Petrographic Methods for Soil Laboratories
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Picromerite K2mg(SO4)2 • 6H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Picromerite K2Mg(SO4)2 • 6H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Equant crystals, to 5 cm, showing {001}, {010}, {100}, {110}, {011}, {201}, {111}, several other forms; incrusting other salts; massive. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {201}, perfect (synthetic). Hardness = 2.5 D(meas.) = 2.028 (synthetic). D(calc.) = 2.031 Soluble in H2O, taste bitter. Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Colorless or white; pale red, pale yellow, gray due to impurities; colorless in transmitted light. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (+). Orientation: Y = b; X ∧ a =–1◦. Dispersion: r> v,weak. α = 1.461 β = 1.463 γ = 1.476 2V(meas.) = 47◦540 Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/a (synthetic). a = 9.066 b = 12.254 c = 6.128 β = 104◦470 Z=2 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. 3.71 (100), 4.06 (95), 4.16 (85), 3.06 (70), 2.964 (60), 3.16 (40), 2.813 (40) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 39.74 39.76 MgO 10.40 10.01 K2O 23.28 23.39 Cl 0.28 H2O 26.87 26.84 −O=Cl2 [0.06] Total [100.51] 100.00 • (1) Leopoldshall, Germany. (2) K2Mg(SO4)2 6H2O. Mineral Group: Picromerite group. Occurrence: Principally occurs in oceanic bedded salt deposits; a volcanic sublimate in fumaroles; in a sulfate-rich hydrothermal ore deposit. Association: Halite, anhydrite, kainite, epsomite (oceanic salt deposits); hohmannite, metavoltine, metasideronatrite (Chuquicamata, Chile). Distribution: From Vesuvius, Campania, Italy. In Germany, in Saxony-Anhalt, from the Leopoldshall-Stassfurt district, and at Aschersleben; large crystals from the Ellers mine, Neuhof, near Fulda, Hessen; in the Adolfsgl¨uck mine, Schwarmstedt, Lower Saxony. -
Brine Evolution in Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau, and the Formation of Playas As Mars Analogue Site
45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 1228.pdf BRINE EVOLUTION IN QAIDAM BASIN, NORTHERN TIBETAN PLATEAU, AND THE FORMATION OF PLAYAS AS MARS ANALOGUE SITE. W. G. Kong1 M. P. Zheng1 and F. J. Kong1, 1 MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China. ([email protected]) Introduction: Terrestrial analogue studies have part of the basin (Kunteyi depression). The Pliocene is served much critical information for understanding the first major salt forming period for Qaidam Basin, Mars [1]. Playa sediments in Qaidam Basin have a and the salt bearing sediments formed at the southwest complete set of salt minerals, i.e. carbonates, sulfates, part are dominated by sulfates, and those formed at the and chlorides,which have been identified on Mars northwest part of basin are partially sulfates dominate [e.g. 2-4]. The geographical conditions and high eleva- and partially chlorides dominate. After Pliocene, the tion of these playas induces Mars-like environmental deposition center started to move towards southeast conditions, such as low precipitation, low relative hu- until reaching the east part of the basin at Pleistocene, midity, low temperature, large seasonal and diurnal T reaching the second major salt forming stage, and the variation, high UV radiation, etc. [5,6]. Thus the salt bearing sediments formed at this stage are mainly playas in the Qaidam Basin servers a good terrestrial chlorides dominate. The distinct change in salt mineral reference for studying the depositional and secondary assemblages among deposition centers indicates the processes of martian salts. migration and geochemical differentiation of brines From 2008, a set of analogue studies have been inside the basin. -
Potash Case Study
Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development February 2002 No. 65 Potash Case Study Information supplied by the International Fertilizer Industry Association This report was commissioned by the MMSD project of IIED. It remains the sole Copyright © 2002 IIED and WBCSD. All rights reserved responsibility of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Mining, Minerals and MMSD project, Assurance Group or Sponsors Group, or those of IIED or WBCSD. Sustainable Development is a project of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). The project was made possible by the support of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). IIED is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated in England. Reg No. 2188452. VAT Reg. No. GB 440 4948 50. Registered Charity No. 800066 1 Introduction 2 2 Global Resources and Potash Production 3 3 The use of potassium in fertilizer 4 3.1 Potassium Fertilizer Consumption 4 3.2 Potassium fertilization issues 6 Appendix A 8 1 Introduction Potash and Potassium Potassium (K) is essential for plant and animal life wherein it has many vital nutritional roles. In plants, potassium and nitrogen are the two elements required in greatest amounts, while in animals and humans potassium is the third most abundant element, after calcium and phosphorus. Without sufficient plant and animal intake of potassium, life as we know it would cease. Human and other animals atop the food chain depend upon plants for much of their nutritional needs. Many soils lack sufficient quantities of available potassium for satisfactory yield and quality of crops. For this reason available soil potassium levels are commonly supplemented by potash fertilization to improve the potassium nutrition of plants, particularly for sustaining production of high yielding crop species and varieties in modern agricultural systems. -
James Clerk Maxwell
James Clerk Maxwell JAMES CLERK MAXWELL Perspectives on his Life and Work Edited by raymond flood mark mccartney and andrew whitaker 3 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries c Oxford University Press 2014 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2014 Impression: 1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Control Number: 2013942195 ISBN 978–0–19–966437–5 Printed and bound by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CR0 4YY Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. -
Mineralogical Chemistry
View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue 282 ABSTRACTS OF CHEMICAL PAPERS. Downloaded on 22 February 2013 Published on 01 January 1900 http://pubs.rsc.org | doi:10.1039/CA9007805282 Mineralogical Chemistry. Roumanian Petroleuws. By A LFONS 0. SALIGNY(Chem. Centy., 1900, 60 ; from Bul. Bozcmccnie, 8, 351 --365).-In the original paper, the physical and chemical properties of 12 kinds of Roumanian MINERALOGICAL CHEMISTRY View Article Online283 petroleum are described and tabulated. The flash points of the various fractions are given, and their suitability for use as burning oils is also discussed. These petroleums contain very variable amounts of volatile oils, and ethylisobutane and isopropane were found in the fractions boiling below 70”. E. w. w. Melonite from South Australia. By ALFREDJ. HIGGIN(Trans. Roy. Xoc. South Austdia, 1899, 23, 21 1-212).-This mineral, pre- viously only known from California, has now been found with quartz and calcite at Worturpa, South Australia. The thin lamells have a brilliant metallic lustre; the cleavage planes are silver-white to reddish- brown. H- 1.5 ; sp. gr., 7.6. Analyses I and IT: agree with the formula Ni,Te, (compare this vol., ii, 22). Te. Xi. Au. Insol. Total. I. 74.49 22.99 0.329 2.091 99.90 11. 71.500 21.274 0.018 7*319 100.11 Traces of bismuth and lead are present. On dissolving the mineral in nitric acid, the gold is left as bright spangles. L. J. S. Titaniferous Magnetites. By JAMESF. KENP(School of Mines Quart., 1899, 20, 323-356 ; 21, 56-65).-Titaniferous magnetites, with the exception of the occnrrences in sands, are almost invariably found associated with rocks of the gabbro type, and have originated by a process of segregation from the magma, The mineral, as a rule, contains vanadium, cbromium, nickel and cobalt, which together may amount to several per cent. -
Mining Methods for Potash
Potash—A Vital Agricultural Nutrient Sourced from Geologic Deposits Open File Report 2016–1167 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Photos of underground mining operations, Carlsbad, New Mexico, Intrepid Potash Company, Carlsbad West Mine. Potash—A Vital Agricultural Nutrient Sourced from Geologic Deposits By Douglas B. Yager Open File Report 2016–1167 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2016 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Yager, D.B., 2016, Potash—A vital agricultural nutrient sourced from geologic deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 2016–1167, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161167. ISSN 0196-1497 (print) ISSN 2331-1258 (online) ISBN 978-1-4113-4101-2 iii Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Joseph Havasi of Compass Minerals for a surface tour of their Great Salt Lake operations. -
Fertilizer Production Expertise HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization
Fertilizer Production Expertise HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization WATER TECHNOLOGIES Fertilizer Expertise Case Study: Veolia NPK Fertilizers HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization systems from Veolia Research & Development NPK Process Capabilities Water Technologies provide innovative process solutions for large-scale fertilizer production facilities worldwide. IC Potash Corp. (ICP) - Sulfate of Potash (SOP) These systems allow production of a wide range of high-quality fertilizer products from natural sources (mined or solution mined deposits) or by-product streams from other processes that include: Chlorine / • Ammonium sulfate • Mono potassium phosphate Raw Materials Natural Gas Sulfur Phosphate Rock Hydrogen Gas Potash Source • Ammonium nitrate (MKP) • Potassium chloride (MOP) • Sodium nitrate • Potassium sulfate (SOP) • Phosphoric acid merchant/ technical/food/electrical • Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) grade ICP's Ochoa Mine project (New Mexico, USA) is • Diammonium phosphate • Potassium carbonate (DAP) • Potassium nitrate projected to produce approximately 714,000 TPY Ammonia Plant Sulfuric Acid Rock Grinding Hydrochloric Acid of Sulfate of Potash (SOP-K SO ) from Polyhalite • Epsom salt: Magnesium • Calcium phosphate 2 4 Plant Plant Plant ore (K SO .MgSO .2CaSO .2H O) for more than 50 sulfate heptahydrate • Calcium sulfate 2 4 4 4 2 years. • Magnesium sulfate • Calcium chloride monohydrate Veolia was selected to refine, confirm, and validate the overall ICP process utilizing HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization technologies through a series of bench and pilot-scale testing programs performed in Veolia’s in-house testing facility. The scope of the testing extended lants from the ore P leaching to the SOP crystallization process including Nitric Acid Plant Phosphoric Acid PlantPotassium Chloride Plant crystallization/redissolution of leonite (K2SO4. -
S40645-019-0306-X.Pdf
Isaji et al. Progress in Earth and Planetary Science (2019) 6:60 Progress in Earth and https://doi.org/10.1186/s40645-019-0306-x Planetary Science RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Biomarker records and mineral compositions of the Messinian halite and K–Mg salts from Sicily Yuta Isaji1* , Toshihiro Yoshimura1, Junichiro Kuroda2, Yusuke Tamenori3, Francisco J. Jiménez-Espejo1,4, Stefano Lugli5, Vinicio Manzi6, Marco Roveri6, Hodaka Kawahata2 and Naohiko Ohkouchi1 Abstract The evaporites of the Realmonte salt mine (Sicily, Italy) are important archives recording the most extreme conditions of the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC). However, geochemical approach on these evaporitic sequences is scarce and little is known on the response of the biological community to drastically elevating salinity. In the present work, we investigated the depositional environments and the biological community of the shale–anhydrite–halite triplets and the K–Mg salt layer deposited during the peak of the MSC. Both hopanes and steranes are detected in the shale–anhydrite–halite triplets, suggesting the presence of eukaryotes and bacteria throughout their deposition. The K–Mg salt layer is composed of primary halites, diagenetic leonite, and primary and/or secondary kainite, which are interpreted to have precipitated from density-stratified water column with the halite-precipitating brine at the surface and the brine- precipitating K–Mg salts at the bottom. The presence of hopanes and a trace amount of steranes implicates that eukaryotes and bacteria were able to survive in the surface halite-precipitating brine even during the most extreme condition of the MSC. Keywords: Messinian Salinity Crisis, Evaporites, Kainite, μ-XRF, Biomarker Introduction hypersaline condition between 5.60 and 5.55 Ma (Manzi The Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) is one of the most et al. -
Polarization Phenomena of Certain Fluorites
142 TIIE AMERICAN MINERALOGIST Pleochroic,e :colorless, ,:pale blue-green, It thus differs from the average vesuvianite only in slightly higher birefringence. The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Col. Roebling, Mr. Gage, and Ward's Natural ScienceEstablishment for the privilege of examining specimensand to Dr. Larsen for the opticaldeterminations. POLARIZATION PHENOMENA OF CERTAIN FLUORITES A. L. PansoNs, Uniaersity oJ Toronto While determining the refractive index of fluorite by the method of minimum deviation the writer introduced a nicol prism before the telescopeof the goniometer to determine the plane of polarization of the refracted ray. On rotating the nicol no difference in the intensity of light could be observed,but on examining the reflected ray nearly complete polarization was obtained so that it was thought that the prism was not cut at the angle that should give polarization if Brewster's law applies to isometric crystals. A new prism was then cut from a crystal of fluorite from Madoc, Ontario, so that the angle between the reflected ray and the refracted ray should be ninety degrees. With this new prism the same phenomena were observed. A second nicol was now intro- duced between the collimator and the crystal so that the signal was extinguished. On rotating the two nicols simultaneously extinction was obtained throughout a complete rotation so that it would appear as though we may accept without question the state- ment that a ray of light passing through fluorite vibrates with equal facility in all directions at right angles to the direction of propagation and is not polarized. -
The Mineralogy of the British Permian Evaporites
460 The mineralogy of the British Permian evaporites By F. H. STEWART Department of Geology, University of Edinburgh Summary. The occurrence of the minerals is reviewed. Consideration of their genesis leads to a tentative list of primary minerals, and of early diagenetie, later diagenetic and geothermal metamorphic, and late near-surface changes. N 1943 Professor Tilley recorded the occurrence of po]yhalite in the I rocks of the D'Arcy Exploration Company's E.2 borehole at Aislaby, near Whitby; this was the first published record of a potassium-bearing salt in British evaporites. The occurrence of rocks containing sylvine (Lees and Taitt, 1946) prompted further exploration by Imperial Chemical Industries and Fisons Ltd. after the war, and this showed the presence of large deposits of potassium ores in the Whitby region. There is now a considerable literature related to these, and it seems timely to give a short review of the mineralogy of the British Permian evaporites. The writer is most grateful to Fisons Ltd. who have kindly allowed him to use unpublished information from his study of their boreholes F.1 at Robin Hood's Bay, F.2 at Staintondale, F.3 at Little Beck, and F.4 at Hawsker, in the Whitby Scarborough district. The position of these and the other boreholes mentioned in this paper can be found in the map of Dunham (1960). Dist~'ibution of the minerals The evaporites occur in two principal areas east and west of the Pennine Hills. In the western area (the Vale of Eden, west Cumberland, and the Furness district of Lancashire), where four evaporite beds have been recognized (Hollingworth, 1942), the mineralogy is relatively simple; carbonates, anhydrite, and gypsum are the main constituents. -
GEOL 221 Mineralogy and Mineral Optics Course Syllabus
SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY GEOL 221 Mineralogy and Mineral Optics Course Syllabus Instructor: Professor David L. Kimbrough Email: [email protected], Phone: 594-1385 Lecture: MW 1000-1050 CSL 422, Lab: W 1400-1640, Lab study: M 1400-1640 CSL 425 Office: GMCS-229A; Office hours: MW 1100-1200; T 1115-1215; by appointment TA: Mark Nahabidian GMCS-133 TBA Course Prerequisite: Chem 200 or concurrent registration. Credit or concurrent registration in OCEAN 100 or GEOL 100 and 101 or GEOL 104 and 101; Geol 200; Required Texts: Introduction to Mineralogy, William D. Nesse, Oxford University Press. Minerals in Thin Section, Perkins & Henke, Prentice Hall Recommended Text: Dictionary of Geological Terms, AGI Bates & Jackson eds. or similar, The Complete Guide to Rocks & Minerals by John Farndon or similar Other required materials: Hand lens; calculator Classroom management: Attendance is crucial. Please let me know if you’re going to be absent for any reason. Be on time for class, don’t participate in excessive side-chatter or cause disruptions during class. Always respond to the instructor, the Teaching Assistant, and your fellow students in a respectful and civil manner. Cheating or plagiarism is not tolerated. It’s easy to spot and constitutes serious academic misconduct. Helpful hints to make Mineralogy easier and more fun! Attend class: Studies show that the most valuable time commitment by students in a course is the time actually spent in the classroom. Class time is the most important determinant of student success and yields the greatest improvement in student learning outcomes. Information is covered in class that is not in the textbook, and parts of the book are hard to understand. -
Newsletter of the New York Microscopical Society
Newsletter Of the New York Microscopical Society 1 Prospect Village Plaza (66F Mt. Prospect Avenue) Clifton, New Jersey 07013-1918 GPS: Latitude 40.8648N, Longitude 74.1540W Nov-Dec 2016 Editor: (201) 791-9826 Volume 10 (30) Number 9 NYMS ANNUAL BANQUET DECEMBER 11, 2016 What: Enjoy a wonderful Buffet Luncheon, including soft beverages (cash bar available) and desserts, with your fellow-members and guests. Enjoy an exciting presentation by Asst. Professor Nicholas Petraco, MS, D-ABC John Jay College of Criminal Justice (See page 3 for add’l info). An overall jolly time at one of the oldest restaurants in mid-town Manhattan; The Landmark Tavern. When: Sunday December 11, 2016, from noon until 3:30pm. Where: Landmark Tavern, 626 11th Ave., at W. 46th St New York City, NY Tel: 212-247-2562. Cost: $35.00 per person. How: Reserve your place now* by filling in the Reservation Request form below and mailing it along with your check to the Treasurer (see address below). *Reservation requests must be received on or before November 28, 2016 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Number attending _________ @ $35/each = (write check amount) _______ Member name______________________________________________ Address____________________________________________________ Phone__________________ eMail____________________ ________________________________________________________________ Send this form and payment to: NYMS Banquet 2016 c/o Mel Pollinger, Treasurer 18-04 Hillery Street Fair Lawn, NJ 07410-5207 For additional information contact Mel Pollinger (201) 791-9826 or email: [email protected] Space is limited, so rush your reservation request in to reserve your place(s) asap. A Not-For-Profit Educational Organization, (nyms.org) Save a Tree: Get The Extended Newsletter: By Email Only New York Microscopical Society Board of Managers (Officers Term 2016-2017) President, John Scott, [email protected]; (646)339-6566, Curator, Archivist.