF THE SYMPOSIUM IN PURE MATHEMATICS OF THE AMERICAN MATHEMATICAL SOCIETY
HELD AT THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLUMBUS, OHIO MARCH 20-23, 1978
EDITED BY D. K. RAY-CHAUDHURI
Prepared by the American Mathematical Society with partial support from National Science Foundation grant MCS 77-25678 and Army contract DAAG29-78-M-0058
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Symposium in Pure Mathematics, Ohio State University, 1978. Relations between combinatorics and other parts of mathematics. (Proceedings of symposia in pure mathematics; v. 34) Bibliography: p 1. Combinatorial analysis—Congresses. 2. Mathematics—Congresses. I. Ray- Chaudhuri, Dijen, 1933— II. American Mathematical Society. III. Title. IV. Series. QA164.S93 1978 511'.6 78-25979 ISBN 0-8218-1434-6
AMS (MOS) subject classifications (1970). Primary 05-XX Copyright © 1979 by the American Mathematical Society Reprinted with corrections, 1980; Reprinted 1986 Printed in the United States of America All rights reserved except those granted to the United States Government. This book may not be reproduced in any form without the permission of the publishers. The paper used in this journal is acid-free and falls within the guidelines established to ensure permanence and durability. CONTENTS
Preface vii Connection coefficient problems and partitions 1 GEORGE E. ANDREWS Path problems and extremal problems for convex poly topes 25 DAVID W. BARNETTE Independence proofs and combinatorics 35 JAMES E. BAUMGARTNER Combinatorial problems of experimental design. I: Incomplete block designs... 47 RAJ C. BOSE The geometry of diagrams 69 FRANCIS BUEKENHOUT A combinatorial toolkit for permutation groups 77 PETER J. CAMERON The probability of an interval graph, and why it matters 97 JOEL E. COHEN, JANOS KOMLOS, and THOMAS MUELLER On R. M. Foster's regular maps with large faces 117 H.S.M. COXETER Orthogonal functions on some permutation groups 129 CHARLES F. DUNKL Combinatorial problems in geometry and number theory 149 PAUL ERDOS A combinatorial approach to the Mehler formulas for Hermite polynomials 163 DOMINIQUE FOATA and ADRIANO M. GARSIA On the raising operators of Alfred Young 181 A. M. GARSIA and J. REMMEL Incidence symbols and their applications 199 BRANKO GRUNBAUM and G. C. SHEPHARD Linear programming and combinatorics 245 A. J. HOFFMAN
v vi CONTENTS
Spherical designs.... 255 J. M. GOETHALS and J. J. SEIDEL Self dual codes and lattices 273 NEIL J. A. SLOANE Partially ordered sets with colors...... 309 LOUIS SOLOMON Incidence structures with specified planes 331 ALAN P. SPRAGUE Combinatorics and invariant theory...... 345 RICHARD P. STANLEY On the genus of a graph 357 JOHN PHILIP HUNEKE Probabilistic analysis of a canonical numbering algorithm for graphs.... 365 RICHARD M. KARP PREFACE
It is difficult to give a satisfactory definition of Combinatorics.
When we have a basic set (which is not endowed with a rich structure) and we consider a set of subsets satisfying certain properties, we have a
combinatorial situation. Alternately, when we seek solutions to a system
of equations, the variables being restricted to assume 0 and 1 as
values, we have a combinatorial problem. To solve a combinatorial problem,
often we need to use other richer structures of Algebra and Analysis.
Conversely, often the crux of a problem of Algebra or Analysis reduces to
a hard combinatorial question. The Committee to Select Speakers for
Western Sectional Meetings of the American Mathematical Society (consisting of Richard A. Askey, Paul T. Bateman and Richard G. Swan) recommended a symposium on Relations between Combinatorics and Other Parts of Mathematics for the March, 1978, Columbus meeting of the Society. The idea of the symposium was not merely to have another conference on combinatorics, but rather to have a wider-based symposium, dealing with the important role combinatorics plays in other areas of Mathematics. The Symposium, indeed, fulfilled its designated role very well. Invited speakers brought into focus interconnections between combinatorics on the one hand and geometry, group theory, number theory, special functions, lattice packings, logic, topological embeddings, games, experimental designs, sociological and bio logical applications on the other hand.
Coxeter considers regular maps which are symmetrical arrangements of
polygons fitting together to cover a closed surface, usually orientable.
There are only three faces at a vertex, but each polygon has eight, twelve, thirty, forty or sixty vertices. The vertices and edges of each map form a trivalent graph which arises as the Cayley diagram for a group that has three involutory generators, all behaving alike. Buekenhout
vii viii PREFACE considers geometric structures consistinf of points, lines, planes, i-dimensional varieties, in general. A diagram specifies the nature of the rank 2 incidence structures between two types of objects of
the geometry. Buekenhout develops a combinatorial theory, for geometries and groups "belonging to the diagrams." Such theory has been very fruitful
in obtaining geometric interpretations of several sporadic simple groups.
Cameron emphasizes the interplay between combinatorial characterizations
of highly symmetrical configurations and representations of permutation groups as automorphism groups of such configurations. As a miniature ideal example, Cameron mentions his theorem on parallelisms with the parallelogram property. He gives a useful survey of important results on coherent configu rations, association schemes, strongly regular graphs, 2-graphs, steiner systems,
symmetric designs, etc.
Bose gives an elegant historical account of the development of theory
of BIB designs, PBlB designs and their applications in experimental designs.
Cohen, Komlos and Mueller deal with interval graphs. An interval graph is the
intersection graph of a family of intervals of the real line (or any totally
ordered set). Interval graphs have been used for inferences in several sciences,
including archeology, ecology, genetics and psychology, the strength of the
inference depends on the probability that a random graph is an interval graph.
They compute the exact probability of a random graph being an interval graph
for small number of edges (or nonedges) and also obtain some asymptotic results.
Barnette writes an enjoyable narrative of the recent progress in
solving path problems and extremal probelms for convex polytopes. He
discusses the problem of Hamiltonian circuit for a 3-polytope, the d-
step conjecture about the diameter of a graph of a d-polytope, lower
bounds for maximum cycle length of a 3-polytope, etc. He describes the
technique of shelling and McMullen's proof of the upperbound conjecture
for the number of facetes. Barnette obtained the first proof of the
lowerbound conjecture for the number of facetes of a simplicial polytope.
The theme of Hoffman's article is applications of the concepts of linear PREFACE ix programming to combinatorial problems. Using the totally unimodularity of the coefficient metrices, Hoffman gives elegant proofs of combinatorial
theorems of Schnauel and Baranyi. Baranyi's theorem states that the (£) k-subsets
of a set of size n can be partitioned into ( "_) parallel classes iff k
divides n . A clutter C on a set S is a class of nonempty subsets of S such that no member of C contains another member of & . Hoffman
defines a Mengerian clutter and states a beautiful characterization theorem
of Seymour about binary Mengerian clutters by properties of minors.
Garsia and Remmel give a new interpretation of the raising operators which arise in Young*s work and give a proof of Young1s identity connecting the bases {p } and {X } for the center of the algebra of the symmetric group S . (Here X is a partition of n .) Dunkl discusses various
families of discrete orthogonal polynomials (Krawtchouk polynomials, Hahn polynomials and q-Hahn polynomials) on finite groups which play important
roles in the study of association schemes. A common theme is the problem of
decomposing permutation representations of a group into irreducible repre
sentations of the stablizer subgroup. Foata and Garsia give a combinatorial proof of the multilinear extension of Mejiler's formula (for Hermite polynomials) due to Slepian. The combinatorial structures involved are the n-involutionary graphs which are counted in two ways, globally and as the exponential of their connected components.
Grtinbaum and Shepherd give a fascinating account of the recent classi fications of various kinds of tilings of the plane (isohedral, marked
isohedral, isogonal, isotoxal and homeohedral) and generalizations for higher dimensions and manifolds. The combinatorial identification of the tilings by "incidence symbols" play a central role in this work. Goethals and Seidel give various equivalent definitions of spherical designs in terms of harmonic and homogeneous polynomials and also tensors. A spherical
2e-design with s distinct inner products (/ 1, -l) satisfy certain inequalities; in case of equality the design is called tight. Tight spherical designs are investigated by Damerell and Bannai. The authors also study X PREFACE
finite subgroups of the orthogonal group G such that every G-orbit on the
unit sphere is a spherical t-design. Sprague surveys recent results on
characterization of incidence structure by the type of planes they contain.
He includes an outline of the proof of his beautiful theorem on 3-nets (three
dimensional semilinear incidence structures in which every plane is a Bruck
net).
Sloane explores the interesting connections between codes and lattice
packings. He gives two proofs of the beautiful Gleason-Pearce theorem which
classifies all codes over GF(q) with the following two properties:
(1) the weight enumerator of the code is same as that of the dual code and
(2) all the weights of code words are multiples of a constant e . n z is For a lattice A in B , the theta function ©A( ) given by
®(z)= H Aq where q = e and A is the number of lattice points r with squared distance r from the origin. If spheres of radius p = — J^J\) ,
d(A) = Min (u*u 0^u€A are drawn around the points of the lattice,
one gets a lattice sphere-packing of center density 5 = p /det A .
The dual lattice A is defined by
A1 = fu € Rn: u«v €S , for all v € A}
If A = A , the lattice is of type I. Let C be a binary code of length
n , and A(C) consist of the points c + 2x for all c € C and x €2Z .
If C is a self dual linear code, — A(C) is a type I lattice. The theta
function of A(C) is completely determined by the weight enumerator of C .
Let Af(C) consist of the points c + 2x for all c € C , x € *& , such
that S x. = 0 (mod 2). If C is a linear code in which every code word
is a multiple of k, then Af(C) is a lattice. There are similar constructions
for complex lattices. Solomon starts with the classical formula
S an" = £(s)£(s-l)...£(s-m+l) n>l n PREFACE xi where V = 0 is the space of column vectors over the rationals, L = 2Zm is the integer lattice and a is the number of sublattices of index n in n L . Using combinatorial arguments he generalizes the formula to the case of a A-lattice L in V where A is a Z£- order, V an A-module and A a semi-simple algebra over Q . He discusses several examples and makes three conjectures. Invariant theory is used by Gleason and others to prove interesting results in Algebraic Coding Theory. Stanley used Combinatorics to prove results in Invariant theory. Combinatorial considerations enable him to T prove that the ring of relative invariants R is a Cohen-Macauley ring XP where T is the torus and X_ is a critical character. p ErdBs discusses recent progress on various combinatorial problems of Geometry and Number theory, introduces many new interesting problems and offers awards for proofs or disproofs of some of his conjectures. For a > 1 and b > 1 , let f (a,b) be the smallest integer such that among any f(a,b) + 1 sets of cardinality < b , there are at least a + 1 sets which have pairwise the same intersection. Erd8s offers a 500 dollar award for proof or disproof of the conjecture: There exists an absolute constant c such that f(a,b) < c a . Denote by r,(n) the smallest integer I such
r n is that if 1 < a < a < ... < a. < n , I = k( ) any sequence of & integers, then the a's contain an arithmetic progression of k terms. The conjecture
s rv(n) = 0( ) for eveiy i if n > n (jj) k (log n)& °
carries an award of 3,000 dollars. Let xx,...,x be n distinct points in k dimensional space. Denote by d, (n) the maximum number of pairs (x.,x.) whose distance is 1 . Erdfls offers 100 dollars for proof or disproof of the conjecture: d^(n) < n e for every e > 0 . However, he warns the reader that this will be a very difficult method to earn 100 dollars. Andrews examines the connection coefficients a , in the identity p (x) = S a , r, (x) where p (x) is an arbitrary family of polynomials and r, (x) is the k-th little n K. xii PREFACE
q-Jacobi polynomial. From this study he obtains many of the results derived
by Rogers, Bailey and Slater. He also discovers "dual" identities most of
which previously seemed to be unrelated either to Rogers-Ramannjan type
identities or to connection coefficient problems. Huneke surveys the
known results about the set of minimal graphs which do not embed on a
surface, especially for the sphere, projective plane, torus and Klein bottle. He also gives a new result on the genus of a 2-connected graph,
G U H , in terms of the genera of the augmentations of G and H . {x,y} Baumgartner, in his article, endeavors to show that independence
questions in logic are fundamentally combinatorial, and that forcing is
simply a translation process for converting such independence questions
into combinatorial propositions that can be proved outright. Richard M. Karp
develops a simple probabilistic algorithm for putting a graph on n vertices
into a "canonical form" with the property that isomorphic graphs are mapped
into the same canonical form, the probability of failure being 0(n ' " ' )
and execution time 0(n log n) .
According to many of the participants, the symposium on "Relations between Combinatorics and Other Parts of Mathematics" was very stimulating
and indeed achieved its goals. The organization of the symposium involved the
efforts of many. Our sincere thanks are due to Richard A. Askey, Paul T. Bateman
and Richard G. Swan (members of the AMS Committee to select speakers for the
Western sectional meeting), Marshall Hall, Jr., Peter J. Hilton, Gian-Carlo Rota,
W.T. Tutte, Richard M. Wilson (members of the organizing committee),
George E. Andrews, Paul ErdBs, Ronald L. Graham, E.M. Wright, H.S.M. Coxeter,
Branko Grunbaum, Victor L. Klee, Jr., Donald Higman, William M. Kantor,
James E. Baumgartner, Fred Galvin, Gaisi Takeuti, Melvin Hochster , Richard P.
Stanley, Richard A. Karp, Donald E. Knuth, Vera S. Pless, Neil J. A. Sloane,
Leonard Carlitz (members of the speakers* committees), all the invited speakers, PREFACE xiii my colleagues at Ohio State particularly Joseph Landin, Joan Leitzel and
Tom Dowling and my students Jeff Kahn and Rohert Roth.
Dijen K. Ray-Chaudhuri Chairman, Organizing Committee, AMS Symposium on Relations between Combinatorics and Other Parts of Mathematics Columbus, March, 1978.