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Module-7 Lecture-29 Flight Experiment
Module-7 Lecture-29 Flight Experiment: Instruments used in flight experiment, pre and post flight measurement of aircraft c.g. Module Agenda • Instruments used in flight experiments. • Pre and post flight measurement of center of gravity. • Experimental procedure for the following experiments. (a) Cruise Performance: Estimation of profile Drag coefficient (CDo ) and Os- walds efficiency (e) of an aircraft from experimental data obtained during steady and level flight. (b) Climb Performance: Estimation of Rate of Climb RC and Absolute and Service Ceiling from experimental data obtained during steady climb flight (c) Estimation of stick free and fixed neutral and maneuvering point using flight data. (d) Static lateral-directional stability tests. (e) Phugoid demonstration (f) Dutch roll demonstration 1 Instruments used for experiments1 1. Airspeed Indicator: The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft's speed (usually in knots ) relative to the surrounding air. It works by measuring the ram-air pressure in the aircraft's Pitot tube. The indicated airspeed must be corrected for air density (which varies with altitude, temperature and humidity) in order to obtain the true airspeed, and for wind conditions in order to obtain the speed over the ground. 2. Attitude Indicator: The attitude indicator (also known as an artificial horizon) shows the aircraft's relation to the horizon. From this the pilot can tell whether the wings are level and if the aircraft nose is pointing above or below the horizon. This is a primary instrument for instrument flight and is also useful in conditions of poor visibility. Pilots are trained to use other instruments in combination should this instrument or its power fail. -
How to Make My Air Glide S Work Properly
How to make my Air Glide S work properly Originally written by Horst Rupp. Many thanks to Richard Frawley who edited and retranslated this article into proper English. 2014/11/21. The basic prerequisite for the Air Glide S, in particular the AHRS part, to work properly so that the extraneous ‘noise’ (gusts, wind shifts, perturbations etc) can be removed is to ensure that it is set up correctly. The instrument is very sensitive and the installation needs to be done in a way that ensures that only the correct inputs are being sensed. Most legacy instrument installations take all pressures from probes at the rudder fin. And most unfortunately, many of them use the total energy (TE) pressure from the fin to feed in parallel a mass-measurement variometer with a capacity flask (in Germany mostly a Winter) and a pressure sensor probe variometer such as the Air Glide S (no capacity flask). There are many publications indicating the deterioration (mostly damping) of the pressure sensor probe measurements by the stream of air mass in and out of the capacity flask. So, it is obviously a somewhat bad idea to do that to your Air Glide S. This interference with a mass measuring instruments is certainly not compliant with the above mentioned basic prerequisite. Fortunately, the Air Glide S can be compensated by total pressure (called electronic compensation as opposed to TE compensation). This is a new feature of the Air Glide S arriving with V 1.1. Total pressure and TE pressure carry more or less (depends on quality of probe) the same information - but for the sign : Total pressure is static pressure PLUS pitot pressure, TE pressure is static pressure MINUS pitot pressure (probe compensation factor (~)-1). -
Richard Lancaster [email protected]
Glider Instruments Richard Lancaster [email protected] ASK-21 glider outlines Copyright 1983 Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co. All other content Copyright 2008 Richard Lancaster. The latest version of this document can be downloaded from: www.carrotworks.com [ Atmospheric pressure and altitude ] Atmospheric pressure is caused ➊ by the weight of the column of air above a given location. Space At sea level the overlying column of air exerts a force equivalent to 10 tonnes per square metre. ➋ The higher the altitude, the shorter the overlying column of air and 30,000ft hence the lower the weight of that 300mb column. Therefore: ➌ 18,000ft “Atmospheric pressure 505mb decreases with altitude.” 0ft At 18,000ft atmospheric pressure 1013mb is approximately half that at sea level. [ The altimeter ] [ Altimeter anatomy ] Linkages and gearing: Connect the aneroid capsule 0 to the display needle(s). Aneroid capsule: 9 1 A sealed copper and beryllium alloy capsule from which the air has 2 been removed. The capsule is springy Static pressure inlet and designed to compress as the 3 pressure around it increases and expand as it decreases. 6 4 5 Display needle(s) Enclosure: Airtight except for the static pressure inlet. Has a glass front through which display needle(s) can be viewed. [ Altimeter operation ] The altimeter's static 0 [ Sea level ] ➊ pressure inlet must be 9 1 Atmospheric pressure: exposed to air that is at local 1013mb atmospheric pressure. 2 Static pressure inlet The pressure of the air inside 3 ➋ the altimeter's casing will therefore equalise to local 6 4 atmospheric pressure via the 5 static pressure inlet. -
[email protected] C/ Fruela, 6 Fax: +34 91 463 55 35 28011 Madrid (España) Notice
CICIAIAIACAC COMISIÓN DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE ACCIDENTES E INCIDENTES DE AVIACIÓN CIVIL Report IN-015/2019 Incident involving a BOEING B-737-524, registration LY-KLJ, at the Getafe Air Base (Madrid) on 5 April 2019 GOBIERNO MINISTERIO DE ESPAÑA DE TRANSPORTES, MOVILIDAD Y AGENDA URBANA Edita: Centro de Publicaciones Secretaría General Técnica Ministerio de Transportes, Movilidad y Agenda Urbana © NIPO: 796-20-128-4 Diseño, maquetación e impresión: Centro de Publicaciones COMISIÓN DE INVESTIGACIÓN DE ACCIDENTES E INCIDENTES DE AVIACIÓN CIVIL Tel.: +34 91 597 89 63 E-mail: [email protected] C/ Fruela, 6 Fax: +34 91 463 55 35 http://www.ciaiac.es 28011 Madrid (España) Notice This report is a technical document that reflects the point of view of the Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission (CIAIAC) regarding the circumstances of the accident object of the investigation, and its probable causes and consequences. In accordance with the provisions in Article 5.4.1 of Annex 13 of the International Civil Aviation Convention; and with articles 5.5 of Regulation (UE) nº 996/2010, of the European Parliament and the Council, of 20 October 2010; Article 15 of Law 21/2003 on Air Safety and articles 1., 4. and 21.2 of Regulation 389/1998, this investigation is exclusively of a technical nature, and its objective is the prevention of future civil aviation accidents and incidents by issuing, if necessary, safety recommendations to prevent from their reoccurrence. The investigation is not pointed to establish blame or liability whatsoever, and it’s not prejudging the possible decision taken by the judicial authorities. -
Study of the Pilot's Attention in the Cabin During the Flight Auxiliary Devices Such As Variometer, Turn Indicator with Crosswise Or Other
Journal of KONES Powertrain and Transport, Vol. 25, No. 3 2018 ISSN: 1231-4005 e-ISSN: 2354-0133 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0012.4309 STUDY OF THE PILOT’S ATTENTION IN THE CABIN DURING THE FLIGHT Mirosław Adamski, Mariusz Adamski, Ariel Adamski Polish Air Force Academy, Department of Aviation Dywizjonu 303 Street 35, 08-521 Deblin, Poland tel.: +48 261 517423, fax: +48 261 517421 e-mail: [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] Andrzej Szelmanowski Air Force Institute of Technology Ksiecia Boleslawa Street 6, 01-494 Warsaw, Poland tel.: +48 261 851603, fax: +48 261 851646 e-mail: [email protected] Abstract The pilot, while performing certain tasks or being in the battlefield environment works in a time lag. He is forced to properly interpret the information and quickly and correctly take action. Therefore, the instruments in the cabin should be arranged in such a way that they are legible and the operator have always-easy access to them. Due to the dynamics of the aircraft and the time needed to process the information by the pilot, a reaction delay occurs, resulting in the plane flying in an uncontrolled manner even up to several hundred meters. This article discusses the VFR and IFR flight characteristics, the pilot’s attention during flight, cabin ergonomics, and the placement of on-board instruments having a significant impact on the safety of the task performed in the air. In addition, tests have been carried out to determine exactly what the pilot’s eye is aimed at while completing the aerial task. -
TOTAL ENERGY COMPENSATION in PRACTICE by Rudolph Brozel ILEC Gmbh Bayreuth, Germany, September 1985 Edited by Thomas Knauff, & Dave Nadler April, 2002
TOTAL ENERGY COMPENSATION IN PRACTICE by Rudolph Brozel ILEC GmbH Bayreuth, Germany, September 1985 Edited by Thomas Knauff, & Dave Nadler April, 2002 This article is copyright protected © ILEC GmbH, all rights reserved. Reproduction with the approval of ILEC GmbH only. FORWARD Rudolf Brozel and Juergen Schindler founded ILEC in 1981. Rudolf Brozel was the original designer of ILEC variometer systems and total energy probes. Sadly, Rudolph Brozel passed away in 1998. ILEC instruments and probes are the result of extensive testing over many years. More than 6,000 pilots around the world now use ILEC total energy probes. ILEC variometers are the variometer of choice of many pilots, for both competition and club use. Current ILEC variometers include the SC7 basic variometer, the SB9 backup variometer, and the SN10 flight computer. INTRODUCTION The following article is a summary of conclusions drawn from theoretical work over several years, including wind tunnel experiments and in-flight measurements. This research helps to explain the differences between the real response of a total energy variometer and what a soaring pilot would prefer, or the ideal behaviour. This article will help glider pilots better understand the response of the variometer, and also aid in improving an existing system. You will understand the semi-technical information better after you read the following article the second or third time. THE INFLUENCE OF ACCELERATION ON THE SINK RATE OF A SAILPLANE AND ON THE INDICATION OF THE VARIOMETER. Astute pilots may have noticed when they perform a normal pull-up manoeuvre, as they might to enter a thermal; the TE (total energy) variometer first indicates a down reading, whereas the non-compensated variometer would rapidly go to the positive stop. -
Speed to Fly Variometer, Flight Recorder, Final Glide Calculator and Simple Navigation System with Internal Backup Battery
LX Eos Speed to fly variometer, flight recorder, final glide calculator and simple navigation system with internal backup battery. User’s manual (version 1.4) Refers to LX Eos FW version 1.3 For standalone use and for use in LX Zeus configuration. Tkalska 10 SI 3000 Celje Tel.: 00 386 3 490 46 70 Fax.: 00 386 3 490 46 71 [email protected] www.lxnavigation.co 1 Index 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 4 1.1 Hardware specification ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Switching on the unit ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.4 Switching off the unit ......................................................................................................................... 7 2 Use of rotary switch .................................................................................................................................... 7 3 Initial setup ................................................................................................................................................. 8 4 Structure of main pages ............................................................................................................................. 9 5 Vario page ............................................................................................................................................... -
Advisory Circular (AC) 25-11B
0 U.S. Department of Transportation Advisor Federal Aviation Administration Circular Subject: Electronic Flight Displays Date: I 0/07/14 AC No: 25-118 Initiated By: ANM-111 This advisory circular (AC) provides guidance for showing compliance with certain requirements of Title 14, Code of Federal Regulations part 25 for the design, installation, integration, and approval of electronic flight deck displays, components, and systems installed in transport category airplanes. Revision B adds appendices F and G to the original AC and updates references to related rules and documents. If you have suggestions for improving this AC, you may use the Advisory Circular Feedback form at the end of this AC. Jeffrey E. Duven Manager, Transport Airplane Directorate Aircraft Certification Service 10/07/14 AC 25-11B CONTENTS Paragraph Page Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 Purpose. ......................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Applicability. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Cancelation. .................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.4 General. ......................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.5 Definitions of Terms Used in this -
Lo 022 Instrumentation
022 INSTRUMENTATION AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOTS LICENCE (A) (AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE) JAR-FCL LEARNING OBJECTIVES REMARKS REF NO 022 00 00 00 INSTRUMENTATION 022 01 00 00 FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS 022 01 01 00 Air Data Instruments 022 01 01 01 Pilot and Static Systems – State the purpose of the pitot and static system. – Indicate the information provided by the pitot and static system. – Name the components of the pitot and static pressure system. – Pitot tube, construction and principles of operation – Name and state the purpose of each element of the pitot tube. – Explain the principles of operation of the pitot tube. – Illustrate the distribution of the pitot pressure to instruments and systems. – Indicate various locations of the pitot tube in relation to the direction of air flow. – Name the existing pitot tube designs. – Static source – Explain the principle of operation of the static port. – Illustrate the distribution of the static pressure to instruments and systems. – Indicate various locations of the static port. – Define the static pressure error – Describe the purpose of static balancing – Malfunction – State, in qualitative terms, the effects on the indications of altimeter, airspeed indicator and Issue 1: Oct 1999 022-INST-2 CJAA Licensing Division AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOTS LICENCE (A) (AIRCRAFT GENERAL KNOWLEDGE) JAR-FCL LEARNING OBJECTIVES REMARKS REF NO variometer (vertical speed indicator) in the event of a blockage or a break of: – Total pressure line – Static pressure line – Total and static pressure line – Heating – Explain the purpose of heating. – Interpret the effect of heating on sensed pressure. – Alternate static source – Explain why an alternate static source is required. -
Transitioning to Glass Cockpit Primary Training Fleets: Implications
Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research Volume 15 Number 3 JAAER Spring 2006 Article 6 Spring 2006 Transitioning to Glass Cockpit Primary Training Fleets: Implications Mark Sherman Deak Arch Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.erau.edu/jaaer Scholarly Commons Citation Sherman, M., & Arch, D. (2006). Transitioning to Glass Cockpit Primary Training Fleets: Implications. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 15(3). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/ jaaer/vol15/iss3/6 This Forum is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sherman and Arch: Transitioning to Glass Cockpit Primary Training Fleets: Implicati Transitioning to Glass FORUM TMSITIOhTNG TO GLASS COCgPIT P-Y TRAIMNG FLEET32 IMPLICATIONS Mark Sherman and Deak Arch In late July, 2004, Ohio University had the unique opportunity to become a hnt-runner in one of the most significant revolutions in Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA) training by purchasing seven new Piper Warrior III aircraft equipped with Avidyne Entegra Integrated Flight Decks, a highly advanced avionics system. This technology combines computerized flight decks with multi-function displays, moving maps, and integrated flight instruments in basic trainers. Prior to integration of the new aircdi, initial questions arose addressing concerns about student pilot flight training conducted in Technically Advanced Aircrafl, instructors whom have little experience teaching Technically Advanced Aircraft, integrating new aircraft platforms into FAR 141 Training Course Outline (TCO) requirements, and use of these aircraft while WlingPractical Test Standards (PTS) requirements. -
Diamond DA40/40F
Integrated Flight Deck Cockpit Reference Guide Diamond DA40/40F SYSTEM OVERVIEW FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS ENGINE INDICATION SYSTEM NAV/COM/TRANSPONDER AUDIO PANEL AUTOMATIC FLIGHT CONTROL NAVIGATION FLIGHT PLANNING PROCEDURES HAZARD AVOIDANCE ABNORMAL OPERATIONS ANNUNCIATIONS & ALERTS INDEX Copyright © 2004-2007 Garmin Ltd. or its subsidiaries. All rights reserved. This manual reflects the operation of System Software version 0369.13 or later for the Diamond DA40 and DA40F. Some differences in operation may be observed when comparing the information in this manual to earlier or later software versions. Garmin International, Inc., 1200 East 151st Street, Olathe, Kansas 66062, U.S.A. Tel: 913/397.8200 Fax: 913/397.8282 Garmin AT, Inc., 2345 Turner Road SE, Salem, OR 97302, U.S.A. Tel: 503/391.3411 Fax 503/364.2138 Garmin (Europe) Ltd, Liberty House, Hounsdown Business Park, Southampton, SO40 9RB, U.K. Tel: 44/0870.8501241 Fax: 44/0870.8501251 Garmin Corporation, No. 68, Jangshu 2nd Road, Shijr, Taipei County, Taiwan Tel: 886/02.2642.9199 Fax: 886/02.2642.9099 Web Site Address: www.garmin.com Except as expressly provided herein, no part of this manual may be reproduced, copied, transmitted, disseminated, downloaded or stored in any storage medium, for any purpose without the express written permission of Garmin. Garmin hereby grants permission to download a single copy of this manual and of any revision to this manual onto a hard drive or other electronic storage medium to be viewed for personal use, provided that such electronic or printed copy of this manual or revision must contain the complete text of this copyright notice and provided further that any unauthorized commercial distribution of this manual or any revision hereto is strictly prohibited. -
Flight Environmental Systems
CIRRUS AIRPLANE MAINTENANCE MANUAL MODEL SR22 FLIGHT ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS 1. DESCRIPTION This section covers that portion of the system which senses environmental conditions and uses the data to influence navigation of the airplane. This includes pitot-static, Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI), altimeter, air- speed indicator, and Outside Air Temperature (OAT) gage/clock. (See Figure 34-001) The pitot system utilizes an “L” shaped mast with integral pitot tube and heater located on the LH wing just inboard of the wing tip to sense impact or ram air pressure. The pitot mast utilizes an electrical heating ele- ment to prevent ice from blocking ram air. Pitot heat is controlled by a switch located in the center of the bolster switch panel. An amber PITOT HEAT light on the annunciation panel will illuminate if the PITOT HEAT switch is set to ON position and the pitot heater is not using power. The pitot heat system operates on 28 VDC supplied through the 7.5-amp PITOT HEAT/COOLING FAN cir- cuit breaker on the Non-Essential Bus. The PITOT HEAT warning light operates on 28 VDC supplied through the 2-amp ANNUN circuit breaker on the Essential Bus. The normal static system utilizes two ports, a static source water trap, an alternate static source selector valve, and the necessary plumbing to provide static air pressure sensing for the airspeed indicator, vertical speed indicator, altimeter, altitude encoder, and altitude transducer. Serials 0435 thru 0820 w/ PFD, 0821 & subs: The primary flight display (PFD) receives static air pressure data through the static system. The normal static ports are located on the LH and RH sides of the fuselage behind the aft cabin bulkhead.