Kokzidiose Des Kalbes

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Kokzidiose Des Kalbes Aus dem Institut für Parasitologie der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Studien zur Charakterisierung und metaphylaktischen Kontrolle der Eimeria zuernii – Kokzidiose des Kalbes Inaugural-Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doctor medicinae veterinariae (Dr. med. vet.) durch die Veterinärmedizinische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig eingereicht von Berit Bangoura aus Anklam Leipzig, 2008 Mit Genehmigung der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Leipzig Dekan: Prof. Dr. Karsten Fehlhaber Betreuer: Prof. Dr. Arwid Daugschies Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Arwid Daugschies, Institut für Parasitologie, Leipzig Prof. Dr. Axel Sobiraj, Ambulatorische und Geburtshilfliche Tierklinik, Leipzig Prof. Dr. Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna, Institut für Parasitologie, Hannover Tag der Verteidigung: 19. Februar 2008 Meiner Familie. Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Einleitung ...................................................................................................................... 1 2 Eigene wissenschaftliche Originalarbeiten ................................................................ 4 2.1 Ziele................................................................................................................................ 4 2.1.1 Parasitologische und klinische Parameter im Infektionsverlauf (Publikation 1) ........... 5 2.1.2 Pathophysiologische Untersuchung der E. zuernii - Infektion (Publikationen 1-3) ...... 6 2.1.3 Pathologische Untersuchungen (Publikation 4) ............................................................. 7 2.1.4 Prüfung des metaphylaktischen Behandlungsansatzes mit Toltrazuril im E. zuernii – Infektionsmodell (Publikation 4)................................................................ 8 2.1.5 Prüfung der Effektivität der metaphylaktischen Toltrazurilbehandlung bei Vorliegen von natürlichen Mischinfektionen mit E. zuernii und E. bovis (Publikation 5)............. 8 2.2 Publikationen................................................................................................................ 10 2.2.1 Bangoura B, Daugschies A. Parasitological and clinical parameters of experimental Eimeria zuernii infection in calves and influence on weight gain and haemogram. Parasitol Res. 2007;100:1331-40. ............................................................................... 10 2.2.2 Bangoura B, Daugschies A, Fuerll M. Influence of experimental Eimeria zuernii infection on clinical blood chemistry in calves. Vet Parasitol. In Press. .................... 20 2.2.3 Bangoura B, Daugschies A. Influence of experimental Eimeria zuernii infection in calves on electrolyte concentrations, acid-base balance and blood gases. Parasitol Res. In Press. ....................................................................................................................... 32 2.2.4 Mundt HC, Bangoura B, Rinke M, Rosenbruch M, Daugschies A. Pathology and treatment of Eimeria zuernii coccidiosis in calves: Investigations in an infection model. Parasitol Int 2005;54:223-30. .......................................................................... 44 2.2.5 Mundt HC, Bangoura B, Mengel H, Keidel J, Daugschies A. Control of clinical coccidiosis of calves due to Eimeria zuernii with toltrazuril under field conditions. Parasitol Res. 2005;97 Suppl 1:S134-42. .................................................................... 52 3 Übergreifende Diskussion.......................................................................................... 61 3.1 Parasitologische und klinische Parameter im Infektionsverlauf (Publikation 1) ......... 61 3.2 Pathologische Untersuchungen (Publikation 4) ........................................................... 63 3.3 Pathophysiologische Untersuchung der E. zuernii - Infektion (Publikationen 1-3) .... 64 i 3.4 Prüfung des metaphylaktischen Behandlungsansatzes mit Toltrazuril im E. zuernii – Infektionsmodell sowie gegen natürliche Mischinfektionen mit E. zuernii und E. bovis (Publikationen 4 und 5)........................................................... 67 3.5 Übergreifende Interpretation und Bewertung der Studien ........................................... 68 3.6 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick................................................................................ 72 4 Zusammenfassung...................................................................................................... 75 5 Summary..................................................................................................................... 77 6 Literaturverzeichnis................................................................................................... 79 ii Verzeichnis verwendeter Abkürzungen a. Im Rahmentext verwendete Abkürzungen GCP Gute Klinische Praxis (Good Clinical Practice) E. Eimeria EDTA Ethylendiamintetraessigsäure ELISA Enzymgekoppelter Immunoadsorptionstest (Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay) n Stichprobenanzahl OpG Oozystenzahl pro Gramm Kot PCR Polymerasekettenreaktion (polymerase chain reaction) p.i. post infectionem spp. Spezies (Plural) b. In den Publikationen verwendete Abkürzungen AnGap anion gap ANOVA analysis of variance CK creatine kinase dpi days post infection E. Eimeria FFA free fatty acids fig. figure GCP Good Clinical Practice HDW haemoglobin distribution width LS means least square mean values MCH mean cellular haemoglobin MCHC mean cellular haemoglobin concentration MCV mean cellular volume n number of samples no. number opg oocysts per gram of faeces P1 interval of assumed prepatency P2 interval of assumed patency p statistical probability value PC personal computer RDW red cell distribution width susp. suspension VICH International Cooperation on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Veterinary Products iii 1 Einleitung Die Kokzidiose des Rindes ist eine häufige Jungtiererkrankung (FITZGERALD 1980, TAYLOR u. CATCHPOLE 1994) und tritt bei Kälbern ab einem Alter von drei Wochen auf (BEJŠOVIC u. DONÁT 1982). Beim Rind sind z. Zt. mehr als 20 Kokzidienarten beschrieben, welche sämtlich dem Genus Eimeria angehören (DAUGSCHIES u. NAJDROWSKI 2005). Die klinische Erkrankung wird vor allem durch Eimeria bovis (FITZGERALD u. MANSFIELD 1972, DAUGSCHIES et al. 1986, MUNDT et al. 2003a), Eimeria zuernii (STOCKDALE u. NIILO 1976, PARKER et al. 1986, STASCHEN 2004) und Eimeria alabamensis (GRAUBMANN et al. 1994, SVENSSON et al. 1994, VON SAMSON-HIMMELSTJERNA et al. 2006) ausgelöst, wobei besonders in Stallhaltungen E. bovis und E. zuernii als Pathogene dominieren (DAUGSCHIES u. NAJDROWSKI 2005). Die Kälberkokzidiose ist eine schwerwiegende Erkrankung, welche meist als Bestandsproblem in Erscheinung tritt (FITZGERALD 1980, CORNELISSEN et al. 1995, OVINGTON et al. 1995). Als Erreger sowohl der klinischen als auch der subklinischen Kokzidiose ist E. zuernii von erheblicher Bedeutung (LEVINE u. IVENS 1970, BEJŠOVIC u. DONÁT 1982, BÜRGER 1983, EMANUEL et al. 1988, HASBULLAH 1990). Allgemein wird E. zuernii als ubiquitärer Erreger mit weltweiter Verbreitung betrachtet (MCKENNA 1972, WEIßENBURG u. BETTERMANN 1978, PARKER et al. 1984, ERNST et al. 1987, MAGE et al. 1990, CHIBUNDA et al. 1997, PILARCZYK 2001, MATJILA u. PENZHORN 2002, STASCHEN 2004). Es werden bei Kälbern Bestandsprävalenzen von bis zu 100% in endemischen Betrieben erreicht (MATJILA u. PENZHORN 2002). Der Lebenszyklus von E. zuernii ist monoxen mit endogenen (intestinalen) Stadien und exogenen Stadien in der Umwelt (ERNST u. BENZ 1981). Die Parasiten sind streng wirtsspezifisch und entwickeln sich endogen aus Sporozoiten durch zwei asexuelle Schizogonien und eine sexuelle Gamogonie zu Oozysten (STOCKDALE 1976, ERNST u. BENZ 1986), welche unsporuliert ausgeschieden werden und sich im exogenen Teil des Zyklus durch Sporulation zu den infektiösen Stadien entwickeln, welche die Sporozoiten enthalten (ERNST u. BENZ 1986). 1 Die Präpatenz von E. zuernii beträgt etwa 16 bis 17 Tage, während welcher der endogene Zyklus abläuft. Danach schließt sich die mehrtägige Patenz mit der Ausscheidung der unsporulierten Oozysten an (STOCKDALE u. NIILO 1976, ERNST u. BENZ 1986). Die Oozyste als nachweisbares exogenes Stadium ist rundlich bis schwach ellipsoidal (s. Abb. 1). Sie besitzt eine Länge von 16 bis 20 µm und eine Breite von 15 bis 18 µm. Die Oozystenhülle ist 1 bis 2 µm dick und besitzt eine undeutliche Mikropyle. Die sporulierte Oozyste enthält vier Sporozysten mit kleinen Stiedai-Körperchen und je zwei länglichen Sporozoiten (NYBERG u. HAMMOND 1965). E. zuernii – Oozysten sind koproskopisch von den Oozysten anderer Eimeria-Arten anhand ihrer Morphologie, insbesondere Größe und Form, bereits unsporuliert gut unterscheidbar (NYBERG u. HAMMOND 1965, TENTER 2006). Abb. 1: Eimeria zuernii – Oozysten (unsporuliert) Verluste durch klinische und subklinische Kokzidiosen, die in einigen Betrieben regulär auftreten (CICEK et al. 2007), stellen ein wirtschaftliches Problem dar. Die jährlichen ökonomischen Verluste durch die Kälberkokzidiose schätzte FITZGERALD (1980) auf etwa 120 Millionen US-Dollar. In Nordamerika bereitet vor allem die meist durch E. zuernii ausgelöste, z. T. auch subklinische, Winterkokzidiose Probleme (MARQUARDT 1962, NIILO 1970). 2 Das Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchungen war die Etablierung und Charakterisierung eines reproduzierbaren Infektionsmodelles mit E. zuernii unter standardisierten Bedingungen für Untersuchungen zur Pathologie, Pathophysiologie und Bekämpfung der E. zuernii – Kokzidiose. Zum einen wurde der Verlauf der Erkrankung durch Messung verschiedener hämatologischer
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  • (GS and M6) and Characterization of Their Glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) Anchored Surface Antigen Expression
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  • 2011) 843–850
    International Journal for Parasitology 41 (2011) 843–850 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal for Parasitology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijpara DNA barcoding identifies Eimeria species and contributes to the phylogenetics of coccidian parasites (Eimeriorina, Apicomplexa, Alveolata) q ⇑ Joseph D. Ogedengbe a, , Robert H. Hanner b, John R. Barta a a Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 b Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 article info abstract Article history: Partial (780 bp) mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and near complete nuclear 18S Received 17 January 2011 rDNA (1,780 bp) sequences were directly compared to assess their relative usefulness as markers for Received in revised form 2 March 2011 species identification and phylogenetic analysis of coccidian parasites (phylum Apicomplexa). Fifteen Accepted 3 March 2011 new COI partial sequences were obtained using two pairs of new primers from rigorously characterised Available online 7 April 2011 (sensu Reid and Long, 1979) laboratory strains of seven Eimeria spp. infecting chickens as well as three additional sequences from cloned laboratory strains of Toxoplasma gondii (ME49 and GT1) and Neospora Keywords: caninum (NC1) that were used as outgroup taxa for phylogenetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses based DNA barcoding on COI sequences yielded robust support for the monophyly of individual Eimeria spp. infecting poultry Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene COX1 except for the Eimeria mitis/mivati clade; however, the lack of a phenotypically characterised strain of E. Eimeria mivati precludes drawing any firm conclusions regarding this observation.
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