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Impact of Gastrointestinal Protozoan Infections on the Acute Phase Response in Neonatal Ruminants Seedetrakti Algloomnakkuste M

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Impact of Gastrointestinal Protozoan Infections on the Acute Phase Response in Neonatal Ruminants Seedetrakti Algloomnakkuste M TARMO NIINE TARMO IMPACT OF GASTROINTESTINAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS ON THE ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN NEONATAL RUMINANTS RESPONSE IN NEONATAL PHASE THE ACUTE INFECTIONS ON PROTOZOAN OF GASTROINTESTINAL IMPACT Professor IMPACT OF GASTROINTESTINAL PROTOZOAN THEINFECTIONS INFLUENCE ON THE OF ACUTEGROWTH PHASE CONDITIONS RESPONSE ONIN PHYSICO-MECHANICALNEONATAL RUMINANTS PROPERTIES OF SCOTS PINE (Pinus sylvestris L.) WOOD IN ESTONIA SEEDETRAKTI ALGLOOMNAKKUSTE MÕJU MÄLETSEJALISTE ÄGEDA JÄRGU VASTUSELE KASVUTINGIMUSTENEONATAALPERIOODIL MÕJU HARILIKU MÄNNI (Pinus sylvestris L.) PUIDU FÜÜSIKALIS- MEHAANILISTELE OMADUSTELE EESTIS TARMO NIINE REGINO KASK A thesis Professor Endla Reintam for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in VeterinaryA Thesis Sciences for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Forestry Väitekiri filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks loomaarstiteaduse erialal Väitekiri Dr. filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks metsanduse erialal Tartu 20192015 Eesti Maaülikooli doktoritööd Doctoral Theses of the Estonian University of Life Sciences IMPACT OF GASTROINTESTINAL PROTOZOAN INFECTIONS ON THE ACUTE PHASE RESPONSE IN NEONATAL RUMINANTS SEEDETRAKTI ALGLOOMNAKKUSTE MÕJU MÄLETSEJALISTE ÄGEDA JÄRGU VASTUSELE NEONATAALPERIOODIL TARMO NIINE A thesis for applying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Veterinary Sciences Väitekiri filosoofiadoktori kraadi taotlemiseks loomaarstiteaduse erialal Tartu 2019 Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences According to verdict No 3 of September 17, 2019, the Doctoral Committee of Veterinary and Food Science of Estonian University of Life Sciences has accepted the thesis for the defence of the degree of Doctor Philosophy in Veterinary Medicine and Food Science. Opponent: Prof. Bernd Lepenies Research Centre for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany. Supervisors: Prof. Toomas Orro Chair of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences. Dr. Brian Lassen Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Defence of the thesis: Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, room A-201, F.R. Kreutzwaldi 62, Tartu on November 21, at 10:00. The publication of this dissertation is granted by the Graduate School in Biomedicine and Biotechnology and by the Estonian University of Life Sciences. Language editors: Elsevier B.V. (English) Mrs. Urve Ansip (Estonian) © Tarmo Niine, 2019 ISSN 2382-7076 ISBN 978-9949-629-97-8 (printed) ISBN 978-9949-629-98-5 (pdf) In memory of my mother CONTENTS LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS .................................................8 ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................9 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................10 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ....................................................12 2.1 Acute phase response and proteins ................................................12 2.1.1 Serum amyloid A .......................................................................14 2.1.2 Haptoglobin ................................................................................15 2.1.3 Albumin .......................................................................................15 2.1.4 Globulins and gamma glutamyltransferase ............................16 2.2 Acute phase proteins in young ruminants .....................................16 2.2.1 Dairy calves ................................................................................16 2.2.2 Lambs and kids ..........................................................................17 2.2.3 Reindeer calves ...........................................................................18 2.3 Cryptosporidium ....................................................................................18 2.3.1 Cryptosporidium in dairy calves ..................................................19 2.3.2 Cryptosporidium in lambs .............................................................20 2.3.3 Treatment and prevention of Cryptosporidium in calves and sheep ..............................................................................................21 2.4 Giardia..................................................................................................22 2.4.1 Giardia in dairy calves ................................................................23 2.4.2 Giardia in lambs ..........................................................................24 2.4.3 Treatment and prevention of Giardia infection ....................24 2.5 Cryptosporidium and Giardia co-infection .........................................24 2.6 Cryptosporidium and Giardia in other ruminants .............................25 2.7 Cryptosporidium and Giardia as a zoonotic risk ...............................25 2.8 Acute phase response to different parasitic infections in neonatal domestic ruminants .................................................................26 3. AIMS OF THE STUDY ........................................................................28 4. MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................29 4.1 Study population................................................................................29 4.2 Blood, colostrum and faecal samples .............................................29 4.3 Analysis of blood and colostrum samples ....................................30 4.4 Faecal sample analysis .......................................................................31 4.5 Metaphylactic treatment of cryptosporidiosis ..............................32 4.6 Statistical analysis ...............................................................................32 5. RESULTS ..................................................................................................34 5.1 Cryptosporidium and Giardia infection in neonatal ruminants.......34 5.2 Other parasitic infections ................................................................42 5.3 Acute phase proteins associated with growth and performance in neonatal ruminants ......................................................43 5.4 Acute phase response and metaphylactic treatment of cryptosporidiosis ......................................................................................46 5.5 Acute phase proteins profiles in neonatal ruminants ..................51 5.5.1 Serum amyloid A .......................................................................51 5.5.2 Haptoglobin ................................................................................54 5.5.3 Albumin .......................................................................................56 6. DISCUSSION ..........................................................................................58 6.1 Parasitic infections in neonatal ruminants .....................................58 6.2 Acute phase response and parasitic infections .............................61 6.3 Acute phase proteins and acute phase response in neonatal ruminants ..................................................................................................62 6.4 Acute phase response and future performance ............................63 6.5 Perspectives of future research .......................................................65 7. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................66 REFERENCES ............................................................................................68 SUMMARY IN ESTONIAN ....................................................................89 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................96 ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS.................................................................97 CURRICULUM VITAE ...........................................................................126 ELULOOKIRJELDUS ............................................................................129 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS ...................................................................132 LIST OF ORIGINAL PUBLICATIONS The thesis is based on the following papers, which are cited in the text by Roman numerals. Under the non-commercial Creative Commons user license (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 the articles from the journals Comparative Immunology, Microbiology and Infectious Diseases and Research in Veterinary Science were reproduced. I Niine, T., Peetsalu, K., Nieminen, M., Oksanen, A., Soveri, T., Orro, T. 2017. Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in neonatal reindeer calves: relation to the acute phase response. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 54, 45-50. DOI: 10.1016/j. cimid.2017.08.001 II Niine, T., Dorbek-Kolin, E., Lassen, B., Orro, T. 2018. Cryptosporidium outbreak in calves on a large dairy farm: effect of treatment and the association with the inflammatory response and short-term weight gain, Res. Vet. Sci. 117, 200-208. DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.12.015 III Niine, T., Peetsalu, K., Tummeleht, L., Kuks, A., Orro, T. 2018. Acute phase response in organic lambs associated with colostrum serum amyloid A, weight gain, and Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections, Res. Vet. Sci. 121, 117-123. DOI: 10.1016/j. rvsc.2018.10.013 The contribution of author’s to the research papers Original idea, study Data Collection, Manuscript Paper
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