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Baltic Security and Defence Review 2011 Baltic Security and Defence Review Volume 13, Issue 2 2011 Baltic Security and Defence Review is the publication of the Baltic Defence College © 2011, Baltic Defence College, All rights reserved ISSN 1736-3772 (print) 1736-3780 (online) Editorial Board Editor: Dr. James S. Corum, Dean, Baltic Defence College Lt. Col. John Andreas Olsen PhD, Norwegian Air Force, Dean, Norwegian Defence University College Dr. Richard DiNardo, Professor, US Marine Corps Staff College Dr. Joel Hayward, Dean, RAF College Cranwell, UK Dr. Harold E. Raugh, Jr., Command Historian, U.S. Army V Corps, Wiesbaden, Germany Dr. Jürgen Foerster, Department of History, University of Freiburg Col. Robert Ehlers PhD, Director of Security Studies at San Angelo State University, Texas Dr. Augustine Meaher, Department of Strategy and Politics, Baltic Defence College Brigadier General Walter Feichtinger PhD, Austrian National Defence Academy Dr. Hannu Kari, Finnish National Defence University Dr. Flemming Hansen, Royal Danish Defence College Assistant editor and layout: Berit Marksoo Cover design and print: Momo Electronic version of the Baltic Security and Defence Review can be accessed on the website of the Baltic Defence College at www.bdcol.ee All articles of the Baltic Security and Defence Review are also available through the International Relations and Security Network (ISN) at www.isn.ethz.ch All inquiries should be made to the Baltic Defence College, Riia 12, 51013 Tartu, Estonia, ph: +372 717 6000, fax: +372 717 6050, e-mail: [email protected] Baltic Security and Defence Review Volume 13, Issue 2, 2011 Contents Letter from the Editor ........................................................................... 4 Call of Duty – Modern Warfare: The Effects of Landmines and IEDs on British Troops in Afghanistan Post 2001 By Shaun Allan .......................................................................................... 6 NATO, Libya Operations and Intelligence Co-Operation – a Step Forward? By Adam D. M. Svendsen, PhD ................................................................. 51 The Democratic Civilian Control of Private Security Companies in Latvia Individual Study Paper for the 2009-2010 Joint Command and General Staff Course By Major Edgars Einiks ............................................................................ 69 Defence of the Latvia: Past, Present and Future By Brigadier General ret. Kārlis Krēsliņš, Captain Aleksandrs Pavlovičs, Major Inese Krēsliņa ................................................................................ 110 Why Did Gallipoli Fail? Why Did Albion Succeed? A Comparative Analysis Of Two World War I Amphibious Assaults By Major Gregory A. Thiele ...................................................................... 128 The Activity of the Italian Military Representatives to the Allied Commission in the Baltic States November 1919 – February 1920 By Ciro Paoletti ...................................................................................... 162 The 1918-20 International Intervention in the Baltic Region. Revisited through the Prism of Recent Experience By BrigGen (ret.) Michael H. Clemmesen, Fellow, Danish National Defence Academy ................................................................................................ 183 3 Volume 13, Issue 2, 2011 Baltic Security and Defence Review Letter from the Editor Dear Reader, We are happy to tell you that we are receiving a large number of high quality submissions for articles. We wish to serve the security studies community, and especially the academic community in this region, by offering academics and professionals in the security studies field an opportunity to publish with us. We are currently a bi-annual publication, but we expect to put out some extra issues every year to support the academics who have presented papers at the International Society for Military Sciences. Several of the articles in this issue began as conference papers of the ISMS. While having a special focus on Baltic issues, we are also interested in discussing broad issues of European regional security, as well as furthering academic discussion concerning stability operations and counterinsurgency. As you will see in this issue we have a mix of articles on Baltic Regional military history with three articles on the World War I and post World War I era, we have two articles focusing on current Latvian Security issues, and we have two articles that focus on current stability and intervention operations that involved the European nations and armed forces. Call for Articles for the Baltic Security and Defence Review The Baltic Security and Defence Review is a peer reviewed academic journal published twice a year by the Baltic Defence College, a staff college for the three Baltic States located in Estonia. The language of the journal is English. The journal focuses on current security issues and military history – with an emphasis on security issues as they affect the Baltic States. We welcome scholars to submit academic articles of 6,000 – 12,000 words in length with endnotes (Chicago style) on subjects dealing with: European Security and NATO issues, small state security issues, current security issues of the Baltic Region, the military history of the Baltic region, as well as articles on counterinsurgency and stability operations. Submit all articles and enquiries to: 4 Baltic Security and Defence Review Volume 13, Issue 2, 2011 The Editor The Baltic Security and Defence Review The Baltic Defence College Riia 12 51013 Tartu, Estonia Email: [email protected] You can submit directly by email to the Dean of the Baltic Defence College: [email protected] Best regards from the Editor, James S. Corum PhD Dean Baltic Defence College Tartu, Estonia 5 Volume 13, Issue 2, 2011 Baltic Security and Defence Review Call of Duty – Modern Warfare: The Effects of Landmines and IEDs on British Troops in Afghanistan Post 2001 By Shaun Allan∗ Most people would accept that modern warfare, however disagreeable and horrific, must be waged with weapons of a certain ferocity and technology. The current conflict in Afghanistan displays all the ferocity of modern warfare which entails the wide use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), including Afghanistan’s massive landmine legacy.1 These landmines and IEDs are perhaps amongst the most awful weapons on the battlefield today, they are inanimate victim-activated explosive devices recognizing neither friend nor foe, making no distinctions between soldiers or civilians they continue maiming and killing long after war is over. Whereas IEDs are assembled from various explosive components or unexploded ordnance (UXO) etcetera appear as and when an insurgent places them, and usually left with pressure plate activation or set off electronically by the insurgent using a command wire, grip switch or mobile phone.2 The pages of the Royal Marines journal The Globe & Laurel refer constantly to IEDs and landmines, chronicling marines’ encounters with them. Landmines and IEDs, whatever their configurations, are taking a heavy toll on frontline British soldiers deployed to Afghanistan. Furthermore, the changing nature of the conflict in Afghanistan throughout its course has not only affected tactical and strategic thinking on a military level in the Helmand theatre, but also in the United Kingdom on how to combat the many explosive threats. The development of new techniques and equipment for countering the high and increasing threat of IEDs and landmines is a constantly evolving process both in Afghanistan and the UK. ∗ Shaun Allen is a former Royal Marine and has served with the British Army Engineers in Afghanistan. Currently a PhD Student at the University of Hull in the UK 6 Baltic Security and Defence Review Volume 13, Issue 2, 2011 This paper investigates the substantial existential threat landmines and IEDs pose to the British soldier in Afghanistan, and the British Armed Forces and government’s response in countering the threat. Furthermore, when British soldiers are injured by an explosive device, what measures are in place to save those soldiers’ lives and afterwards rehabilitate them? To understand the situation in Afghanistan the investigation will ask three core questions: 1. How effectively do British troops respond to the landmine/IED threat? 2. How do the injuries inflicted by landmines/IEDs affect tactical and strategic thinking out in the field and in the UK? 3. How are injured British troops rehabilitated after a landmine/IED strike, and what happens to them once they are rehabilitated? British troops deployed in Afghanistan (2001-present) have received superb medical care and are aware that they will be prescribed the life- saving treatment they require. All newly-arrived British troops at Camp Bastion (Britain’s main base) are given a tour of the field hospital reassuring them they will be cared for should the worst happen. The paper will review the origins of the threat by investigating the historiography of the Soviet/Afghan war of 1979-89, endeavouring to discover the reasons why Afghanistan became the most heavily-landmined region on earth. Moreover, an investigation into continuing landmine proliferation and the exponential rise in the use of IEDs will be carried out to discover why the nature of warfare in Afghanistan invites the heavy use of landmines and IEDs. The research follows a framework continuum of landmine/IED deployment, the counter-insurgency patrol, the process of a minestrike, the casualty evacuation (casevac), and finally
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