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Volume 15 Number 3 JAAER Spring 2006 Article 6

Spring 2006

Transitioning to Glass Primary Training Fleets: Implications

Mark Sherman

Deak Arch

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Scholarly Commons Citation Sherman, M., & Arch, D. (2006). Transitioning to Primary Training Fleets: Implications. Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, 15(3). Retrieved from https://commons.erau.edu/ jaaer/vol15/iss3/6

This Forum is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research by an authorized administrator of Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sherman and Arch: Transitioning to Glass Cockpit Primary Training Fleets: Implicati

Transitioning to Glass

FORUM

TMSITIOhTNG TO GLASS COCgPIT P-Y TRAIMNG FLEET32 IMPLICATIONS

Mark Sherman and Deak Arch

In late July, 2004, Ohio University had the unique opportunity to become a hnt-runner in one of the most significant revolutions in Technically Advanced (TAA) training by purchasing seven new Piper Warrior III aircraft equipped with Avidyne Entegra Integrated Decks, a highly advanced system. This combines computerized flight decks with multi-function displays, moving maps, and integrated in basic trainers. Prior to integration of the new aircdi, initial questions arose addressing concerns about student pilot flight training conducted in Technically Advanced Aircrafl, instructors whom have little experience teaching Technically Advanced Aircraft, integrating new aircraft platforms into FAR 141 Training Course Outline (TCO) requirements, and use of these aircraft while WlingPractical Test Standards (PTS) requirements.

In late July, 2004, Ohio University decided to trade Cessna C-172N, one Cessna C-172P, one Cessna C-172S, off the majority of its training fleet and replace these aircraft six Cessna C- 172 R models, one Beechcraft F-33 Bonanza, with new Technically Advanced Aircraft (TAA) available one BeechdB-55 Baron, one Frasca 131 Flight Training on the retail market. The newly obtained aircraft would Device (FTD), and one Frasca 142 FTD. All training replace aircraft reaching an age upwards to fihyears aircraft used "round dial" analog instrumentation. with new TAA type aircraft. The few aircraft not replaced The tirst Warrior anived March 3,2005, with two were plarmed to either be used for complex, high more ainxaft delivered on March 23". Subsequent performance, or training. deliveries are plauned for late spring 2005 with a fleet REVIEW OF LITERATURE dedication ceremony and media event to be held on April A review of literature on primary training fleets 30,2005. Currently the temporary training fleet consists of using glass technology produced minimal results. In the fBu two C-152's, one C-172P, one C-172N, one Piper Warrior of 2002, Middle Tmessee State University purchased I (leased hmthe Athens Flying Club), three Piper Warrior twenty-five aircraft fiom Diamond Akcd and The New I11 models, two Piper Archers, one Beechcraft F-33 Incorporated for 4.8 million dollars. These Bonanza, one Beechcraft B-55 Baron, one Frasca 13 1 FTD, aircraft were all equipped with Avidyne FlightMax Entegra and one Frasca 142 FID. After all new training aircraft (Weiler, 2003). Dowling College located on Long anive, the fleet will consist of seven normally aspirated Island, New York ordered two Wanior III equipped with Piper Warrior III aircraft equipped with the Avidyne Entegra Avidyne FlightMax Entegra Systems. The first aircraft FlightMax systems fully integrated with dual arrived November 9, 2004 (Dowling College, 2004). Garmin 430's. Both Gamin 430's will be IFR axtilied and Oklahoma University has ordered 13 Warrior ID aircraft provide GPS database, , and a navigation %ah'' scheduled to be delivered first quarter 2005. Two will be driving the Entegra PFD () and MFD equipped with Avidyne FlightMax Entegra Systems (New (muhi fimction display). The remainder of the fleet will Piper, 2004). consist of two analog 's, one analog Cessna TRAINING FLEETS 172N, one Piper Archer, one Beech& F-33 Bonanza, one Prior to ordering the new Piper Warrior III aircraft, Beechd B-55 Baron, one Frasca 131 FTD, and one the training fleet consisted of; two Cessna C-152's, one Frasca 142 FTD.

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Published by Scholarly Commons, 2006 1 Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, Vol. 15, No. 3 [2006], Art. 6

transition in^ to Glass

The decision to replace the majority of the training Lance and Saratoga. Cost per aircraft includes $2,200 for fleet aircraft fiom conventional analog instrumentation to alternator and regulator with the STC, $385 for instillation technically advanced glass cockpit configurations could be kit for a total of $2,585 and $500 maintenance labor costs best stated by Jack Bantle, Vice President for Research, ($50/hour at ten hours each ). Total cost to equip Dennis Irwin, Dean College of Engheerhg, and Juan the seven Piper Warrior aircraft with a supplemental

+ Merkt, Department of Aviation Chair. electrical backup system is $2 1,595. This STC/PMA has Other universities that have been using Piper not been approved for Piper Warrior JH aircraft and will aircraft for more than 15 years report no design or require future field approval. maintenance problems with these aircraft. Further, the INITIAL GLASS TRAINING OF FLIGHT AOPA Air Safety Foundation gives this type of aircraft an INSTRUCTORS excellent safety rating. (Bantle, Ohio University, 2004) Currently all fbdty and staff flight bmctors These aircraft offer our students the opportunity to (salaried baccalm holding individuals) will receive train with the latest technology and to become proficient initial transition training in the Avidyne/Garmin systems. with the same systems they will use during their careers, After initial training, course evaluation will occur making them extremely valuable as training airnaft because determining what modifcations are needed before training this is the technology of the future, it makes sense, hm remaining flight instructom. Once the staffhas been trained, both a teaching and economical sta~dpoint,to acquire hourly paid flight instructor (23 students working toward a aircraft with this advanced avionics system. (Irwin, Ohio baccalaureate) training will commence. The future goal is University, 2004) to conduct student training using Piper aircraft during the his purchase makes Ohio University a hnt- Spring 2005 Quarter. nmner in one of the most significant revolutions in aviation The current Wmgregiment consists of a two- training. For the first time, computerized flight decks with hour PowerPoint presentation on the overview of the glass- multi-function displays, moving maps and integrated flight witsystem, two hours in the airrraft focusing on the instruments is available in basic trainers. We will be among Avidyne Primary Flight Display, the Avidyne Multi the first universities to provide a11 basic flight training in Function Display, and the Gannin GNS 430 Global equipped with this state-of-the-art technology. Positioning System. After appropriate ground training has (h4* Ohio university, 22004) been accomplished, a one and a half hour hniliarization PIPER WARRIOR m corn flight will be conducted. Additional supplemental The Piper Warriors cost approximately $206,000 information will be provided to each participant to include; each, totaling 5 1,420,000 for the seven aircraft purchased. the Gamin GNS 5301430 sample training syllabus and The university is receiving $420,000 for the old aircraq flight lessons for use by flight schools and flyiug clubs, the with $1 10,000 satisfying old debt. The p\lrchase will be GNS 430 quick refhence guide, the GNS 4301430A pilot's fimded by a ban - first as a short-term internal loan from guide and reference manual, the FlightMax EX500 Multi- the university, then as a permanent 15-year loan. Student Function Display Pilot's Guide, and the FlightMax Entegra course fees for flight training must irrcrease by 6-8 percent Primary Flight Display Pilot's Guide. If desii pilots begirming Spring Quarter 2005. (Ohio University, 2004) being Imbed may also elect to the Gamin GNS 430 All instrumentation, with exception of the backup & 530 video, download the Gamin 430 personal and , are electrically driven. The backup simulator, or Avidyne FlightMax EX500 personal computer has a standby battery rated for forty-five simulator. Both simulators can be obtained from the minutes of reserve power. To alleviate some of these manuhctmr's websites. concerns, Ohio University investigated options to Standardization concerns were already raised supplement the existing Piper Warrior electrical system. concerning displayed information and configuration of the The accepted solution to the electrical system Gamin 430 GNS system GPS pages during student mining problem was solved using an FAA Supplemental Type activities. Initially, faculty and staff were concaned with Certificate (STC). B&C Specialty Products Incorporated of information being presented on Avidyne displays as well as Newton, Kansas, have secured an FAA STCIPMA (Parts information being presented on Gannin displays. Presented Manutktme Approval) approval for hmilation of the BC infioniscwtomhblehmusertouserandmaybe 4 10standby alternator and BC203-2D (28 volts) or BC 3 17- different after each flight taking each instructor several 1A (14 volts) regulator on Piper models; Cherokee Six, minutes to configure displays to individual instructor's

JAAER, Spring UX)6

https://commons.erau.edu/jaaer/vol15/iss3/6 2 Sherman and Arch: Transitioning to Glass Cockpit Primary Training Fleets: Implicati

Transitioning to Glass liking. This area is identified as an area needing to be Several concerns were originally raised regarding studied further until a solution is found. fulfillment of these standards. One valid concern regards Student training will be started in the Spring. 2005. use of Garmin GNS 430 systems, which supplies navigation Quarter where only new instrument students will be placed frequencies for the backup navigation instrumentation (i.e. in technologically advanced aircraft. Other students using standby OBS). It would be impractical for a Designated th? aircraft, such as the private pilot candidates, will start Pilot Examiner (DPE) to fail this system. If the DPE allows training in Piper aircraft in Fall of 2005. Smce these applicants to use the GNS system, students could possibly students are trained under a FAR 14 1 Training Curriculum use the system to gain situational awareness advantage, Outline (TCO), all ground and flight training courses will normally not permissible. After referring to Designee need to be restructured with guidance fiom the Columbus, Update Special Edition: Examiner, Designee, And Instructor Ohio, Flight Standards District Office 0)in designing Community, dated July 17,2003, it is clear the DPE must FAR 141 courses that fidfill training requirements in conduct pdal panel testing using standby navigation and Technically Advanced Aired After students are standby flight instrumentation. While conducting partial instrument rated, they will revert to a standard analog panel testing7the examiner is required to test an applicant on configured aircraft for advanced cross country flight poition anon-precision approach prodwe. This cir of training. applicant will still be able to use the Garmin GNS 430 system during the partial panel segment of the instrument PRACTICAL TEST STANDARDS practical examination. However, it remains unclear which In order for a student to become certificated, the appmtches will be allowed during this phase of night. If student must m& the Practical Test Standards (PTS) for the student has to be tested on the standby navigation each certificate andfor rating sought. PTS requirements equipment (i.e. standby OBS), then a non-precision GPS were originally written for analog aimaft cockpits, not approach may not be allowed. This area of testing has not technically advanced ' ' tation displays. The latest been clarifiedby local DPE examiners. Each DPE will need edition of the instrument PTS (FAA-S-8081-4D), dated to check with the local FSDO to inquire how such testing April, 2004, identifies precisely how student will be tested should be conducted. during partial panel segment of the instrument practical SUPPLEMENTAL STUDENT PILOT LEARNING exambation. Referencing the instrument PTS under the To supplement student learning in the Piper heading of Aircrajl ond Equipment Required for the Wanior aircraft, Ohio University is considering different Practical Test, the FAA states training aids. Students have access to the Garmin 430 Modern technology has introduced into aviation a new simulator available hmGarmin's Website, GNS430 & 530

method of displaying flight ' * Its, such as Integrated Navigation video, and Flying 77ze Avidyne Electronic Flight Instrument Systems, Integrated FlightMax Entegra DVD. Another idea to assist student Flight Deck displays, and others. For the purpose of training is to rehrbish current training aids with new the practical test standards, any flight instrument technically advanced software andor hardware. Ohio display that utihs LCD or picture tube like displays University supplements flight training with two Frasca will be referred to as "Electronic Flight Instrument Flight Training Devices (FTD). Future plans include DiiIay". Aircraft equipped with this technology may installing a Garmin GNS 430 in the Frasca 142 FTD. or may not have separate backup flight instruments Ohio University also has three personal computer- installed. Abnormal or emergency procedure for loss based aviation training devices (PCATDs) from Precision of electronic flight merit display appropriate to Flight Controls with both Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004, the aircraft will be evaluated in the Loss of Primary A Century of Flight, and ELITE software installed. While Instruments TASK. The loss ofthe primary electronic ELITE software does not have technically advanced cockpit

flight' ' t display must be tailored to failures qresentations, Microsoft Flight Simulator 2004 does have that would normally be encomtemd in the aircra& If a few ain;raft that have Electronic Flight htrumentation the aircraft is capable, total faihue of the electronic System (EFIS) displays. The 350 has flight instrument display, or a supporting component, combination analog and EFIS displays. 737,747, with access only to the standby flight insbum- or and 777 are all EFIS based aircraft, as well as the Lear 45, backup display shall be evaluated. (Federal Aviation however, these aircraft are EFIS based and do not readily Administration, 2003, P. 7) mirror Avidine PFD and MFD systems. Utilizing aircraft

Published by Scholarly Commons, 2006 3 Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research, Vol. 15, No. 3 [2006], Art. 6

Transitioning to Glass

represented in PCATDYsmay be limited due to transfer of will be designed using Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) type learning concerns. displays in the cockpit. It only made sense for Ohio Ohio University has also contacted hardwareIsoftwiue University to purchase aircraft that would support its student vendors to inquire about software that could be used to and their chosen career field. demonstrate the Avidyne EntegraIGannin GNS 430 The other advantage is that it allows Ohio University to . systems. Unfortunately, glass-cockpit be on the fiont line of conducting advanced research to hardwadsoftware are not yet widely available although a properly train initial student pilots through flight trainiag few vendors, such as Aerosim, will have these systems completion using technically advanced cockpits to represent available in the near future. navigation, , engine instrumentation, and The weakest area for Ohio University is availability of flight instrumentation. This will help Ohio University create supplemental sirnuhion of the AvidyndGamh GNS 430 and maintain research relatiomhips with other university system for students. It is hoped theSe limitations will be institutions. short lived as technically advanced training aircraft become REMAINING QUESTIONS more mainstream and software to represent these cockpits Many questions remain unanswered. Wili initial primary become more available as well. glass trained student transition to round dial analog ADVANTAGES instruments be a smooth one? Will the student pilots It should be noted the original reason that Piper become overly reliant upon moving map displays and loose Technically Advanced Aircraft was selected was to benefit basic pilotage skills? How will basic skills be taught in new students. Several concerns were raised with the futum of airnaft? Will eaining times increase because students must aviation ahrd what would best benefit today's student as well ultimately learn two different aircI.aft environments? How as future students. It was apparent to Ohio University that will scanning techniques vary hm aircraft to air&? analog cockpits are slowly becoming obsolete. Most What about the use of digitallyrepresented instrumentation? commuter entry jobs of the last ten years have transitioned Will different qmwnhtiom of onlead to a hm flying Saab and Jetstream type aircraA to conductive learning experience? Several researcb studies BombardierEmberair Canadian (CRJ) type will need to be conducted in order to come to a viable aimafa. The entry type aircraft of today and of the future conclusion. .)

Mark Sherman is an assistant professor and interim department chair at Central Missouri State University. He is a Doctoral Candidate fkom Oklahoma State University, and holds an Education specialist degree, Masters in Arts in History, Masters of Science in , and a Jhchelors of Science in Aviation Technology. He holds a CFI ( Single Engine & Instrument Airplane), Ground Instructor (Advancedand huhmxmt), Commercial Pilot (Airplane SingleEngine Land,Instrument Airplane, & ), UP,and FCC license with endorsement. Teaching areas includes Airframe and Powerplant, Aviation History, & Components, Transport Aircraft Systems, Sport Aviation. His research and teaching interest are in the area of aviation history with an emphasis on Great War Aviation.

Deak Arch is an assistant professor in the Department of Aviation at Ohio University. Deak received his Master in degree in 2001. He currently holds his transport certificate with a Cessna Citation 500 . He holds a gold seal flight instructor certificate and is qualified to imtmct in both single and multiengine ahaft. He is also a certified airframe and powerplant mechanic. Deak is cmtlyestabk&hg himself within the aviation community through his focused research on technology and its impact within the aviation field.

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Transitioninn to Glass

REFERENCES

B & C Specialty Products Inc. 23 East 4* St. P.O. Box "BNewton, KS 671 14-0894. General Zr&ormation on Piper PA32/32R Standby Alternators.

Dewling College Becomes First Flight School To Take Delivery Of Entegra Equipped Piper Warrior 111. (2004). Retrieved February 1,2005 fiom http://www.newpiper.com/comt,an~news/index2.asv?ID=3 7

Federal Aviation Administration. (2003). Designee Update Special Edition: Examiner, Designee, and Znshvctor Community

New Piper Provides New Fleet Of Warrior Trainers To University OfORJahoma Aviation Department. (2004). Retrieved February 1,2005 fkom htt~://www.newioer.com/com~an~news/index2.as~?ID=35

Ohio UniversityPursues Options For Replacing Grounded Flight Training Aircrqfi. (2004). Retrieved February 1,2005 hmhtt~://www.ohio.edu/outlookl525n-034.ch

U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration. (2004, April) Instrument Rating Practical Test Standards For Airplane Powered Liji FAA-S-808 1-4D. Flight Standards Service Washington, DC 2059 1

Weiler, R. (2003). Public Sees New AircrM. Retrieved February 01,2005 hm htto://www.mtsu.edu/-profice/Record/Recv 1 l/rec 1 1l6Irec 11 16.htrnl

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Transitioning to Glass

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CRJ Canadian Regional Jet

+ CRT Cathode Ray Tube

DPE Desigmtecl Pilot Examiner

EFIS Electronic Flight Instrumentation System

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FSDO Flight Standards District Office

FTD Flight Training Device

GNS Global Navigation System

GPS Global Positioning System

IFR

LCD Liquid Crystal Display

MFD Multi Function Display

OBS Omni Bearing Selector

PCATD Personal Computer Aviation Training Device

PFD Primary Flight Display

PMA Parts Manufacture approval

PTS Practical Test Standard

STC Supplemental

TAA Technically Advanced Aircraft

TCO Training Course Outline

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