Çin Klasik Metinlerinde Yabancilar: Yi, Di, Rong Ve Hu

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Çin Klasik Metinlerinde Yabancilar: Yi, Di, Rong Ve Hu TÜRKİYE CUMHURİYETİ ANKARA ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ DOĞU DİLLERİ VE EDEBİYATLARI (SİNOLOJİ) ANABİLİM DALI ÇİN KLASİK METİNLERİNDE YABANCILAR: Yİ, Dİ, RONG VE HU TERİMLERİ Doktora Tezi Gürhan KIRİLEN Ankara-2012 ÖNSÖZ Yorumları ve anlayışı için danışmanım Sayın Prof. Dr. Bülent OKAY’a; Çince kaynaklarla ilgili çalışmalarına beni de dâhil ederek bu alanda bilgi ve anlayışımın artmasına vesile olan Sayın Prof. Dr. Ayşe ONAT’a; tezin yazımı süresince yol göstericiliği ve kaynak desteği için Sayın Doç. Dr. Ali Merthan DÜNDAR’a teşekkür ederim. Hayatın emek ve güzellikle imar edildiğini öğreten babamın aziz hatırasına… Gürhan Kırilen, Nisan 2012, Ankara i İÇİNDEKİLER ÖNSÖZ .......................................................................................................................i İÇİNDEKİLER ...........................................................................................................ii KISALTMALAR .......................................................................................................iii ÖZET ........................................................................................................................ ..iv ABSTRACT................................................................................................................v GİRİŞ ..............................................................................................................1 1. GELENEKSEL ÇİNDE EVREN VE EGEMENLİK ANLAYIŞI……..........35 1.1 Yeryüzü ve Siyasi Söylemin Başlıca Kavramları……….………............ 36 2. KLASİK METİNLERDE YI (夷), DI (狄), RONG (戎) VE HU (胡) İLE İLGİLİ KAYITLAR ..............................................................................59 2.1. ZHOU DÖNEMİ (M.Ö. 110-221) VE YABANCI HALKLAR………60 2.1.1. Yi’ler 夷 .......................................................................63 2.1.2. Di’ler 狄 ...............................................................................70 2.1.3. Rong’lar 戎 ........................................................................85 2.1.4. Hu’lar 胡 ................................................................................101 3. RESMİ TARİHLER İÇİNDE YABANCILAR VE HU TERİMİ ................105 3.1. RESMİ TARİHLER İÇİNDE YABANCILAR ..............................106 3.2. TARİH KAYITLARI’NDA HU TERİMİ VE YABANCILAR .....108 3.3. SONRAKİ HAN HANEDANLIĞI TARİHİ İÇİNDE HULAR ......129 3.4. ÜÇ DEVLET KAYITLARINDA HULAR ......................................148 3.5. JIN TARİHİNDE HULAR ...............................................................156 3.6. WEI TARİHİ’NDE HU TERİMİ .....................................................162 3.7. YENİ TANG TARİHİ İÇİNDE HU TERİMİ ..................................168 4. SONUÇ .................................................................178 KAYNAKÇA…………………………………………………………………203 ii KISALTMALAR SJ: TARİH KAYITLARI HS: HAN TARİHİ HHS: SONRAKİ HAN TARİHİ SGZ: ÜÇ DEVLET KAYITLARI JS: JİN TARİHİ WS: WEI TARİHİ JTS: ESKİ TANG TARİHİ XTS: YENİ TANG TARİHİ iii ÖZET Çin'de geleneksel terminoloji içinde yabancılar, birbirinden farklı ve özgün terimlerle anılmışlardır. Coğrafi yönlerle ilişkilendirilmiş olan bu terimler “Yi 夷”, “Di 狄”, “Rong 戎”, “Man 蛮” ve “Hu 胡”dur. Batı dillerinde çoğunlukla “barbar” ile karşılanmakla birlikte bu terimler, Çin’in geleneksel siyaset söyleminde yabancıları tanımlamaktadır. “Yi”, “Di” ve “Rong ” terimleri Zhou Hanedanlığı boyunca tarihsel ve gerçek halkları karşılarken, Han Hanedanlığı zamanında, somut içeriklerini yitirerek yabancılar için kullanılan birer genel terime dönüşmüşlerdir. Aynı dönemde Hunların tarih sahnesine çıkmasına paralel olarak “Hu” teriminin kullanımı yaygınlaşmış ve bu terim daha önceki terimlerin anlamsal mirasını yüklenmeye başlamıştır. Uzun süre “Hu” terimiyle anılan Hunlar da böylece, daha önce Çin’in çeşitli bölgelerinde yaşamış olan göçebe halkların devamı olarak görülmüşlerdir. Çince Klasik Metinler ve Resmi Tarih kayıtları içerisinde söz konusu terimlerin, gerçek olay ve olgular ekseninde birbirlerinin yerine kullanıldıkları, birleşerek daha geniş kapsamlı anlamlar içerdikleri, kimi bağlamlarda “olumlu” kimilerinde “olumsuz” anlamlar yüklendikleri görülmektedir. “Hu” teriminin kullanımının yaygınlaştığı dönemlerde, iktidarın el değiştirmesine paralel biçimde, karşılıklı kültürel etkileşimin derinleştiği, yerleşik Çin kültürünün Kuzey ve Kuzeybatı bölgelerinde yaşayan halkların kültürlerinden çokça etkilendiği anlaşılmaktadır. Sonraki Han Tarihi, Wei Tarihi ve Jin Tarihi gibi Resmi tarihler içinde bu olgunun maddi kültür unsurlarının adlarının önüne gelen “hu” imiyle somutlaştığı, müzikten giyim kuşama kadar pek çok özelliğin Çinliler arasında göçebe yaşam biçimine öykünme şeklinde ortaya çıktığı görülebilmektedir. iv ABSTRACT In Chinese traditional terminology, foreigners have been defined with different and specific terms. These terms, which have been associated with cardinal aspects, are “Yi 夷”, “Di 狄”, “Rong 戎”, “Man 蛮” and “Hu 胡”. Though translated as “barbarian” in Western literature, in Chinese political discourse they namely define foreigners. In the beginning they corresponded to the historical peoples. However, by the Han Dynasty they transformed into common terms used for defining foreigners. In the same period, with the Huns’ gaining power, usage of the “Hu” became prevalent. This term has started to take over the semantic heritage of the terms prior to it and thus the Huns, who have been called as “Hu”, were considered as the descendants of the nomadic nations that lived long before in various parts of China. In Classics and Dynastic Histories, the terms mentioned above were commonly used one for another on various historical accounts. These terms were also combined with each other to create new terms for addressing foreigners. Except for the “man”, other four were identified with the nomadic peoples whom had played important roles through Chinese history. The fact that these terms had even and derogatory connotations were also related with the nomadic peoples’ political and cultural activities on China proper where the sovereignty was shifted hands between sedentary and nomadic leaderships. “Hu”s usage in records, we observe the very fact of increasing interaction between sedentary and nomadic cultural spheres. From Han period on, Chinese culture was deeply influenced by the foreign cultures mainly from Middle Asian frontiers. So the term “hu” became an identifier, mostly located before a word of a thing to indicate its foreign origin. v GİRİŞ Tarih boyunca Çinliler, ilişkiye girdikleri yabancı kavimler hakkında çok miktarda kayıt tutmuşlardır. Bu kayıtlarda yabancı kavimlerin kültürel özellikleriyle ilgili bilgiler, tarihsel olaylarla içiçe verilmiş ve tarihle kültür bir arada anlatılmıştır. Böylece kronolojik tarihin, kültür ve etnografik bilgiyle donatıldığı eşsiz Çin kaynakları ortaya çıkmıştır. Tarihî kayıtların belirli yöntemlerinin olduğu, kayıt tutma alışkanlığının kesintiye uğramadığı ve kayda geçirilen bilgilerin yüzlerce yıl boyunca yaygın olarak okunduğu akla getirildiğinde, bu kaynakların aynı zamanda Çinlilerin dünya algısının uzun ve birikimli bir anlatısı olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Çin’in tanımlanması ile yabancı kültürlerin nasıl algılandığı hakkında veriler ve izlenimler de aynı şekilde bu kayıtlar içinde bulunmaktadır. Kaynaklara yakından bakıldığında, hakkında anlatılar bulunan yabancı halklardan pek azının, Çin’de ‘yabancı algısının’ oluşmasında belirleyici olduğu ve pek çok kavmin, az sayıdaki ad ve tanımlarla anıldığı görülmektedir. Bu ad ve tanımlar zaman içinde birer terime dönüşerek ‘yabancı’ anlamını yüklenmiş ve 20. Yüzyıla değin bu anlamda kullanılmışlardır.1 1 ‘Yabancı’ anlamıyla kullanılan terimler, başlangıçta belirli bir kavme ya da halka işaret ederken zamanla yalnızca “yabancıları” işaret eden anlamlar yüklenmiş, diğer pek çok kavim de bu genel terimler altında kabul edilmiştir. Eski kaynaklarda adı geçen pek çok halk diğerleriyle ve Çinlilerle karışıp yitmiştir. Shang ve Zhou Hanedanlıkları dönemleri için bu kapsama dâhil olan halkların adları şöyledir: Gui Fang, Gong Fang, Tu Fang, Hong Yi, Xun Yu, Xian Yun, Quan Rong, Bei Rong, Lu Hong Rong, Li Rong, Jiang Rong, Bei Di, Bai Di, Xian Yu, Chang Di, Chi Di halkları. Bu adlara yakından baktığımızda özellikle Yi, Rong ve Di sözcüklerinin pek çoğunun adının içinde geçtiği dikkati çekmektedir. M.Ö. 2000 yılından başlayarak kayıt altına alınmış olan bu adların Proto-Türkler olarak sınıflandırılması hakkında bknz. (Ekrem, 1995) Bu kavimlerin Çin ile ilişkileri hakkında bknz. (Onat: 1992) 1 Geleneksel yazında olduğu gibi siyasi terminoloji içinde de yabancılar, uzun çağlar boyunca özgün terimlerle anılmışlardır. Coğrafi yönlerle ilişkilendirilen bu terimler; “Yi 夷”, “Di 狄”, “Rong 戎”, “Man 蛮” ve “Hu 胡”dur. Bu çalışma, Çincede yabancıları karşılamak için kullanılan bu beş terimi ele almaktadır.2 Çalışmanın temel savı, yabancıları karşılayan bu terimlerin kullanımlarından hareketle, siyaset terminolojisi ekseninde net bir ‘yabancı’ tanımına ulaşılabileceğidir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışmanın temel sorunu, yabancıları tanımlayan sözcüklerin geleneksel siyaset terminolojisi içinde nasıl kullanıldıkları ve yüklendikleri anlamlardır. Batı dillerinde Çin üzerine yazılmış olan eserlerde, “Yi 夷”, “Di 狄” “Rong 戎”、 “Man 蛮” ve “Hu 胡” terimlerinin, “barbar” ve benzeri aşağılayıcı ifadelerle karşılandığı görülmektedir. James Legge, Eduard Chavannes, Owen Lattimore3, Marcel Granet, John K. Fairbank, Bernhard Karlgren, C.P. Fitzgerald, Michael Loewe, Ray Huang gibi çok sayıda
Recommended publications
  • Originally, the Descendants of Hua Xia Were Not the Descendants of Yan Huang
    E-Leader Brno 2019 Originally, the Descendants of Hua Xia were not the Descendants of Yan Huang Soleilmavis Liu, Activist Peacepink, Yantai, Shandong, China Many Chinese people claimed that they are descendants of Yan Huang, while claiming that they are descendants of Hua Xia. (Yan refers to Yan Di, Huang refers to Huang Di and Xia refers to the Xia Dynasty). Are these true or false? We will find out from Shanhaijing ’s records and modern archaeological discoveries. Abstract Shanhaijing (Classic of Mountains and Seas ) records many ancient groups of people in Neolithic China. The five biggest were: Yan Di, Huang Di, Zhuan Xu, Di Jun and Shao Hao. These were not only the names of groups, but also the names of individuals, who were regarded by many groups as common male ancestors. These groups first lived in the Pamirs Plateau, soon gathered in the north of the Tibetan Plateau and west of the Qinghai Lake and learned from each other advanced sciences and technologies, later spread out to other places of China and built their unique ancient cultures during the Neolithic Age. The Yan Di’s offspring spread out to the west of the Taklamakan Desert;The Huang Di’s offspring spread out to the north of the Chishui River, Tianshan Mountains and further northern and northeastern areas;The Di Jun’s and Shao Hao’s offspring spread out to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, where the Di Jun’s offspring lived in the west of the Shao Hao’s territories, which were near the sea or in the Shandong Peninsula.Modern archaeological discoveries have revealed the authenticity of Shanhaijing ’s records.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Articles from the China Journal of System Engineering Prepared
    Recent Articles from the China Journal of System Engineering Prepared by the University of Washington Quantum System Engineering (QSE) Group.1 Bibliography [1] Mu A-Hua, Zhou Shao-Lei, and Yu Xiao-Li. Research on fast self-adaptive genetic algorithm and its simulation. Journal of System Simulation, 16(1):122 – 5, 2004. [2] Guan Ai-Jie, Yu Da-Tai, Wang Yun-Ji, An Yue-Sheng, and Lan Rong-Qin. Simulation of recon-sat reconing process and evaluation of reconing effect. Journal of System Simulation, 16(10):2261 – 3, 2004. [3] Hao Ai-Min, Pang Guo-Feng, and Ji Yu-Chun. Study and implementation for fidelity of air roaming system above the virtual mount qomolangma. Journal of System Simulation, 12(4):356 – 9, 2000. [4] Sui Ai-Na, Wu Wei, and Zhao Qin-Ping. The analysis of the theory and technology on virtual assembly and virtual prototype. Journal of System Simulation, 12(4):386 – 8, 2000. [5] Xu An, Fan Xiu-Min, Hong Xin, Cheng Jian, and Huang Wei-Dong. Research and development on interactive simulation system for astronauts walking in the outer space. Journal of System Simulation, 16(9):1953 – 6, Sept. 2004. [6] Zhang An and Zhang Yao-Zhong. Study on effectiveness top analysis of group air-to-ground aviation weapon system. Journal of System Simulation, 14(9):1225 – 8, Sept. 2002. [7] Zhang An, He Sheng-Qiang, and Lv Ming-Qiang. Modeling simulation of group air-to-ground attack-defense confrontation system. Journal of System Simulation, 16(6):1245 – 8, 2004. [8] Wu An-Bo, Wang Jian-Hua, Geng Ying-San, and Wang Xiao-Feng.
    [Show full text]
  • Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China
    Material and Symbolic Economies: Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Tian, Xiaofei. "4 Material and Symbolic Economies: Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China." In A History of Chinese Letters and Epistolary Culture, pp. 135-186. Brill, 2015. Published Version doi:10.1163/9789004292123_006 Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:29037391 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Open Access Policy Articles, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#OAP Material and Symbolic Economies_Tian Material and Symbolic Economies: Letters and Gifts in Early Medieval China* Xiaofei Tian Harvard University This paper examines a group of letters in early medieval China, specifically from the turn of the third century and from the early sixth century, about gift giving and receiving. Gift-giving is one of the things that stand at the center of social relationships across many cultures. “The gift imposes an identity upon the giver as well as the receiver.”1 It is both productive of social relationships and affirms them; it establishes and clarifies social status, displays power, strengthens alliances, and creates debt and obligations. This was particularly true in the chaotic period following the collapse of the Han empire at the turn of the third century, often referred to by the reign title of the last Han emperor as the Jian’an 建安 era (196-220).
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Current Chinese Affairs
    China Data Supplement May 2007 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC .......................................................................... 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC ..................................................................... 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership ...................................................................... 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries ......................................................................... 42 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations .............................................................................................. 44 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR ................................................................................................................ 45 LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR ....................................................................................................................... 52 LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan .............................................................................................................................. 56 LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Studies Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 May 2007 The Main National Leadership of the PRC
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese New Acquisitions List (2016) 澳大利亞國家圖書館中文新書簡報 (2016 年 6 月)
    Chinese New Acquisitions List (2016) 澳大利亞國家圖書館中文新書簡報 (2016 年 6 月) MONOGRAPHS (圖書), SERIALS (期刊), e-RESOURCES (電子刊物), MAPS (地圖) e-RESOURCES (電子刊物)Links to full-text e-books online: http://nla.lib.apabi.com/List.asp?lang=gb 書 名 Titles 索 書 號 Call numbers FULL CATALOGUE DESCRIPTION Zhongguo xue shu dian cang tu shu ku = Digital collection on China studies. Electronic resource http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn6854944 中国学术典藏图书库 = Digital collection on China studies. AUSTRALIANA in Chinese Language 澳大利亞館藏 – Books & Serials about Australia or by Australians 書 名 Titles 索 書 號 Call numbers FULL CATALOGUE DESCRIPTION Sheng dan jie de dai shu / [Mei] Zhanmusi Fuluola zhu, hui ; Chen Xing yi. CHN 823.914 F632 http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn6977391 圣诞节的袋鼠 / [美] 詹姆斯・弗洛拉 著, 绘 ; 陈醒译. Hong tai yang mei you zhao dao wo shen shang / Huang Guanying zhu. CHN 920.720951 H874YM http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn7091107 紅太陽沒有照到我身上 / 黃冠英著. 圖書分類 (杜威分類法 - Dewey Decimal Classification) 000 Computers, information, & general reference 電腦、資訊及總類 1 書 名 Titles 索 書 號 Call numbers FULL CATALOGUE DESCRIPTION Qing ru di li kao ju yan jiu / Hua Linfu zhu bian. CH 001.20951 Q1R http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn6970644 清儒地理考据研究 / 华林甫主编. Quan li de mao xi guan zuo yong : Qing dai de si xiang, xue shu yu xin tai / Wang CH 001.20951 W246 http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn6935240 Fansen zhu. 权力的毛细管作用 : 清代的思想, 学术与心态 / 王汎森著. Taiwan di qu zhi ku yan jiu / Chen Xiancai zhu. CH 001.40951249 C518 http://nla.gov.au/nla.cat-vn7092738 台湾地区智库研究 / 陈先才著.
    [Show full text]
  • UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC Santa Barbara UC Santa Barbara Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Fashioning the Reclusive Persona: Zeng Jing's Informal Portraits of the Jiangnan Literati Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2mx8m4wt Author Choi, Seokwon Publication Date 2016 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Santa Barbara Fashioning the Reclusive Persona: Zeng Jing’s Informal Portraits of the Jiangnan Literati A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Art History by Seokwon Choi Committee in charge: Professor Peter C. Sturman, Chair Professor Miriam Wattles Professor Hui-shu Lee December 2016 The dissertation of Seokwon Choi is approved. _____________________________________________ Miriam Wattles _____________________________________________ Hui-shu Lee _____________________________________________ Peter C. Sturman, Committee Chair September 2016 Fashioning the Reclusive Persona: Zeng Jing’s Informal Portraits of the Jiangnan Literati Copyright © 2016 by Seokwon Choi iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My sincerest gratitude goes to my advisor, Professor Peter C. Sturman, whose guidance, patience, and confidence in me have made my doctoral journey not only possible but also enjoyable. It is thanks to him that I was able to transcend the difficulties of academic work and find pleasure in reading, writing, painting, and calligraphy. As a role model, Professor Sturman taught me how to be an artful recluse like the Jiangnan literati. I am also greatly appreciative for the encouragement and counsel of Professor Hui-shu Lee. Without her valuable suggestions from its earliest stage, this project would never have taken shape. I would like to express appreciation to Professor Miriam Wattles for insightful comments and thought-provoking discussions that helped me to consider the issues of portraiture in a broader East Asian context.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018-02Contents
    Full Text and Manuscript Submission: www.besjournal.com BES Biomedical and Environmental Sciences Table of Contents February 2018, Volume 31, Number 2 Original Articles 87 The Serum Exosome Derived MicroRNA-135a, -193b, and -384 Were Potential Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers YANG Ting Ting, LIU Chen Geng, GAO Shi Chao, ZHANG Yi, and WANG Pei Chang 97 Short Form of Weinstein Noise Sensitivity Scale (NSS-SF): Reliability, Validity and Gender Invariance among Chinese Individuals ZHONG Tao, CHUNG Pak-kwong, and LIU Jing Dong 106 Serum Uric Acid is Associated with the Predicted Risk of Prevalent Cardiovascular Disease in a Community-dwelling Population without Diabetes CHENG Di, DU Rui, WU Xue Yan, LIN Lin, PENG Kui, MA Li Na, XU Yu, XU Min, CHEN Yu Hong, BI Yu Fang, WANG Wei Qing, DAI Meng, and LU Jie Li 115 Potassium Bromate-induced Changes in the Adult Mouse Cerebellum Are Ameliorated by Vanillin Hajer Ben Saad, Dorra Driss, Imen Jaballi, Hanen Ghozzi, Ons Boudawara, Michael Droguet, Christian Magné, Monsef Nasri, Khaled Mounir Zeghal, Ahmed Hakim, and Ibtissem Ben Amara 126 Bone Loss Induced by Simulated Microgravity, Ionizing Radiation and/or Ultradian Rhythms in the Hindlimbs of Rats ZHANG Ya Nan, SHI Wen Gui, LI He, HUA Jun Rui, FENG Xiu, WEI Wen Jun, WANG Ju Fang, HE Jin Peng, and LEI Su Wen 136 Three-dimensional Culture of Human Airway Epithelium in Matrigel for Evaluation of Human Rhinovirus C and Bocavirus Infections CHEN Ya Xiong, XIE Guang Cheng, PAN Dong, DU Ya Rong, PANG Li Li, SONG Jing Dong, DUAN Zhao Jun, and HU Bu Rong Letters to the Editor 146 Possible Transmission of Irkut Virus from Dogs to Humans CHEN Teng, MIAO Fa Ming, LIU Ye, ZHANG Shou Feng, ZHANG Fei, LI Nan, and HU Rong Liang 149 Risk Factors for Prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) in Diarrheic and Non-diarrheic Neonatal and Weaner Pigs, South Africa Samuel T.
    [Show full text]
  • A RE-EVALUATION of CHIANG KAISHEK's BLUESHIRTS Chinese Fascism in the 1930S
    A RE-EVALUATION OF CHIANG KAISHEK’S BLUESHIRTS Chinese Fascism in the 1930s A Dissertation Submitted to the School of Oriental and African Studies of the University of London in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy DOOEUM CHUNG ProQuest Number: 11015717 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 11015717 Published by ProQuest LLC(2018). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 2 Abstract Abstract This thesis considers the Chinese Blueshirts organisation from 1932 to 1938 in the context of Chiang Kaishek's attempts to unify and modernise China. It sets out the terms of comparison between the Blueshirts and Fascist organisations in Europe and Japan, indicating where there were similarities and differences of ideology and practice, as well as establishing links between them. It then analyses the reasons for the appeal of Fascist organisations and methods to Chiang Kaishek. Following an examination of global factors, the emergence of the Blueshirts from an internal point of view is considered. As well as assuming many of the characteristics of a Fascist organisation, especially according to the Japanese model and to some extent to the European model, the Blueshirts were in many ways typical of the power-cliques which were already an integral part of Chinese politics.
    [Show full text]
  • General Table of Contents (Vol. 16, 2019)
    Journal of Mountain Science (Monthly) http://jms.imde.ac.cn General Table of Contents (Vol. 16, 2019) 1-15 Martin F. PRICE, Tor ARNESEN, Erik GLØERSEN, Marc J. METZGER Mapping mountain areas: learning from Global, European and Norwegian perspectives 16-29 Peter NOJAROV, Emil GACHEV, Karsten GRUNEWALD Recent behavior and possible future evolution of the glacieret in the cirque Golemiya Kazan in the Pirin Mountains under conditions of climate warming 30-42 XUE Feng, ZHAO Ming-fei, WANG Yu-hang, KANG Mu-yi, XING Kai-xiong, WANG Guo-yi, SHI Jing-jing, CHEN Chen, JIANG Yuan Base cation concentrations in forest litter and topsoil have different responses to climate and tree species along elevational gradients 43-53 Alina BARANOVA, Jens OLDELAND, WANG Shun-li, Udo SCHICKHOFF Grazing impact on forage quality and macronutrient content of rangelands in Qilian Mountains, NW China 54-63 CHEN Fan, XIA Hao, QIN Xiao-jing Effect of mixture sowing on biomass allocation in the artificially-planted pastures, Southeastern Tibetan 64-76 Mohammd RAFIQ, Shakil Ahmad ROMSHOO, Anoop Kumar MISHRA, Faizan JALAL Modelling Chorabari Lake outburst flood, Kedarnath, India 77-94 Sazeda BEGAM, Dhrubajyoti SEN Mapping of moraine dammed glacial lakes and assessment of their areal changes in the central and eastern Himalayas using satellite data 95-107 Atsuko NONOMURA, Shuichi HASEGAWA, Hideo MATSUMOTO, Mari TAKAHASHI, Mina MASUMOTO, Kazuhito FUJISAWA Curvature derived from LiDAR digital elevation models as simple indicators of debris-flow susceptibility 108-121 ZHU Xing-hua,
    [Show full text]
  • Jinfan Zhang the Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law the Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law
    Jinfan Zhang The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law Jinfan Zhang The Tradition and Modern Transition of Chinese Law Chief translator Zhang Lixin Other translators Yan Chen Li Xing Zhang Ye Xu Hongfen Jinfan Zhang China University of Political Science and Law Beijing , People’s Republic of China Sponsored by Chinese Fund for the Humanities and Social Sciences (本书获中华社会科学基金中华外译项目资助) ISBN 978-3-642-23265-7 ISBN 978-3-642-23266-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-23266-4 Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2014931393 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center.
    [Show full text]
  • General Information Oral 1-2
    General Information General Information Programs Mon 31 Jul: Short Courses Tue 1 Aug: Plenary and Technical Sessions & Welcome Reception Wed 2 Aug: Technical Sessions & Conference Banquet Thu 3 Aug: Technical Sessions Fri 4 Aug: Postdeadline Paper Session Exhibition Date: 1st Aug 2017 Time: 14.00-18.00 Venue: Room 4701 Date: 2nd Aug 2017, 3rd Aug 2017 Time: 8.30-18.00 Venue: Room 4701 All attendees are welcomed to visit the exhibition and build professional contacts. Explanation of Session Codes Oral 1-2 B-3 Day of the Conference Session Number (4 sessions a day) Room Presentation Order IV General Information Presentation Guideline Instructions for Presenters Speakers are requested to be in their respective session rooms at least 10minutes prior to the commencement of each session. The duration of a plenary/keynote presentation is 45 minutes. This includes 35 minutes for the presentation itself and 5 minutes for Q&A. The duration of an invited presentation is 30 minutes. This includes 25 minutes for the presentation itself and 5 minutes for Q&A. The duration of a regular presentation is 15 minutes. This includes 12 minutes for the presentation itself and 3 minutes for Q&A. We would appreciate if all presenters can adhere strictly to this time limit. Presentation mush be carried our using Microsoft PowerPoint or PDF. No slide prejectors will be made available. Speakers should being their presentation materials in a thumb-drive and upload the files from 08:00—08:30 daily or during the tea breaks or lunches. Instructions for Presiders We provide a small bell in every session room.
    [Show full text]
  • New Actresses and Urban Publics in Early Republican Beijing Title
    Carnegie Mellon University MARIANNA BROWN DIETRICH COLLEGE OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements Doctor of Philosophy For the Degree of New Actresses and Urban Publics in Early Republican Beijing Title Jiacheng Liu Presented by History Accepted by the Department of Donald S. Sutton August 1, 2015 Readers (Director of Dissertation) Date Andrea Goldman August 1, 2015 Date Paul Eiss August 1, 2015 Date Approved by the Committee on Graduate Degrees Richard Scheines August 1, 2015 Dean Date NEW ACTRESSES AND URBAN PUBLICS OF EARLY REPUBLICAN BEIJING by JIACHENG LIU, B.A., M. A. DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of the College of the Marianna Brown Dietrich College of Humanities and Social Sciences of Carnegie Mellon University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY August 1, 2015 Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the help from many teachers, colleages and friends. First of all, I am immensely grateful to my doctoral advisor, Prof. Donald S. Sutton, for his patience, understanding, and encouragement. Over the six years, the numerous conversations with Prof. Sutton have been an unfailing source of inspiration. His broad vision across disciplines, exacting scholarship, and attention to details has shaped this study and the way I think about history. Despite obstacle of time and space, Prof. Andrea S. Goldman at UCLA has generously offered advice and encouragement, and helped to hone my arguments and clarify my assumptions. During my six-month visit at UCLA, I was deeply affected by her passion for scholarship and devotion to students, which I aspire to emulate in my future career.
    [Show full text]