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Megalopygidae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea): Biologia, Diversidade E Biogeografia

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Megalopygidae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea): Biologia, Diversidade E Biogeografia Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Departamento de Ecologia Megalopygidae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea): biologia, diversidade e biogeografia Cintia Lepesqueur Orientadora: Ivone Rezende Diniz Brasília, agosto de 2012. Universidade de Brasília - UnB Instituto de Ciências Biológicas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Departamento de Ecologia Megalopygidae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea): biologia, diversidade e biogeografia Cintia Lepesqueur Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia da Universidade de Brasília, como requisito para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ecologia. Orientadora: Dra. Ivone Rezende Diniz. Brasília, agosto de 2012. AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço, primeiramente, a Deus, por tudo que conquistei ao longo da minha vida, e peço que Ele continue sempre me iluminando para que coisas boas continuem acontecendo comigo. E uma dessas coisas boas que Ele me proporcionou, foi a possibilidade de conhecer e ter como orientadora e madrinha, uma pessoa tão especial: Ivone Diniz. Obrigada, por tudo que tem feito por mim desde que nos conhecemos. À Helena Morais (UnB), minha “co-orientadora” eterna. Assim como o “Mestre dos Magos”, ela sempre aparece quando mais se precisa dela. Ao meu Vítor O. Becker, pelas histórias de vida e de amor à ciência, pelas conversas, pelo conhecimento repassado a todo momento e, claro, pelas caipirinhas. “Um brinde aos Megalopygidae!!!”. E à Clemira, por todo carinho, atenção e disponibilidade com que sempre me recebeu na Serra Bonita, sede da Coleção VOB. Aos colegas e amigos do laboratório que trabalharam arduamente na coleta e criação de lagartas, bem como montagem de adultos: Dheivid, Ivan, Gabriela, Hadassa, Kaio e Leandro; aos recém-chegados, Ricardo e Geraldinho, pelo companheirismo, amizade e auxílio nas análises. E, em especial, às minhas companheiras de trabalho: Marina, Scheila, Neuzinha e Laurinha. À Renata da Mata, pela disponibilidade em ajudar nas análises de dados. Ao Prof. Ricardo Machado (Pacheco) e à Vívian, pela imprescindível ajuda com a espacialização dos registros de espécies (ARCGIS) e análises de endemismo (PAUP e Mesquite). Ao Prof. Mário Neto pelos ensinamentos nas análises de interações tróficas entre insetos e plantas. Aos professores dos departamentos de Ecologia e Zoologia da UnB, por todo conhecimento transmitido ao longo desses anos. Em especial, ao Prof. Raimundo pelas conversas científicas e pela amizade. Aos curadores das coleções visitadas (VOB, FASE, CUCS, CPAC, CEUFPR, MCNZ, ZUEC, MZUSP, MNRJ) pela atenção e conhecimentos dispensados. Aos membros da banca examinadora que certamente contribuirão com o aprimoramento deste trabalho; À UnB, ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, pelo apoio logístico e financeiro dispensados a mim sempre que necessário. Ao técnico de laboratório e motorista, Mardônio, pela “mãozinha a qualquer hora”. À Vanessa (secretária da PPG-Ecologia) pela paciência. À CAPES e ao Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), pela bolsa de Doutorado; à Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do DF (FAPDF), pelo auxílio financeiro na fase inicial desse projeto. Ao Prof. John Hay pela coordenação do Projeto de Pesquisa apoiado pela FAPDF. Ao Pronex/FAPDF, coordenado pelo Prof. José Roberto Pujol, pelo auxílio nas viagens aos museus. Àos meus pais e irmãos, a quem devo tudo que sou. Obrigada pelo amor gratuito, pelo respeito, pela dedicação, apoio, atenção e incentivos irrestritos e incondicionais. Amo vocês... INFINITO! Aos meus sogros, por me darem o maior presente da minha vida, e aos meus cunhados, pela torcida constante. À Renata, minha prima, amiga e companheira para TODAS as horas! À Paty, pela amizade eterna. À todos, que não estão citados aqui, mas que indiretamente, contribuíram para mais essa conquista na minha vida. E por fim, ao meu melhor amigo, meu amor, amante, e marido: JULIANO. Obrigada por andar sempre ao meu lado, por me apoiar, por me acompanhar... nas coletas, nas visitas aos Museus e Coleções, em Congressos, e em todos os outros momentos da minha vida. “Estranho seria se eu não me apaixonasse por você!” SUMÁRIO Lista de Figuras ............................................................................................................................ i Lista de Tabelas ........................................................................................................................ iii Resumo .................................................................................................................................................. v Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. vii Apresentação .............................................................................................................................. 1 Capítulo 1. Megalopygidae Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 (Zygaenoidea): síntese do estado atual do conhecimento ............................................................................................................................. 3 Um breve histórico sobre filogenia e classificações atuais ........................................................... 4 Megalopygidae Herrich-Schäffer, 1855 ....................................................................................... 5 Ecologia e caracterização morfológica do grupo ...................................................................... 5 Estado atual do conhecimento taxonômico ............................................................................ 11 Diversidade e distribuição de espécies: coleção Becker como exemplo ............................. 12 Desafios atuais e recomendações para pesquisas futuras ............................................................ 16 Referências bibliográficas ......................................................................................................... 21 Capítulo 2. Biologia e ecologia de lagartas de Megalopygidae (Zygaenoidea) em plantas hospedeiras no cerrado do Distrito Federal, Brasil .............................................................. 26 Introdução ............................................................................................................................................. 27 Material e métodos .................................................................................................................... 29 Áreas de estudo ................................................................................................................................. 29 Levantamento de lagartas .................................................................................................................. 29 Análise de dados ............................................................................................................................... 31 Resultados................................................................................................................................. 31 Riqueza e abundância de lagartas de Megalopygidae no cerrado do DF ............................................. 31 Variação temporal das lagartas de Megalopygidae coletadas no DF ................................................... 33 Interações entre lagartas de Megalopygidae e suas plantas hospedeiras .............................................. 37 História natural de algumas espécies de Megalopygidae ............................................................ 41 Discussão .............................................................................................................................................. 42 Referências bibliográficas ......................................................................................................... 45 Anexo 1. ................................................................................................................................... 51 Capítulo 3. Desengavetando o conhecimento: Megalopygidae (Lepidoptera, Zygaenoidea) depositados em coleções brasileiras................................................................................................ 62 Introdução ............................................................................................................................................. 63 Material e métodos .................................................................................................................... 66 Base de Dados .................................................................................................................................. 66 Análise de dados ............................................................................................................................... 66 Resultados................................................................................................................................. 69 Discussão .............................................................................................................................................. 81 Referências bibliográficas ......................................................................................................... 86 Anexo 1 .................................................................................................................................... 91 Anexo 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 97 Anexo 3 ...................................................................................................................................
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