Physical Properties Data for Rock Salt QC100 .U556 V167;1981 C.2 NBS-PUB-C 1981
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How to Identify Rocks and Minerals
How to Identify Rocks and Minerals fluorite calcite epidote quartz gypsum pyrite copper fluorite galena By Jan C. Rasmussen (Revised from a booklet by Susan Celestian) 2012 Donations for reproduction from: Freeport McMoRan Copper & Gold Foundation Friends of the Arizona Mining & Mineral Museum Wickenburg Gem & Mineral Society www.janrasmussen.com ii NUMERICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals. MINERALS: IGNEOUS ROCKS: 1 Talc 2 Gypsum 50 Apache Tear 3 Calcite 51 Basalt 4 Fluorite 52 Pumice 5 Apatite* 53 Perlite 6 Orthoclase (feldspar group) 54 Obsidian 7 Quartz 55 Tuff 8 Topaz* 56 Rhyolite 9 Corundum* 57 Granite 10 Diamond* 11 Chrysocolla (blue) 12 Azurite (dark blue) METAMORPHIC ROCKS: 13 Quartz, var. chalcedony 14 Chalcopyrite (brassy) 60 Quartzite* 15 Barite 61 Schist 16 Galena (metallic) 62 Marble 17 Hematite 63 Slate* 18 Garnet 64 Gneiss 19 Magnetite 65 Metaconglomerate* 20 Serpentine 66 Phyllite 21 Malachite (green) (20) (Serpentinite)* 22 Muscovite (mica group) 23 Bornite (peacock tarnish) 24 Halite (table salt) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: 25 Cuprite 26 Limonite (Goethite) 70 Sandstone 27 Pyrite (brassy) 71 Limestone 28 Peridot 72 Travertine (onyx) 29 Gold* 73 Conglomerate 30 Copper (refined) 74 Breccia 31 Glauberite pseudomorph 75 Shale 32 Sulfur 76 Silicified Wood 33 Quartz, var. rose (Quartz, var. chert) 34 Quartz, var. amethyst 77 Coal 35 Hornblende* 78 Diatomite 36 Tourmaline* 37 Graphite* 38 Sphalerite* *= not generally in kits. Minerals numbered 39 Biotite* 8-10, 25, 29, 35-40 are listed for information 40 Dolomite* only. www.janrasmussen.com iii ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ROCKS & MINERALS IN KIT See final pages of book for color photographs of rocks and minerals. -
Brine Evolution in Qaidam Basin, Northern Tibetan Plateau, and the Formation of Playas As Mars Analogue Site
45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014) 1228.pdf BRINE EVOLUTION IN QAIDAM BASIN, NORTHERN TIBETAN PLATEAU, AND THE FORMATION OF PLAYAS AS MARS ANALOGUE SITE. W. G. Kong1 M. P. Zheng1 and F. J. Kong1, 1 MLR Key Laboratory of Saline Lake Resources and Environments, Institute of Mineral Resources, CAGS, Beijing 100037, China. ([email protected]) Introduction: Terrestrial analogue studies have part of the basin (Kunteyi depression). The Pliocene is served much critical information for understanding the first major salt forming period for Qaidam Basin, Mars [1]. Playa sediments in Qaidam Basin have a and the salt bearing sediments formed at the southwest complete set of salt minerals, i.e. carbonates, sulfates, part are dominated by sulfates, and those formed at the and chlorides,which have been identified on Mars northwest part of basin are partially sulfates dominate [e.g. 2-4]. The geographical conditions and high eleva- and partially chlorides dominate. After Pliocene, the tion of these playas induces Mars-like environmental deposition center started to move towards southeast conditions, such as low precipitation, low relative hu- until reaching the east part of the basin at Pleistocene, midity, low temperature, large seasonal and diurnal T reaching the second major salt forming stage, and the variation, high UV radiation, etc. [5,6]. Thus the salt bearing sediments formed at this stage are mainly playas in the Qaidam Basin servers a good terrestrial chlorides dominate. The distinct change in salt mineral reference for studying the depositional and secondary assemblages among deposition centers indicates the processes of martian salts. migration and geochemical differentiation of brines From 2008, a set of analogue studies have been inside the basin. -
Potash Case Study
Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development February 2002 No. 65 Potash Case Study Information supplied by the International Fertilizer Industry Association This report was commissioned by the MMSD project of IIED. It remains the sole Copyright © 2002 IIED and WBCSD. All rights reserved responsibility of the author(s) and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Mining, Minerals and MMSD project, Assurance Group or Sponsors Group, or those of IIED or WBCSD. Sustainable Development is a project of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). The project was made possible by the support of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD). IIED is a company limited by guarantee and incorporated in England. Reg No. 2188452. VAT Reg. No. GB 440 4948 50. Registered Charity No. 800066 1 Introduction 2 2 Global Resources and Potash Production 3 3 The use of potassium in fertilizer 4 3.1 Potassium Fertilizer Consumption 4 3.2 Potassium fertilization issues 6 Appendix A 8 1 Introduction Potash and Potassium Potassium (K) is essential for plant and animal life wherein it has many vital nutritional roles. In plants, potassium and nitrogen are the two elements required in greatest amounts, while in animals and humans potassium is the third most abundant element, after calcium and phosphorus. Without sufficient plant and animal intake of potassium, life as we know it would cease. Human and other animals atop the food chain depend upon plants for much of their nutritional needs. Many soils lack sufficient quantities of available potassium for satisfactory yield and quality of crops. For this reason available soil potassium levels are commonly supplemented by potash fertilization to improve the potassium nutrition of plants, particularly for sustaining production of high yielding crop species and varieties in modern agricultural systems. -
Halite Nacl C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Halite NaCl c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Cubic. Point Group: 4/m32/m. Crystals cubic, to 1 m, or octahedral; elongated along [100] or [111], skeletal with hopper-shaped faces. Rarely capillary or stalactitic; granular, compact, massive. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {001}, perfect. Fracture: Conchoidal. Tenacity: Brittle. Hardness = 2–2.5 D(meas.) = 2.168 D(calc.) = 2.165 Soluble in H2O, saline taste; rarely fluoresces red under SW UV. Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Colorless or white when pure; gray, yellow, orange, pink, red, blue, purple; colorless to faintly tinted in thin section. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Isotropic; weakly anisotropic due to stress. Dispersion: Moderately strong. n = 1.5443 Cell Data: Space Group: Fm3m. a = 5.6404(1) Z = 4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. 2.821 (100), 1.994 (55), 1.628 (15), 3.258 (13), 1.261 (11), 1.1515 (7), 1.410 (6) Chemistry: (1) (2) Na 39.00 39.34 K 0.12 Mg 0.03 Ca 0.08 Cl 60.27 60.66 SO4 0.27 Total 99.77 100.00 (1) Cardona, Barcelona, Spain. (2) NaCl. Occurrence: Typically in sedimentary rocks of evaporite association, may form immense beds; also as volcanic sublimates, efflorescences, cave deposits. Crystals are common in multiphase fluid inclusions; may be included in other minerals as a product of intermediate-grade metamorphism. Association: Sylvite, polyhalite, kieserite, carnallite, gypsum, anhydrite, dolomite. Distribution: Of worldwide occurrence. Well-studied deposits include: in Austria, around Hallstadt, Salzburg, and Hall, near Innsbruck, Tirol. From Bex, Vaud, Switzerland. In Germany, from Stassfurt-Leopoldshall, 34 km south of Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt. -
Sodium Chloride (Halite, Common Salt Or Table Salt, Rock Salt)
71376, 71386 Sodium chloride (Halite, Common Salt or Table Salt, Rock Salt) CAS number: 7647-14-5 Product Description: Molecular formula: NaCl Appearance: white powder (crystalline) Molecular weight: 58.44 g/mol Density of large crystals: 2.17 g/ml1 Melting Point: 804°C1 Density: 1.186 g/ml (5 M in water)2 2 Solubility: 1 M in H2O, 20°C, complete, clear, colorless 2 pH: 5.0-8.0 (1 M in H2O, 25°C) Store at room temperature Sodium chloride is geologically stable. If kept dry, it will remain a free-flowing solid for years. Traces of magnesium or calcium chloride in commercial sodium chloride adsorb moisture, making it cake. The trace moisture does not harm the material chemically in any way. 71378 BioUltra 71386 BioUltra for molecular biology, 5 M Solution The products are suitable for different applications like purification, precipitation, crystallisation and other applications which require tight control of elemental content. Trace elemental analyses have been performed for all qualities. The molecular biology quality is also tested for absence of nucleases. The Certificate of Analysis provides lot-specific results. Much of the sodium chloride is mined from salts deposited from evaporation of brine of ancient oceans, or recovered from sea water by solar evaporation. Due to the presence of trace hygroscopic minerals, food-grade salt has a small amount of silicate added to prevent caking; as a result, concentrated solutions of "table salt" are usually slightly cloudy in appearance. 71376 and 71386 do not contain any anti-caking agent. Applications: Sodium chloride is a commonly used chemical found in nature and in all body tissue, and is considered an essential nutrient. -
Mechanism. of Gypsification*
Geochimka. et Cofi!UOehimica Acta.1958, YoJ. 1&. py. 51 to 72. Pergamon :Press Ltd., London Mechanism. of gypsification* R. F. CoNLEYf and W. M. BUNDYt . (Recei11edl Aprill957; 1~71 rwi.sedform 24 Fehruary 1958) Abstract-Petrographic studies have shown that many gypsum deposits ha\>e been for111ed by the hydra-tion of anhydrit.,, but the mechanism for hydration has n~t been fully explained. Gypsum has been produced ~perimentally by the agitation of anhydrite in pure water, ~reaction that is accelerated by certa.in acids, bases, and salts, particularly aJkali sulphates. · Phase investigations and reaction velocity studies indicate that accelerated bydration of anhydrite takes place through the medium of transient surface wmplexes in cb1ute solution. Concentrated solutions may pre.cipita:te double salts. Contraa:y to recent hypotheses of gypsum dehydration by concentrated aalt solutions, double salt::; aniJfor gypsum are stable phases below a temuerature of 42°0. Abov6' 42"0 double salts may replace anhydrite as the stable pha..:.e. Gyps1.1.m. how~ver, may remain a roeta.stable phase indefinitely in its saturated solution below the hemih)'dmte transition temperature (98°C}. E;s:perimental data. indicate t.hat precipitation of anhydrite from sea. wat-er i.<J unlikely. INTRODUCTION HYDRATION of the mineral anhydrite (CaS011) to gypsum {CaS0 4 ·2~20) has been a well-known phenomenon for many years. Although the hydration of anhydrite by pure water is extremely slow, it is accelerated in the presence of certain salts, alkalis and acids. The mechanism whereby this acceleration takes place has never been fully understood. -
Mirabilite Na2so4 • 10H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1
Mirabilite Na2SO4 • 10H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Monoclinic. Point Group: 2/m. Crystals short to long prismatic, with complex form development, also crude, to 10 cm, in interlocking masses; crystalline, granular to compact massive, commonly as efflorescences. Twinning: Rare on {001} or {100}. Physical Properties: Cleavage: On {100}, perfect; on {010} and {001}, good to fair. Fracture: Conchoidal. Hardness = 1.5–2.5 D(meas.) = 1.464 D(calc.) = 1.467 Quickly dehydrates to th´enarditein dry air; very soluble in H2O, taste cool, then saline and bitter. Optical Properties: Transparent to opaque. Color: Colorless to white; colorless in transmitted light. Streak: White. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Biaxial (–). Orientation: X = b; Z ∧ c =31◦. Dispersion: r< v,strong, crossed. α = 1.391–1.394 β = 1.394–1.396 γ = 1.396–1.398 2V(meas.) = 75◦560 Cell Data: Space Group: P 21/c (synthetic). a = 11.512(3) b = 10.370(3) c = 12.847(2) β = 107.789(10)◦ Z=4 X-ray Powder Pattern: Synthetic. (ICDD 11-647). 5.49 (100), 3.21 (75), 3.26 (60), 3.11 (60), 4.77 (45), 3.83 (40), 2.516 (35) Chemistry: (1) (2) SO3 25.16 24.85 Na2O 18.67 19.24 H2O 55.28 55.91 Total 99.11 100.00 • (1) Kirkby Thore, Westmoreland, England. (2) Na2SO4 10H2O. Occurrence: Typically in salt pans, playas, and saline lakes, where deposition may be seasonal, and bedded deposits formed therefrom; rarely in caves and lava tubes; in volcanic fumaroles; a product of hydrothermal sericitic alteration; a post-mining precipitate. -
Salt Deposits in the UK
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NERC Open Research Archive Halite karst geohazards (natural and man-made) in the United Kingdom ANTHONY H. COOPER British Geological Survey, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, Great Britain COPYRIGHT © BGS/NERC e-mail [email protected] +44 (-0)115 936 3393 +44 (-0)115 936 3475 COOPER, A.H. 2002. Halite karst geohazards (natural and man-made) in the United Kingdom. Environmental Geology, Vol. 42, 505-512. This work is based on a paper presented to the 8th Multidisciplinary Conference on Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental impact of karst, Louisville, Kentucky, April 2001. In the United Kingdom Permian and Triassic halite (rock salt) deposits have been affected by natural and artificial dissolution producing karstic landforms and subsidence. Brine springs from the Triassic salt have been exploited since Roman times, or possibly earlier, indicating prolonged natural dissolution. Medieval salt extraction in England is indicated by the of place names ending in “wich” indicating brine spring exploitation at Northwich, Middlewich, Nantwich and Droitwich. Later, Victorian brine extraction in these areas accentuated salt karst development causing severe subsidence problems that remain a legacy. The salt was also mined, but the mines flooded and consequent brine extraction caused the workings to collapse, resulting in catastrophic surface subsidence. Legislation was enacted to pay for the damage and a levy is still charged for salt extraction. Some salt mines are still collapsing and the re-establishment of the post-brine extraction hydrogeological regimes means that salt springs may again flow causing further dissolution and potential collapse. -
Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration
Bull. Min. Res. Exp. (2017) 154:135-156 154 BULLETIN OF THE MINERAL RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION Foreign Edition 2017 154 ISSN: 0026-4563 BULLETIN OF THE MINERAL RESEARCH AND EXPLORATION RESEARCH THE MINERAL BULLETIN OF CONTENTS One of the Main Neotectonic Structures in the NW Central Anatolia: Beypazarı Blind Thrust Zone and Related Fault- Propagation Folds Bulletin of the Mineral .........................................................................................................................Gürol SEYİTOĞLU, Korhan ESAT and Bülent KAYPAK 1 Structural Features of the Niğde Massif in the Çamardı (Niğde) District ..............................................................................................................................................Ramazan DEMİRCİOĞLU and Yaşar EREN 15 Stratigraphy and Structure of the Southeastern Part of Piramagroon Anticline, Sulaimani Area, Northeast Iraq .......................................................................................................................................Kamal Haji KARIM and Polla Azad KHANAQA 27 An Approach to Coast Edge Line at the Eastern Antalya Marginal-Marine Sea Sides ................................................................................................................Muhittin GÖRMÜŞ, Levent BAŞAYİĞİT and Ahmet UYSAL 41 Grain Size, Total Heavy Mineral and Element Distribution and Control Factors Of Current Sediments on the Floor of Hisarönü and Datça Bays .............................................................................................Barbaros -
Mining Methods for Potash
Potash—A Vital Agricultural Nutrient Sourced from Geologic Deposits Open File Report 2016–1167 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Photos of underground mining operations, Carlsbad, New Mexico, Intrepid Potash Company, Carlsbad West Mine. Potash—A Vital Agricultural Nutrient Sourced from Geologic Deposits By Douglas B. Yager Open File Report 2016–1167 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior SALLY JEWELL, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Suzette M. Kimball, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2016 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit http://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit http://store.usgs.gov/. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner. Suggested citation: Yager, D.B., 2016, Potash—A vital agricultural nutrient sourced from geologic deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open- File Report 2016–1167, 28 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20161167. ISSN 0196-1497 (print) ISSN 2331-1258 (online) ISBN 978-1-4113-4101-2 iii Acknowledgments The author wishes to thank Joseph Havasi of Compass Minerals for a surface tour of their Great Salt Lake operations. -
Fertilizer Production Expertise HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization
Fertilizer Production Expertise HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization WATER TECHNOLOGIES Fertilizer Expertise Case Study: Veolia NPK Fertilizers HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization systems from Veolia Research & Development NPK Process Capabilities Water Technologies provide innovative process solutions for large-scale fertilizer production facilities worldwide. IC Potash Corp. (ICP) - Sulfate of Potash (SOP) These systems allow production of a wide range of high-quality fertilizer products from natural sources (mined or solution mined deposits) or by-product streams from other processes that include: Chlorine / • Ammonium sulfate • Mono potassium phosphate Raw Materials Natural Gas Sulfur Phosphate Rock Hydrogen Gas Potash Source • Ammonium nitrate (MKP) • Potassium chloride (MOP) • Sodium nitrate • Potassium sulfate (SOP) • Phosphoric acid merchant/ technical/food/electrical • Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) grade ICP's Ochoa Mine project (New Mexico, USA) is • Diammonium phosphate • Potassium carbonate (DAP) • Potassium nitrate projected to produce approximately 714,000 TPY Ammonia Plant Sulfuric Acid Rock Grinding Hydrochloric Acid of Sulfate of Potash (SOP-K SO ) from Polyhalite • Epsom salt: Magnesium • Calcium phosphate 2 4 Plant Plant Plant ore (K SO .MgSO .2CaSO .2H O) for more than 50 sulfate heptahydrate • Calcium sulfate 2 4 4 4 2 years. • Magnesium sulfate • Calcium chloride monohydrate Veolia was selected to refine, confirm, and validate the overall ICP process utilizing HPD® Evaporation and Crystallization technologies through a series of bench and pilot-scale testing programs performed in Veolia’s in-house testing facility. The scope of the testing extended lants from the ore P leaching to the SOP crystallization process including Nitric Acid Plant Phosphoric Acid PlantPotassium Chloride Plant crystallization/redissolution of leonite (K2SO4. -
Mineralogy of the Martian Surface
EA42CH14-Ehlmann ARI 30 April 2014 7:21 Mineralogy of the Martian Surface Bethany L. Ehlmann1,2 and Christopher S. Edwards1 1Division of Geological & Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125; email: [email protected], [email protected] 2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91109 Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2014. 42:291–315 Keywords First published online as a Review in Advance on Mars, composition, mineralogy, infrared spectroscopy, igneous processes, February 21, 2014 aqueous alteration The Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences is online at earth.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: The past fifteen years of orbital infrared spectroscopy and in situ exploration 10.1146/annurev-earth-060313-055024 have led to a new understanding of the composition and history of Mars. Copyright c 2014 by Annual Reviews. Globally, Mars has a basaltic upper crust with regionally variable quanti- by California Institute of Technology on 06/09/14. For personal use only. All rights reserved ties of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine associated with distinctive terrains. Enrichments in olivine (>20%) are found around the largest basins and Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 2014.42:291-315. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org within late Noachian–early Hesperian lavas. Alkali volcanics are also locally present, pointing to regional differences in igneous processes. Many ma- terials from ancient Mars bear the mineralogic fingerprints of interaction with water. Clay minerals, found in exposures of Noachian crust across the globe, preserve widespread evidence for early weathering, hydrothermal, and diagenetic aqueous environments. Noachian and Hesperian sediments include paleolake deposits with clays, carbonates, sulfates, and chlorides that are more localized in extent.