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Ethnographic Notes on Scheduled Tribes, Part VB

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Ethnographic Notes on Scheduled Tribes, Part VB CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 VOLUME IX MADRAS PART \'-B-(l) tUHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON SCHEDULED '{lllBES (MUbUVARS, KADARS, KANIS. MALA MALASAltS, PANIYANS, PALLIY ANS & MULLU KURUMBARS) P. K. N AMBIAR of the htdian A.dmini~trative S."vice Supenntentieltt of Census Operations. Madras 1964 CENSUS OF INDIA 1961 Census Report-Vol. IX wilJ relate to Madras only. Under tbis series will be issued tbe following Publications Part I-A General Report (2 Volumes) I-B Demography and Vital Statistics I-C Subsidiary Tables Pa-rt II-A General Population Tables II-B Economic Tables II-C Cultural and Migration Tables Part III Household Economic Tables Part IV-A Report on Housing and Establishments IV-B Housing and Establishment Tables Part V-A Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Report & Tables) V-B Ethnographic notes on Scheduled Tribes (Two Volumes) V-C Todas V-D Ethnographic notes on Scheduled Castes V-E Ethnographic notes on denotified and nomadic tribes Part VI Village Survey Monographs (40 NOS). Part VlI-A Crafts and Artisans (9 NOS.) VII-B Fairs and Festivals Part VHI-A Administration Report--Enumeration For Official use VIII-B Administration Report- Tabula tion } only.. Part IX Atlas of the Madras State Part X Madras City (2 Volumes) District Census Handboob on twelve districts Part XI Report on Special Studies A Handlooms in Madras State B Food Habits in Madras State C Slums of Madras City D Temples of Madras State (5 Volumes) E Physically Handicapped of Madras Stat~ F Family Plann,ing Attitudes: A Sur~ey , Part XII Languages of Madrai>.State N MADRAS STATE ANDHRA PRADESH DISTRIBUI10N OF IMPORTANT SCHEDULED TRIBES, 1961 SCALE .'1., 20 10 0 lD, -to ('. ,.... ' .oJ .J "". , _ . l . ~ ~ : ) CHINGLEPUT t* KII.... " .. 20 10 0 20 1 £ 80 ...-'e ee eee e eee· •• • ••• .'" eeeeeeeeee •••••••••••• l..... eeeeeeeees) v.. , eeeeeeese 1 s e e eeee e seeeeeeeeeElse eeeeeesessee eeeeee s e c\- · ~.e e CI1e J eeeeeeeeee "lbt!>~~ SAL E M , ........ '-.'. r MYSORE NORTH ARCOT';? " ....... \.<~ . \ ~ . .~ t .._, . ••• ••••••••• ••••••••••• l..·7 .) ... ,. ....... ~ ....... ..r·vi_.r· •••••••••••• •••• 0 ••••••• ••••••••••••• eeeeee e eeeee /) ••• ••••••••• eeeee e ee ee eee~ ••• ••••• e • l., SOUTH ARCOT / eeeeeeeaee ., 0 (. , eeeeeeeeee "- £).00000000000 t. I ,.J II •••• ;-.r ·- ·,s-s' ·V • • < COIMBATORE K.raikaf e $ THANJAVUR KERALA REFERENCE .,.. Siale Iloundary 0' • Diotricl Boundary STR A IT Scheduled Trlbes:- I1.I'Y'I. ....... ' .... j lrub .. ,.r \ . JO"'\. ...._. ' e ./ K2ttuna)'lku .. RAMANATHAPURAM Shol.p El Pan!y>n • Pula},," E Malanr () 9' Kanlkaran or Kanlkkar ~ Palltyan • 9' Kururmns G U L 1= MANA". Ko .. 0 TIRUNELVELI CEYLON To.!' $ Kid" e Kunnbu Note ,· Muducar or Muduvan e.ch dot repr ...n" 500 Persons or Pan th.,.ec( Population below 10 has not been 5ho fo'O . PREFACE Sri A. Mitra, Resistrar General, India has made a comprehensive approach during this Census towards the study of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Special tabulation on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been undertaken on a scale not attempted before and these are presented. in Part V-A with notes. It is also likely that he will bring out an all-India brochure containing monographs on each of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes listed in India. Dr. Roy Burman, Officer on Special Duty in the Office of the Registrar General has with his anthropological background been put in charge of this work on an all-India basis. Prima facie it may appear that it is a duplication to publish a separate volume of ethnographical notes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in each State. Actually it is not so. Though one tribe can be found in different States. it still shows regional and ethnical variation. Any documentation of the characteristics of a tribe will be of great interest to the future, not only to sociologists and anthropologists, but also to demo­ graphers. I have. therefore made an attempt to publish detailed ethnographic notes on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Madras State including denotified tribes, so that a record will be available in future for knowing what they were in 1961. It is likely that with the progress in Indian thought and economy, the tribes will in due course disappear from the map of India or they will become totally indistinguishable from the general population of the country. Still their tribal hierarchy. their peculiar customs which are based as much on common sense as any other customs found in the more advanced communities of the world, will have some significance in future studies. This is the justification for my publishing a series of volumes on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The first volume is this. I have in another Volume (Part V-A), given a general account of all the Castes and Tribes in Madras State. In Part V -B series Scheduled Castes and Tribes have been studied in detail. The observations made by me are based on documented facts collected by my Research Assistants. In addition to this, I have embodied in this volume reports written by earlier writers so tha.t these observations may also be available to the reader. No one in Madras State has attempted to publish a systematic ethnographic study of all Castes and Tribes as has been done in Bengal or Kerala. The most valuable book is that of Thurston on the Castes and Tribes of Southern Il'Idja in which Scheduled Castes and Tribeshave also been included. It is a remarkable book. but it is at the moment outdated. There is also a large volume of literature on tribes like Todas and Kotas. But, the bulk of the Tribes living in the inaccessible parts of the State have not been covered by any ethnographic study and very little is known about their present conditions with the impact of post-independent era on them. The following procedure was adopted for this study. On the basis of the Census records, a village was selected in which a particular tribe was found in large numbers. An Investigator was sent to the village to conduct a socio-economic survey of the households. These Schedules were then tabulated. The Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations, Sri. T.B. Bharathi who was in charge of this study throughout, visited the tribal settlements and made a complete study on the various aspects and prepared the monographs. I have also visited a few tribal settlements and would have liked to continue these visits for the sheer pleasure of it. Perhaps it is significant that it was during my visit to a Kadar settlement in Anamalai Hills of Coimbatore district that I met with a serious accident which confined me to bed for 91 days. This volume is concerned with Scheduled Tribes .only. A general account of· the Scheduled Tribes in Madras State will be helpful in understanding the content of this volume and the succeeding volumes. A list of Scheduled Tribes is fixed by the President of India by a statutory notification. According to the list published by him (reproduced in the Annexure), 42 Scheduled Tribes exist in the State. Actually in 1961 Census only 28 have been returned. They have been listed below with popUlation figures: 1. TQdas 714 9. Kurumban 1.174 2. Muduvan 119 10. Malayali 129,952 3. Kadar 293 11. Pulayan 2,669 4. Kanikkar 1,797 12. Sholaga 6,139 5. Malasar 1.999 13. Kattunayakan 6,459 6. Paniyan 4,779 14. Kota 833 7. Palliyan 1,551 15. Irular 79,835 8. Kuruman 112 Hi. Malai Arayan ;8 .' 17. Palleyan 3 23. Koraga 6 18. Adiyan 8 24. Kudiya 2 19. Aranadan 1 25. Kuricbchan 5 20. Kammara 26 26. MaIai Pandaram 3 21. Konda Kapus 3 27. Malai Vcdan 2 22. Konda Reddis 8 28. Malai Kuravan 2 Of these, Malayalis and Irulars have significant numbers. Kllttunayakans, Shoiaga!'. and Paniyans have about 5,000 each. Pulayaos number 2,669, and Kurumbars, Palliyaos and Malasars number between 1,000 and 2,000. They represent the significant-tribal communities of the State. But the following communities, though not numerically strong have great anthropologicalsignmcance: Todas, Muduvars, Kadars, Kurumbarsand Kotas. Todas and Kotas are well known tribes. Thus it is my intention to ublish monographs on the tirst 15 tribes iven bove. For the following reasons it has not been possible for me to publish ethnograp IC no es on the other tribes listed in Madras State: Malai Arayatls have a population of 58 but our enquiry has shown that they are not Malai Arayans, but only Malai Arasans which is a synonym for Kanikkars. No. 17 PaUeyans, 3 in number, found in Kanyakumari district corresponds to PaUiyansin other districts. Numbers 18 to 28 have insignificant numbers of population. They are. actually tribes found in the adjoining States of Andhra Pradesh, Mysore and Kerala. It has not been possible to locate some of them like Malai Pandarams, Mala.i Kuravans and Kamtnaras in this State. In this connection it may be noted that many of them have migratory tendencies and it is not likely that they will be found at the places 'originally enumerated during 1961 Census. A detailed account of the following 7 tribes will be found in this volume. 1. Muduvan 5. Paniyan 2. Kadar 6. Palliyan 3. Kanikkar 7. Mullu Kurumban 4. Mala Malasar l'he tribe of Mala Malasar has been listed separately by the President as Maha Malasar, but the enumerators have not separately enumerated them during 1961 Census. They have been returned under the generic name of Malll­ lars. This volume gives an account of the Mala Malasars or Maha Malasars. The next .volume will give an account or tbe Malasars, who are found to be ethnically differeDt from Mala Malalars.
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