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Pocket Book on Philosophy: Topics and Terminology Учебно-Методическое Пособие Kraeva Larisa, Lomova Irina Pocket book on philosophy: topics and terminology Учебно-методическое пособие Санкт-Петербург, 2018 К.77 Рецензенты – Толстикова Ирина Ивановна, кандидат философских наук, доцент, заведующая кафедры социальных и гуманитарных наук Университета ИТМО; Болдырева Елена Леонардовна, кандидат политических наук, доцент кафедры международных отношений Гуманитарного института Санкт-Петербургского Политехнического Университета Петра Великого. Краева Л.Б., Ломова И.О. Pocket book on philosophy: topics and terminology. Учебно-методическое пособие на английском языке. – СПб: ПОЛИКОНА, 2018. – 98 с. ISBN 978-5-9905951-8-7 ББК 87.3 УДК 1.101 Авторы – Краева Лариса Борисовна, доцент кафедры социальных и гуманитарных наук Университета ИТМО, Ломова Ирина Олеговна, доцент кафедры социальных и гуманитарных наук Университета ИТМО. Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский университет информационных технологий, механики и оптики, 2018 Краева Л.Б., Ломова И.О., 2018 2 Content Introduction. 4 Topic 1. Political philosophy as a philosophy of freedom. 6 Topic 2. Philosophy as ontology and gnoseology. 21 Topic 3. Anthropology and ethics as a practical philosophy. 52 Topic 4. Philosophy of history. 70 Topics of practical classes and reports on philosophy. 89 Examples of tasks for control work. 94 3 Introduction Philosophy is one of the leading subjects in the complex of social sciences. His tasks are determined by the general significance of philosophical knowledge as a form of worldview that reflects the spiritual experience of mankind and an essential element of culture. The course "Philosophy" is designed to: - give students knowledge relevant to the analysis of changes occurring both in Russian society and in the world as a whole; - form a spiritual world and world outlook culture, consisting in the ability to understand cultural diversity, to comprehend its universal humanistic content, to inculcate the ability to critically reflect on the meaning and values of human life; - develop a methodological culture adequate to modern requirements, allowing the modern specialist to adapt quickly to radical changes in the content and objectives of activities, to promote his social and professional mobility; - give in-depth knowledge of the historical and philosophical section; acquaint them with classical philosophical texts; - form ability for critical thinking and the ability to quickly master large amounts of information; - develop the skills of philosophical thinking, the ability to conduct discussions, convincingly and reasonably defend their views and beliefs. The course "Philosophy" is studied for one semester, two modules. The program of the discipline provides for various types of studies - lectures, practical classes. The main form of mastering philosophical knowledge is independent work. In the process of studying philosophy, the current and border control of knowledge is carried out. Border control provides for testing, control work at the end of the study of each module. The study of philosophy presupposes a close relationship with other disciplines studied at the university. Particular attention should be paid to ensuring 4 a close link between philosophy and economics, psychology and pedagogy, culturology, social and political problems of modern society, and other disciplines. Consideration of the original concepts of philosophy, systems of dialectics and epistemology should be based on the knowledge already available to trainees in the natural and social sciences. 5 Topic 1. Political philosophy as a philosophy of freedom. The concept of freedom becomes an important category of philosophy of modern times. The theme of freedom was considered in various aspects: the problem of political freedom was seen in social philosophy, in the theory of "natural law", the problem of metaphysical freedom was analyzed in the philosophy of history and ethics. The determination of theory of "natural law". "Natural law" is a set of inalienable principles and rights derived from human nature and independent of social conditions. Natural law is contrasted with positive (i.e., actually prevailing) law, first, as a perfect ideal form is the opposite of imperfect current form, and secondly, as the norm, arising from the nature of man and therefore remaining constant and unchanging value. The main points of the theory of natural law: 1) the Study of human nature comes from the idea of good and evil. Those representatives of the theory of natural rights, who argued that "man is by nature good", believed that "natural" non-state status was "the Golden age of mankind". Those who believed that man is by nature angry, believed that the natural state of society before the emergence of the state was a "war of all against all" (Bellum omnium contra omnes). For the first time this notion was introduced by T. Hobbes in his treatise "Leviathan." 2) the Theory of social contract explains the origin of civil society, state and law as a result of agreement between people. The social contract implies that people are partially renounce sovereignty and hand it to the authorities to obtain and maintain social order through the state and law. 3) Approval of a natural inalienable human rights to life, liberty, and property acquisition. Examples of application of the theory of "natural law". Under the influence of the theory of natural law was drafted such legislation as a "Declaration of independence" of July 4, 1776. "Declaration of the rights of man and citizen" of 1789 in France also reflects the idea of natural rights, article 2 of the Declaration 6 States: "the Goal of every natural Unions is to ensure natural and inalienable human rights". General characteristics of "natural law", the main ideas and representatives. Conservative political philosophy was represented, for example, by the ideas of Thomas Hobbes. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) is one of the founders of the "contractual" theory of the origin of the state. His main social science treatise was called "Leviathan, or the Matter, form and power of the state Church and civil" (1651). In this theory, the state is characterized as the result of a contract between people, which put an end to the state of the natural condition of "war of all against all". According to this theory, individuals have voluntarily limited their rights and freedoms in favor of the state through the social contract, and the main task of the state is to ensure peace and security. T. Hobbes adhered to the principle of legal positivism, the principle of which was to recognize as legal rules only the rules positive (i.e. cash, current) law and to reduce any right to the regulations in force in this era, although true it is right or not. Hobbes praised the state as the absolute sovereign, believed that monarchy was the best form of government. T. Hobbes advocated the subordination of Church to state, believed that religion was an instrument of state power for ideological control over the people. Ethics of Hobbes comes from his understanding of human nature. The basis of morality, "natural law," defined as the desire for self-preservation and the satisfaction of needs. From the point of view of Hobbes, the virtues depend on a reasonable understanding of good and moral obligation is defined as performance of the civil obligations deriving from the social contract. The liberal direction of political thought justified various civil rights and freedoms. John Locke (1632-1704) developed a theory of political freedom of conscience. In political philosophy he was the representative of liberalism. In the works "Essay on toleration", "The message of religious tolerance" (the 1st was published in 1689, the 2nd and the 3d, in 1692, the 4th – 1706), and "The Right of the people to revolt against tyranny", "Reflections on the glorious revolution of 1688" has developed a theory of the relationship between nation and state, civil 7 and political society. Locke believed that the government created to guarantee natural rights (freedom, equality, property) and laws (peace and security). Locke was a supporter of constitutional monarchy, and argued in his theory of the social contract. As a theorist of civil society advocated for a democratic state, the accountability of the king and the lords of the law. Suggested separation of powers between the legislative and Executive branches, giving priority to the legislature. Hugo Grotius (1583 – 1645) laid the foundations of modern international law and justified the theory of political freedom such as freedom of movement. Grotius graduated from the University of Leiden in 1598, aged 15 years, by profession he was a lawyer. He laid down the norms of modern international law, based on the theory of "natural law". From his manuscript "Review on the law of mining", was found and published only in 1864, Chapter XII during his lifetime, in 1609, was published under the title "Mare Liberum" ("Free sea"). Already in this work was the principles that were the basis of his work on international law, "De jure belli ac pacis" ("On the law of war and peace") 1625го. In "Mare Liberum" of Grotius formulated the new principle that the sea was international territory and all Nations have the right to use it for trading. However, with Holland competing Great Britain, and to justify the rights of Great Britain John Selden (1584-1654) in his treatise "Mare Clausum" ("closed sea", 1635) argued that sea has the ability to land and, therefore, the Kingdom seeks to establish sovereignty over the seas. Hugo Grotius in his treatise 1625го, "De jure belli ac pacis libri tres" ("Three books on the law of war and peace"), dedicated to Louis XIII justified legal norms related to the conduct of the war. In the book I Grotius develops the theory of war and of natural justice, considering questions of "fair" war. Book II identifies three "just" causes for war: self-defense, reparation of loss and punishment, as well as detailed analysis of the main international legal institutions. Book III turns to the question of what norms to follow, when the war began, and outlines a way for the speedy termination of wars.
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