The Latest News of Bill Laswell

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The Latest News of Bill Laswell __________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 SWR 2 Musikstunde: Urbane Jazzgeschichten: III : Kansas City – Jazz against the depression 3. März 2012 Autor: Thomas Loewner Redakteur: Martin Roth Moderation 1: Zur Musikstunde auf SWR 2 begrüßt Sie ganz herzlich Thomas Loewner. Im dritten Teil unserer urbanen Jazzgeschichten geht es diesmal um Kansas City im US-Bundesstaat Missouri. „Wenn ihr die Sünde kennenlernen wollt vergesst Paris, geht nach Kansas City“. Das schrieb ein Journalist zu einer Zeit über die Stadt, als ein großer Teil der USA unter der Großen Depression litt, die von 1920 bis 1940 herrschte. Die Wirtschaft lag am Boden und es waren keine guten Zeiten für Kunst und Kultur. Einzig in Kansas schien die Welt damals noch in Ordnung zu sein: unter der – wie sich später zeigen sollte - nicht immer legalen Obhut des Geschäftsmanns und Politikers Tom Pendergast florierte die Wirtschaft der Stadt. Doch nicht nur am Tag ging es geschäftig zu in Kansas City, auch das Nachtleben bot reichlich Abwechslung. Zahlreiche Clubs und Bars boten Jazzmusikern in dieser Zeit beste Arbeitsbedingungen, und es bildete sich eine lebendige Jazz-Szene, die für einige Jahre musikalisch den Ton angab. Einer der einflussreichsten Musiker dieser Zeit war Bennie Moten, Pianist und Bandleader. Seine Kompositionen und Aufnahmen haben den typischen „Kansas City-Sound“ ganz entscheidend geprägt. Ein typisches Beispiel ist die erste Musik für heute: das Bennie Moten Orchestra mit dem „Kansas City Shuffle“, eingespielt 1926: 3 Musik 1: CD V.A. - „RCA 80th Victor Anniversary Vol.1“: „Bennie Moten’s Kansas City Orchestra: Kansas City Shuffle“ (Take 5, Länge 2’52) Moderation 2: Das Bennie Moten Orchestra mit dem „Kansas City Shuffle“. Als diese Aufnahme 1926 entstanden ist, gehörte Moten schon längst zu den erfolgreichsten Musikern von Kansas City. Vier Jahre zuvor hatte er sein erstes Orchester gegründet, damals war es noch ein Sextett. Doch die guten Bedingungen für Musiker sowie Motens Händchen für geschäftliche Dinge ließen die Band rasch wachsen. Ab 1924 managte Moten erfolgreich einen großen Tanzsaal und bespielte ihn auch mit seiner Band, die er den veränderten Anforderungen entsprechend Stück für Stück erweiterte. Im Laufe der Zeit wurde Moten zu einem der wichtigsten Arbeitgeber für Musiker und er hatte auch den Ehrgeiz als bester Bandleader zu gelten. Sein Hauptkonkurrent waren die Blue Devils des Bassisten Walter Page, die unter Kritikern der damaligen Zeit als die bessere Band galten. Moten, der das nicht auf sich sitzen lassen wollte, warb 1929 kurzerhand die wichtigsten Musiker der Devils für sein eigenes Orchester ab: darunter der Trompeter Hot Lips Page, Count Basie oder der Sänger Jimmy Rushing. Von ihnen allen wird es heute noch Musik zu hören geben. Zunächst aber noch mal das Bennie Moten Orchestra mit einer Aufnahme, die vor dem großen personellen Wechsel entstanden ist und zu den frühen Hits der Band zählt: „South“. Musik 2: CD V.A. - „RCA 80th Victor Anniversary Vol.1“: „Bennie Moten’s Kansas City Orchestra: South“ (Take 17, Länge 2’33) 4 Moderation 3: Das Bennie Moten Orchestra. Sehr schön ist hier schon der damals für Kansas typische Stil zu hören gewesen: noch bevor der Swing seinen großen Siegeszug antrat, hatte sich hier eine etwas rustikalere Variante entwickelt, genannt „stomp“. Dieser Begriff beschreibt den lebhaften, nach vorne drängenden Beat, eine unmittelbare Reaktion auf die Anforderungen, die Musik in Kansas City in erster Linie zu erfüllen hatte: sie diente den Menschen, die abends in die zahlreichen Clubs der Stadt strömten, als Unterhaltungs- und Tanzmusik. In diesem Zuge kristallisierten sich noch weitere Merkmale heraus: ein deutlich spürbarer Blues-Einfluss, markante Bläserriffs und vor allem bewusst einfach gehaltene Arrangements. Statt ausführlicher Partituren gab es so genannte „head arrangements“, d.h. die Abläufe, etwa wann wer mit seinem Solo an der Reihe war, wurden mündlich festgelegt. Die zweite erfolgreiche Band neben dem Bennie Moten Orchestra waren ab den späten 1920er Jahren die Twelve Clouds of Joy unter der Leitung von Andy Kirk. Kirk war eigentlich in Denver aufgewachsen und ist später zunächst nach Dallas umgezogen, wo er bereits den Twelve Clouds of Joy beigetreten ist. Doch die Situation in Kansas war so verlockend, dass Kirk nach der Übernahme des Orchesters beschlossen hatte, dorthin zu wechseln. Ein Schritt, der sich gelohnt hatte, wie der rasche Erfolg zeigte. Hier sind die Twelve Clouds of Joy mit dem „Corky stomp“: Musik 3: CD Mary Lou Williams - „Key Moments“: „Andy Kirk & His Twelve Clouds of Joy: Corky Stomp“ (Take 2, Länge 2’42) Moderation 4: Die Twelve Clouds of Joy unter der Leitung von Andy Kirk. 5 Maßgeblichen Anteil an der Popularität dieser Band hatte die Pianistin Mary Lou Williams. Sie kam 1929 in die Gruppe, als sie gerade mal 19 Jahre alt war. Ergeben hatte sich das Engagement durch einen Zufall: weil der reguläre Pianist Marion Jackson nicht an einer Aufnahmesession teilnehmen konnte, musste schnell ein Ersatz her. Mary Lou Williams war damals frisch mit dem Saxophonisten der Twelve Clouds of Joy verheiratet, weswegen Andy Kirk sie fragte ob sie nicht einspringen könne. Die Aufnahmen verliefen dann auf Anhieb so gut, dass der Produzent verlangte, Williams solle Marion Jackson mit sofortiger Wirkung ersetzen. Andy Kirk war einverstanden und hatte damit die Weichen auf Erfolg gestellt. Denn Mary Lou Williams entpuppte sich nicht nur als technisch versierte Pianistin, sondern hatte auch großes Talent als Komponistin und Arrangeurin. Bei so viel Talent blieb es nicht aus, dass die Pianistin an ihrer Solokarriere feilte und eigene Bands gründete. Sie blieb zwar noch bis 1942 bei den Twelve Clouds of Joy, ging während dieser Zeit aber bereits hin und wieder alleine ins Studio. Hier ist Mary Lou Williams mit einer Solo-Aufnahme aus dem Jahr 1938: „The Rocks“: Musik 4: CD Mary Lou Williams - „Key Moments“:„Mary Lou Williams: The Rocks“ (Take 14, Länge 2’38) Moderation 5: Mary Lou Williams bei der Musikstunde auf SWR 2. Auch der Saxophonist Lester Young hat entscheidenden Anteil am legendären Ruf, den Kansas City in der Jazzwelt genießt. Ab 1930 spielte der Tenorsaxophonist zunächst bei den Blue Devils von Walter Page. Einen wichtigen Karriereschritt machte Young, als er Count Basie davon überzeugen konnte, ihn als Tenorsaxophonisten in seine 6 Band aufzunehmen. Ursprünglich hatte Lester Young das Altsaxophon gespielt, auf dem er auch schon einen unverwechselbaren Stil entwickelt hatte. Sein Kollege Benny Carter berichtete etwa begeistert über einen Auftritt Youngs in Minneapolis: „Jemand erzählte von einem wunderbaren Altsaxophonspieler in einem Club im Ort. Ich ging hin, um „Prez“ zu hören und war völlig hingerissen. Das war das größte Ding, was ich je gehört habe.“ Als Tenorsaxophonist konnte Young seinen Ruhm noch steigern und war bald der herausragende Saxophonist in Kansas City. Hier ist er mit einer Aufnahme aus dem Jahr 1939: Lester Young und die Kansas City Six mit „Way down yonder in New Orleans“: Musik 5: CD V.A. – „From Spirituals to Swing “: „Kansas City Six: Way down yonder in New Orleans“ (CD 3 / Take 15, Länge 2’30) Moderation 6: Die Kansas City Six mit einer Aufnahme aus der New Yorker Carnegie Hall am 24.Dezember 1939. Zu dieser Zeit war Young längst einer der führenden Tenor- Saxophonisten nicht nur in Kansas City, sondern der gesamten amerikanischen Jazz-Szene. Youngs größter Konkurrent war sein Kollege Coleman Hawkins. Um sich stilistisch von ihm abzusetzen, hatte Lester Young einen betont zurückhaltenden Stil entwickelt, der den späteren Cool Jazz entscheidend vorbereitete. Legendär ist ein Aufeinandertreffen Youngs mit Coleman Hawkins während einer Jam-Session in Kansas City, die 1934 stattgefunden hat. Diese Jam-Sessions waren sehr beliebt, weil sie den Musikern Möglichkeiten boten, neue Dinge auszuprobieren – und sich vor Publikum mit anderen Musikern zu messen. Bei besagter Session im 7 Jahr 1934 kam es auch zu solch einer Battle: Coleman Hawkins war damals mit der Fletcher Henderson Band in der Stadt und trat nach dem Konzert gegen Lester Young und seine Kollegen Ben Webster und Herschel Evans an. Die Session, bei der Hawkins verlor, soll so lange gedauert haben, dass die Fletcher Henderson Band ohne ihren Saxophonisten weiterreiste. Um sie einzuholen, soll Hawkins eine richtige Verfolgungsjagd begonnen haben, bei der sein Auto kaputt gegangen ist. Auch wenn Count Basie später den Wahrheitsgehalt dieser Story anzweifelte, zeigt sie doch, mit wie viel Herzblut die Musiker damals bei der Sache waren... Musik 6: CD Lester Young – „These foolish things“: „Jones-Smith Incorporated: Oh, Lady Be Good“ (Take 1, Länge 3’05) Moderation 7: Lester Young gemeinsam mit der Band „Jones-Smith Incorporated“ bei der Musikstunde auf SWR 2: „Oh, lady be good“. Diese Band, benannt nach dem Trompeter Carl Smith und Schlagzeuger Jo Jones, war ein Ableger der Count Basie Band. Der bekannte New Yorker Musikjournalist und -produzent John Hammond hatte im Oktober 1938 Aufnahmen mit dem Quintett gemacht, quasi als Vorbereitung für eine Schallplattenproduktion mit Basies Orchester. Hammond hatte seine Musik erstmals im Radio gehört, als ein Konzert der Band aus dem Reno Club in Kansas City übertragen wurde. Begeistert von der Vitalität dieser Session reiste er kurze Zeit später dorthin, um sich vor Ort einen Eindruck von Basies Qualitäten zu verschaffen. Hammonds Zweifel, dass ihn das Live-Erlebnis weniger begeistern könnte, zerschlugen sich sehr schnell. Über seinen Konzertbesuch im Reno-Club im Mai 1936 sagte er: „Basie wurde zu einer Art Religion für mich; ich begann, über das Orchester im Down Beat und im Melody Maker zu schreiben.“ Weil dies schon 8 damals die wichtigsten Jazz-Magazine der USA waren, stand dem Erfolg Count Basies nun nichts mehr im Weg. Der spätere Erfolg des Pianisten und Bandleaders bestätigte die Begeisterung, die John Hammond spontan spürte, als er dessen Band zum ersten Mal hörte. Hier ist sie mit dem „One O’Clock Jump“: Musik 7: CD Count Basie - „One O’Clock Jump – The Best of“: „One O’Clock Jump“ (Take 1, Länge3’05) Moderation 8: Die Count Basie Band mit dem „One O’Clock Jump“.
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