DOCSLIB.ORG

EDUCATION of POOR GIRLS in NORTH WEST ENGLAND C1780 to 1860: a STUDY of WARRINGTON and CHESTER by Joyce Valerie Ireland

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EDUCATION of POOR GIRLS in NORTH WEST ENGLAND C1780 to 1860: a STUDY of WARRINGTON and CHESTER by Joyce Valerie Ireland EDUCATION OF POOR GIRLS IN NORTH WEST ENGLAND c1780 to 1860: A STUDY OF WARRINGTON AND CHESTER by Joyce Valerie Ireland A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy at the University of Central Lancashire September 2005 EDUCATION OF POOR GIRLS IN NORTH WEST ENGLAND cll8Oto 1860 A STUDY OF WARRINGTON AND CHESTER ABSTRACT This study is an attempt to discover what provision there was in North West England in the early nineteenth century for the education of poor girls, using a comparative study of two towns, Warrington and Chester. The existing literature reviewed is quite extensive on the education of the poor generally but there is little that refers specifically to girls. Some of it was useful as background and provided a national framework. In order to describe the context for the study a brief account of early provision for the poor is included. A number of the schools existing in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries continued into the nineteenth and occasionally even into the twentieth centuries and their records became the source material for this study. The eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century were marked by fluctuating fortunes in education, and there was a flurry of activity to revive the schools in both towns in the early nineteenth century. The local archives in the Chester/Cheshire Record Office contain minute books, account books and visitors' books for the Chester Blue Girls' school, Sunday and Working schools, the latter consolidated into one girls' school in 1816, all covering much of the nineteenth century. Warrington Library archives contain similar records on the Warrington Blue Coat School, the Warrington National and Sunday schools, the Society of Friends' school at Peniceth, Warrington, and the British and Foreign school. An important and original find were the records kept by many women who had managed girls' schools in every aspect from selecting and employing teachers, fund-raising, curriculum, welfare, discipline, school times and holidays and keeping detailed accounts. The final conclusions were that while provision for educating poor girls was almost always included at the outset, their education could be dispensed with when financial difficulties arose and their curriculum was usually much less ambitious than that for the boys. This study has gone some way to remedy the neglect of the history of educating poor girls that was found in most of the literature. Education of Poor Girls in North West England 6780-1 860 A Study of Warrington and Chester Contents Page Introduction 1 Proposed Research Literature Review 3 The Two Locations 17 Thesis Structure 22 Chanter I Overview of Provision of Education for the Poor 24 Introduction Provision before the Nineteenth Century 25 The Voluntary School Societies 26 Role of the State 27 Church and State 28 Conclusions 37 Chanter H Education Provision in the Region in the Early Nineteenth Century 38 Introduction Charity Provision and Endowments before 1800 39 Educational Revival in the early part of the Nineteenth Century 47 Conclusions 55 Chapter III Developments through the 1 830s and 1 840s 57 Introduction Expansion of School Provision 57 Chester Diocesan Board of Education 64 Rival Schools 66 The Quakers 73 Conclusions 80 1 Chapter IV Women's Involvement in the Education 82 of Poor Girls Introduction Women as Managers 84 Raising and Handling Finance 86 Administration of Schools: Teachers, Pupil Teachers and Curriculum 88 Welfare of Teachers and Pupils 95 Conclusions 102 Conclusions 105 Summary of fmdings and what might follow Notes and References 108 Bibliography 120 11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My time as a postgraduate student at the University of Central Lancashire has been a very pleasant experience. This has been largely due to my Director of Studies, Dr Keith Vernon, and my thanks go to him for his unfailing guidance, support and encouragement and for being available to help at almost any time. Without his professional but friendly advice and suggestions this research would not have been completed with so few problems. My second supervisor, Dr Wendy Webster, has read and criticised my written work throughout and her comments have helped me to focus on the important aspects that have emerged from the research. Both offered me support in what at times can be a somewhat lonely task. Other academic staff have been of great help in organising postgraduate events which have provided the opportunity to meet fellow students, broadening my knowledge in a number of ways. The administrative staff have been equally supportive, answering queries and helping to solve personal problems. The library staff were invaluable in guiding me when I had difficulty locating necessary material. In the record offices at Chester and Preston and the library at Warrington the knowledge and helpfulness of the archivists made my research a fruitful and pleasurable experience. St. Deiniol's residential library at Hawarden provided a peaceful haven where it was possible to work without intemiption and where some contemporary research material was to be found. Finally, but most importantly, my grateful thanks go to my husband, Tom, who not only encouraged me throughout but supported me with all kinds of practical help. He has fed me, relieved me of many domestic chores and generally made life very easy while I carried out my research. EDUCATION OF POOR GIRLS IN NORTH WEST ENGLAND c1780 TO 1860 A STUDY OF WARRINGTON AND CHESTER INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW Proposed Research Gender issues in education are raised from time to time when people become concerned about some particular aspect. At the present time in the early twenty-first century there is something approaching panic about the failure of boys to be as successful as girls in attaining acceptable standards in such basic skills as reading and writing. Boys are more disaffected by the school system than girls and the latter are ahead at all levels, now comprising the majority going on into higher education. Measures are being implemented in attempts to rectif' this. The reverse situation obtained in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when, with a few notable exceptions, less concern was shown for the lack of provision for girls' education or for their withdrawal from school for domestic and other reasons. Even during much of the twentieth century, after the advent of universal and compulsory education, it was often thought a waste of time educating girls who would only work for a short time before marrying and withdrawing into family life. Thus expectations for girls were much lower than those for boys. There has been a growing body of research into the education of girls but much of this has mainly concentrated on the last two or three decades of the nineteenth century and the twentieth century since the sources are deemed to be more plentiful and records more methodically kept than previously. Any work covering earlier decades was more likely to consist of studies of a small selection of, usually middle class girls, and the few women who were pioneering in the field of education for girls. It is intended in this thesis to explore the education of poor girls when mass education began to grow in the late 1700s and early 1800s up to the start of the major move for the state to control all education in the 1850s and 1860s. Definitions of class were beginning to appear and terms used were the 'deserving' poor, the working classes and the middle classes. For the purposes of this research the main subjects will be what were later referred to by the Newcastle Commission in 1861 as the independent poor'. These were artisans, tradesmen and other skilled people, who were not usually extremely poor but often found extras such as education difficult to pay for, so apart from a few references to workhouse provision, there will be little reference to paupers' situations. As will be seen, education provision was frequently for orphans of the independent poor or where one parent had died or for some children of large families. Such education was normally very basic with rarely the opportunity to study science, learn a foreign language or even have history or geography lessons. Their status in life demanded that they should be trained to 'habits of industry', with skills of special use to their betters and future employers. 'Book learning' was seen by many as not suitable for or desired by the poorer classes and parents would lose the earning power of their children. The exception was the belief by many that everyone should be taught to read the Bible for themselves and this was a main motive for establishing many of the schools for the poor. It was believed that reading the Bible would per se lead to good Christian lives and moral behaviour. For those who opposed educating the poor the fear was that the lower classes would also read other material and might try to rise above their station in life. Also there was in the last decades of the eighteenth century a constant fear of revolution as could be seen happening in a number of European countries as in France in 1789. The method will be to focus on two contrasting towns, both now in Cheshire, the city of Chester and the market and manufacturing town of Warrington, which was in Lancashire until boundary changes in 1974. Although it will be seen that girls were generally less well provided for throughout the period in question there is in fact evidence of quite extensive provision at times and in some places. Such provision was also a useful outlet for many women who could not otherwise pursue a career in the same way that their fathers, husbands and brothers could.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Reliques of the Anglo-Saxon Churches of St. Bridget and St. Hildeburga, West Kirby, Cheshire
    RELIQUES OF THE ANGLO-SAXON CHURCHES OF ST. BRIDGET AND ST. HILDEBURGA, WEST KIRKBY, CHESHIRE. By Henry Ecroyd Smith. (BEAD IST DEOBMBEB, 1870.) THE Parish of West Kirkby (now West Kirby), lying 18 miles N.W. of Chester city, is one of the most important in the hundred of Wirral, and occupies the whole of its north­ western angle. Dr. Ormerod describes its first quarter as comprising the townships of West Kirkby and Newton-cum- Larton, with that of Grange, Great Caldey or Caldey Grange ; second, the townships of Frankby and Greasby ; third, those of Great and Little Meols, with Hoose ; fourth, the township of Little Caldey.* Originally Kirklye, or, settlement at the Church, it became " West Kirkby," to distinguish it from "Kirkby-in-Walley," at the opposite corner of the peninsula of Wirral, now com­ monly known as Wallasey. Each of these extensive parishes possessed two Churches, those of Wallasey lying the one in Kirkby-in-Walley, the other on the Leasowes and near the sea, which ultimately destroyed it and engulphed the site together with that of its burial-ground. For further informa­ tion on this head, Bishop Gastrell's " Notitia," Dr. Ormerod's " History of the County,"\ and Lyson's " Cheshire,"% may be consulted. Gastrell's Notitia. The last now simply bears the name of Caldy. t II, 360. Heading of Moretou. { Page 807. 14 The Churches of West Kirkby were situate, the parish Church at the town proper, the other, a Chapel of Ease, upon Saint Hildeburgh's Eye, i.e., the island of St. Hildeburga, which had become insulated through the same potent influence which had wrecked the Chapel, as Bishop Gastrell calls it, upon the Leasowe shore.
    [Show full text]
  • Ajaba Tt Thttra- Than John Aikin." His Father, the Rev
    THE BRITISH 752 APRIL 29, 1933] THE WARRINGTON ACADEMY, 1757-86 IMEDICAL JOPJRNAL (1747-1822): " of the English practitioners of medicine in the eighteenth century no one, unless perhaps Richard Mead, carried higher the tradition of scholar physician Ajaba tt thttra- than John Aikin." His father, the Rev. John Aikin, was one of the founders of the Academy. He studied THE WARRINGTON ACADEMY (1757-86) AND ITS medicine at Edinburgh and practised in Chester, Warring- INFLUENCE UPON MEDICINE AND SCIENCE ton, and Manchester. He was apprenticed to Dr. John White of Manchester, who wrote on the " Management While on a visit to this country Dr. John F. Fulton of of Pregnant and Lying-in Women." Aikin wrote a small the Yale University School of Medicine, attracted by a work, Thoughts on Hospitals, and in this expressed his leader in the Times of August 5th, 1932, referring to the belief in wound infection by a viable agent conveyed by will of a public-spirited alderman of Warrington-the late air. He deplored the bad results of the treatment of Mr. Arthur Bennett-visited Warrington, and obtained compound fractures in hospitals, and advocated adequate material for an interesting paper on the Warrington ventilation to minimize the dangers. He also wrote on Academy, which he read before the Johns Hopkins Medical lead as a therapeutic agent. In general literature he wrote History Club, Baltimore, on November 28th, 1932.' Space a ten-volume dictionary of biography-the predecessor of only permits a summary and some significant extracts, the National Dictionary; the Biographical Memoirs of but to be fully appreciated the whole paper should be Medicine in Great Britain; and several other works.
    [Show full text]
  • Birchwood Warrington, WA3 7PB
    K2 Birchwood Warrington, WA3 7PB Birchwood TO LET 50,549 sq ft Self-contained HQ office premises K2 boasts 50,549 sq ft of office space, located in Birchwood, one of the North West’s premier business locations. Well specified, open plan offices K2 Kelvin Close is modern self- contained HQ office building providing two-storey office accommodation constructed to a high standard, with extensive on-site parking. The building will undergo a full refurbishment to provide open plan, Grade A offices, arranged over ground and one upper floor with modern feature reception and an impressive central glazed atrium, providing good levels of natural light. Illustrative Specification 15 minutes to Three million people Manchester and within a half an hour 27 minutes to drive time - the largest Liverpool by train workforce catchment in the UK outside London. row B 4 d y 7 a th i 5 o m A R S M6 e n r Cross u L N a ew n o 9 Lane e b 4 J11 l location o A ane G L orth M62 3 w th 7 Sou 5 TO MANCHESTER A e TO PRESTON ton Lan Myddle Strategically located within Birchwood, one of the most successful & THE NORTH 4 7 D Kelvin 5 e A lp Close business locations in the North West, the property isWINWICK accessed via h Kelvin Close, off the main Birchwood Park Avenue. L Kelvin Close a 9 ne Birchwood Bus Stop A4 Golf Course The property is extremely well situated, at the heart of the North Birchwood y West motorway network, close to junctions 21/21a of the M6 RISLEY a W J21a M Park d 9 i l Avenue o and junctions 10 and 11 of the M62.
    [Show full text]
  • Chetham Miscellanies
    942.7201 M. L. C42r V.19 1390748 GENEALOGY COLLECTION 3 1833 00728 8746 REMAINS HISTORICAL k LITERARY NOTICE. The Council of the Chetham Society have deemed it advisable to issue as a separate Volume this portion of Bishop Gastrell's Notitia Cestriensis. The Editor's notice of the Bishop will be added in the concluding part of the work, now in the Press. M.DCCC.XLIX. REMAINS HISTORICAL & LITERARY CONNECTED WITH THE PALATINE COUNTIES OF LANCASTER AND CHESTER PUBLISHED BY THE CHETHAM SOCIETY. VOL. XIX. PRINTED FOR THE CHETHAM SOCIETY. M.DCCC.XLIX. JAMES CROSSLEY, Esq., President. REV. RICHARD PARKINSON, B.D., F.S.A., Canon of Manchester and Principal of St. Bees College, Vice-President. WILLIAM BEAMONT. THE VERY REV. GEORGE HULL BOWERS, D.D., Dean of Manchester. REV. THOMAS CORSER, M.A. JAMES DEARDEN, F.S.A. EDWARD HAWKINS, F.R.S., F.S.A., F.L.S. THOMAS HEYWOOD, F.S.A. W. A. HULTON. REV. J. PICCOPE, M.A. REV. F. R. RAINES, M.A., F.S.A. THE VEN. JOHN RUSHTON, D.D., Archdeacon of Manchester. WILLIAM LANGTON, Treasurer. WILLIAM FLEMING, M.D., Hon. SECRETARY. ^ ^otttia €mtvitmis, HISTORICAL NOTICES OF THE DIOCESE OF CHESTER, RIGHT REV. FRANCIS GASTRELL, D.D. LORD BISHOP OF CHESTER. NOW FIRST PEINTEB FROM THE OEIGINAl MANITSCEIPT, WITH ILLrSTBATIVE AND EXPLANATOEY NOTES, THE REV. F. R. RAINES, M.A. F.S.A. BUBAL DEAN OF ROCHDALE, AND INCUMBENT OF MILNEOW. VOL. II. — PART I. ^1 PRINTED FOR THE GHETHAM SOCIETY. M.DCCC.XLIX. 1380748 CONTENTS. VOL. II. — PART I i¥lamf)e£{ter IBeanerp* page.
    [Show full text]
  • POINTERS TOWARDS the STRUCTURE of a Study Has
    POINTERS TOWARDS THE STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURE IN HANDBRIDGE AND CLAVERTON PRIOR TO PARLIAMENTARY ENCLOSURE EJ. W.Higson A study has already been made of the motivation behind the parliamentary enclosure of St. Mary's-on-the-Hill parish, Chester, and of the landlord influence exerted to procure it. 1 However, that study concerned itself with the rounding out and emparking of the Grosvenor estates surrounding Eaton Hall after 1802 and the drive access thereto from Chester through Handbridge and Claverton. It did not consider the agricultural background to, or significance of, the enclosure which in 1805-7 sought to dispose of all remnants of open-field farming in St. Mary's parish, whether in Handbridge ward within the liberties of the City of Chester, or in Claverton township beyond. The agricultural background, over the two centuries preceding the enclosure at least, deserves consideration because the old royal manor of Handbridge (comprising lands in Handbridge, Claverton, and Eccleston), together with some non-royal territory in the same area, represents a rare example of the survival after 1600 of mixed open-field farming in a county which for the most part had abandoned it. An indication of this rarity is the fact that the St. Mary's enclosure is the only parliamentary one in Cheshire dealing with arable open field, the rest being concerned only with common pasture and waste. 2 Moreover, scholars misinterpreting seventeenth- century evidence have sometimes erroneously perceived this rare example as an agricultural unit operating three open fields, 56 P.J. W.Higson and as one of only some half-dozen possible Cheshire examples of this phenomenon, so that the removal of Handbridge from this category is important to the appraisal of the county as a whole.
    [Show full text]
  • Development Management Com
    To: Members of the Development Management Professor Steven Broomhead Committee Chief Executive Councillors: Chair – T McCarthy Town Hall Deputy Chair – J Grime Sankey Street P Carey, G Friend, B Maher, L Morgan, K Mundry, Warrington T O’Neill, R Purnell, S Wright, J Wheeler and B Barr. WA1 1UH 1 October 2019 Development Management Committee Wednesday, 9 October 2019, 6.30pm Venue – Council Chamber, Town Hall, Sankey Street, Warrington, WA1 1UH Agenda prepared by Julie Pickles, Democratic Services Officer – Telephone: (01925) 442139 E-mail: [email protected] A G E N D A Part 1 Items during the consideration of which the meeting is expected to be open to members of the public (including the press) subject to any statutory right of exclusion. Item 1. Apologies for Absence To record any apologies received. 2. Code of Conduct - Declarations of Interest Relevant Authorities (Disclosable Pecuniary Interests) Regulations 2012 Members are reminded of their responsibility to declare any disclosable pecuniary or non-pecuniary interest which they have in any item of business on the agenda no later than when the item is reached. Item Page No. 3. Minutes 1 To confirm the minutes of the meeting held on 11 September 2019 as a correct record. 4 Planning Applications (Main Plans List) Attached as a separate Report of the Director of Environment and Transport document Part 2 Items of a “confidential or other special nature” during which it is likely that the meeting will not be open to the public and press as there would be a disclosure of exempt information as defined in Section 100I of the Local Government Act 1972.
    [Show full text]
  • Warrington Guardian 12.7.68)
    WHAT’S IN A NAME? (Warrington Guardian 12.7.68) 23, WOOLSTON WOOLSTON – WITH – MARTINSCROFT is a joint township on the high road from Warrington to Manchester: this high road is one of the oldest in Lancashire. Only four roads were shown in Lancashire in 1675 in Ogilby’s ‘’Britannia’’ and the Warrington to Manchester road was one of the four. This became a turnpike road in the 18th century when slag from the Warrington Copper Works was used in it’s construction. Unfortunately the course of this road appears to have been little changed since then in spite of heavy traffic, considerably increased in recent years by placing on it an access point to the M6 at the Woolston end of the Thelwall Viaduct. Clearly it would have been in the best interest of all concerned if this old road had been straightened and widened at Woolston before the recent rapid urban development there had been permitted to take place. For centuries after the Norman Conquest, Woolston was a tiny backwater, remote even from neighbouring Warrington to which it was connected by an early and primitive road. Communication also existed between Woolston and Thelwall by means of a ferry across the River Mersey until suddenly in the 18th century, Woolston found itself connected to Warrington and Manchester not only by a turnpike road, but also by a short canal constructed as part of an early river navigation scheme designed to eliminate the long bends in the river in its course from Warrington eastwards. New Cut The first Woolston Cut was made about 1720 and less than a century later this was replaced by the Woolston New Cut.
    [Show full text]
  • The Acquisition of Books by Chetham's Library, 1655 –1700
    Th e Acquisition of Books by Chetham’s Library, 1655–1700 Library of the Written Word volume 16 Th e Handpress World Editor-in-Chief Andrew Pettegree University of St Andrews Editorial Board Ann Blair Harvard University Falk Eisermann Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preuβischer Kulturbesitz Michael F. Suarez, S.J. University of Virginia volume 10 Th e Acquisition of Books by Chetham’s Library, 1655 –1700 by Matthew Yeo LEIDEN • BOSTON 2011 On the Cover: Presses U and W, Chetham’s Library. Photo by Fergus Wilde. Reproduced with grateful thanks to Chetham’s Library. Th is book is printed on acid-free paper. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yeo, Matthe w. Th e acquisition of books by Chetham’s Library, 1655-1700 / by Matthew Yeo. p. cm. -- (Library of the written word, ISSN 1874-4834 ; v. 16. Th e handpress world ; v. 10) Revision of the author’s thesis (doctoral)--University of Manchester, 2009. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-20665-6 (acid-free paper) 1. Chetham’s Library--History--17th century. 2. Public libraries--England--Manchester--History--17th century. 3. Acquisitions (Libraries)-- England--History. 4. Libraries and booksellers--England--History. 5. Book industries and trade--England--History. 6. Booksellers and bookselling--England--History. 7. Books and reading--England--History--17th century. 8. England--Intellectual life--17th century. I. Title. Z792.C48Y46 2011 025.209427’33--dc22 2011009228 ISSN 1874-4834 ISBN 978 90 04 20665 6 Copyright 2011 by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, Th e Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Global Oriental, Hotei Publishing, IDC Publishers, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers and VSP.
    [Show full text]
  • PDO) for the Proposed Local Development Plan (LDP)
    Dear Sir/Madam I am writing to provide my response and objection to the Preferred Development Options (PDO) for the proposed Local Development Plan (LDP). I appreciate and acknowledge the requirement for additional housing stock, especially in Warrington South. I can confirm that there weren’t many options available to me in my location of choice. As such, I support some additional (ideally more affordable) development in South Warrington where it is required on the existing safe-guarded land. However, the scale of the proposals (to develop a so-called Garden City of approximately 7,000 homes) and the plans to build the majority on the green-belt is not desirable. Outlined below are my concerns: TRAFFIC AND TRAVEL • Warrington South has good access to the motorways and the current proposals state that the additional housing in this location will be linked to this existing network. However, these motorways are normally very congested, especially at peak times. Have the relevant authorities been consulted to determine whether there is enough capacity to cope with such an increase in traffic (based on 7,000 additional homes it is likely that this would lead to an additional 24,000 AADT (annual average daily traffic))? Additionally, having used both junctions (M6 and M56) at peak times the local roads leading to the junctions are normally extremely busy at these times leading to long queues even before you access the motorways. These roads and junctions need to be considered to determine their ability to cope with additional traffic and what affect this will have on journey times for existing residents.
    [Show full text]
  • A562 Penketh Rd River Me Ey Manchester Ship Canal W Est
    KEY A562 Penketh Rd Site boundary Railway Road network Public Rights of Way Transpennine Trail West Water courses Existing water bodies Moore Nature Reserve Area Existing green spaces A5060 Existing woodland and trees Disussed Runcorn & Latchford canal walk Ecologically significant reed beds y e Existing access point to the site rs e Existing access point to the landfill site River M e n li n A56 Coast Mai est W al Can M Ship o ster or che e Man L ane Ecology Plan Warrington Waterfront: Port Warrington, Warrington Commercial Park and Moore Nature Reserve and Country Park 25 Conservation Area 1. Walton Village 2. Moore Locally Listed 1. Upper Moss Side Farm, Moss SideLane,Cuerdley 2. Lower Moss Side Farm, Lapwing Lane, Cuerdley 3. Sankey Bridge, Old Liverpool Road, Great Sankey 4. Ferry Inn Public House, Fiddlers Ferry, Penketh 5. The Sloop Public House, Old Liverpool Road, Warrington 6. The Coach and Horses Public House, Old Liverpool Road,Warrington. 7. Bethany Pentecostal Church, Old Liverpool Road, Warrington. Listed Building 1. Monks Siding Signal Box 2. Moore Lane Bridge 3. The Black Horse Public House 4. Transporter Bridge to Part of Joseph Crosfield and Sons Ltd’s Works. 5. Moore Lane Bridge (Over Manchester Ship Canal). 6. Church of St Luke. Heritage Plan 26 Warrington Waterfront: Port Warrington, Warrington Commercial Park and Moore Nature Reserve and Country Park Image showing the listed Moore Lane Bridge on the southern boundary of the Site Warrington Waterfront: Port Warrington, Warrington Commercial Park and Moore Nature Reserve and Country Park 27 A562 Penketh Rd Transpennine Trail West Site Constraints and Opportunities 4.28 The baseline evidence has identified the overall constraints and opportunities of the Site, as illustrated in the following plans.
    [Show full text]
  • Wealthy Business Families in Glasgow and Liverpool, 1870-1930 a DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO
    NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY In Trade: Wealthy Business Families in Glasgow and Liverpool, 1870-1930 A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Field of History By Emma Goldsmith EVANSTON, ILLINOIS December 2017 2 Abstract This dissertation provides an account of the richest people in Glasgow and Liverpool at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. It focuses on those in shipping, trade, and shipbuilding, who had global interests and amassed large fortunes. It examines the transition away from family business as managers took over, family successions altered, office spaces changed, and new business trips took hold. At the same time, the family itself underwent a shift away from endogamy as young people, particularly women, rebelled against the old way of arranging marriages. This dissertation addresses questions about gentrification, suburbanization, and the decline of civic leadership. It challenges the notion that businessmen aspired to become aristocrats. It follows family businessmen through the First World War, which upset their notions of efficiency, businesslike behaviour, and free trade, to the painful interwar years. This group, once proud leaders of Liverpool and Glasgow, assimilated into the national upper-middle class. This dissertation is rooted in the family papers left behind by these families, and follows their experiences of these turbulent and eventful years. 3 Acknowledgements This work would not have been possible without the advising of Deborah Cohen. Her inexhaustible willingness to comment on my writing and improve my ideas has shaped every part of this dissertation, and I owe her many thanks.
    [Show full text]
  • The Blue Coat School Board of Trustees
    The Blue Coat School Board of Trustees Joan Bonenfant Joan believes passionately that all children, whatever their background, should have access to education of the highest possible standard and she has dedicated her professional life to putting such ideals into practice. Born and brought up in Liverpool, Joan graduated with a joint honours degree in French and Philosophy. After having worked for a year in France, she studied for a postgraduate certificate in education (PGCE) at Bristol University. Joan then returned to the North West and worked in a number of secondary schools, ending her teaching career as the deputy Role: Chair of Trustees headteacher of a large comprehensive school in St Helens. Appointed: 04/2020 Appointed by: Members The pinnacle of her career, in her view, was when she was Term of office: 04/2024 appointed as one of Her Majesty’s Inspectors and she Voting rights: Full continued in this role for almost ten years, until her recent Declaration of interests: None retirement. Joan is currently the director of her own business Contact: that provides educational consultancy across the region. [email protected] Joan is firmly committed to the belief that education really can have a transformational impact on children’s lives and thus help us to create a better future. Patrick Adamson Patrick is a Deputy Headteacher at a Grammar School in Wirral. He originally studied Maths and Computer Science before working as a Software Engineer on the Seawolf and Rapier anti-aircraft missile systems and on the sonar system for the Trident submarines. He became a Maths teacher in his early thirties and has worked in a variety of schools in the Northwest.
    [Show full text]